diff --git a/yash-builtin/src/fg.rs b/yash-builtin/src/fg.rs
index fd87e932..da90527f 100644
--- a/yash-builtin/src/fg.rs
+++ b/yash-builtin/src/fg.rs
@@ -92,7 +92,6 @@ use yash_env::job::id::parse;
 use yash_env::job::JobList;
 use yash_env::job::Pid;
 use yash_env::job::ProcessState;
-use yash_env::semantics::ExitStatus;
 use yash_env::semantics::Field;
 use yash_env::system::Errno;
 use yash_env::system::System as _;
@@ -189,7 +188,11 @@ pub async fn main(env: &mut Env, args: Vec<Field>) -> crate::Result {
     };
 
     match result {
-        Ok(state) => ExitStatus::try_from(state).unwrap().into(),
+        Ok(state) => env
+            .system
+            .exit_status_for_process_state(state)
+            .unwrap()
+            .into(),
         Err(error) => report_simple_failure(env, &error.to_string()).await,
     }
 }
@@ -208,6 +211,7 @@ mod tests {
     use yash_env::job::ProcessState;
     use yash_env::option::Option::Monitor;
     use yash_env::option::State::On;
+    use yash_env::semantics::ExitStatus;
     use yash_env::subshell::JobControl;
     use yash_env::subshell::Subshell;
     use yash_env::system::r#virtual::Process;
diff --git a/yash-env/src/job.rs b/yash-env/src/job.rs
index 6a940e05..0b46e9ed 100644
--- a/yash-env/src/job.rs
+++ b/yash-env/src/job.rs
@@ -141,28 +141,6 @@ impl ProcessState {
     }
 }
 
-/// Error value indicating that the process is running.
-///
-/// This error value may be returned by [`TryFrom<ProcessState>::try_from`].
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
-pub struct RunningProcess;
-
-/// Converts `ProcessState` to `ExitStatus`.
-///
-/// For the `Running` state, the conversion fails with [`RunningProcess`].
-impl TryFrom<ProcessState> for ExitStatus {
-    type Error = RunningProcess;
-    fn try_from(state: ProcessState) -> Result<Self, RunningProcess> {
-        match state {
-            ProcessState::Exited(exit_status) => Ok(exit_status),
-            ProcessState::Signaled { signal, .. } | ProcessState::Stopped(signal) => {
-                Ok(ExitStatus::from(signal))
-            }
-            ProcessState::Running => Err(RunningProcess),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Set of one or more processes executing a pipeline
 ///
 /// In the current implementation, a job contains the process ID of one child
diff --git a/yash-env/src/lib.rs b/yash-env/src/lib.rs
index 92ced0bc..0686d76b 100644
--- a/yash-env/src/lib.rs
+++ b/yash-env/src/lib.rs
@@ -361,7 +361,8 @@ impl Env {
         loop {
             let (pid, state) = self.wait_for_subshell(target).await?;
             if !state.is_alive() {
-                return Ok((pid, state.try_into().unwrap()));
+                let exit_status = self.system.exit_status_for_process_state(state).unwrap();
+                return Ok((pid, exit_status));
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/yash-semantics/src/command/compound_command/subshell.rs b/yash-semantics/src/command/compound_command/subshell.rs
index 0fbc7d6b..88ba7074 100644
--- a/yash-semantics/src/command/compound_command/subshell.rs
+++ b/yash-semantics/src/command/compound_command/subshell.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ use yash_env::semantics::ExitStatus;
 use yash_env::semantics::Result;
 use yash_env::subshell::JobControl;
 use yash_env::subshell::Subshell;
+use yash_env::system::SystemEx as _;
 use yash_env::Env;
 use yash_syntax::source::Location;
 use yash_syntax::syntax::List;
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ pub async fn execute(env: &mut Env, body: Rc<List>, location: &Location) -> Resu
                 env.jobs.add(job);
             }
 
-            env.exit_status = state.try_into().unwrap();
+            env.exit_status = env.system.exit_status_for_process_state(state).unwrap();
             env.apply_errexit()
         }
         Err(errno) => {
diff --git a/yash-semantics/src/command/pipeline.rs b/yash-semantics/src/command/pipeline.rs
index 1fae57f2..ed318688 100644
--- a/yash-semantics/src/command/pipeline.rs
+++ b/yash-semantics/src/command/pipeline.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ use yash_env::subshell::JobControl;
 use yash_env::subshell::Subshell;
 use yash_env::system::Errno;
 use yash_env::system::FdFlag;
-use yash_env::system::SystemEx;
+use yash_env::system::SystemEx as _;
 use yash_env::Env;
 use yash_env::System;
 use yash_syntax::syntax;
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ async fn execute_job_controlled_pipeline(
                 env.jobs.add(job);
             }
 
-            env.exit_status = state.try_into().unwrap();
+            env.exit_status = env.system.exit_status_for_process_state(state).unwrap();
             Continue(())
         }
         Err(errno) => {
diff --git a/yash-semantics/src/command/simple_command/absent.rs b/yash-semantics/src/command/simple_command/absent.rs
index fcc18062..0a0b2cca 100644
--- a/yash-semantics/src/command/simple_command/absent.rs
+++ b/yash-semantics/src/command/simple_command/absent.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ use yash_env::semantics::ExitStatus;
 use yash_env::semantics::Result;
 use yash_env::subshell::JobControl;
 use yash_env::subshell::Subshell;
+use yash_env::system::SystemEx as _;
 use yash_env::Env;
 use yash_syntax::syntax::Assign;
 use yash_syntax::syntax::Redir;
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ pub async fn execute_absent_target(
                     env.jobs.add(job);
                 }
 
-                state.try_into().unwrap()
+                env.system.exit_status_for_process_state(state).unwrap()
             }
             Err(errno) => {
                 print_error(
diff --git a/yash-semantics/src/command/simple_command/external.rs b/yash-semantics/src/command/simple_command/external.rs
index a0fcf4b8..5f3ee022 100644
--- a/yash-semantics/src/command/simple_command/external.rs
+++ b/yash-semantics/src/command/simple_command/external.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ use yash_env::semantics::Result;
 use yash_env::subshell::JobControl;
 use yash_env::subshell::Subshell;
 use yash_env::system::Errno;
+use yash_env::system::SystemEx as _;
 use yash_env::variable::Context;
 use yash_env::Env;
 use yash_env::System;
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ pub async fn start_external_utility_in_subshell_and_wait(
                 env.jobs.add(job);
             }
 
-            state.try_into().unwrap()
+            env.system.exit_status_for_process_state(state).unwrap()
         }
         Err(errno) => {
             print_error(