SEAL-Embedded is an open-source (MIT licensed) homomorphic encryption toolset for embedded devices developed by the Cryptography and Privacy Reserach Group at Microsoft. It implements the designs of CKKS-style encoding and encryption with small code and memory footprint that is published in this peer-reviewed paper. SEAL-Embedded is written in C and C++ and primarily designed for building high-level applications on Azure Sphere's ARM A7 processor. To enable wider experiments by developers and researchers, SEAL-Embedded includes configurations that target ARM M4 as well.
The majority of SEAL-Embedded was developed by Deepika Natarajan from University of Michigan during an internship at Microsoft, despite her not being present in the Git history.
Homomorphic encryption allows for computation on encryption data without decryption.
Typically, a client generates a secret key and public keys; data is encrypted with the secret key or public keys; encrypted data is sent to a untrusted server for computation; encrypted results are returned to the client who then decrypts the results.
Interested users of SEAL-Embedded should read the Introduction section of Microsoft SEAL prior to using SEAL-Embedded to learn more about homomorphic encryption and the Microsoft SEAL library.
SEAL-Embedded enables embedded devices to encrypt data; it does not perform key generation, computation on encrypted data, or decryption (but does include an easy-to-use adapter interface to perform key generation with Microsoft SEAL).
SEAL-Embedded consists of mainly two components: a device library (device/lib) to build an application that encrypts data, and an adapter application (adapter) for compability with Microsoft SEAL.
The simplest workflow is described as follows:
- Run the adapter to generate a secret key and public keys
- Build and run an application with the device library by creating an image of the application together with the public key (for asymmetric encryption) or secret key (for symmetric encryption) for a target device
- Run the adapter on an remote server to receive and serialize encrypted data to Microsoft-SEAL-compatible format
- Build and run an application with Microsoft SEAL to compute on encrypted data
- Decrypt the encrypted results with Microsoft SEAL on a safe device that has the secret key
This library is research code and is not yet intended for production use. Use at your own risk. Storing a secret key on device (i.e., using symmetric encryption) can be extremely dangerous. Use public key (asymmetric encryption), or consult a security expert before creating a symmetric key deployment. See more information related to SECURITY.
On all platforms, SEAL-Embedded is built with CMake. We recommend using an out-of-source build, although in-source builds work as well. Below we give instructions for how to configure and build SEAL-Embedded components.
The adapter (adapter) application automatically downloads and builds Microsoft SEAL as a dependency.
System requirements are listed in SEAL/README.md.
On Unix-like systems:
cd adapter
cmake -S . -B build
cmake --build build -j
./build/bin/se_adapter # run adapterOn Windows, following this guide, use Visual Studio 2019 to open adapter/CMakeLists.txt as a CMake project.
The device library comes with optional executables: unit tests (device/test) and benchmarks (device/bench).
The library itself, unit tests, and benchmarks can be built on a native system (Linux or macOS) with the same development environment listed in SEAL-Embedded adapter.
cd device
cmake -S . -B build -DSE_BUILD_LOCAL=ON
cmake --build build -j
./build/bin/seal_embedded_tests # run tests locallyThis by default builds a library and unit tests.
To build the library and run tests for the Azure Sphere A7 target instead:
cd device
cmake -G Ninja -S . -B build -DSE_BUILD_LOCAL=OFF
cmake --build build -j
sh ./scripts/sphere_a7_launch_cl.shOpen another terminal and invoke gdb:
sh ./scripts/gdb_launch_sphere_a7.shThe output should now print to the first terminal.
The following options are configurable for custom builds (default settings are in bold).
| CMake option | Values | Information |
|---|---|---|
| SE_BUILD_LOCAL | ON / OFF | Set to OFF to target an embedded device. |
| SE_BUILD_M4 | ON / OFF | Set to ON to target ARM M4, OFF to target ARM A7 on Azure Sphere. |
| SE_M4_IS_SPHERE | ON / OFF | Set to ON to target the real-time core on Azure Sphere, OFF to target other ARM M4 processors. |
| CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE | Debug Release MinSizeRel RelWithDebInfo |
Set to Release for the best run-time performance and the smallest code size. |
| SE_BUILD_TYPE | Tests Bench Lib |
Set to Bench to build instead the benchmark executable, to Lib to build a library only. |
Note: SEAL-Embedded device code is built in Debug and Local mode by default!
We recommend that all users of the library first ensure that the included tests and their target application run in Debug mode locally, for their desired memory configuration (see: user_defines.h and the SEAL-Embedded paper for more details on memory configuration options).
After verifying that these tests pass, users should change CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE to Release, uncomment SE_DISABLE_TESTING_CAPABILITY in user_defines.h, and set SE_ASSERT_TYPE to 0 (None) in user_defines.h, for optimal performance.
To run benchmarks, change SE_BUILD_TYPE to Bench and uncomment SE_ENABLE_TIMERS in defines.h.
Users should verify that everything runs as expected in their local development environment first before targetting an embedded device.
Note: SEAL-Embedded Adapter must be built and executed first to generate required key and precomputation files.
The adapter by default generates and writes files to device/adapter_output_files.
If device/adapter_output_files does not exist, you should create this folder prior to running the adapter.
Note that the adapter is not intended to support generation or usage of multiple parameter instances at once (i.e., using the adapter to create files for degree = 1024, then using the adapter to create files for degree = 4096, will cause some of the files generated for degree = 1024 to be overwritten).
To target an embedded device, the specific SDK for the target device is usually required. Either the unit tests or benchmarks can be built and imaged on the device. Using the Azure Sphere as an example, please follow this guide. Ultimately, users can develop their own application following this guide and statically link to the SEAL-Embedded device library.
For targeting ARM M4 on the Azure Sphere or other development boards, please follow related documents and tutorials.
Note that stack size limitations may prevent certain configurations of the library to run on an Azure Sphere M4 target.
For the convinience of verifying ARM M4 compatibility, we also provide device/lib/sdk_config.h for an easier deployment on Nordic Semiconductor nRF5* series devices.
The main purpose of open sourcing SEAL-Embedded is to enable developers to build privacy-enhancing applications or services.
We welcome any suggestions or contributions to improve the usebility, efficiency, and quality of SEAL-Embedded.
To keep the development active, the main branch will always include the most recent changes, beyond the lastest release tag.
For contributing to Microsoft SEAL, please see CONTRIBUTING.
To cite SEAL-Embedded in academic papers, please use the following BibTeX entries.
@Article{sealembedded,
title = {{SEAL}-Embedded: A Homomorphic Encryption Library for the Internet of Things},
author = {Deepika Natarajan and Wei Dai},
journal = {{IACR} Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems},
publisher = {Ruhr-Universit{\"a}t Bochum},
year = 2021,
month = jul,
pages = {756--779},
valume = 2021,
number = 3,
doi = {10.46586/tches.v2021.i3.756-779},
issn = {2569-2925},
note = {\url{https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/view/8991}},
}