diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Bus/Dispatcher.php b/src/Illuminate/Bus/Dispatcher.php
index 268206471598..c8b424f08d3d 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Bus/Dispatcher.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Bus/Dispatcher.php
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ protected function marshal($command, ArrayAccess $source, array $extras = [])
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
 	protected function getParameterValueForCommand($command, ArrayAccess $source,
-                                                   ReflectionParameter $parameter, array $extras = array())
+                                                   ReflectionParameter $parameter, array $extras = [])
 	{
 		$value = $this->extractValueFromExtras($parameter, $extras)
 								?: $this->extractValueFromSource($source, $parameter);
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Cache/ArrayStore.php b/src/Illuminate/Cache/ArrayStore.php
index 04fee3e69809..c2987aef8915 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Cache/ArrayStore.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Cache/ArrayStore.php
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class ArrayStore extends TaggableStore implements StoreInterface {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $storage = array();
+	protected $storage = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Retrieve an item from the cache by key.
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ public function forget($key)
 	 */
 	public function flush()
 	{
-		$this->storage = array();
+		$this->storage = [];
 	}
 
 	/**
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Cache/NullStore.php b/src/Illuminate/Cache/NullStore.php
index 51d7f5026e09..8045ba673b12 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Cache/NullStore.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Cache/NullStore.php
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class NullStore extends TaggableStore implements StoreInterface {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $storage = array();
+	protected $storage = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Retrieve an item from the cache by key.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Cache/TagSet.php b/src/Illuminate/Cache/TagSet.php
index 36df05de3f09..c6e30e024e9e 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Cache/TagSet.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Cache/TagSet.php
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class TagSet {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $names = array();
+	protected $names = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new TagSet instance.
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class TagSet {
 	 * @param  array  $names
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function __construct(StoreInterface $store, array $names = array())
+	public function __construct(StoreInterface $store, array $names = [])
 	{
 		$this->store = $store;
 		$this->names = $names;
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Config/Repository.php b/src/Illuminate/Config/Repository.php
index 391d385d357a..b262534ead1d 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Config/Repository.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Config/Repository.php
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class Repository implements ArrayAccess, ConfigContract {
 	 * @param  array  $items
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function __construct(array $items = array())
+	public function __construct(array $items = [])
 	{
 		$this->items = $items;
 	}
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Console/Application.php b/src/Illuminate/Console/Application.php
index 850878f9d1e3..70c7a91914d3 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Console/Application.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Console/Application.php
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ public function __construct(LaravelApplication $laravel, Dispatcher $events)
 	 * @param  array  $parameters
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function call($command, array $parameters = array())
+	public function call($command, array $parameters = [])
 	{
 		$parameters['command'] = $command;
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Console/Command.php b/src/Illuminate/Console/Command.php
index 85c774b89fee..b6d7654e4431 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Console/Command.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Console/Command.php
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ protected function execute(InputInterface $input, OutputInterface $output)
 	 * @param  array   $arguments
 	 * @return integer
 	 */
-	public function call($command, array $arguments = array())
+	public function call($command, array $arguments = [])
 	{
 		$instance = $this->getApplication()->find($command);
 
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ public function call($command, array $arguments = array())
 	 * @param  array   $arguments
 	 * @return integer
 	 */
-	public function callSilent($command, array $arguments = array())
+	public function callSilent($command, array $arguments = [])
 	{
 		$instance = $this->getApplication()->find($command);
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Console/Scheduling/CallbackEvent.php b/src/Illuminate/Console/Scheduling/CallbackEvent.php
index 61380ba790f2..fdf0cea2164c 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Console/Scheduling/CallbackEvent.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Console/Scheduling/CallbackEvent.php
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class CallbackEvent extends Event {
 	 * @param  array  $parameters
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function __construct($callback, array $parameters = array())
+	public function __construct($callback, array $parameters = [])
 	{
 		$this->callback = $callback;
 		$this->parameters = $parameters;
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Console/Scheduling/Schedule.php b/src/Illuminate/Console/Scheduling/Schedule.php
index 5e0a850a8363..514aebb3d4d4 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Console/Scheduling/Schedule.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Console/Scheduling/Schedule.php
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class Schedule {
 	 * @param  array   $parameters
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Console\Scheduling\Event
 	 */
-	public function call($callback, array $parameters = array())
+	public function call($callback, array $parameters = [])
 	{
 		$this->events[] = $event = new CallbackEvent($callback, $parameters);
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Auth/Guard.php b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Auth/Guard.php
index 7a02c38d9d3c..9f19f1778cab 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Auth/Guard.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Auth/Guard.php
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ public function user();
 	 * @param  array  $credentials
 	 * @return bool
 	 */
-	public function once(array $credentials = array());
+	public function once(array $credentials = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Attempt to authenticate a user using the given credentials.
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ public function once(array $credentials = array());
 	 * @param  bool   $login
 	 * @return bool
 	 */
-	public function attempt(array $credentials = array(), $remember = false, $login = true);
+	public function attempt(array $credentials = [], $remember = false, $login = true);
 
 	/**
 	 * Attempt to authenticate using HTTP Basic Auth.
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public function onceBasic($field = 'email');
 	 * @param  array  $credentials
 	 * @return bool
 	 */
-	public function validate(array $credentials = array());
+	public function validate(array $credentials = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Log a user into the application.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Console/Application.php b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Console/Application.php
index 0a6586ca5899..417ab351cab2 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Console/Application.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Console/Application.php
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ interface Application {
 	 * @param  array  $parameters
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function call($command, array $parameters = array());
+	public function call($command, array $parameters = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Get the output from the last command.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Console/Kernel.php b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Console/Kernel.php
index bce6f1aa8b85..930253904635 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Console/Kernel.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Console/Kernel.php
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ public function handle($input, $output = null);
 	 * @param  array  $parameters
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function call($command, array $parameters = array());
+	public function call($command, array $parameters = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Queue an Artisan console command by name.
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ public function call($command, array $parameters = array());
 	 * @param  array  $parameters
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function queue($command, array $parameters = array());
+	public function queue($command, array $parameters = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Get all of the commands registered with the console.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Container/Container.php b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Container/Container.php
index 09dc3ff3c48c..fd18a710f301 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Container/Container.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Container/Container.php
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ public function when($concrete);
 	 * @param  array   $parameters
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function make($abstract, $parameters = array());
+	public function make($abstract, $parameters = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Call the given Closure / class@method and inject its dependencies.
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ public function make($abstract, $parameters = array());
 	 * @param  string|null  $defaultMethod
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function call($callback, array $parameters = array(), $defaultMethod = null);
+	public function call($callback, array $parameters = [], $defaultMethod = null);
 
 	/**
 	 * Determine if the given abstract type has been resolved.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Events/Dispatcher.php b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Events/Dispatcher.php
index 01df3e8bbb3d..d911ab7ed793 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Events/Dispatcher.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Events/Dispatcher.php
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ public function hasListeners($eventName);
 	 * @param  array   $payload
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function until($event, $payload = array());
+	public function until($event, $payload = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Fire an event and call the listeners.
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public function until($event, $payload = array());
 	 * @param  bool    $halt
 	 * @return array|null
 	 */
-	public function fire($event, $payload = array(), $halt = false);
+	public function fire($event, $payload = [], $halt = false);
 
 	/**
 	 * Get the event that is currently firing.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Foundation/Application.php b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Foundation/Application.php
index 8f21c1c0e7e5..86f062d40b9f 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Foundation/Application.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Foundation/Application.php
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ public function registerConfiguredProviders();
 	 * @param  bool   $force
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider
 	 */
-	public function register($provider, $options = array(), $force = false);
+	public function register($provider, $options = [], $force = false);
 
 	/**
 	 * Register a deferred provider and service.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Hashing/Hasher.php b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Hashing/Hasher.php
index 0d0e246b8b5d..47ea7d169029 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Hashing/Hasher.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Hashing/Hasher.php
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ interface Hasher {
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	public function make($value, array $options = array());
+	public function make($value, array $options = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Check the given plain value against a hash.
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ public function make($value, array $options = array());
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return bool
 	 */
-	public function check($value, $hashedValue, array $options = array());
+	public function check($value, $hashedValue, array $options = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Check if the given hash has been hashed using the given options.
@@ -28,6 +28,6 @@ public function check($value, $hashedValue, array $options = array());
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return bool
 	 */
-	public function needsRehash($hashedValue, array $options = array());
+	public function needsRehash($hashedValue, array $options = []);
 
 }
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Logging/Log.php b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Logging/Log.php
index bffac47c9792..a51a02de1d7b 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Logging/Log.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Logging/Log.php
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ interface Log {
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function alert($message, array $context = array());
+	public function alert($message, array $context = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Log a critical message to the logs.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ public function alert($message, array $context = array());
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function critical($message, array $context = array());
+	public function critical($message, array $context = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Log an error message to the logs.
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ public function critical($message, array $context = array());
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function error($message, array $context = array());
+	public function error($message, array $context = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Log a warning message to the logs.
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ public function error($message, array $context = array());
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function warning($message, array $context = array());
+	public function warning($message, array $context = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Log a notice to the logs.
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ public function warning($message, array $context = array());
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function notice($message, array $context = array());
+	public function notice($message, array $context = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Log an informational message to the logs.
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ public function notice($message, array $context = array());
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function info($message, array $context = array());
+	public function info($message, array $context = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Log a debug message to the logs.
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public function info($message, array $context = array());
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function debug($message, array $context = array());
+	public function debug($message, array $context = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Log a message to the logs.
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ public function debug($message, array $context = array());
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function log($level, $message, array $context = array());
+	public function log($level, $message, array $context = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Register a file log handler.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Queue/Queue.php b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Queue/Queue.php
index 5e728e80e8d3..50b31483ce1f 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Queue/Queue.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Queue/Queue.php
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ public function push($job, $data = '', $queue = null);
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function pushRaw($payload, $queue = null, array $options = array());
+	public function pushRaw($payload, $queue = null, array $options = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Push a new job onto the queue after a delay.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Redis/Database.php b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Redis/Database.php
index 3f86ea12b7b8..9ba20b2a7e96 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Redis/Database.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Redis/Database.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ interface Database {
 	 * @param  array   $parameters
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function command($method, array $parameters = array());
+	public function command($method, array $parameters = []);
 
 }
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Routing/Registrar.php b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Routing/Registrar.php
index 90f45c6c0e6d..cb0f55471466 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Routing/Registrar.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Routing/Registrar.php
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public function match($methods, $uri, $action);
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function resource($name, $controller, array $options = array());
+	public function resource($name, $controller, array $options = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a route group with shared attributes.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Routing/ResponseFactory.php b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Routing/ResponseFactory.php
index fe0209226c1a..694987cdabba 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Routing/ResponseFactory.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Routing/ResponseFactory.php
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ interface ResponseFactory {
 	 * @param  array   $headers
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function make($content = '', $status = 200, array $headers = array());
+	public function make($content = '', $status = 200, array $headers = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new view response from the application.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ public function make($content = '', $status = 200, array $headers = array());
 	 * @param  array   $headers
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function view($view, $data = array(), $status = 200, array $headers = array());
+	public function view($view, $data = [], $status = 200, array $headers = array());
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new JSON response from the application.
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ public function view($view, $data = array(), $status = 200, array $headers = arr
 	 * @param  int    $options
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function json($data = array(), $status = 200, array $headers = array(), $options = 0);
+	public function json($data = [], $status = 200, array $headers = array(), $options = 0);
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new JSONP response from the application.
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ public function json($data = array(), $status = 200, array $headers = array(), $
 	 * @param  int    $options
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function jsonp($callback, $data = array(), $status = 200, array $headers = array(), $options = 0);
+	public function jsonp($callback, $data = [], $status = 200, array $headers = array(), $options = 0);
 
 	/**
 	 * Return a new streamed response from the application.
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ public function jsonp($callback, $data = array(), $status = 200, array $headers
 	 * @param  array    $headers
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\StreamedResponse
 	 */
-	public function stream($callback, $status = 200, array $headers = array());
+	public function stream($callback, $status = 200, array $headers = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new file download response.
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ public function stream($callback, $status = 200, array $headers = array());
 	 * @param  null|string  $disposition
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\BinaryFileResponse
 	 */
-	public function download($file, $name = null, array $headers = array(), $disposition = 'attachment');
+	public function download($file, $name = null, array $headers = [], $disposition = 'attachment');
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new redirect response to the given path.
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public function download($file, $name = null, array $headers = array(), $disposi
 	 * @param  bool    $secure
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function redirectTo($path, $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure = null);
+	public function redirectTo($path, $status = 302, $headers = [], $secure = null);
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new redirect response to a named route.
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ public function redirectTo($path, $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure = n
 	 * @param  array   $headers
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function redirectToRoute($route, $parameters = array(), $status = 302, $headers = array());
+	public function redirectToRoute($route, $parameters = [], $status = 302, $headers = array());
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new redirect response to a controller action.
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ public function redirectToRoute($route, $parameters = array(), $status = 302, $h
 	 * @param  array   $headers
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function redirectToAction($action, $parameters = array(), $status = 302, $headers = array());
+	public function redirectToAction($action, $parameters = [], $status = 302, $headers = array());
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new redirect response, while putting the current URL in the session.
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ public function redirectToAction($action, $parameters = array(), $status = 302,
 	 * @param  bool    $secure
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function redirectGuest($path, $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure = null);
+	public function redirectGuest($path, $status = 302, $headers = [], $secure = null);
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new redirect response to the previously intended location.
@@ -120,6 +120,6 @@ public function redirectGuest($path, $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure
 	 * @param  bool    $secure
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function redirectToIntended($default = '/', $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure = null);
+	public function redirectToIntended($default = '/', $status = 302, $headers = [], $secure = null);
 
 }
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Routing/UrlGenerator.php b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Routing/UrlGenerator.php
index 28fbdd2573f7..66d5ba31456d 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Routing/UrlGenerator.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Routing/UrlGenerator.php
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ interface UrlGenerator {
 	 * @param  bool  $secure
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	public function to($path, $extra = array(), $secure = null);
+	public function to($path, $extra = [], $secure = null);
 
 	/**
 	 * Generate a secure, absolute URL to the given path.
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ public function to($path, $extra = array(), $secure = null);
 	 * @param  array   $parameters
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	public function secure($path, $parameters = array());
+	public function secure($path, $parameters = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Generate a URL to an application asset.
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ public function asset($path, $secure = null);
 	 *
 	 * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
 	 */
-	public function route($name, $parameters = array(), $absolute = true);
+	public function route($name, $parameters = [], $absolute = true);
 
 	/**
 	 * Get the URL to a controller action.
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ public function route($name, $parameters = array(), $absolute = true);
 	 * @param  bool $absolute
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	public function action($action, $parameters = array(), $absolute = true);
+	public function action($action, $parameters = [], $absolute = true);
 
 	/**
 	 * Set the root controller namespace.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Validation/Factory.php b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Validation/Factory.php
index 99734d3cda72..e0de3d232369 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Validation/Factory.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/Validation/Factory.php
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ interface Factory {
 	 * @param  array  $customAttributes
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Contracts\Validation\Validator
 	 */
-	public function make(array $data, array $rules, array $messages = array(), array $customAttributes = array());
+	public function make(array $data, array $rules, array $messages = [], array $customAttributes = array());
 
 	/**
 	 * Register a custom validator extension.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/View/Factory.php b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/View/Factory.php
index fb4562089a97..db4bfdfe3f6f 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Contracts/View/Factory.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Contracts/View/Factory.php
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ public function exists($view);
 	 * @param  array  $mergeData
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Contracts\View\View
 	 */
-	public function file($path, $data = array(), $mergeData = array());
+	public function file($path, $data = [], $mergeData = array());
 
 	/**
 	 * Get the evaluated view contents for the given view.
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ public function file($path, $data = array(), $mergeData = array());
 	 * @param  array  $mergeData
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Contracts\View\View
 	 */
-	public function make($view, $data = array(), $mergeData = array());
+	public function make($view, $data = [], $mergeData = array());
 
 	/**
 	 * Add a piece of shared data to the environment.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Cookie/CookieJar.php b/src/Illuminate/Cookie/CookieJar.php
index f69207176246..ed60360f1d26 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Cookie/CookieJar.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Cookie/CookieJar.php
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class CookieJar implements JarContract {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $queued = array();
+	protected $queued = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new cookie instance.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/EncryptCookies.php b/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/EncryptCookies.php
index 0198e0ef4168..a2e4db7afde0 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/EncryptCookies.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/EncryptCookies.php
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ protected function decryptCookie($cookie)
 	 */
 	protected function decryptArray(array $cookie)
 	{
-		$decrypted = array();
+		$decrypted = [];
 
 		foreach ($cookie as $key => $value)
 			$decrypted[$key] = $this->encrypter->decrypt($value);
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Connection.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Connection.php
index f58e5510cad3..6af419bccd71 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Connection.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Connection.php
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class Connection implements ConnectionInterface {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $queryLog = array();
+	protected $queryLog = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Indicates whether queries are being logged.
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class Connection implements ConnectionInterface {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $config = array();
+	protected $config = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new database connection instance.
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class Connection implements ConnectionInterface {
 	 * @param  array    $config
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function __construct(PDO $pdo, $database = '', $tablePrefix = '', array $config = array())
+	public function __construct(PDO $pdo, $database = '', $tablePrefix = '', array $config = [])
 	{
 		$this->pdo = $pdo;
 
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ public function raw($value)
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function selectOne($query, $bindings = array())
+	public function selectOne($query, $bindings = [])
 	{
 		$records = $this->select($query, $bindings);
 
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ public function selectOne($query, $bindings = array())
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return array
 	 */
-	public function selectFromWriteConnection($query, $bindings = array())
+	public function selectFromWriteConnection($query, $bindings = [])
 	{
 		return $this->select($query, $bindings, false);
 	}
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ public function selectFromWriteConnection($query, $bindings = array())
 	 * @param  bool  $useReadPdo
 	 * @return array
 	 */
-	public function select($query, $bindings = array(), $useReadPdo = true)
+	public function select($query, $bindings = [], $useReadPdo = true)
 	{
 		return $this->run($query, $bindings, function($me, $query, $bindings) use ($useReadPdo)
 		{
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ protected function getPdoForSelect($useReadPdo = true)
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return bool
 	 */
-	public function insert($query, $bindings = array())
+	public function insert($query, $bindings = [])
 	{
 		return $this->statement($query, $bindings);
 	}
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ public function insert($query, $bindings = array())
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function update($query, $bindings = array())
+	public function update($query, $bindings = [])
 	{
 		return $this->affectingStatement($query, $bindings);
 	}
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ public function update($query, $bindings = array())
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function delete($query, $bindings = array())
+	public function delete($query, $bindings = [])
 	{
 		return $this->affectingStatement($query, $bindings);
 	}
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ public function delete($query, $bindings = array())
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return bool
 	 */
-	public function statement($query, $bindings = array())
+	public function statement($query, $bindings = [])
 	{
 		return $this->run($query, $bindings, function($me, $query, $bindings)
 		{
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ public function statement($query, $bindings = array())
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function affectingStatement($query, $bindings = array())
+	public function affectingStatement($query, $bindings = [])
 	{
 		return $this->run($query, $bindings, function($me, $query, $bindings)
 		{
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ public function pretend(Closure $callback)
 	{
 		$this->pretending = true;
 
-		$this->queryLog = array();
+		$this->queryLog = [];
 
 		// Basically to make the database connection "pretend", we will just return
 		// the default values for all the query methods, then we will return an
@@ -1017,7 +1017,7 @@ public function getQueryLog()
 	 */
 	public function flushQueryLog()
 	{
-		$this->queryLog = array();
+		$this->queryLog = [];
 	}
 
 	/**
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/ConnectionInterface.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/ConnectionInterface.php
index 48d69b3341c1..dc42e121d096 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/ConnectionInterface.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/ConnectionInterface.php
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ public function raw($value);
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function selectOne($query, $bindings = array());
+	public function selectOne($query, $bindings = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Run a select statement against the database.
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ public function selectOne($query, $bindings = array());
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return array
 	 */
-	public function select($query, $bindings = array());
+	public function select($query, $bindings = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Run an insert statement against the database.
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ public function select($query, $bindings = array());
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return bool
 	 */
-	public function insert($query, $bindings = array());
+	public function insert($query, $bindings = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Run an update statement against the database.
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ public function insert($query, $bindings = array());
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function update($query, $bindings = array());
+	public function update($query, $bindings = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Run a delete statement against the database.
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public function update($query, $bindings = array());
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function delete($query, $bindings = array());
+	public function delete($query, $bindings = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Execute an SQL statement and return the boolean result.
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ public function delete($query, $bindings = array());
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return bool
 	 */
-	public function statement($query, $bindings = array());
+	public function statement($query, $bindings = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Run an SQL statement and get the number of rows affected.
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ public function statement($query, $bindings = array());
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function affectingStatement($query, $bindings = array());
+	public function affectingStatement($query, $bindings = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Run a raw, unprepared query against the PDO connection.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/ConnectionResolver.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/ConnectionResolver.php
index 79469b20e50b..b3ec239329b0 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/ConnectionResolver.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/ConnectionResolver.php
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class ConnectionResolver implements ConnectionResolverInterface {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $connections = array();
+	protected $connections = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The default connection name.
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class ConnectionResolver implements ConnectionResolverInterface {
 	 * @param  array  $connections
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function __construct(array $connections = array())
+	public function __construct(array $connections = [])
 	{
 		foreach ($connections as $name => $connection)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Connectors/ConnectionFactory.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Connectors/ConnectionFactory.php
index 37dd69fca7a1..5dda439c9c36 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Connectors/ConnectionFactory.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Connectors/ConnectionFactory.php
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ public function createConnector(array $config)
 	 *
 	 * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
 	 */
-	protected function createConnection($driver, PDO $connection, $database, $prefix = '', array $config = array())
+	protected function createConnection($driver, PDO $connection, $database, $prefix = '', array $config = [])
 	{
 		if ($this->container->bound($key = "db.connection.{$driver}"))
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/DatabaseManager.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/DatabaseManager.php
index 45cde61b577b..5195d30a500c 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/DatabaseManager.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/DatabaseManager.php
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ class DatabaseManager implements ConnectionResolverInterface {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $connections = array();
+	protected $connections = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The custom connection resolvers.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $extensions = array();
+	protected $extensions = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new database manager instance.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Builder.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Builder.php
index 72ec84780526..c52b27430583 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Builder.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Builder.php
@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ class Builder {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $eagerLoad = array();
+	protected $eagerLoad = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * All of the registered builder macros.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $macros = array();
+	protected $macros = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * A replacement for the typical delete function.
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ public function update(array $values)
 	 * @param  array   $extra
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function increment($column, $amount = 1, array $extra = array())
+	public function increment($column, $amount = 1, array $extra = [])
 	{
 		$extra = $this->addUpdatedAtColumn($extra);
 
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ public function increment($column, $amount = 1, array $extra = array())
 	 * @param  array   $extra
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function decrement($column, $amount = 1, array $extra = array())
+	public function decrement($column, $amount = 1, array $extra = [])
 	{
 		$extra = $this->addUpdatedAtColumn($extra);
 
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ public function getModels($columns = array('*'))
 
 		$connection = $this->model->getConnectionName();
 
-		$models = array();
+		$models = [];
 
 		// Once we have the results, we can spin through them and instantiate a fresh
 		// model instance for each records we retrieved from the database. We will
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ public function getRelation($relation)
 	 */
 	protected function nestedRelations($relation)
 	{
-		$nested = array();
+		$nested = [];
 
 		// We are basically looking for any relationships that are nested deeper than
 		// the given top-level relationship. We will just check for any relations
@@ -765,7 +765,7 @@ public function with($relations)
 	 */
 	protected function parseRelations(array $relations)
 	{
-		$results = array();
+		$results = [];
 
 		foreach ($relations as $name => $constraints)
 		{
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ protected function parseRelations(array $relations)
 	 */
 	protected function parseNested($name, $results)
 	{
-		$progress = array();
+		$progress = [];
 
 		// If the relation has already been set on the result array, we will not set it
 		// again, since that would override any constraints that were already placed
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Collection.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Collection.php
index ae661431d6cc..151a98ad6f18 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Collection.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Collection.php
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ public function getDictionary($items = null)
 	{
 		$items = is_null($items) ? $this->items : $items;
 
-		$dictionary = array();
+		$dictionary = [];
 
 		foreach ($items as $value)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Model.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Model.php
index 52ea4d582e74..73eb32ab90ed 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Model.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Model.php
@@ -74,49 +74,49 @@ abstract class Model implements ArrayAccess, Arrayable, Jsonable, JsonSerializab
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $attributes = array();
+	protected $attributes = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The model attribute's original state.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $original = array();
+	protected $original = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The loaded relationships for the model.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $relations = array();
+	protected $relations = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The attributes that should be hidden for arrays.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $hidden = array();
+	protected $hidden = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The attributes that should be visible in arrays.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $visible = array();
+	protected $visible = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The accessors to append to the model's array form.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $appends = array();
+	protected $appends = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The attributes that are mass assignable.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $fillable = array();
+	protected $fillable = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The attributes that aren't mass assignable.
@@ -130,35 +130,35 @@ abstract class Model implements ArrayAccess, Arrayable, Jsonable, JsonSerializab
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $dates = array();
+	protected $dates = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The attributes that should be casted to native types.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $casts = array();
+	protected $casts = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The relationships that should be touched on save.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $touches = array();
+	protected $touches = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * User exposed observable events
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $observables = array();
+	protected $observables = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The relations to eager load on every query.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $with = array();
+	protected $with = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The class name to be used in polymorphic relations.
@@ -200,14 +200,14 @@ abstract class Model implements ArrayAccess, Arrayable, Jsonable, JsonSerializab
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected static $booted = array();
+	protected static $booted = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The array of global scopes on the model.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected static $globalScopes = array();
+	protected static $globalScopes = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Indicates if all mass assignment is enabled.
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ abstract class Model implements ArrayAccess, Arrayable, Jsonable, JsonSerializab
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected static $mutatorCache = array();
+	protected static $mutatorCache = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The many to many relationship methods.
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ abstract class Model implements ArrayAccess, Arrayable, Jsonable, JsonSerializab
 	 * @param  array  $attributes
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function __construct(array $attributes = array())
+	public function __construct(array $attributes = [])
 	{
 		$this->bootIfNotBooted();
 
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ protected static function boot()
 	{
 		$class = get_called_class();
 
-		static::$mutatorCache[$class] = array();
+		static::$mutatorCache[$class] = [];
 
 		// Here we will extract all of the mutated attributes so that we can quickly
 		// spin through them after we export models to their array form, which we
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ protected function fillableFromArray(array $attributes)
 	 * @param  bool   $exists
 	 * @return static
 	 */
-	public function newInstance($attributes = array(), $exists = false)
+	public function newInstance($attributes = [], $exists = false)
 	{
 		// This method just provides a convenient way for us to generate fresh model
 		// instances of this current model. It is particularly useful during the
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ public function newInstance($attributes = array(), $exists = false)
 	 * @param  array  $attributes
 	 * @return static
 	 */
-	public function newFromBuilder($attributes = array())
+	public function newFromBuilder($attributes = [])
 	{
 		$instance = $this->newInstance(array(), true);
 
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ public static function hydrate(array $items, $connection = null)
 	 * @param  string  $connection
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection
 	 */
-	public static function hydrateRaw($query, $bindings = array(), $connection = null)
+	public static function hydrateRaw($query, $bindings = [], $connection = null)
 	{
 		$instance = new static;
 
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ public static function firstOrNew(array $attributes)
 	 * @param  array  $values
 	 * @return static
 	 */
-	public static function updateOrCreate(array $attributes, array $values = array())
+	public static function updateOrCreate(array $attributes, array $values = [])
 	{
 		$instance = static::firstOrNew($attributes);
 
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ public static function findOrFail($id, $columns = array('*'))
 	 * @param  array  $with
 	 * @return $this
 	 */
-	public function fresh(array $with = array())
+	public function fresh(array $with = [])
 	{
 		$key = $this->getKeyName();
 
@@ -1453,7 +1453,7 @@ protected function incrementOrDecrementAttributeValue($column, $amount, $method)
 	 * @param  array  $attributes
 	 * @return bool|int
 	 */
-	public function update(array $attributes = array())
+	public function update(array $attributes = [])
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->exists)
 		{
@@ -1495,7 +1495,7 @@ public function push()
 	 * @param  array  $options
 	 * @return bool
 	 */
-	public function save(array $options = array())
+	public function save(array $options = [])
 	{
 		$query = $this->newQueryWithoutScopes();
 
@@ -1926,7 +1926,7 @@ protected function newBaseQueryBuilder()
 	 * @param  array  $models
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection
 	 */
-	public function newCollection(array $models = array())
+	public function newCollection(array $models = [])
 	{
 		return new Collection($models);
 	}
@@ -2480,7 +2480,7 @@ protected function getArrayableAppends()
 	 */
 	public function relationsToArray()
 	{
-		$attributes = array();
+		$attributes = [];
 
 		foreach ($this->getArrayableRelations() as $key => $value)
 		{
@@ -3028,7 +3028,7 @@ public function isDirty($attributes = null)
 	 */
 	public function getDirty()
 	{
-		$dirty = array();
+		$dirty = [];
 
 		foreach ($this->attributes as $key => $value)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/BelongsTo.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/BelongsTo.php
index 8cd1337619cb..864f1447600d 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/BelongsTo.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/BelongsTo.php
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ public function addEagerConstraints(array $models)
 	 */
 	protected function getEagerModelKeys(array $models)
 	{
-		$keys = array();
+		$keys = [];
 
 		// First we need to gather all of the keys from the parent models so we know what
 		// to query for via the eager loading query. We will add them to an array then
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ public function match(array $models, Collection $results, $relation)
 		// First we will get to build a dictionary of the child models by their primary
 		// key of the relationship, then we can easily match the children back onto
 		// the parents using that dictionary and the primary key of the children.
-		$dictionary = array();
+		$dictionary = [];
 
 		foreach ($results as $result)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/BelongsToMany.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/BelongsToMany.php
index 6c491b0ecd98..1f3811923738 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/BelongsToMany.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/BelongsToMany.php
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class BelongsToMany extends Relation {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $pivotColumns = array();
+	protected $pivotColumns = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Any pivot table restrictions.
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ protected function hydratePivotRelation(array $models)
 	 */
 	protected function cleanPivotAttributes(Model $model)
 	{
-		$values = array();
+		$values = [];
 
 		foreach ($model->getAttributes() as $key => $value)
 		{
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ protected function getAliasedPivotColumns()
 		// We need to alias all of the pivot columns with the "pivot_" prefix so we
 		// can easily extract them out of the models and put them into the pivot
 		// relationships when they are retrieved and hydrated into the models.
-		$columns = array();
+		$columns = [];
 
 		foreach (array_merge($defaults, $this->pivotColumns) as $column)
 		{
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ protected function buildDictionary(Collection $results)
 		// First we will build a dictionary of child models keyed by the foreign key
 		// of the relation so that we will easily and quickly match them to their
 		// parents without having a possibly slow inner loops for every models.
-		$dictionary = array();
+		$dictionary = [];
 
 		foreach ($results as $result)
 		{
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ public function getRelatedIds()
 	 * @param  bool   $touch
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model
 	 */
-	public function save(Model $model, array $joining = array(), $touch = true)
+	public function save(Model $model, array $joining = [], $touch = true)
 	{
 		$model->save(array('touch' => false));
 
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ public function save(Model $model, array $joining = array(), $touch = true)
 	 * @param  array  $joinings
 	 * @return array
 	 */
-	public function saveMany(array $models, array $joinings = array())
+	public function saveMany(array $models, array $joinings = [])
 	{
 		foreach ($models as $key => $model)
 		{
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ public function updateOrCreate(array $attributes, array $values = [], array $joi
 	 * @param  bool   $touch
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model
 	 */
-	public function create(array $attributes, array $joining = array(), $touch = true)
+	public function create(array $attributes, array $joining = [], $touch = true)
 	{
 		$instance = $this->related->newInstance($attributes);
 
@@ -611,9 +611,9 @@ public function create(array $attributes, array $joining = array(), $touch = tru
 	 * @param  array  $joinings
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model
 	 */
-	public function createMany(array $records, array $joinings = array())
+	public function createMany(array $records, array $joinings = [])
 	{
-		$instances = array();
+		$instances = [];
 
 		foreach ($records as $key => $record)
 		{
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ public function sync($ids, $detaching = true)
 	 */
 	protected function formatSyncList(array $records)
 	{
-		$results = array();
+		$results = [];
 
 		foreach ($records as $id => $attributes)
 		{
@@ -764,7 +764,7 @@ public function updateExistingPivot($id, array $attributes, $touch = true)
 	 * @param  bool   $touch
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function attach($id, array $attributes = array(), $touch = true)
+	public function attach($id, array $attributes = [], $touch = true)
 	{
 		if ($id instanceof Model) $id = $id->getKey();
 
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ public function attach($id, array $attributes = array(), $touch = true)
 	 */
 	protected function createAttachRecords($ids, array $attributes)
 	{
-		$records = array();
+		$records = [];
 
 		$timed = ($this->hasPivotColumn($this->createdAt()) ||
 			      $this->hasPivotColumn($this->updatedAt()));
@@ -894,7 +894,7 @@ protected function setTimestampsOnAttach(array $record, $exists = false)
 	 * @param  bool  $touch
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function detach($ids = array(), $touch = true)
+	public function detach($ids = [], $touch = true)
 	{
 		if ($ids instanceof Model) $ids = (array) $ids->getKey();
 
@@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ public function newPivotStatementForId($id)
 	 * @param  bool   $exists
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\Pivot
 	 */
-	public function newPivot(array $attributes = array(), $exists = false)
+	public function newPivot(array $attributes = [], $exists = false)
 	{
 		$pivot = $this->related->newPivot($this->parent, $attributes, $this->table, $exists);
 
@@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ public function newPivot(array $attributes = array(), $exists = false)
 	 * @param  array  $attributes
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\Pivot
 	 */
-	public function newExistingPivot(array $attributes = array())
+	public function newExistingPivot(array $attributes = [])
 	{
 		return $this->newPivot($attributes, true);
 	}
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/HasManyThrough.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/HasManyThrough.php
index 249286e86351..40d8a441d59f 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/HasManyThrough.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/HasManyThrough.php
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ public function match(array $models, Collection $results, $relation)
 	 */
 	protected function buildDictionary(Collection $results)
 	{
-		$dictionary = array();
+		$dictionary = [];
 
 		$foreign = $this->firstKey;
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/HasOneOrMany.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/HasOneOrMany.php
index 2102e49ba101..02f12ae1471d 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/HasOneOrMany.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/HasOneOrMany.php
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ protected function getRelationValue(array $dictionary, $key, $type)
 	 */
 	protected function buildDictionary(Collection $results)
 	{
-		$dictionary = array();
+		$dictionary = [];
 
 		$foreign = $this->getPlainForeignKey();
 
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ public function create(array $attributes)
 	 */
 	public function createMany(array $records)
 	{
-		$instances = array();
+		$instances = [];
 
 		foreach ($records as $record)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/MorphTo.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/MorphTo.php
index ecbd0f845fb5..fd4ce133a6b2 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/MorphTo.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/MorphTo.php
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class MorphTo extends BelongsTo {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $dictionary = array();
+	protected $dictionary = [];
 
 	/*
 	 * Indicates if soft-deleted model instances should be fetched.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/MorphToMany.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/MorphToMany.php
index 2d8d6ac9da5d..1bafa6f1248a 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/MorphToMany.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/MorphToMany.php
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ protected function newPivotQuery()
 	 * @param  bool   $exists
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\Pivot
 	 */
-	public function newPivot(array $attributes = array(), $exists = false)
+	public function newPivot(array $attributes = [], $exists = false)
 	{
 		$pivot = new MorphPivot($this->parent, $attributes, $this->table, $exists);
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/Pivot.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/Pivot.php
index 365477e05444..a6712fd24d58 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/Pivot.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/Pivot.php
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class Pivot extends Model {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $guarded = array();
+	protected $guarded = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new pivot model instance.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/Relation.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/Relation.php
index 47165f51d392..f4bca83c139f 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/Relation.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Relations/Relation.php
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ public function touch()
 	 * @param  array  $attributes
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function rawUpdate(array $attributes = array())
+	public function rawUpdate(array $attributes = [])
 	{
 		return $this->query->update($attributes);
 	}
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Grammar.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Grammar.php
index e1e600691a5d..ed5bf5dd5c13 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Grammar.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Grammar.php
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ public function wrap($value, $prefixAlias = false)
 			return $this->wrap($segments[0]).' as '.$this->wrapValue($segments[2]);
 		}
 
-		$wrapped = array();
+		$wrapped = [];
 
 		$segments = explode('.', $value);
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Migrations/MigrationCreator.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Migrations/MigrationCreator.php
index e70b627b5422..921321236a68 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Migrations/MigrationCreator.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Migrations/MigrationCreator.php
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class MigrationCreator {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $postCreate = array();
+	protected $postCreate = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new migration creator instance.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Migrations/Migrator.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Migrations/Migrator.php
index fcb0e41bd659..fe0235736ddd 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Migrations/Migrator.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Migrations/Migrator.php
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class Migrator {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $notes = array();
+	protected $notes = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new migrator instance.
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ public function __construct(MigrationRepositoryInterface $repository,
 	 */
 	public function run($path, $pretend = false)
 	{
-		$this->notes = array();
+		$this->notes = [];
 
 		$files = $this->getMigrationFiles($path);
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ protected function runUp($file, $batch, $pretend)
 	 */
 	public function rollback($pretend = false)
 	{
-		$this->notes = array();
+		$this->notes = [];
 
 		// We want to pull in the last batch of migrations that ran on the previous
 		// migration operation. We'll then reverse those migrations and run each
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/Builder.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/Builder.php
index c9f2c2f57430..343d6f8b3d1f 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/Builder.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/Builder.php
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ public function select($columns = array('*'))
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Database\Query\Builder|static
 	 */
-	public function selectRaw($expression, array $bindings = array())
+	public function selectRaw($expression, array $bindings = [])
 	{
 		$this->addSelect(new Expression($expression));
 
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ protected function invalidOperatorAndValue($operator, $value)
 	 * @param  string  $boolean
 	 * @return $this
 	 */
-	public function whereRaw($sql, array $bindings = array(), $boolean = 'and')
+	public function whereRaw($sql, array $bindings = [], $boolean = 'and')
 	{
 		$type = 'raw';
 
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ public function whereRaw($sql, array $bindings = array(), $boolean = 'and')
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Database\Query\Builder|static
 	 */
-	public function orWhereRaw($sql, array $bindings = array())
+	public function orWhereRaw($sql, array $bindings = [])
 	{
 		return $this->whereRaw($sql, $bindings, 'or');
 	}
@@ -1084,7 +1084,7 @@ public function orHaving($column, $operator = null, $value = null)
 	 * @param  string  $boolean
 	 * @return $this
 	 */
-	public function havingRaw($sql, array $bindings = array(), $boolean = 'and')
+	public function havingRaw($sql, array $bindings = [], $boolean = 'and')
 	{
 		$type = 'raw';
 
@@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@ public function havingRaw($sql, array $bindings = array(), $boolean = 'and')
 	 * @param  array   $bindings
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Database\Query\Builder|static
 	 */
-	public function orHavingRaw($sql, array $bindings = array())
+	public function orHavingRaw($sql, array $bindings = [])
 	{
 		return $this->havingRaw($sql, $bindings, 'or');
 	}
@@ -1153,7 +1153,7 @@ public function oldest($column = 'created_at')
 	 * @param  array  $bindings
 	 * @return $this
 	 */
-	public function orderByRaw($sql, $bindings = array())
+	public function orderByRaw($sql, $bindings = [])
 	{
 		$type = 'raw';
 
@@ -1696,7 +1696,7 @@ public function insert(array $values)
 		// We'll treat every insert like a batch insert so we can easily insert each
 		// of the records into the database consistently. This will make it much
 		// easier on the grammars to just handle one type of record insertion.
-		$bindings = array();
+		$bindings = [];
 
 		foreach ($values as $record)
 		{
@@ -1755,7 +1755,7 @@ public function update(array $values)
 	 * @param  array   $extra
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function increment($column, $amount = 1, array $extra = array())
+	public function increment($column, $amount = 1, array $extra = [])
 	{
 		$wrapped = $this->grammar->wrap($column);
 
@@ -1772,7 +1772,7 @@ public function increment($column, $amount = 1, array $extra = array())
 	 * @param  array   $extra
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function decrement($column, $amount = 1, array $extra = array())
+	public function decrement($column, $amount = 1, array $extra = [])
 	{
 		$wrapped = $this->grammar->wrap($column);
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/Grammars/Grammar.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/Grammars/Grammar.php
index efbd936d8e1b..9239c31e0372 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/Grammars/Grammar.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/Grammars/Grammar.php
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ public function compileSelect(Builder $query)
 	 */
 	protected function compileComponents(Builder $query)
 	{
-		$sql = array();
+		$sql = [];
 
 		foreach ($this->selectComponents as $component)
 		{
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ protected function compileFrom(Builder $query, $table)
 	 */
 	protected function compileJoins(Builder $query, $joins)
 	{
-		$sql = array();
+		$sql = [];
 
 		foreach ($joins as $join)
 		{
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ protected function compileJoins(Builder $query, $joins)
 			// First we need to build all of the "on" clauses for the join. There may be many
 			// of these clauses so we will need to iterate through each one and build them
 			// separately, then we'll join them up into a single string when we're done.
-			$clauses = array();
+			$clauses = [];
 
 			foreach ($join->clauses as $clause)
 			{
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ protected function compileJoinConstraint(array $clause)
 	 */
 	protected function compileWheres(Builder $query)
 	{
-		$sql = array();
+		$sql = [];
 
 		if (is_null($query->wheres)) return '';
 
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ public function compileUpdate(Builder $query, $values)
 		// Each one of the columns in the update statements needs to be wrapped in the
 		// keyword identifiers, also a place-holder needs to be created for each of
 		// the values in the list of bindings so we can make the sets statements.
-		$columns = array();
+		$columns = [];
 
 		foreach ($values as $key => $value)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/Grammars/PostgresGrammar.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/Grammars/PostgresGrammar.php
index 7a8df9c4c2b3..811a306ef7ee 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/Grammars/PostgresGrammar.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/Grammars/PostgresGrammar.php
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ public function compileUpdate(Builder $query, $values)
 	 */
 	protected function compileUpdateColumns($values)
 	{
-		$columns = array();
+		$columns = [];
 
 		// When gathering the columns for an update statement, we'll wrap each of the
 		// columns and convert it to a parameter value. Then we will concatenate a
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ protected function compileUpdateFrom(Builder $query)
 	{
 		if ( ! isset($query->joins)) return '';
 
-		$froms = array();
+		$froms = [];
 
 		// When using Postgres, updates with joins list the joined tables in the from
 		// clause, which is different than other systems like MySQL. Here, we will
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ protected function compileUpdateWheres(Builder $query)
 	 */
 	protected function compileUpdateJoinWheres(Builder $query)
 	{
-		$joinWheres = array();
+		$joinWheres = [];
 
 		// Here we will just loop through all of the join constraints and compile them
 		// all out then implode them. This should give us "where" like syntax after
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/Grammars/SQLiteGrammar.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/Grammars/SQLiteGrammar.php
index 01558d35c25f..541d473762bc 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/Grammars/SQLiteGrammar.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/Grammars/SQLiteGrammar.php
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ public function compileInsert(Builder $query, array $values)
 
 		$names = $this->columnize(array_keys(reset($values)));
 
-		$columns = array();
+		$columns = [];
 
 		// SQLite requires us to build the multi-row insert as a listing of select with
 		// unions joining them together. So we'll build out this list of columns and
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ public function compileTruncate(Builder $query)
 	{
 		$sql = array('delete from sqlite_sequence where name = ?' => array($query->from));
 
-		$sql['delete from '.$this->wrapTable($query->from)] = array();
+		$sql['delete from '.$this->wrapTable($query->from)] = [];
 
 		return $sql;
 	}
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/JoinClause.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/JoinClause.php
index cea79ed4c513..b9e150d1f894 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/JoinClause.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Query/JoinClause.php
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ class JoinClause {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	public $clauses = array();
+	public $clauses = [];
 
 	/**
 	* The "on" bindings for the join.
 	*
 	* @var array
 	*/
-	public $bindings = array();
+	public $bindings = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new join clause instance.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Schema/Blueprint.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Schema/Blueprint.php
index 0d91ac6ba28b..61badd332dcb 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Schema/Blueprint.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Schema/Blueprint.php
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ class Blueprint {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $columns = array();
+	protected $columns = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The commands that should be run for the table.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $commands = array();
+	protected $commands = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The storage engine that should be used for the table.
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public function toSql(Connection $connection, Grammar $grammar)
 	{
 		$this->addImpliedCommands();
 
-		$statements = array();
+		$statements = [];
 
 		// Each type of command has a corresponding compiler function on the schema
 		// grammar which is used to build the necessary SQL statements to build
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ public function rememberToken()
 	 */
 	protected function dropIndexCommand($command, $type, $index)
 	{
-		$columns = array();
+		$columns = [];
 
 		// If the given "index" is actually an array of columns, the developer means
 		// to drop an index merely by specifying the columns involved without the
@@ -769,7 +769,7 @@ protected function createIndexName($type, array $columns)
 	 * @param  array   $parameters
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Support\Fluent
 	 */
-	protected function addColumn($type, $name, array $parameters = array())
+	protected function addColumn($type, $name, array $parameters = [])
 	{
 		$attributes = array_merge(compact('type', 'name'), $parameters);
 
@@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ public function removeColumn($name)
 	 * @param  array  $parameters
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Support\Fluent
 	 */
-	protected function addCommand($name, array $parameters = array())
+	protected function addCommand($name, array $parameters = [])
 	{
 		$this->commands[] = $command = $this->createCommand($name, $parameters);
 
@@ -815,7 +815,7 @@ protected function addCommand($name, array $parameters = array())
 	 * @param  array   $parameters
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Support\Fluent
 	 */
-	protected function createCommand($name, array $parameters = array())
+	protected function createCommand($name, array $parameters = [])
 	{
 		return new Fluent(array_merge(compact('name'), $parameters));
 	}
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Schema/Grammars/Grammar.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Schema/Grammars/Grammar.php
index de2bb9d75fa8..23a91aad9e8f 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Schema/Grammars/Grammar.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Schema/Grammars/Grammar.php
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ public function compileForeign(Blueprint $blueprint, Fluent $command)
 	 */
 	protected function getColumns(Blueprint $blueprint, $change = false)
 	{
-		$columns = array();
+		$columns = [];
 
 		foreach ($change ? $blueprint->getChangedColumns() : $blueprint->getAddedColumns() as $column)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Database/Schema/Grammars/SQLiteGrammar.php b/src/Illuminate/Database/Schema/Grammars/SQLiteGrammar.php
index b0c279eab34a..8a922bd90b20 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Database/Schema/Grammars/SQLiteGrammar.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Database/Schema/Grammars/SQLiteGrammar.php
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ public function compileAdd(Blueprint $blueprint, Fluent $command)
 
 		$columns = $this->prefixArray('add column', $this->getColumns($blueprint));
 
-		$statements = array();
+		$statements = [];
 
 		foreach ($columns as $column)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Events/Dispatcher.php b/src/Illuminate/Events/Dispatcher.php
index 11048a91103b..2201ec543254 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Events/Dispatcher.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Events/Dispatcher.php
@@ -20,28 +20,28 @@ class Dispatcher implements DispatcherContract {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $listeners = array();
+	protected $listeners = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The wildcard listeners.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $wildcards = array();
+	protected $wildcards = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The sorted event listeners.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $sorted = array();
+	protected $sorted = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The event firing stack.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $firing = array();
+	protected $firing = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The queue resolver instance.
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ public function hasListeners($eventName)
 	 * @param  array   $payload
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function push($event, $payload = array())
+	public function push($event, $payload = [])
 	{
 		$this->listen($event.'_pushed', function() use ($event, $payload)
 		{
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ protected function resolveSubscriber($subscriber)
 	 * @param  array   $payload
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function until($event, $payload = array())
+	public function until($event, $payload = [])
 	{
 		return $this->fire($event, $payload, true);
 	}
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ public function firing()
 	 * @param  bool    $halt
 	 * @return array|null
 	 */
-	public function fire($event, $payload = array(), $halt = false)
+	public function fire($event, $payload = [], $halt = false)
 	{
 		// When the given "event" is actually an object we will assume it is an event
 		// object and use the class as the event name and this event itself as the
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ public function fire($event, $payload = array(), $halt = false)
 			list($payload, $event) = [[$event], get_class($event)];
 		}
 
-		$responses = array();
+		$responses = [];
 
 		// If an array is not given to us as the payload, we will turn it into one so
 		// we can easily use call_user_func_array on the listeners, passing in the
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ public function getListeners($eventName)
 	 */
 	protected function getWildcardListeners($eventName)
 	{
-		$wildcards = array();
+		$wildcards = [];
 
 		foreach ($this->wildcards as $key => $listeners)
 		{
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ protected function getWildcardListeners($eventName)
 	 */
 	protected function sortListeners($eventName)
 	{
-		$this->sorted[$eventName] = array();
+		$this->sorted[$eventName] = [];
 
 		// If listeners exist for the given event, we will sort them by the priority
 		// so that we can call them in the correct order. We will cache off these
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php b/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php
index aa45fcca8143..aaa58ec2e6c6 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ public function allFiles($directory)
 	 */
 	public function directories($directory)
 	{
-		$directories = array();
+		$directories = [];
 
 		foreach (Finder::create()->in($directory)->directories()->depth(0) as $dir)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Foundation/AliasLoader.php b/src/Illuminate/Foundation/AliasLoader.php
index bd0841773327..09aad6cc7039 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Foundation/AliasLoader.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Foundation/AliasLoader.php
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ private function __construct($aliases)
 	 * @param  array  $aliases
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Foundation\AliasLoader
 	 */
-	public static function getInstance(array $aliases = array())
+	public static function getInstance(array $aliases = [])
 	{
 		if (is_null(static::$instance)) return static::$instance = new static($aliases);
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Application.php b/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Application.php
index 73155b344dee..193ae0a3b063 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Application.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Application.php
@@ -48,35 +48,35 @@ class Application extends Container implements ApplicationContract, HttpKernelIn
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $bootingCallbacks = array();
+	protected $bootingCallbacks = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The array of booted callbacks.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $bootedCallbacks = array();
+	protected $bootedCallbacks = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * All of the registered service providers.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $serviceProviders = array();
+	protected $serviceProviders = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The names of the loaded service providers.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $loadedProviders = array();
+	protected $loadedProviders = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The deferred services and their providers.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $deferredServices = array();
+	protected $deferredServices = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The environment file to load during bootstrapping.
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ public function registerConfiguredProviders()
 	 * @param  bool   $force
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider
 	 */
-	public function register($provider, $options = array(), $force = false)
+	public function register($provider, $options = [], $force = false)
 	{
 		if ($registered = $this->getProvider($provider) && ! $force)
                                      return $registered;
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ public function loadDeferredProviders()
 			$this->loadDeferredProvider($service);
 		}
 
-		$this->deferredServices = array();
+		$this->deferredServices = [];
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ public function registerDeferredProvider($provider, $service = null)
 	 * @param  array   $parameters
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function make($abstract, $parameters = array())
+	public function make($abstract, $parameters = [])
 	{
 		$abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract);
 
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ public function down(Closure $callback)
 	 *
 	 * @throws \Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Exception\HttpException
 	 */
-	public function abort($code, $message = '', array $headers = array())
+	public function abort($code, $message = '', array $headers = [])
 	{
 		if ($code == 404)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Bootstrap/HandleExceptions.php b/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Bootstrap/HandleExceptions.php
index 53de827a0c3b..e78710c7b581 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Bootstrap/HandleExceptions.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Bootstrap/HandleExceptions.php
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ public function bootstrap(Application $app)
 	 *
 	 * @throws \ErrorException
 	 */
-	public function handleError($level, $message, $file = '', $line = 0, $context = array())
+	public function handleError($level, $message, $file = '', $line = 0, $context = [])
 	{
 		if (error_reporting() & $level)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Console/Kernel.php b/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Console/Kernel.php
index c1dc8caf42be..7d4b0ac1b09e 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Console/Kernel.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Console/Kernel.php
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ protected function schedule(Schedule $schedule)
 	 * @param  array  $parameters
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function call($command, array $parameters = array())
+	public function call($command, array $parameters = [])
 	{
 		$this->bootstrap();
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ public function call($command, array $parameters = array())
 	 * @param  array   $parameters
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function queue($command, array $parameters = array())
+	public function queue($command, array $parameters = [])
 	{
 		$this->app['Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\Queue']->push(
 			'Illuminate\Foundation\Console\QueuedJob', func_get_args()
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Console/RouteListCommand.php b/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Console/RouteListCommand.php
index c85ea05beffc..3e0917ef0d73 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Console/RouteListCommand.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Console/RouteListCommand.php
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ public function fire()
 	 */
 	protected function getRoutes()
 	{
-		$results = array();
+		$results = [];
 
 		foreach ($this->routes as $route)
 		{
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ protected function getMiddleware($route)
 	 */
 	protected function getPatternFilters($route)
 	{
-		$patterns = array();
+		$patterns = [];
 
 		foreach ($route->methods() as $method)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Testing/AssertionsTrait.php b/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Testing/AssertionsTrait.php
index c278b5a2049c..5bc1b32b4b2c 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Testing/AssertionsTrait.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Testing/AssertionsTrait.php
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ public function assertViewMissing($key)
 	 * @param  array   $with
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function assertRedirectedTo($uri, $with = array())
+	public function assertRedirectedTo($uri, $with = [])
 	{
 		PHPUnit::assertInstanceOf('Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse', $this->response);
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ public function assertRedirectedTo($uri, $with = array())
 	 * @param  array   $with
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function assertRedirectedToRoute($name, $parameters = array(), $with = array())
+	public function assertRedirectedToRoute($name, $parameters = [], $with = array())
 	{
 		$this->assertRedirectedTo($this->app['url']->route($name, $parameters), $with);
 	}
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ public function assertRedirectedToRoute($name, $parameters = array(), $with = ar
 	 * @param  array   $with
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function assertRedirectedToAction($name, $parameters = array(), $with = array())
+	public function assertRedirectedToAction($name, $parameters = [], $with = array())
 	{
 		$this->assertRedirectedTo($this->app['url']->action($name, $parameters), $with);
 	}
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ public function assertSessionHasAll(array $bindings)
 	 * @param  mixed  $format
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function assertSessionHasErrors($bindings = array(), $format = null)
+	public function assertSessionHasErrors($bindings = [], $format = null)
 	{
 		$this->assertSessionHas('errors');
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Foundation/helpers.php b/src/Illuminate/Foundation/helpers.php
index b5c5917a0e76..ad4130573e5c 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Foundation/helpers.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Foundation/helpers.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 	 * @throws \Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Exception\HttpException
 	 * @throws \Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Exception\NotFoundHttpException
 	 */
-	function abort($code, $message = '', array $headers = array())
+	function abort($code, $message = '', array $headers = [])
 	{
 		return app()->abort($code, $message, $headers);
 	}
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ function abort($code, $message = '', array $headers = array())
 	 * @param  array   $parameters
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	function action($name, $parameters = array())
+	function action($name, $parameters = [])
 	{
 		return app('url')->action($name, $parameters);
 	}
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ function base_path($path = '')
 	 * @param  array  $headers
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse
 	 */
-	function back($status = 302, $headers = array())
+	function back($status = 302, $headers = [])
 	{
 		return app('redirect')->back($status, $headers);
 	}
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ function back($status = 302, $headers = array())
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	function bcrypt($value, $options = array())
+	function bcrypt($value, $options = [])
 	{
 		return app('hash')->make($value, $options);
 	}
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ function get($uri, $action)
 	 * @param  array   $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	function info($message, $context = array())
+	function info($message, $context = [])
 	{
 		return app('log')->info($message, $context);
 	}
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ function info($message, $context = array())
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	function logger($message = null, array $context = array())
+	function logger($message = null, array $context = [])
 	{
 		if (is_null($message)) return app('log');
 
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ function public_path($path = '')
 	 * @param  bool    $secure
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Routing\Redirector|\Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse
 	 */
-	function redirect($to = null, $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure = null)
+	function redirect($to = null, $status = 302, $headers = [], $secure = null)
 	{
 		if (is_null($to)) return app('redirect');
 
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ function redirect($to = null, $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure = null)
 	 * @param  array   $headers
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response|\Illuminate\Contracts\Routing\ResponseFactory
 	 */
-	function response($content = '', $status = 200, array $headers = array())
+	function response($content = '', $status = 200, array $headers = [])
 	{
 		$factory = app('Illuminate\Contracts\Routing\ResponseFactory');
 
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ function response($content = '', $status = 200, array $headers = array())
 	 * @param  \Illuminate\Routing\Route  $route
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	function route($name, $parameters = array(), $absolute = true, $route = null)
+	function route($name, $parameters = [], $absolute = true, $route = null)
 	{
 		return app('url')->route($name, $parameters, $absolute, $route);
 	}
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ function secure_asset($path)
 	 * @param  mixed   $parameters
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	function secure_url($path, $parameters = array())
+	function secure_url($path, $parameters = [])
 	{
 		return url($path, $parameters, true);
 	}
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ function storage_path($path = '')
 	 * @param  string  $locale
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	function trans($id = null, $parameters = array(), $domain = 'messages', $locale = null)
+	function trans($id = null, $parameters = [], $domain = 'messages', $locale = null)
 	{
 		if (is_null($id)) return app('translator');
 
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ function trans($id = null, $parameters = array(), $domain = 'messages', $locale
 	 * @param  string  $locale
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	function trans_choice($id, $number, array $parameters = array(), $domain = 'messages', $locale = null)
+	function trans_choice($id, $number, array $parameters = [], $domain = 'messages', $locale = null)
 	{
 		return app('translator')->transChoice($id, $number, $parameters, $domain, $locale);
 	}
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ function trans_choice($id, $number, array $parameters = array(), $domain = 'mess
 	 * @param  bool    $secure
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	function url($path = null, $parameters = array(), $secure = null)
+	function url($path = null, $parameters = [], $secure = null)
 	{
 		return app('Illuminate\Contracts\Routing\UrlGenerator')->to($path, $parameters, $secure);
 	}
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ function url($path = null, $parameters = array(), $secure = null)
 	 * @param  array   $mergeData
 	 * @return \Illuminate\View\View
 	 */
-	function view($view = null, $data = array(), $mergeData = array())
+	function view($view = null, $data = [], $mergeData = array())
 	{
 		$factory = app('Illuminate\Contracts\View\Factory');
 
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ function env($key, $default = null)
 	 * @param  bool    $halt
 	 * @return array|null
 	 */
-	function event($event, $payload = array(), $halt = false)
+	function event($event, $payload = [], $halt = false)
 	{
 		return app('events')->fire($event, $payload, $halt);
 	}
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Hashing/BcryptHasher.php b/src/Illuminate/Hashing/BcryptHasher.php
index ccf6f98d141b..bacb943911eb 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Hashing/BcryptHasher.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Hashing/BcryptHasher.php
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class BcryptHasher implements HasherContract {
 	 *
 	 * @throws \RuntimeException
 	 */
-	public function make($value, array $options = array())
+	public function make($value, array $options = [])
 	{
 		$cost = isset($options['rounds']) ? $options['rounds'] : $this->rounds;
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public function make($value, array $options = array())
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return bool
 	 */
-	public function check($value, $hashedValue, array $options = array())
+	public function check($value, $hashedValue, array $options = [])
 	{
 		return password_verify($value, $hashedValue);
 	}
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ public function check($value, $hashedValue, array $options = array())
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return bool
 	 */
-	public function needsRehash($hashedValue, array $options = array())
+	public function needsRehash($hashedValue, array $options = [])
 	{
 		$cost = isset($options['rounds']) ? $options['rounds'] : $this->rounds;
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Http/JsonResponse.php b/src/Illuminate/Http/JsonResponse.php
index 83a3c2cec513..05e078b3bcbd 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Http/JsonResponse.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Http/JsonResponse.php
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class JsonResponse extends BaseJsonResponse {
 	 * @param  array  $headers
 	 * @param  int    $options
 	*/
-	public function __construct($data = null, $status = 200, $headers = array(), $options = 0)
+	public function __construct($data = null, $status = 200, $headers = [], $options = 0)
 	{
 		$this->jsonOptions = $options;
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ public function getData($assoc = false, $depth = 512)
 	/**
 	 * {@inheritdoc}
 	 */
-	public function setData($data = array())
+	public function setData($data = [])
 	{
 		$this->data = $data instanceof Jsonable
 								   ? $data->toJson($this->jsonOptions)
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Http/Request.php b/src/Illuminate/Http/Request.php
index 2d58f94a427f..1e57ae9b363d 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Http/Request.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Http/Request.php
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ public function old($key = null, $default = null)
 	 * @param  array   $keys
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function flash($filter = null, $keys = array())
+	public function flash($filter = null, $keys = [])
 	{
 		$flash = ( ! is_null($filter)) ? $this->$filter($keys) : $this->input();
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Log/Writer.php b/src/Illuminate/Log/Writer.php
index a4fb48f619b7..0a8fe9496be8 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Log/Writer.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Log/Writer.php
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ public function __construct(MonologLogger $monolog, Dispatcher $dispatcher = nul
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function emergency($message, array $context = array())
+	public function emergency($message, array $context = [])
 	{
 		return $this->writeLog(__FUNCTION__, $message, $context);
 	}
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ public function emergency($message, array $context = array())
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function alert($message, array $context = array())
+	public function alert($message, array $context = [])
 	{
 		return $this->writeLog(__FUNCTION__, $message, $context);
 	}
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ public function alert($message, array $context = array())
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function critical($message, array $context = array())
+	public function critical($message, array $context = [])
 	{
 		return $this->writeLog(__FUNCTION__, $message, $context);
 	}
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ public function critical($message, array $context = array())
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function error($message, array $context = array())
+	public function error($message, array $context = [])
 	{
 		return $this->writeLog(__FUNCTION__, $message, $context);
 	}
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ public function error($message, array $context = array())
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function warning($message, array $context = array())
+	public function warning($message, array $context = [])
 	{
 		return $this->writeLog(__FUNCTION__, $message, $context);
 	}
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ public function warning($message, array $context = array())
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function notice($message, array $context = array())
+	public function notice($message, array $context = [])
 	{
 		return $this->writeLog(__FUNCTION__, $message, $context);
 	}
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ public function notice($message, array $context = array())
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function info($message, array $context = array())
+	public function info($message, array $context = [])
 	{
 		return $this->writeLog(__FUNCTION__, $message, $context);
 	}
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ public function info($message, array $context = array())
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function debug($message, array $context = array())
+	public function debug($message, array $context = [])
 	{
 		return $this->writeLog(__FUNCTION__, $message, $context);
 	}
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ public function debug($message, array $context = array())
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function log($level, $message, array $context = array())
+	public function log($level, $message, array $context = [])
 	{
 		return $this->writeLog($level, $message, $context);
 	}
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ public function log($level, $message, array $context = array())
 	 * @param  array  $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function write($level, $message, array $context = array())
+	public function write($level, $message, array $context = [])
 	{
 		return $this->log($level, $message, $context);
 	}
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ public function listen(Closure $callback)
 	 * @param  array   $context
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	protected function fireLogEvent($level, $message, array $context = array())
+	protected function fireLogEvent($level, $message, array $context = [])
 	{
 		// If the event dispatcher is set, we will pass along the parameters to the
 		// log listeners. These are useful for building profilers or other tools
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Mail/Mailer.php b/src/Illuminate/Mail/Mailer.php
index f54d28b3c005..ed30e8a2ca2b 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Mail/Mailer.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Mail/Mailer.php
@@ -76,14 +76,14 @@ class Mailer implements MailerContract, MailQueueContract {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $failedRecipients = array();
+	protected $failedRecipients = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Array of parsed views containing html and text view name.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $parsedViews = array();
+	protected $parsedViews = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new Mailer instance.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Mail/Message.php b/src/Illuminate/Mail/Message.php
index 4085571849a9..eb023a7a21d4 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Mail/Message.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Mail/Message.php
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ public function priority($level)
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return $this
 	 */
-	public function attach($file, array $options = array())
+	public function attach($file, array $options = [])
 	{
 		$attachment = $this->createAttachmentFromPath($file);
 
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ protected function createAttachmentFromPath($file)
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return $this
 	 */
-	public function attachData($data, $name, array $options = array())
+	public function attachData($data, $name, array $options = [])
 	{
 		$attachment = $this->createAttachmentFromData($data, $name);
 
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ public function embedData($data, $name, $contentType = null)
 	 * @param  array  $options
 	 * @return $this
 	 */
-	protected function prepAttachment($attachment, $options = array())
+	protected function prepAttachment($attachment, $options = [])
 	{
 		// First we will check for a MIME type on the message, which instructs the
 		// mail client on what type of attachment the file is so that it may be
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php b/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php
index f9406f69f0e3..bb0bc3fe5a7f 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class Pipeline implements PipelineContract {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $pipes = array();
+	protected $pipes = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The method to call on each pipe.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Queue/BeanstalkdQueue.php b/src/Illuminate/Queue/BeanstalkdQueue.php
index 34f6780c3496..d4b87858c5e5 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Queue/BeanstalkdQueue.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Queue/BeanstalkdQueue.php
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ public function push($job, $data = '', $queue = null)
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function pushRaw($payload, $queue = null, array $options = array())
+	public function pushRaw($payload, $queue = null, array $options = [])
 	{
 		return $this->pheanstalk->useTube($this->getQueue($queue))->put(
 			$payload, Pheanstalk::DEFAULT_PRIORITY, Pheanstalk::DEFAULT_DELAY, $this->timeToRun
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Queue/Console/ListFailedCommand.php b/src/Illuminate/Queue/Console/ListFailedCommand.php
index 03bc411bc385..0492aa25f9e9 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Queue/Console/ListFailedCommand.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Queue/Console/ListFailedCommand.php
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class ListFailedCommand extends Command {
 	 */
 	public function fire()
 	{
-		$rows = array();
+		$rows = [];
 
 		foreach ($this->laravel['queue.failer']->all() as $failed)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Queue/DatabaseQueue.php b/src/Illuminate/Queue/DatabaseQueue.php
index 9927a3ef96f4..97138e6a6db2 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Queue/DatabaseQueue.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Queue/DatabaseQueue.php
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public function push($job, $data = '', $queue = null)
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function pushRaw($payload, $queue = null, array $options = array())
+	public function pushRaw($payload, $queue = null, array $options = [])
 	{
 		return $this->pushToDatabase(0, $queue, $payload);
 	}
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Queue/IronQueue.php b/src/Illuminate/Queue/IronQueue.php
index 48b113ca449b..9eecfdcfa875 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Queue/IronQueue.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Queue/IronQueue.php
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ public function push($job, $data = '', $queue = null)
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function pushRaw($payload, $queue = null, array $options = array())
+	public function pushRaw($payload, $queue = null, array $options = [])
 	{
 		if ($this->shouldEncrypt) $payload = $this->crypt->encrypt($payload);
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Queue/NullQueue.php b/src/Illuminate/Queue/NullQueue.php
index e8d92ef3c202..3c6122a66e75 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Queue/NullQueue.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Queue/NullQueue.php
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ public function push($job, $data = '', $queue = null)
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function pushRaw($payload, $queue = null, array $options = array())
+	public function pushRaw($payload, $queue = null, array $options = [])
 	{
 		//
 	}
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Queue/QueueManager.php b/src/Illuminate/Queue/QueueManager.php
index 4f8f47a361fc..178825004649 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Queue/QueueManager.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Queue/QueueManager.php
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class QueueManager implements FactoryContract, MonitorContract {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $connections = array();
+	protected $connections = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new queue manager instance.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Queue/RedisQueue.php b/src/Illuminate/Queue/RedisQueue.php
index d349eb7ff25b..ca589377ba2a 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Queue/RedisQueue.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Queue/RedisQueue.php
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ public function push($job, $data = '', $queue = null)
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function pushRaw($payload, $queue = null, array $options = array())
+	public function pushRaw($payload, $queue = null, array $options = [])
 	{
 		$this->getConnection()->rpush($this->getQueue($queue), $payload);
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Queue/SqsQueue.php b/src/Illuminate/Queue/SqsQueue.php
index 7bfd5d7dccec..febb02372b7e 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Queue/SqsQueue.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Queue/SqsQueue.php
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ public function push($job, $data = '', $queue = null)
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function pushRaw($payload, $queue = null, array $options = array())
+	public function pushRaw($payload, $queue = null, array $options = [])
 	{
 		$response = $this->sqs->sendMessage(array('QueueUrl' => $this->getQueue($queue), 'MessageBody' => $payload));
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Queue/SyncQueue.php b/src/Illuminate/Queue/SyncQueue.php
index 0b836b016e71..e91e4e8d03b8 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Queue/SyncQueue.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Queue/SyncQueue.php
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ public function push($job, $data = '', $queue = null)
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function pushRaw($payload, $queue = null, array $options = array())
+	public function pushRaw($payload, $queue = null, array $options = [])
 	{
 		//
 	}
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Redis/Database.php b/src/Illuminate/Redis/Database.php
index faddd71ede7f..79119c86b3fa 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Redis/Database.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Redis/Database.php
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class Database implements DatabaseContract {
 	 * @param  array  $servers
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function __construct(array $servers = array())
+	public function __construct(array $servers = [])
 	{
 		if (isset($servers['cluster']) && $servers['cluster'])
 		{
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ protected function createAggregateClient(array $servers)
 	 */
 	protected function createSingleClients(array $servers)
 	{
-		$clients = array();
+		$clients = [];
 
 		foreach ($servers as $key => $server)
 		{
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ public function connection($name = 'default')
 	 * @param  array   $parameters
 	 * @return mixed
 	 */
-	public function command($method, array $parameters = array())
+	public function command($method, array $parameters = [])
 	{
 		return call_user_func_array(array($this->clients['default'], $method), $parameters);
 	}
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php b/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php
index a422f0308e23..2a6678e5725d 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ abstract class Controller {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $beforeFilters = array();
+	protected $beforeFilters = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The "after" filters registered on the controller.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $afterFilters = array();
+	protected $afterFilters = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The router instance.
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ abstract class Controller {
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function middleware($middleware, array $options = array())
+	public function middleware($middleware, array $options = [])
 	{
 		$this->middleware[$middleware] = $options;
 	}
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ public function middleware($middleware, array $options = array())
 	 * @param  array  $options
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function beforeFilter($filter, array $options = array())
+	public function beforeFilter($filter, array $options = [])
 	{
 		$this->beforeFilters[] = $this->parseFilter($filter, $options);
 	}
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ public function beforeFilter($filter, array $options = array())
 	 * @param  array  $options
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function afterFilter($filter, array $options = array())
+	public function afterFilter($filter, array $options = [])
 	{
 		$this->afterFilters[] = $this->parseFilter($filter, $options);
 	}
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ public function afterFilter($filter, array $options = array())
 	 */
 	protected function parseFilter($filter, array $options)
 	{
-		$parameters = array();
+		$parameters = [];
 
 		$original = $filter;
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerInspector.php b/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerInspector.php
index d10d476d4afc..96439613eb76 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerInspector.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerInspector.php
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class ControllerInspector {
 	 */
 	public function getRoutable($controller, $prefix)
 	{
-		$routable = array();
+		$routable = [];
 
 		$reflection = new ReflectionClass($controller);
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Routing/Redirector.php b/src/Illuminate/Routing/Redirector.php
index bc6e39dc6fdc..1d85f2093b86 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Routing/Redirector.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Routing/Redirector.php
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ public function home($status = 302)
 	 * @param  array  $headers
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse
 	 */
-	public function back($status = 302, $headers = array())
+	public function back($status = 302, $headers = [])
 	{
 		$back = $this->generator->previous();
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ public function back($status = 302, $headers = array())
 	 * @param  array  $headers
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse
 	 */
-	public function refresh($status = 302, $headers = array())
+	public function refresh($status = 302, $headers = [])
 	{
 		return $this->to($this->generator->getRequest()->path(), $status, $headers);
 	}
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public function refresh($status = 302, $headers = array())
 	 * @param  bool    $secure
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse
 	 */
-	public function guest($path, $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure = null)
+	public function guest($path, $status = 302, $headers = [], $secure = null)
 	{
 		$this->session->put('url.intended', $this->generator->full());
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ public function guest($path, $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure = null)
 	 * @param  bool    $secure
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse
 	 */
-	public function intended($default = '/', $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure = null)
+	public function intended($default = '/', $status = 302, $headers = [], $secure = null)
 	{
 		$path = $this->session->pull('url.intended', $default);
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ public function intended($default = '/', $status = 302, $headers = array(), $sec
 	 * @param  bool    $secure
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse
 	 */
-	public function to($path, $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure = null)
+	public function to($path, $status = 302, $headers = [], $secure = null)
 	{
 		$path = $this->generator->to($path, array(), $secure);
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ public function to($path, $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure = null)
 	 * @param  array   $headers
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse
 	 */
-	public function away($path, $status = 302, $headers = array())
+	public function away($path, $status = 302, $headers = [])
 	{
 		return $this->createRedirect($path, $status, $headers);
 	}
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ public function away($path, $status = 302, $headers = array())
 	 * @param  array   $headers
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse
 	 */
-	public function secure($path, $status = 302, $headers = array())
+	public function secure($path, $status = 302, $headers = [])
 	{
 		return $this->to($path, $status, $headers, true);
 	}
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ public function secure($path, $status = 302, $headers = array())
 	 * @param  array   $headers
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse
 	 */
-	public function route($route, $parameters = array(), $status = 302, $headers = array())
+	public function route($route, $parameters = [], $status = 302, $headers = array())
 	{
 		$path = $this->generator->route($route, $parameters);
 
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ public function route($route, $parameters = array(), $status = 302, $headers = a
 	 * @param  array   $headers
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse
 	 */
-	public function action($action, $parameters = array(), $status = 302, $headers = array())
+	public function action($action, $parameters = [], $status = 302, $headers = array())
 	{
 		$path = $this->generator->action($action, $parameters);
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Routing/ResourceRegistrar.php b/src/Illuminate/Routing/ResourceRegistrar.php
index 5a7354170a99..2dace66b5743 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Routing/ResourceRegistrar.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Routing/ResourceRegistrar.php
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ public function __construct(Router $router)
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function register($name, $controller, array $options = array())
+	public function register($name, $controller, array $options = [])
 	{
 		// If the resource name contains a slash, we will assume the developer wishes to
 		// register these resource routes with a prefix so we will set that up out of
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Routing/ResponseFactory.php b/src/Illuminate/Routing/ResponseFactory.php
index 82b49e202c7c..4ec7d1be45a1 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Routing/ResponseFactory.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Routing/ResponseFactory.php
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ public function __construct(ViewFactory $view, Redirector $redirector)
 	 * @param  array   $headers
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function make($content = '', $status = 200, array $headers = array())
+	public function make($content = '', $status = 200, array $headers = [])
 	{
 		return new Response($content, $status, $headers);
 	}
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public function make($content = '', $status = 200, array $headers = array())
 	 * @param  array   $headers
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function view($view, $data = array(), $status = 200, array $headers = array())
+	public function view($view, $data = [], $status = 200, array $headers = array())
 	{
 		return static::make($this->view->make($view, $data), $status, $headers);
 	}
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ public function view($view, $data = array(), $status = 200, array $headers = arr
 	 * @param  int    $options
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function json($data = array(), $status = 200, array $headers = array(), $options = 0)
+	public function json($data = [], $status = 200, array $headers = array(), $options = 0)
 	{
 		if ($data instanceof Arrayable)
 		{
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ public function json($data = array(), $status = 200, array $headers = array(), $
 	 * @param  int    $options
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function jsonp($callback, $data = array(), $status = 200, array $headers = array(), $options = 0)
+	public function jsonp($callback, $data = [], $status = 200, array $headers = array(), $options = 0)
 	{
 		return $this->json($data, $status, $headers, $options)->setCallback($callback);
 	}
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ public function jsonp($callback, $data = array(), $status = 200, array $headers
 	 * @param  array    $headers
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\StreamedResponse
 	 */
-	public function stream($callback, $status = 200, array $headers = array())
+	public function stream($callback, $status = 200, array $headers = [])
 	{
 		return new StreamedResponse($callback, $status, $headers);
 	}
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ public function stream($callback, $status = 200, array $headers = array())
 	 * @param  null|string  $disposition
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\BinaryFileResponse
 	 */
-	public function download($file, $name = null, array $headers = array(), $disposition = 'attachment')
+	public function download($file, $name = null, array $headers = [], $disposition = 'attachment')
 	{
 		$response = new BinaryFileResponse($file, 200, $headers, true, $disposition);
 
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ public function download($file, $name = null, array $headers = array(), $disposi
 	 * @param  bool    $secure
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function redirectTo($path, $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure = null)
+	public function redirectTo($path, $status = 302, $headers = [], $secure = null)
 	{
 		return $this->redirector->to($path, $status, $headers, $secure);
 	}
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ public function redirectTo($path, $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure = n
 	 * @param  array   $headers
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function redirectToRoute($route, $parameters = array(), $status = 302, $headers = array())
+	public function redirectToRoute($route, $parameters = [], $status = 302, $headers = array())
 	{
 		return $this->redirector->route($route, $parameters, $status, $headers);
 	}
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ public function redirectToRoute($route, $parameters = array(), $status = 302, $h
 	 * @param  array   $headers
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function redirectToAction($action, $parameters = array(), $status = 302, $headers = array())
+	public function redirectToAction($action, $parameters = [], $status = 302, $headers = array())
 	{
 		return $this->redirector->action($action, $parameters, $status, $headers);
 	}
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ public function redirectToAction($action, $parameters = array(), $status = 302,
 	 * @param  bool    $secure
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function redirectGuest($path, $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure = null)
+	public function redirectGuest($path, $status = 302, $headers = [], $secure = null)
 	{
 		return $this->redirector->guest($path, $status, $headers, $secure);
 	}
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ public function redirectGuest($path, $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure
 	 * @param  bool    $secure
 	 * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
 	 */
-	public function redirectToIntended($default = '/', $status = 302, $headers = array(), $secure = null)
+	public function redirectToIntended($default = '/', $status = 302, $headers = [], $secure = null)
 	{
 		return $this->redirector->intended($default, $status, $headers, $secure);
 	}
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php b/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php
index 47975f04f59f..08d84a28ae65 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ class Route {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $defaults = array();
+	protected $defaults = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The regular expression requirements.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $wheres = array();
+	protected $wheres = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The array of matched parameters.
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ protected static function explodeFilters($filters)
 	 */
 	protected static function explodeArrayFilters(array $filters)
 	{
-		$results = array();
+		$results = [];
 
 		foreach ($filters as $filter)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Routing/RouteCollection.php b/src/Illuminate/Routing/RouteCollection.php
index ebe74b64f0cc..ed01d73e18c1 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Routing/RouteCollection.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Routing/RouteCollection.php
@@ -15,28 +15,28 @@ class RouteCollection implements Countable, IteratorAggregate {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $routes = array();
+	protected $routes = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * An flattened array of all of the routes.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $allRoutes = array();
+	protected $allRoutes = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * A look-up table of routes by their names.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $nameList = array();
+	protected $nameList = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * A look-up table of routes by controller action.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $actionList = array();
+	protected $actionList = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Add a Route instance to the collection.
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ protected function checkForAlternateVerbs($request)
 		// Here we will spin through all verbs except for the current request verb and
 		// check to see if any routes respond to them. If they do, we will return a
 		// proper error response with the correct headers on the response string.
-		$others = array();
+		$others = [];
 
 		foreach ($methods as $method)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php b/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php
index e8f132df25af..69bd53ad5389 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php
@@ -63,35 +63,35 @@ class Router implements RegistrarContract {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $patternFilters = array();
+	protected $patternFilters = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The registered regular expression based filters.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $regexFilters = array();
+	protected $regexFilters = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The registered route value binders.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $binders = array();
+	protected $binders = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The globally available parameter patterns.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $patterns = array();
+	protected $patterns = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The route group attribute stack.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $groupStack = array();
+	protected $groupStack = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * All of the verbs supported by the router.
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ public function controllers(array $controllers)
 	 * @param  array   $names
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function controller($uri, $controller, $names = array())
+	public function controller($uri, $controller, $names = [])
 	{
 		$prepended = $controller;
 
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ public function resources(array $resources)
 	 * @param  array   $options
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function resource($name, $controller, array $options = array())
+	public function resource($name, $controller, array $options = [])
 	{
 		(new ResourceRegistrar($this))->register($name, $controller, $options);
 	}
@@ -1033,7 +1033,7 @@ protected function callPatternFilters($route, $request)
 	 */
 	public function findPatternFilters($request)
 	{
-		$results = array();
+		$results = [];
 
 		list($path, $method) = array($request->path(), $request->getMethod());
 
@@ -1075,7 +1075,7 @@ public function findPatternFilters($request)
 	 */
 	protected function patternsByMethod($method, $filters)
 	{
-		$results = array();
+		$results = [];
 
 		foreach ($filters as $filter)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Routing/UrlGenerator.php b/src/Illuminate/Routing/UrlGenerator.php
index d1e240e8c412..dea71c294f0d 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Routing/UrlGenerator.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Routing/UrlGenerator.php
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ public function previous()
 	 * @param  bool|null  $secure
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	public function to($path, $extra = array(), $secure = null)
+	public function to($path, $extra = [], $secure = null)
 	{
 		// First we will check if the URL is already a valid URL. If it is we will not
 		// try to generate a new one but will simply return the URL as is, which is
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ public function to($path, $extra = array(), $secure = null)
 	 * @param  array   $parameters
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	public function secure($path, $parameters = array())
+	public function secure($path, $parameters = [])
 	{
 		return $this->to($path, $parameters, true);
 	}
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ public function forceSchema($schema)
 	 *
 	 * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
 	 */
-	public function route($name, $parameters = array(), $absolute = true)
+	public function route($name, $parameters = [], $absolute = true)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_null($route = $this->routes->getByName($name)))
 		{
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ protected function formatParameters($parameters)
 	 * @param  array  $parameters
 	 * @return array
 	 */
-	protected function replaceRoutableParameters($parameters = array())
+	protected function replaceRoutableParameters($parameters = [])
 	{
 		$parameters = is_array($parameters) ? $parameters : array($parameters);
 
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ protected function getRouteScheme($route)
 	 * @param  bool    $absolute
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	public function action($action, $parameters = array(), $absolute = true)
+	public function action($action, $parameters = [], $absolute = true)
 	{
 		if ($this->rootNamespace && ! (strpos($action, '\\') === 0))
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php b/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php
index 41a3593e3865..4df2b847c0fa 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Session/Store.php
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ class Store implements SessionInterface {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $attributes = array();
+	protected $attributes = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The session bags.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $bags = array();
+	protected $bags = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The meta-data bag instance.
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class Store implements SessionInterface {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $bagData = array();
+	protected $bagData = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The session handler implementation.
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ public function setName($name)
 	 */
 	public function invalidate($lifetime = null)
 	{
-		$this->attributes = array();
+		$this->attributes = [];
 
 		return $this->migrate();
 	}
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ public function forget($key)
 	 */
 	public function clear()
 	{
-		$this->attributes = array();
+		$this->attributes = [];
 
 		foreach ($this->bags as $bag)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Support/Arr.php b/src/Illuminate/Support/Arr.php
index df6b86c660b1..a91d16ea375c 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Support/Arr.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Support/Arr.php
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ public static function add($array, $key, $value)
 	 */
 	public static function build($array, Closure $callback)
 	{
-		$results = array();
+		$results = [];
 
 		foreach ($array as $key => $value)
 		{
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ public static function divide($array)
 	 */
 	public static function dot($array, $prepend = '')
 	{
-		$results = array();
+		$results = [];
 
 		foreach ($array as $key => $value)
 		{
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ public static function fetch($array, $key)
 	{
 		foreach (explode('.', $key) as $segment)
 		{
-			$results = array();
+			$results = [];
 
 			foreach ($array as $value)
 			{
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ public static function last($array, $callback, $default = null)
 	 */
 	public static function flatten($array)
 	{
-		$return = array();
+		$return = [];
 
 		array_walk_recursive($array, function($x) use (&$return) { $return[] = $x; });
 
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ public static function only($array, $keys)
 	 */
 	public static function pluck($array, $value, $key = null)
 	{
-		$results = array();
+		$results = [];
 
 		foreach ($array as $item)
 		{
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ public static function set(&$array, $key, $value)
 			// values at the correct depth. Then we'll keep digging into the array.
 			if ( ! isset($array[$key]) || ! is_array($array[$key]))
 			{
-				$array[$key] = array();
+				$array[$key] = [];
 			}
 
 			$array =& $array[$key];
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ public static function sort($array, Closure $callback)
 	 */
 	public static function where($array, Closure $callback)
 	{
-		$filtered = array();
+		$filtered = [];
 
 		foreach ($array as $key => $value)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Support/ClassLoader.php b/src/Illuminate/Support/ClassLoader.php
index 88cbde64ef45..db6368fcc7ef 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Support/ClassLoader.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Support/ClassLoader.php
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class ClassLoader {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected static $directories = array();
+	protected static $directories = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Indicates if a ClassLoader has been registered.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ public static function removeDirectories($directories = null)
 	{
 		if (is_null($directories))
 		{
-			static::$directories = array();
+			static::$directories = [];
 		}
 		else
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Support/Collection.php b/src/Illuminate/Support/Collection.php
index ed4689759f7a..fc7ffc27385a 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Support/Collection.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Support/Collection.php
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class Collection implements ArrayAccess, Arrayable, Countable, IteratorAggregate
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $items = array();
+	protected $items = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new collection.
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class Collection implements ArrayAccess, Arrayable, Countable, IteratorAggregate
 	 * @param  mixed  $items
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function __construct($items = array())
+	public function __construct($items = [])
 	{
 		$items = is_null($items) ? [] : $this->getArrayableItems($items);
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ public function all()
 	 */
 	public function collapse()
 	{
-		$results = array();
+		$results = [];
 
 		foreach ($this->items as $values)
 		{
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ public function get($key, $default = null)
 	 */
 	public function groupBy($groupBy)
 	{
-		$results = array();
+		$results = [];
 
 		foreach ($this->items as $key => $value)
 		{
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ public function sort(Closure $callback)
 	 */
 	public function sortBy($callback, $options = SORT_REGULAR, $descending = false)
 	{
-		$results = array();
+		$results = [];
 
 		if (is_string($callback)) $callback =
                           $this->valueRetriever($callback);
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ public function sortByDesc($callback, $options = SORT_REGULAR)
 	 * @param  mixed  $replacement
 	 * @return static
 	 */
-	public function splice($offset, $length = 0, $replacement = array())
+	public function splice($offset, $length = 0, $replacement = [])
 	{
 		return new static(array_splice($this->items, $offset, $length, $replacement));
 	}
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Support/Facades/Facade.php b/src/Illuminate/Support/Facades/Facade.php
index 9882b56333d7..8b9a919f1161 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Support/Facades/Facade.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Support/Facades/Facade.php
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ public static function clearResolvedInstance($name)
 	 */
 	public static function clearResolvedInstances()
 	{
-		static::$resolvedInstance = array();
+		static::$resolvedInstance = [];
 	}
 
 	/**
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Support/Fluent.php b/src/Illuminate/Support/Fluent.php
index 69aa564f7065..53495c397da7 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Support/Fluent.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Support/Fluent.php
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class Fluent implements ArrayAccess, Arrayable, Jsonable, JsonSerializable {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $attributes = array();
+	protected $attributes = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new fluent container instance.
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class Fluent implements ArrayAccess, Arrayable, Jsonable, JsonSerializable {
 	 * @param  array|object	$attributes
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function __construct($attributes = array())
+	public function __construct($attributes = [])
 	{
 		foreach ($attributes as $key => $value)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Support/Manager.php b/src/Illuminate/Support/Manager.php
index aee3c061b0bb..84b681e1ddce 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Support/Manager.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Support/Manager.php
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@ abstract class Manager {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $customCreators = array();
+	protected $customCreators = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The array of created "drivers".
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $drivers = array();
+	protected $drivers = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new manager instance.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Support/MessageBag.php b/src/Illuminate/Support/MessageBag.php
index 2c7793facb20..4fb9a4d7cd8e 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Support/MessageBag.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Support/MessageBag.php
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class MessageBag implements Arrayable, Countable, Jsonable, JsonSerializable, Me
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $messages = array();
+	protected $messages = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Default format for message output.
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class MessageBag implements Arrayable, Countable, Jsonable, JsonSerializable, Me
 	 * @param  array  $messages
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function __construct(array $messages = array())
+	public function __construct(array $messages = [])
 	{
 		foreach ($messages as $key => $value)
 		{
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ public function all($format = null)
 	{
 		$format = $this->checkFormat($format);
 
-		$all = array();
+		$all = [];
 
 		foreach ($this->messages as $key => $messages)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Support/NamespacedItemResolver.php b/src/Illuminate/Support/NamespacedItemResolver.php
index 6c3366ed33f4..809c602b57cc 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Support/NamespacedItemResolver.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Support/NamespacedItemResolver.php
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class NamespacedItemResolver {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $parsed = array();
+	protected $parsed = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Parse a key into namespace, group, and item.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Support/Traits/Macroable.php b/src/Illuminate/Support/Traits/Macroable.php
index 7cf7450c178b..d9b083031735 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/Support/Traits/Macroable.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Support/Traits/Macroable.php
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ trait Macroable {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected static $macros = array();
+	protected static $macros = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Register a custom macro.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Translation/FileLoader.php b/src/Illuminate/Translation/FileLoader.php
index f455e604b3c8..7b73fc0ee74a 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Translation/FileLoader.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Translation/FileLoader.php
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class FileLoader implements LoaderInterface {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $hints = array();
+	protected $hints = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new file loader instance.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Translation/Translator.php b/src/Illuminate/Translation/Translator.php
index cc2476ba0210..5c4a8434f111 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Translation/Translator.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Translation/Translator.php
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class Translator extends NamespacedItemResolver implements TranslatorInterface {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $loaded = array();
+	protected $loaded = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new translator instance.
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ public function has($key, $locale = null)
 	 * @param  string  $locale
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	public function get($key, array $replace = array(), $locale = null)
+	public function get($key, array $replace = [], $locale = null)
 	{
 		list($namespace, $group, $item) = $this->parseKey($key);
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ protected function sortReplacements(array $replace)
 	 * @param  string  $locale
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	public function choice($key, $number, array $replace = array(), $locale = null)
+	public function choice($key, $number, array $replace = [], $locale = null)
 	{
 		$line = $this->get($key, $replace, $locale = $locale ?: $this->locale);
 
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ public function choice($key, $number, array $replace = array(), $locale = null)
 	 * @param  string  $locale
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	public function trans($id, array $parameters = array(), $domain = 'messages', $locale = null)
+	public function trans($id, array $parameters = [], $domain = 'messages', $locale = null)
 	{
 		return $this->get($id, $parameters, $locale);
 	}
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ public function trans($id, array $parameters = array(), $domain = 'messages', $l
 	 * @param  string  $locale
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	public function transChoice($id, $number, array $parameters = array(), $domain = 'messages', $locale = null)
+	public function transChoice($id, $number, array $parameters = [], $domain = 'messages', $locale = null)
 	{
 		return $this->choice($id, $number, $parameters, $locale);
 	}
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Validation/DatabasePresenceVerifier.php b/src/Illuminate/Validation/DatabasePresenceVerifier.php
index 2558f6236aa1..8a966be4da3e 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Validation/DatabasePresenceVerifier.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Validation/DatabasePresenceVerifier.php
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ public function __construct(ConnectionResolverInterface $db)
 	 * @param  array   $extra
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function getCount($collection, $column, $value, $excludeId = null, $idColumn = null, array $extra = array())
+	public function getCount($collection, $column, $value, $excludeId = null, $idColumn = null, array $extra = [])
 	{
 		$query = $this->table($collection)->where($column, '=', $value);
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ public function getCount($collection, $column, $value, $excludeId = null, $idCol
 	 * @param  array   $extra
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function getMultiCount($collection, $column, array $values, array $extra = array())
+	public function getMultiCount($collection, $column, array $values, array $extra = [])
 	{
 		$query = $this->table($collection)->whereIn($column, $values);
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Validation/Factory.php b/src/Illuminate/Validation/Factory.php
index b38624c83dfd..6d44836ce21f 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Validation/Factory.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Validation/Factory.php
@@ -33,28 +33,28 @@ class Factory implements FactoryContract {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $extensions = array();
+	protected $extensions = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * All of the custom implicit validator extensions.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $implicitExtensions = array();
+	protected $implicitExtensions = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * All of the custom validator message replacers.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $replacers = array();
+	protected $replacers = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * All of the fallback messages for custom rules.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $fallbackMessages = array();
+	protected $fallbackMessages = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The Validator resolver instance.
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ public function __construct(TranslatorInterface $translator, Container $containe
 	 * @param  array  $customAttributes
 	 * @return \Illuminate\Validation\Validator
 	 */
-	public function make(array $data, array $rules, array $messages = array(), array $customAttributes = array())
+	public function make(array $data, array $rules, array $messages = [], array $customAttributes = array())
 	{
 		// The presence verifier is responsible for checking the unique and exists data
 		// for the validator. It is behind an interface so that multiple versions of
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Validation/PresenceVerifierInterface.php b/src/Illuminate/Validation/PresenceVerifierInterface.php
index 32fd3f4872cb..dc81a52f48b6 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Validation/PresenceVerifierInterface.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Validation/PresenceVerifierInterface.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ interface PresenceVerifierInterface {
 	 * @param  array   $extra
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function getCount($collection, $column, $value, $excludeId = null, $idColumn = null, array $extra = array());
+	public function getCount($collection, $column, $value, $excludeId = null, $idColumn = null, array $extra = []);
 
 	/**
 	 * Count the number of objects in a collection with the given values.
@@ -24,6 +24,6 @@ public function getCount($collection, $column, $value, $excludeId = null, $idCol
 	 * @param  array   $extra
 	 * @return int
 	 */
-	public function getMultiCount($collection, $column, array $values, array $extra = array());
+	public function getMultiCount($collection, $column, array $values, array $extra = []);
 
 }
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/Validation/Validator.php b/src/Illuminate/Validation/Validator.php
index db71484326a8..f0e766b2678c 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/Validation/Validator.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/Validation/Validator.php
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class Validator implements ValidatorContract {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $failedRules = array();
+	protected $failedRules = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The message bag instance.
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class Validator implements ValidatorContract {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $files = array();
+	protected $files = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The rules to be applied to the data.
@@ -79,49 +79,49 @@ class Validator implements ValidatorContract {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $after = array();
+	protected $after = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The array of custom error messages.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $customMessages = array();
+	protected $customMessages = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The array of fallback error messages.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $fallbackMessages = array();
+	protected $fallbackMessages = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The array of custom attribute names.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $customAttributes = array();
+	protected $customAttributes = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The array of custom displayabled values.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $customValues = array();
+	protected $customValues = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * All of the custom validator extensions.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $extensions = array();
+	protected $extensions = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * All of the custom replacer extensions.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $replacers = array();
+	protected $replacers = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The size related validation rules.
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class Validator implements ValidatorContract {
 	 * @param  array  $customAttributes
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function __construct(TranslatorInterface $translator, array $data, array $rules, array $messages = array(), array $customAttributes = array())
+	public function __construct(TranslatorInterface $translator, array $data, array $rules, array $messages = [], array $customAttributes = array())
 	{
 		$this->translator = $translator;
 		$this->customMessages = $messages;
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ protected function parseData(array $data, $arrayKey = null)
 	{
 		if (is_null($arrayKey))
 		{
-			$this->files = array();
+			$this->files = [];
 		}
 
 		foreach ($data as $key => $value)
@@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ protected function getExtraExistConditions(array $parameters)
 	 */
 	protected function getExtraConditions(array $segments)
 	{
-		$extra = array();
+		$extra = [];
 
 		$count = count($segments);
 
@@ -1639,7 +1639,7 @@ protected function doReplacements($message, $attribute, $rule, $parameters)
 	 */
 	protected function getAttributeList(array $values)
 	{
-		$attributes = array();
+		$attributes = [];
 
 		// For each attribute in the list we will simply get its displayable form as
 		// this is convenient when replacing lists of parameters like some of the
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/View/Compilers/BladeCompiler.php b/src/Illuminate/View/Compilers/BladeCompiler.php
index b68fdf941c8a..04c9bbbf62cb 100644
--- a/src/Illuminate/View/Compilers/BladeCompiler.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/View/Compilers/BladeCompiler.php
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class BladeCompiler extends Compiler implements CompilerInterface {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $extensions = array();
+	protected $extensions = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The file currently being compiled.
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class BladeCompiler extends Compiler implements CompilerInterface {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $footer = array();
+	protected $footer = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Counter to keep track of nested forelse statements.
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class BladeCompiler extends Compiler implements CompilerInterface {
 	 */
 	public function compile($path = null)
 	{
-		$this->footer = array();
+		$this->footer = [];
 
 		if ($path)
 		{
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php b/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php
index 1fe35241240a..bf4b3bc371f0 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class CompilerEngine extends PhpEngine {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $lastCompiled = array();
+	protected $lastCompiled = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Create a new Blade view engine instance.
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public function __construct(CompilerInterface $compiler)
 	 * @param  array   $data
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	public function get($path, array $data = array())
+	public function get($path, array $data = [])
 	{
 		$this->lastCompiled[] = $path;
 
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/EngineInterface.php b/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/EngineInterface.php
index 53687347619c..6847c036e9fb 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/EngineInterface.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/EngineInterface.php
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ interface EngineInterface {
 	 * @param  array   $data
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	public function get($path, array $data = array());
+	public function get($path, array $data = []);
 
 }
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/EngineResolver.php b/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/EngineResolver.php
index e030c261a724..5e27c87d643b 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/EngineResolver.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/EngineResolver.php
@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@ class EngineResolver {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $resolvers = array();
+	protected $resolvers = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The resolved engine instances.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $resolved = array();
+	protected $resolved = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Register a new engine resolver.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php b/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php
index f43828ee1653..e5ec9b297394 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class PhpEngine implements EngineInterface {
 	 * @param  array   $data
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	public function get($path, array $data = array())
+	public function get($path, array $data = [])
 	{
 		return $this->evaluatePath($path, $data);
 	}
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/View/Factory.php b/src/Illuminate/View/Factory.php
index eb85ccee3bbf..d6ca88477be4 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/View/Factory.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/View/Factory.php
@@ -43,21 +43,21 @@ class Factory implements FactoryContract {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $shared = array();
+	protected $shared = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Array of registered view name aliases.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $aliases = array();
+	protected $aliases = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * All of the registered view names.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $names = array();
+	protected $names = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The extension to engine bindings.
@@ -71,21 +71,21 @@ class Factory implements FactoryContract {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $composers = array();
+	protected $composers = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * All of the finished, captured sections.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $sections = array();
+	protected $sections = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The stack of in-progress sections.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $sectionStack = array();
+	protected $sectionStack = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The number of active rendering operations.
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ public function __construct(EngineResolver $engines, ViewFinderInterface $finder
 	 * @param  array   $mergeData
 	 * @return \Illuminate\View\View
 	 */
-	public function file($path, $data = array(), $mergeData = array())
+	public function file($path, $data = [], $mergeData = array())
 	{
 		$data = array_merge($mergeData, $this->parseData($data));
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ public function file($path, $data = array(), $mergeData = array())
 	 * @param  array   $mergeData
 	 * @return \Illuminate\View\View
 	 */
-	public function make($view, $data = array(), $mergeData = array())
+	public function make($view, $data = [], $mergeData = array())
 	{
 		if (isset($this->aliases[$view])) $view = $this->aliases[$view];
 
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ protected function parseData($data)
 	 * @param  mixed   $data
 	 * @return \Illuminate\View\View
 	 */
-	public function of($view, $data = array())
+	public function of($view, $data = [])
 	{
 		return $this->make($this->names[$view], $data);
 	}
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ public function share($key, $value = null)
 	 */
 	public function creator($views, $callback)
 	{
-		$creators = array();
+		$creators = [];
 
 		foreach ((array) $views as $view)
 		{
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ public function creator($views, $callback)
 	 */
 	public function composers(array $composers)
 	{
-		$registered = array();
+		$registered = [];
 
 		foreach ($composers as $callback => $views)
 		{
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ public function composers(array $composers)
 	 */
 	public function composer($views, $callback, $priority = null)
 	{
-		$composers = array();
+		$composers = [];
 
 		foreach ((array) $views as $view)
 		{
@@ -654,9 +654,9 @@ public function yieldContent($section, $default = '')
 	 */
 	public function flushSections()
 	{
-		$this->sections = array();
+		$this->sections = [];
 
-		$this->sectionStack = array();
+		$this->sectionStack = [];
 	}
 
 	/**
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/View/FileViewFinder.php b/src/Illuminate/View/FileViewFinder.php
index 94efedb72a3a..29c0a3e4b31d 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/View/FileViewFinder.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/View/FileViewFinder.php
@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ class FileViewFinder implements ViewFinderInterface {
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $views = array();
+	protected $views = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * The namespace to file path hints.
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $hints = array();
+	protected $hints = [];
 
 	/**
 	 * Register a view extension with the finder.
diff --git a/src/Illuminate/View/View.php b/src/Illuminate/View/View.php
index c7aa1df5d319..8dca084e5f16 100755
--- a/src/Illuminate/View/View.php
+++ b/src/Illuminate/View/View.php
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class View implements ArrayAccess, ViewContract {
 	 * @param  array   $data
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function __construct(Factory $factory, EngineInterface $engine, $view, $path, $data = array())
+	public function __construct(Factory $factory, EngineInterface $engine, $view, $path, $data = [])
 	{
 		$this->view = $view;
 		$this->path = $path;
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ public function with($key, $value = null)
 	 * @param  array   $data
 	 * @return $this
 	 */
-	public function nest($key, $view, array $data = array())
+	public function nest($key, $view, array $data = [])
 	{
 		return $this->with($key, $this->factory->make($view, $data));
 	}
diff --git a/tests/Cache/CacheTableCommandTest.php b/tests/Cache/CacheTableCommandTest.php
index 3e1f410dc2ec..bf30b8fe1dc5 100644
--- a/tests/Cache/CacheTableCommandTest.php
+++ b/tests/Cache/CacheTableCommandTest.php
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ public function testCreateMakesMigration()
 	}
 
 
-	protected function runCommand($command, $input = array())
+	protected function runCommand($command, $input = [])
 	{
 		return $command->run(new Symfony\Component\Console\Input\ArrayInput($input), new Symfony\Component\Console\Output\NullOutput);
 	}
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ protected function runCommand($command, $input = array())
 
 class CacheTableCommandTestStub extends CacheTableCommand {
 
-	public function call($command, array $arguments = array())
+	public function call($command, array $arguments = [])
 	{
 		//
 	}
diff --git a/tests/Container/ContainerTest.php b/tests/Container/ContainerTest.php
index ef756714f078..2b2c9efc91bd 100755
--- a/tests/Container/ContainerTest.php
+++ b/tests/Container/ContainerTest.php
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ public function testInternalClassWithDefaultParameters()
 	{
 		$this->setExpectedException('Illuminate\Container\BindingResolutionException', 'Unresolvable dependency resolving [Parameter #0 [ <required> $first ]] in class ContainerMixedPrimitiveStub');
 		$container = new Container;
-		$parameters = array();
+		$parameters = [];
 		$container->make('ContainerMixedPrimitiveStub', $parameters);
 	}
 
@@ -357,14 +357,14 @@ public function testInternalClassWithDefaultParameters()
 	public function testCallWithDependencies()
 	{
 		$container = new Container;
-		$result = $container->call(function(StdClass $foo, $bar = array()) {
+		$result = $container->call(function(StdClass $foo, $bar = []) {
 			return func_get_args();
 		});
 
 		$this->assertInstanceOf('stdClass', $result[0]);
 		$this->assertEquals([], $result[1]);
 
-		$result = $container->call(function(StdClass $foo, $bar = array()) {
+		$result = $container->call(function(StdClass $foo, $bar = []) {
 			return func_get_args();
 		}, ['bar' => 'taylor']);
 
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ public function testCallWithDependencies()
 		/**
 		 * Wrap a function...
 		 */
-		$result = $container->wrap(function(StdClass $foo, $bar = array()) {
+		$result = $container->wrap(function(StdClass $foo, $bar = []) {
 			return func_get_args();
 		}, ['bar' => 'taylor']);
 
diff --git a/tests/Database/DatabaseConnectionTest.php b/tests/Database/DatabaseConnectionTest.php
index 631fda470485..19bd018d548f 100755
--- a/tests/Database/DatabaseConnectionTest.php
+++ b/tests/Database/DatabaseConnectionTest.php
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ public function testSchemaBuilderCanBeCreated()
 
 
 
-	protected function getMockConnection($methods = array(), $pdo = null)
+	protected function getMockConnection($methods = [], $pdo = null)
 	{
 		$pdo = $pdo ?: new DatabaseConnectionTestMockPDO;
 		$defaults = array('getDefaultQueryGrammar', 'getDefaultPostProcessor', 'getDefaultSchemaGrammar');
diff --git a/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentBelongsToManyTest.php b/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentBelongsToManyTest.php
index d3f955fe68a0..6b4b94c7e10f 100755
--- a/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentBelongsToManyTest.php
+++ b/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentBelongsToManyTest.php
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ public function testModelsAreProperlyMatchedToParents()
 	public function testRelationIsProperlyInitialized()
 	{
 		$relation = $this->getRelation();
-		$relation->getRelated()->shouldReceive('newCollection')->andReturnUsing(function($array = array()) { return new Collection($array); });
+		$relation->getRelated()->shouldReceive('newCollection')->andReturnUsing(function($array = []) { return new Collection($array); });
 		$model = m::mock('Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model');
 		$model->shouldReceive('setRelation')->once()->with('foo', m::type('Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection'));
 		$models = $relation->initRelation(array($model), 'foo');
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ public function getRelationArguments()
 }
 
 class EloquentBelongsToManyModelStub extends Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model {
-	protected $guarded = array();
+	protected $guarded = [];
 }
 
 class EloquentBelongsToManyModelPivotStub extends Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model {
diff --git a/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentHasManyTest.php b/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentHasManyTest.php
index 015f3ce7b43b..8b27e4fba20a 100755
--- a/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentHasManyTest.php
+++ b/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentHasManyTest.php
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ public function testRelationIsProperlyInitialized()
 	{
 		$relation = $this->getRelation();
 		$model = m::mock('Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model');
-		$relation->getRelated()->shouldReceive('newCollection')->andReturnUsing(function($array = array()) { return new Collection($array); });
+		$relation->getRelated()->shouldReceive('newCollection')->andReturnUsing(function($array = []) { return new Collection($array); });
 		$model->shouldReceive('setRelation')->once()->with('foo', m::type('Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection'));
 		$models = $relation->initRelation(array($model), 'foo');
 
diff --git a/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentHasManyThroughTest.php b/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentHasManyThroughTest.php
index 53ce5861585d..83c602d88af2 100644
--- a/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentHasManyThroughTest.php
+++ b/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentHasManyThroughTest.php
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ public function testRelationIsProperlyInitialized()
 	{
 		$relation = $this->getRelation();
 		$model = m::mock('Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model');
-		$relation->getRelated()->shouldReceive('newCollection')->andReturnUsing(function($array = array()) { return new Collection($array); });
+		$relation->getRelated()->shouldReceive('newCollection')->andReturnUsing(function($array = []) { return new Collection($array); });
 		$model->shouldReceive('setRelation')->once()->with('foo', m::type('Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection'));
 		$models = $relation->initRelation(array($model), 'foo');
 
diff --git a/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentModelTest.php b/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentModelTest.php
index f3b62b1d2808..81e65542aef4 100755
--- a/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentModelTest.php
+++ b/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentModelTest.php
@@ -1174,7 +1174,7 @@ public function saved() {}
 
 class EloquentModelStub extends Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model {
 	protected $table = 'stub';
-	protected $guarded = array();
+	protected $guarded = [];
 	protected $morph_to_stub_type = 'EloquentModelSaveStub';
 	public function getListItemsAttribute($value)
 	{
@@ -1235,8 +1235,8 @@ public function getDates()
 
 class EloquentModelSaveStub extends Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model {
 	protected $table = 'save_stub';
-	protected $guarded = array();
-	public function save(array $options = array()) { $_SERVER['__eloquent.saved'] = true; }
+	protected $guarded = [];
+	public function save(array $options = []) { $_SERVER['__eloquent.saved'] = true; }
 	public function setIncrementing($value)
 	{
 		$this->incrementing = $value;
diff --git a/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentMorphToManyTest.php b/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentMorphToManyTest.php
index a0ac29709bef..653b1198a88e 100644
--- a/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentMorphToManyTest.php
+++ b/tests/Database/DatabaseEloquentMorphToManyTest.php
@@ -107,5 +107,5 @@ public function getRelationArguments()
 }
 
 class EloquentMorphToManyModelStub extends Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model {
-	protected $guarded = array();
+	protected $guarded = [];
 }
diff --git a/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationInstallCommandTest.php b/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationInstallCommandTest.php
index 2d86f8b14b91..8261f8c44789 100755
--- a/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationInstallCommandTest.php
+++ b/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationInstallCommandTest.php
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ public function testFireCallsRepositoryToInstall()
 	}
 
 
-	protected function runCommand($command, $options = array())
+	protected function runCommand($command, $options = [])
 	{
 		return $command->run(new Symfony\Component\Console\Input\ArrayInput($options), new Symfony\Component\Console\Output\NullOutput);
 	}
diff --git a/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationMakeCommandTest.php b/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationMakeCommandTest.php
index 8b09b69e0522..afe906e69f51 100755
--- a/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationMakeCommandTest.php
+++ b/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationMakeCommandTest.php
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ public function testBasicCreateGivesCreatorProperArgumentsWhenTableIsSet()
 	}
 
 
-	protected function runCommand($command, $input = array())
+	protected function runCommand($command, $input = [])
 	{
 		return $command->run(new Symfony\Component\Console\Input\ArrayInput($input), new Symfony\Component\Console\Output\NullOutput);
 	}
diff --git a/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationMigrateCommandTest.php b/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationMigrateCommandTest.php
index ec4ad27c0b6b..f901b03c28c2 100755
--- a/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationMigrateCommandTest.php
+++ b/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationMigrateCommandTest.php
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ public function testTheDatabaseMayBeSet()
 	}
 
 
-	protected function runCommand($command, $input = array())
+	protected function runCommand($command, $input = [])
 	{
 		return $command->run(new Symfony\Component\Console\Input\ArrayInput($input), new Symfony\Component\Console\Output\NullOutput);
 	}
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ protected function runCommand($command, $input = array())
 }
 
 class ApplicationDatabaseMigrationStub extends Application {
-	public function __construct(array $data = array()) {
+	public function __construct(array $data = []) {
 		foreach ($data as $abstract => $instance) {
 			$this->instance($abstract, $instance);
 		}
diff --git a/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationResetCommandTest.php b/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationResetCommandTest.php
index 1e89d7239be2..f60bc9f80a0a 100755
--- a/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationResetCommandTest.php
+++ b/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationResetCommandTest.php
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ public function testResetCommandCanBePretended()
 	}
 
 
-	protected function runCommand($command, $input = array())
+	protected function runCommand($command, $input = [])
 	{
 		return $command->run(new Symfony\Component\Console\Input\ArrayInput($input), new Symfony\Component\Console\Output\NullOutput);
 	}
diff --git a/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationRollbackCommandTest.php b/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationRollbackCommandTest.php
index b68996b74dfa..121be2c58586 100755
--- a/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationRollbackCommandTest.php
+++ b/tests/Database/DatabaseMigrationRollbackCommandTest.php
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ public function testRollbackCommandCanBePretended()
 	}
 
 
-	protected function runCommand($command, $input = array())
+	protected function runCommand($command, $input = [])
 	{
 		return $command->run(new Symfony\Component\Console\Input\ArrayInput($input), new Symfony\Component\Console\Output\NullOutput);
 	}
diff --git a/tests/Log/LogWriterTest.php b/tests/Log/LogWriterTest.php
index 0df221662227..98654461087b 100755
--- a/tests/Log/LogWriterTest.php
+++ b/tests/Log/LogWriterTest.php
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ public function testWriterFiresEventsDispatcher()
 		$writer = new Writer($monolog = m::mock('Monolog\Logger'), $events = new Illuminate\Events\Dispatcher);
 		$monolog->shouldReceive('error')->once()->with('foo', array());
 
-		$events->listen('illuminate.log', function($level, $message, array $context = array())
+		$events->listen('illuminate.log', function($level, $message, array $context = [])
 		{
 			$_SERVER['__log.level']   = $level;
 			$_SERVER['__log.message'] = $message;
diff --git a/tests/Session/SessionTableCommandTest.php b/tests/Session/SessionTableCommandTest.php
index 3e929d0ae2cb..8cc5075cf5a6 100644
--- a/tests/Session/SessionTableCommandTest.php
+++ b/tests/Session/SessionTableCommandTest.php
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ public function testCreateMakesMigration()
 	}
 
 
-	protected function runCommand($command, $input = array())
+	protected function runCommand($command, $input = [])
 	{
 		return $command->run(new Symfony\Component\Console\Input\ArrayInput($input), new Symfony\Component\Console\Output\NullOutput);
 	}
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ protected function runCommand($command, $input = array())
 
 class SessionTableCommandTestStub extends SessionTableCommand {
 
-	public function call($command, array $arguments = array())
+	public function call($command, array $arguments = [])
 	{
 		//
 	}
diff --git a/tests/Support/SupportCollectionTest.php b/tests/Support/SupportCollectionTest.php
index 4d5715428a0c..d6b36c78d89d 100755
--- a/tests/Support/SupportCollectionTest.php
+++ b/tests/Support/SupportCollectionTest.php
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ public function testPaginate()
 
 class TestAccessorEloquentTestStub
 {
-	protected $attributes = array();
+	protected $attributes = [];
 
 	public function __construct($attributes)
 	{
diff --git a/tests/Support/SupportFacadeTest.php b/tests/Support/SupportFacadeTest.php
index 69989cb75547..ffa685644569 100755
--- a/tests/Support/SupportFacadeTest.php
+++ b/tests/Support/SupportFacadeTest.php
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ protected static function getFacadeAccessor()
 
 class ApplicationStub implements ArrayAccess {
 
-	protected $attributes = array();
+	protected $attributes = [];
 
 	public function setAttributes($attributes) { $this->attributes = $attributes; }
 	public function instance($key, $instance) { $this->attributes[$key] = $instance; }
diff --git a/tests/Support/SupportFluentTest.php b/tests/Support/SupportFluentTest.php
index 6fc1b4f07404..99784ae06431 100755
--- a/tests/Support/SupportFluentTest.php
+++ b/tests/Support/SupportFluentTest.php
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ public function testToJsonEncodesTheToArrayResult()
 
 
 class FluentArrayIteratorStub implements \IteratorAggregate {
-	protected $items = array();
+	protected $items = [];
 
-	public function __construct(array $items = array())
+	public function __construct(array $items = [])
 	{
 		$this->items = (array) $items;
 	}
diff --git a/tests/Support/SupportHelpersTest.php b/tests/Support/SupportHelpersTest.php
index 5272ec70871e..1967dacc74da 100755
--- a/tests/Support/SupportHelpersTest.php
+++ b/tests/Support/SupportHelpersTest.php
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ public function testArrayHas()
 
 	public function testArraySet()
 	{
-		$array = array();
+		$array = [];
 		array_set($array, 'names.developer', 'taylor');
 		$this->assertEquals('taylor', $array['names']['developer']);
 	}