From 5b0dee7d9f05cdb4798e865d7b0b5db31c2aac76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Milo Yip Date: Sun, 2 Oct 2016 01:26:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 1/5] Add tutorial04 --- readme.md | 2 +- tutorial04/CMakeLists.txt | 10 + tutorial04/images/Utf8webgrowth.png | Bin 0 -> 37658 bytes tutorial04/leptjson.c | 231 +++++++++++++++++++++++ tutorial04/leptjson.h | 49 +++++ tutorial04/test.c | 279 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ tutorial04/tutorial04.md | 149 +++++++++++++++ 7 files changed, 719 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) create mode 100644 tutorial04/CMakeLists.txt create mode 100644 tutorial04/images/Utf8webgrowth.png create mode 100644 tutorial04/leptjson.c create mode 100644 tutorial04/leptjson.h create mode 100644 tutorial04/test.c create mode 100644 tutorial04/tutorial04.md diff --git a/readme.md b/readme.md index 4a018c94..0fae74a5 100644 --- a/readme.md +++ b/readme.md @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ 1. [启程](tutorial01/tutorial01.md)（2016/9/15 完成）：编译环境、JSON 简介、测试驱动、解析器主要函数及各数据结构。练习 JSON 布尔类型的解析。[启程解答篇](tutorial01_answer/tutorial01_answer.md)（2016/9/17 完成）。 2. [解析数字](tutorial02/tutorial02.md)（2016/9/18 完成）：JSON number 的语法。练习 JSON number 类型的校验。[解析数字解答篇](tutorial02_answer/tutorial02_answer.md)（2016/9/20 完成）。 3. [解析字符串](tutorial03/tutorial03.md)（2016/9/22 完成）：使用 union 存储 variant、自动扩展的堆栈、JSON string 的语法、valgrind。练习最基本的 JSON string 类型的解析、内存释放。[解析字符串解答篇](tutorial03_answer/tutorial03_answer.md)（2016/9/27 完成）。 -4. Unicode：Unicode 和 UTF-8 的基本知识、JSON string 的 unicode 处理。练习完成 JSON string 类型的解析。 +4. [Unicode](tutorial04/tutorial04.md)（2016/10/2 完成）：Unicode 和 UTF-8 的基本知识、JSON string 的 unicode 处理。练习完成 JSON string 类型的解析。 5. 解析数组：JSON array 的语法。练习完成 JSON array 类型的解析、相关内存释放。 6. 解析对象：JSON object 的语法、重构 string 解析函数。练习完成 JSON object 的解析、相关内存释放。 7. 生成器：JSON 生成过程、注意事项。练习完成 JSON 生成器。 diff --git a/tutorial04/CMakeLists.txt b/tutorial04/CMakeLists.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..49ba19de --- /dev/null +++ b/tutorial04/CMakeLists.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +cmake_minimum_required (VERSION 2.6) +project (leptjson_test C) + +if (CMAKE_C_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU|Clang") + set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -ansi -pedantic -Wall") +endif() + +add_library(leptjson leptjson.c) +add_executable(leptjson_test test.c) +target_link_libraries(leptjson_test leptjson) diff --git a/tutorial04/images/Utf8webgrowth.png b/tutorial04/images/Utf8webgrowth.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45c5e086e4ca0e2ccc4d692bb709ce6476c7df72 GIT binary patch literal 37658 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+#include /* memcpy() */ + +#ifndef LEPT_PARSE_STACK_INIT_SIZE +#define LEPT_PARSE_STACK_INIT_SIZE 256 +#endif + +#define EXPECT(c, ch) do { assert(*c->json == (ch)); c->json++; } while(0) +#define ISDIGIT(ch) ((ch) >= '0' && (ch) <= '9') +#define ISDIGIT1TO9(ch) ((ch) >= '1' && (ch) <= '9') +#define PUTC(c, ch) do { *(char*)lept_context_push(c, sizeof(char)) = (ch); } while(0) + +typedef struct { + const char* json; + char* stack; + size_t size, top; +}lept_context; + +static void* lept_context_push(lept_context* c, size_t size) { + void* ret; + assert(size > 0); + if (c->top + size >= c->size) { + if (c->size == 0) + c->size = LEPT_PARSE_STACK_INIT_SIZE; + while (c->top + size >= c->size) + c->size += c->size >> 1; /* c->size * 1.5 */ + c->stack = (char*)realloc(c->stack, c->size); + } + ret = c->stack + c->top; + c->top += size; + return ret; +} + +static void* lept_context_pop(lept_context* c, size_t size) { + assert(c->top >= size); + return c->stack + (c->top -= size); +} + +static void lept_parse_whitespace(lept_context* c) { + const char *p = c->json; + while (*p == ' ' || *p == '\t' || *p == '\n' || *p == '\r') + p++; + c->json = p; +} + +static int lept_parse_literal(lept_context* c, lept_value* v, const char* literal, lept_type type) { + size_t i; + EXPECT(c, literal[0]); + for (i = 0; literal[i + 1]; i++) + if (c->json[i] != literal[i + 1]) + return LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_VALUE; + c->json += i; + v->type = type; + return LEPT_PARSE_OK; +} + +static int lept_parse_number(lept_context* c, lept_value* v) { + const char* p = c->json; + if (*p == '-') p++; + if (*p == '0') p++; + else { + if (!ISDIGIT1TO9(*p)) return LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_VALUE; + for (p++; ISDIGIT(*p); p++); + } + if (*p == '.') { + p++; + if (!ISDIGIT(*p)) return LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_VALUE; + for (p++; ISDIGIT(*p); p++); + } + if (*p == 'e' || *p == 'E') { + p++; + if (*p == '+' || *p == '-') p++; + if (!ISDIGIT(*p)) return LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_VALUE; + for (p++; ISDIGIT(*p); p++); + } + errno = 0; + v->u.n = strtod(c->json, NULL); + if (errno == ERANGE && (v->u.n == HUGE_VAL || v->u.n == -HUGE_VAL)) + return LEPT_PARSE_NUMBER_TOO_BIG; + v->type = LEPT_NUMBER; + c->json = p; + return LEPT_PARSE_OK; +} + +static const char* lept_parse_hex4(const char* p, unsigned* u) { + /* \TODO */ + return p; +} + +static void lept_encode_utf8(lept_context* c, unsigned u) { + /* \TODO */ +} + +#define STRING_ERROR(ret) do { c->top = head; return ret; } while(0) + +static int lept_parse_string(lept_context* c, lept_value* v) { + size_t head = c->top, len; + unsigned u; + const char* p; + EXPECT(c, '\"'); + p = c->json; + for (;;) { + char ch = *p++; + switch (ch) { + case '\"': + len = c->top - head; + lept_set_string(v, (const char*)lept_context_pop(c, len), len); + c->json = p; + return LEPT_PARSE_OK; + case '\\': + switch (*p++) { + case '\"': PUTC(c, '\"'); break; + case '\\': PUTC(c, '\\'); break; + case '/': PUTC(c, '/' ); break; + case 'b': PUTC(c, '\b'); break; + case 'f': PUTC(c, '\f'); break; + case 'n': PUTC(c, '\n'); break; + case 'r': PUTC(c, '\r'); break; + case 't': PUTC(c, '\t'); break; + case 'u': + if (!(p = lept_parse_hex4(p, &u))) + STRING_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX); + /* \TODO surrogate handling */ + lept_encode_utf8(c, u); + break; + default: + STRING_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_STRING_ESCAPE); + } + break; + case '\0': + STRING_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_MISS_QUOTATION_MARK); + default: + if ((unsigned char)ch < 0x20) + STRING_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_STRING_CHAR); + PUTC(c, ch); + } + } +} + +static int lept_parse_value(lept_context* c, lept_value* v) { + switch (*c->json) { + case 't': return lept_parse_literal(c, v, "true", LEPT_TRUE); + case 'f': return lept_parse_literal(c, v, "false", LEPT_FALSE); + case 'n': return lept_parse_literal(c, v, "null", LEPT_NULL); + default: return lept_parse_number(c, v); + case '"': return lept_parse_string(c, v); + case '\0': return LEPT_PARSE_EXPECT_VALUE; + } +} + +int lept_parse(lept_value* v, const char* json) { + lept_context c; + int ret; + assert(v != NULL); + c.json = json; + c.stack = NULL; + c.size = c.top = 0; + lept_init(v); + lept_parse_whitespace(&c); + if ((ret = lept_parse_value(&c, v)) == LEPT_PARSE_OK) { + lept_parse_whitespace(&c); + if (*c.json != '\0') { + v->type = LEPT_NULL; + ret = LEPT_PARSE_ROOT_NOT_SINGULAR; + } + } + assert(c.top == 0); + free(c.stack); + return ret; +} + +void lept_free(lept_value* v) { + assert(v != NULL); + if (v->type == LEPT_STRING) + free(v->u.s.s); + v->type = LEPT_NULL; +} + +lept_type lept_get_type(const lept_value* v) { + assert(v != NULL); + return v->type; +} + +int lept_get_boolean(const lept_value* v) { + assert(v != NULL && (v->type == LEPT_TRUE || v->type == LEPT_FALSE)); + return v->type == LEPT_TRUE; +} + +void lept_set_boolean(lept_value* v, int b) { + lept_free(v); + v->type = b ? LEPT_TRUE : LEPT_FALSE; +} + +double lept_get_number(const lept_value* v) { + assert(v != NULL && v->type == LEPT_NUMBER); + return v->u.n; +} + +void lept_set_number(lept_value* v, double n) { + lept_free(v); + v->u.n = n; + v->type = LEPT_NUMBER; +} + +const char* lept_get_string(const lept_value* v) { + assert(v != NULL && v->type == LEPT_STRING); + return v->u.s.s; +} + +size_t lept_get_string_length(const lept_value* v) { + assert(v != NULL && v->type == LEPT_STRING); + return v->u.s.len; +} + +void lept_set_string(lept_value* v, const char* s, size_t len) { + assert(v != NULL && (s != NULL || len == 0)); + lept_free(v); + v->u.s.s = (char*)malloc(len + 1); + memcpy(v->u.s.s, s, len); + v->u.s.s[len] = '\0'; + v->u.s.len = len; + v->type = LEPT_STRING; +} diff --git a/tutorial04/leptjson.h b/tutorial04/leptjson.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1a5aa367 --- /dev/null +++ b/tutorial04/leptjson.h @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +#ifndef LEPTJSON_H__ +#define LEPTJSON_H__ + +#include /* size_t */ + +typedef enum { LEPT_NULL, LEPT_FALSE, LEPT_TRUE, LEPT_NUMBER, LEPT_STRING, LEPT_ARRAY, LEPT_OBJECT } lept_type; + +typedef struct { + union { + struct { char* s; size_t len; }s; /* string: null-terminated string, string length */ + double n; /* number */ + }u; + lept_type type; +}lept_value; + +enum { + LEPT_PARSE_OK = 0, + LEPT_PARSE_EXPECT_VALUE, + LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_VALUE, + LEPT_PARSE_ROOT_NOT_SINGULAR, + LEPT_PARSE_NUMBER_TOO_BIG, + LEPT_PARSE_MISS_QUOTATION_MARK, + LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_STRING_ESCAPE, + LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_STRING_CHAR, + LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, + LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_SURROGATE +}; + +#define lept_init(v) do { (v)->type = LEPT_NULL; } while(0) + +int lept_parse(lept_value* v, const char* json); + +void lept_free(lept_value* v); + +lept_type lept_get_type(const lept_value* v); + +#define lept_set_null(v) lept_free(v) + +int lept_get_boolean(const lept_value* v); +void lept_set_boolean(lept_value* v, int b); + +double lept_get_number(const lept_value* v); +void lept_set_number(lept_value* v, double n); + +const char* lept_get_string(const lept_value* v); +size_t lept_get_string_length(const lept_value* v); +void lept_set_string(lept_value* v, const char* s, size_t len); + +#endif /* LEPTJSON_H__ */ diff --git a/tutorial04/test.c b/tutorial04/test.c new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9c8bb600 --- /dev/null +++ b/tutorial04/test.c @@ -0,0 +1,279 @@ +#ifdef _WINDOWS +#define _CRTDBG_MAP_ALLOC +#include +#endif +#include +#include +#include +#include "leptjson.h" + +static int main_ret = 0; +static int test_count = 0; +static int test_pass = 0; + +#define EXPECT_EQ_BASE(equality, expect, actual, format) \ + do {\ + test_count++;\ + if (equality)\ + test_pass++;\ + else {\ + fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: expect: " format " actual: " format "\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, expect, actual);\ + main_ret = 1;\ + }\ + } while(0) + +#define EXPECT_EQ_INT(expect, actual) EXPECT_EQ_BASE((expect) == (actual), expect, actual, "%d") +#define EXPECT_EQ_DOUBLE(expect, actual) EXPECT_EQ_BASE((expect) == (actual), expect, actual, "%.17g") +#define EXPECT_EQ_STRING(expect, actual, alength) \ + EXPECT_EQ_BASE(sizeof(expect) - 1 == alength && memcmp(expect, actual, alength) == 0, expect, actual, "%s") +#define EXPECT_TRUE(actual) EXPECT_EQ_BASE((actual) != 0, "true", "false", "%s") +#define EXPECT_FALSE(actual) EXPECT_EQ_BASE((actual) == 0, "false", "true", "%s") + +static void test_parse_null() { + lept_value v; + lept_init(&v); + lept_set_boolean(&v, 0); + EXPECT_EQ_INT(LEPT_PARSE_OK, lept_parse(&v, "null")); + EXPECT_EQ_INT(LEPT_NULL, lept_get_type(&v)); + lept_free(&v); +} + +static void test_parse_true() { + lept_value v; + lept_init(&v); + lept_set_boolean(&v, 0); + EXPECT_EQ_INT(LEPT_PARSE_OK, lept_parse(&v, "true")); + EXPECT_EQ_INT(LEPT_TRUE, lept_get_type(&v)); + lept_free(&v); +} + +static void test_parse_false() { + lept_value v; + lept_init(&v); + lept_set_boolean(&v, 1); + EXPECT_EQ_INT(LEPT_PARSE_OK, lept_parse(&v, "false")); + EXPECT_EQ_INT(LEPT_FALSE, lept_get_type(&v)); + lept_free(&v); +} + +#define TEST_NUMBER(expect, json)\ + do {\ + lept_value v;\ + lept_init(&v);\ + EXPECT_EQ_INT(LEPT_PARSE_OK, lept_parse(&v, json));\ + EXPECT_EQ_INT(LEPT_NUMBER, lept_get_type(&v));\ + EXPECT_EQ_DOUBLE(expect, lept_get_number(&v));\ + lept_free(&v);\ + } while(0) + +static void test_parse_number() { + TEST_NUMBER(0.0, "0"); + TEST_NUMBER(0.0, "-0"); + TEST_NUMBER(0.0, "-0.0"); + TEST_NUMBER(1.0, "1"); + TEST_NUMBER(-1.0, "-1"); + TEST_NUMBER(1.5, "1.5"); + TEST_NUMBER(-1.5, "-1.5"); + TEST_NUMBER(3.1416, "3.1416"); + TEST_NUMBER(1E10, "1E10"); + TEST_NUMBER(1e10, "1e10"); + TEST_NUMBER(1E+10, "1E+10"); + TEST_NUMBER(1E-10, "1E-10"); + TEST_NUMBER(-1E10, "-1E10"); + TEST_NUMBER(-1e10, "-1e10"); + TEST_NUMBER(-1E+10, "-1E+10"); + TEST_NUMBER(-1E-10, "-1E-10"); + TEST_NUMBER(1.234E+10, "1.234E+10"); + TEST_NUMBER(1.234E-10, "1.234E-10"); + TEST_NUMBER(0.0, "1e-10000"); /* must underflow */ + + TEST_NUMBER(1.0000000000000002, "1.0000000000000002"); /* the smallest number > 1 */ + TEST_NUMBER( 4.9406564584124654e-324, "4.9406564584124654e-324"); /* minimum denormal */ + TEST_NUMBER(-4.9406564584124654e-324, "-4.9406564584124654e-324"); + TEST_NUMBER( 2.2250738585072009e-308, "2.2250738585072009e-308"); /* Max subnormal double */ + TEST_NUMBER(-2.2250738585072009e-308, "-2.2250738585072009e-308"); + TEST_NUMBER( 2.2250738585072014e-308, "2.2250738585072014e-308"); /* Min normal positive double */ + TEST_NUMBER(-2.2250738585072014e-308, "-2.2250738585072014e-308"); + TEST_NUMBER( 1.7976931348623157e+308, "1.7976931348623157e+308"); /* Max double */ + TEST_NUMBER(-1.7976931348623157e+308, "-1.7976931348623157e+308"); +} + +#define TEST_STRING(expect, json)\ + do {\ + lept_value v;\ + lept_init(&v);\ + EXPECT_EQ_INT(LEPT_PARSE_OK, lept_parse(&v, json));\ + EXPECT_EQ_INT(LEPT_STRING, lept_get_type(&v));\ + EXPECT_EQ_STRING(expect, lept_get_string(&v), lept_get_string_length(&v));\ + lept_free(&v);\ + } while(0) + +static void test_parse_string() { + TEST_STRING("", "\"\""); + TEST_STRING("Hello", "\"Hello\""); + TEST_STRING("Hello\nWorld", "\"Hello\\nWorld\""); + TEST_STRING("\" \\ / \b \f \n \r \t", "\"\\\" \\\\ \\/ \\b \\f \\n \\r \\t\""); + TEST_STRING("Hello\0World", "\"Hello\\u0000World\""); + TEST_STRING("\x24", "\"\\u0024\""); /* Dollar sign U+0024 */ + TEST_STRING("\xC2\xA2", "\"\\u00A2\""); /* Cents sign U+00A2 */ + TEST_STRING("\xE2\x82\xAC", "\"\\u20AC\""); /* Euro sign U+20AC */ + TEST_STRING("\xF0\x9D\x84\x9E", "\"\\uD834\\uDD1E\""); /* G clef sign U+1D11E */ +} + +#define TEST_ERROR(error, json)\ + do {\ + lept_value v;\ + lept_init(&v);\ + v.type = LEPT_FALSE;\ + EXPECT_EQ_INT(error, lept_parse(&v, json));\ + EXPECT_EQ_INT(LEPT_NULL, lept_get_type(&v));\ + lept_free(&v);\ + } while(0) + +static void test_parse_expect_value() { + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_EXPECT_VALUE, ""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_EXPECT_VALUE, " "); +} + +static void test_parse_invalid_value() { + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_VALUE, "nul"); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_VALUE, "?"); + + /* invalid number */ + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_VALUE, "+0"); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_VALUE, "+1"); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_VALUE, ".123"); /* at least one digit before '.' */ + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_VALUE, "1."); /* at least one digit after '.' */ + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_VALUE, "INF"); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_VALUE, "inf"); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_VALUE, "NAN"); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_VALUE, "nan"); +} + +static void test_parse_root_not_singular() { + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_ROOT_NOT_SINGULAR, "null x"); + + /* invalid number */ + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_ROOT_NOT_SINGULAR, "0123"); /* after zero should be '.' or nothing */ + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_ROOT_NOT_SINGULAR, "0x0"); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_ROOT_NOT_SINGULAR, "0x123"); +} + +static void test_parse_number_too_big() { + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_NUMBER_TOO_BIG, "1e309"); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_NUMBER_TOO_BIG, "-1e309"); +} + +static void test_parse_missing_quotation_mark() { + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_MISS_QUOTATION_MARK, "\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_MISS_QUOTATION_MARK, "\"abc"); +} + +static void test_parse_invalid_string_escape() { + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_STRING_ESCAPE, "\"\\v\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_STRING_ESCAPE, "\"\\'\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_STRING_ESCAPE, "\"\\0\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_STRING_ESCAPE, "\"\\x12\""); +} + +static void test_parse_invalid_string_char() { + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_STRING_CHAR, "\"\x01\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_STRING_CHAR, "\"\x1F\""); +} + +static void test_parse_invalid_unicode_hex() { + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u0\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u01\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u012\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u01234\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u/000\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\uG000\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u0/00\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u0G00\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u0/00\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u00G0\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u000/\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u000G\""); +} + +static void test_parse_invalid_unicode_surrogate() { + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_SURROGATE, "\"\\uD800\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_SURROGATE, "\"\\uDBFF\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_SURROGATE, "\"\\uD800\\\\\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_SURROGATE, "\"\\uD800\\uDBFF\""); + TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_SURROGATE, "\"\\uD800\\uE000\""); +} + +static void test_parse() { + test_parse_null(); + test_parse_true(); + test_parse_false(); + test_parse_number(); + test_parse_string(); + test_parse_expect_value(); + test_parse_invalid_value(); + test_parse_root_not_singular(); + test_parse_number_too_big(); + test_parse_missing_quotation_mark(); + test_parse_invalid_string_escape(); + test_parse_invalid_string_char(); + test_parse_invalid_unicode_hex(); + test_parse_invalid_unicode_surrogate(); +} + +static void test_access_null() { + lept_value v; + lept_init(&v); + lept_set_string(&v, "a", 1); + lept_set_null(&v); + EXPECT_EQ_INT(LEPT_NULL, lept_get_type(&v)); + lept_free(&v); +} + +static void test_access_boolean() { + lept_value v; + lept_init(&v); + lept_set_string(&v, "a", 1); + lept_set_boolean(&v, 1); + EXPECT_TRUE(lept_get_boolean(&v)); + lept_set_boolean(&v, 0); + EXPECT_FALSE(lept_get_boolean(&v)); + lept_free(&v); +} + +static void test_access_number() { + lept_value v; + lept_init(&v); + lept_set_string(&v, "a", 1); + lept_set_number(&v, 1234.5); + EXPECT_EQ_DOUBLE(1234.5, lept_get_number(&v)); + lept_free(&v); +} + +static void test_access_string() { + lept_value v; + lept_init(&v); + lept_set_string(&v, "", 0); + EXPECT_EQ_STRING("", lept_get_string(&v), lept_get_string_length(&v)); + lept_set_string(&v, "Hello", 5); + EXPECT_EQ_STRING("Hello", lept_get_string(&v), lept_get_string_length(&v)); + lept_free(&v); +} + +static void test_access() { + test_access_null(); + test_access_boolean(); + test_access_number(); + test_access_string(); +} + +int main() { +#ifdef _WINDOWS + _CrtSetDbgFlag(_CRTDBG_ALLOC_MEM_DF | _CRTDBG_LEAK_CHECK_DF); +#endif + test_parse(); + test_access(); + printf("%d/%d (%3.2f%%) passed\n", test_pass, test_count, test_pass * 100.0 / test_count); + return main_ret; +} diff --git a/tutorial04/tutorial04.md b/tutorial04/tutorial04.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..02d6984d --- /dev/null +++ b/tutorial04/tutorial04.md @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +# 从零开始的 JSON 库教程（四）：Unicode + +* Milo Yip +* 2016/10/2 + +本文是[《从零开始的 JSON 库教程》](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/json-tutorial)的第四个单元。代码位于 [json-tutorial/tutorial04](https://github.com/miloyip/json-tutorial/blob/master/tutorial04_answer)。 + +## 1. Unicode + +在上一个单元，我们已经能解析「一般」的 JSON 字符串，仅仅没有处理 `\uXXXX` 这种转义序列。为了解析这种序列，我们必须了解有关 Unicode 的基本概念。 + +读者应该知道 ASCII，它是一种字符编码，把 128 个字符映射至整数 0 ~ 127。例如，`1` → 49，`A` → 65，`B` → 66 等等。这种 7-bit 字符编码系统非常简单，在计算机中以一个字节存储一个字符。然而，它仅适合美国英语，甚至一些英语中常用的标点符号、重音符号都不能表示，无法表示各国语言，特别是中日韩语等表意文字。 + +在 Unicode 出现之前，各地区制定了不同的编码系统，如中文主要用 GB 2312 和大五码、日文主要用 JIS 等。这样会造成很多不便，例如一个文本信息很难混合各种语言的文字。 + +因此，在上世纪80年代末，Xerox、Apple 等公司开始研究，是否能制定一套多语言的统一编码系统。后来，多个机构成立了 Unicode 联盟，在 1991 年释出 Unicode 1.0，收录了 24 种语言共 7161 个字符。在四分之一个世纪后的 2016年，Unicode 已释出 9.0 版本，收录 135 种语言共 128237 个字符。 + +这些字符被收录为统一字符集（Universal Coded Character Set, UCS），每个字符映射至一个整数码点（code point），码点的范围是 0 至 0x10FFFF，码点又通常记作 U+XXXX，当中 XXXX 为 16 进位数字。例如 `劲` → U+52B2、`峰` → U+5CF0。很明显，UCS 中的字符无法像 ASCII 般以一个字节存储。 + +因此，Unicode 还制定了各种储存码点的方式，这些方式称为 Unicode 转换格式（Uniform Transformation Format, UTF）。现时流行的 UTF 为 UTF-8、UTF-16 和 UTF-32。每种 UTF 会把一个码点储存为一至多个编码单元（code unit）。例如 UTF-8 的编码单元是 8 位的字节、UTF-16 为 16 位、UTF-32 为 32 位。除 UTF-32 外，UTF-8 和 UTF-16 都是可变长度编码。 + +UTF-8 成为现时互联网上最流行的格式，有几个原因： + +1. 它采用字节为编码单元，不会有字节序（endianness）的问题。 +2. 每个 ASCII 字符只需一个字节去储存。 +3. 如果程序原来是以字节方式储存字符，理论上不需要特别改动就能处理 UTF-8 的数据。 + +## 2. 需求 + +由于 UTF-8 的普及性，大部分的 JSON 也通常会以 UTF-8 存储。我们的 JSON 库也会只支持 UTF-8。（RapidJSON 同时支持 UTF-8、UTF-16LE/BE、UTF-32LE/BE、ASCII。） + +C 标准库没有关于 Unicode 的处理功能（C++11 有），我们会实现 JSON 库所需的字符编码处理功能。 + +对于非转义（unescaped）的字符，只要它们不少于 32（0 ~ 31 是不合法的编码单元），我们可以直接复制至结果，这一点我们稍后再说明。我们假设输入是以合法 UTF-8 编码。 + +而对于 JSON字符串中的 `\uXXXX` 是以 16 进制表示码点 U+0000 至 U+FFFF，我们需要： + +1. 解析 4 位十六进制整数为码点； +2. 由于字符串是以 UTF-8 存储，我们要把这个码点编码成 UTF-8。 + +同学可能会发现，4 位的 16 进制数字只能表示 0 至 0xFFFF，但之前我们说 UCS 的码点是从 0 至 0x10FFFF，那怎么能表示多出来的码点？ + +其实，U+0000 至 U+FFFF 这组 Unicode 字符称为基本多文种平面（basic multilingual plane, BMP），还有另外 16 个平面。那么 BMP 以外的字符，JSON 会使用代理对（surrogate pair）表示 `\uXXXX\uYYYY`。在 BMP 中，保留了 2048 个代理码点。如果第一个码点是 U+D800 至 U+DBFF，我们便知道它的代码对的高代理项（high surrogate），之后应该伴随一个 U+DC00 至 U+DFFF 的低代理项（low surrogate）。然后，我们用下列公式把代理对 (H, L) 变换成真实的码点： + +~~~ +codepoint = 0x10000 + (H − 0xD800) × 0x400 + (L − 0xDC00) +~~~ + +举个例子，高音谱号字符 `𝄞` → U+1D11E 不是 BMP 之内的字符。在 JSON 中可写成转义序列 `\uD834\uDD1E`，我们解析第一个 `\uD834` 得到码点 U+D834，我们发现它是 U+D800 至 U+DBFF 内的码点，所以它是高代理项。然后我们解析下一个转义序列 `\uDD1E` 得到码点 U+DD1E，它在 U+DC00 至 U+DFFF 之内，是合法的低代理项。我们计算其码点： + +~~~ +H = 0xD834, L = 0xDD1E +codepoint = 0x10000 + (H − 0xD800) × 0x400 + (L − 0xDC00) + = 0x10000 + (0xD834 - 0xD800) × 0x400 + (0xDD1E − 0xDC00) + = 0x10000 + 0x34 × 0x400 + 0x11E + = 0x10000 + 0xD000 + 0x11E + = 0x1D11E +~~~ + +这样就得出这转义序列的码点，然后我们再把它编码成 UTF-8。如果只有高代理项而欠缺低代理项，或是低代理项不在合法码点范围，我们都返回 `LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_SURROGATE` 错误。如果 `\u` 后不是 4 位十六进位数字，则返回 `LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX` 错误。 + +## 3. UTF-8 编码 + +UTF-8 在网页上的使用率势无可挡： + +![ ](images/Utf8webgroth.png) + +（图片来自 [Wikipedia Common](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Utf8webgrowth.svg)，数据来自 Google 对网页字符编码的统计。） + +由于我们的 JSON 库也只支持 UTF-8，我们需要把码点编码成 UTF-8。这里简单介绍一下 UTF-8 的编码方式。 + +UTF-8 的编码单元是 8 位字节，每个码点编码成 1 至 4 个字节。它的编码方式很简单，按照码点的范围，把码点的二进位分拆成 1 至最多 4 个字节： + +| 码点范围 | 码点位数 | 字节1 | 字节2 | 字节3 | 字节4 | +|:------------------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:| +| U+0000 ~ U+007F | 7 | 0xxxxxxx | +| U+0080 ~ U+07FF | 11 | 110xxxxx | 10xxxxxx | +| U+0800 ~ U+FFFF | 16 | 1110xxxx | 10xxxxxx | 10xxxxxx | +| U+10000 ~ U+10FFFF | 21 | 11110xxx | 10xxxxxx | 10xxxxxx | 10xxxxxx | + +这个编码方法的好处之一是，码点范围 U+0000 ~ U+007F 编码为一字节，与 ASCII 编码兼容。这范围的 Unicode 码点也是和 ASCII 的字符相同。因此，一个 ASCII 文本也是一个 UTF-8 文本。 + +我们举一个例子解析多字节的情况，欧元符号 `€` → U+20AC： + +1. U+20AC 在 U+0800 ~ U+FFFF 的范围内，应编码成 3 个字节。 +2. U+20AC 的二进位为 10000010101100 +3. 3 个字节的情况我们要 16 位的码点，所以在前面补两个 0，成为 0010000010101100 +4. 按上表把二进位分成 3 组：0010, 000010, 101100 +5. 加上每个字节的前缀：11100010, 10000010, 10101100 +6. 用十六进位表示即：0xE2, 0x82, 0xAC + +对于这例子的范围，对应的 C 代码是这样的： + +~~~c +if (u >= 0x0800 && u <= 0xFFFF) { + OutputByte(0xE0 | ((u >> 12) & 0xFF)); /* 0xE0 = 11000000 */ + OutputByte(0x80 | ((u >> 6) & 0x3F)); /* 0x80 = 10000000 */ + OutputByte(0x80 | ( u & 0x3F)); /* 0x3F = 00111111 */ +} +~~~ + +UTF-8 的解码稍复杂一点，但我们的 JSON 库不会校验 JSON 文本是否符合 UTF-8，所以这里也不展开了。 + +## 4. 实现 `\uXXXX` 解析 + +我们只需要在其它转义符的处理中加入对 `\uXXXX` 的处理： + +~~~c +static int lept_parse_string(lept_context* c, lept_value* v) { + unsigned u; + /* ... */ + for (;;) { + char ch = *p++; + switch (ch) { + /* ... */ + case '\\': + switch (*p++) { + /* ... */ + case 'u': + if (!(p = lept_parse_hex4(p, &u))) + STRING_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX); + /* \TODO surrogate handling */ + lept_encode_utf8(c, u); + break; + /* ... */ + } + /* ... */ + } + } +} +~~~ + +上面代码的过程很简单，遇到 `\u` 转义时，调用 `lept_parse_hex4()` 解析 4 位十六进数字，存储为码点 `u`。这个函数在成功时返回解析后的文本指针，失败返回 `NULL`。如果失败，就返回 `LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX` 错误。最后，把码点编码成 UTF-8，写进缓冲区。这里没有处理代理对，留作练习。 + +顺带一提，我为 `lept_parse_string()` 做了个简单的重构，把返回错误码的处理抽取为宏： + +~~~c +#define STRING_ERROR(ret) do { c->top = head; return ret; } while(0) +~~~ + +## 5. 总结与练习 + +本单元介绍了 Unicode 的基本知识，同学应该了解到一些常用的 Unicode 术语，如码点、编码单元、UTF-8、代理对等。这次的练习代码只有个空壳，要由同学填充。完成后应该能通过所有单元测试，届时我们的 JSON 字符串解析就完全符合标准了。 + +1. 实现 `lept_parse_hex4()`，不合法的十六进位数返回 `LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX`。 +2. 按第 3 节谈到的 UTF-8 编码原理，实现 `lept_encode_utf8()`。这函数假设码点在正确范围 U+0000 ~ U+10FFFF（用断言检测）。 +3. 加入对代理对的处理，不正确的代理对范围要返回 `LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_SURROGATE` 错误。 + +如果你遇到问题，有不理解的地方，或是有建议，都欢迎在评论或 [issue](https://github.com/miloyip/json-tutorial/issues) 中提出，让所有人一起讨论。 From 1f8339b118bc4f537be10268b803e705b187ed2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Milo Yip Date: Sun, 2 Oct 2016 01:27:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 2/5] Fix image link --- tutorial04/tutorial04.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/tutorial04/tutorial04.md b/tutorial04/tutorial04.md index 02d6984d..8e8b1753 100644 --- a/tutorial04/tutorial04.md +++ b/tutorial04/tutorial04.md @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ codepoint = 0x10000 + (H − 0xD800) × 0x400 + (L − 0xDC00) UTF-8 在网页上的使用率势无可挡： -![ ](images/Utf8webgroth.png) +![ ](images/Utf8webgrowth.png) （图片来自 [Wikipedia Common](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Utf8webgrowth.svg)，数据来自 Google 对网页字符编码的统计。） From b05b70ff9db704a370f80865414a5c46dff5736e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Milo Yip Date: Sun, 2 Oct 2016 01:39:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 3/5] Add TOC --- tutorial04/tutorial04.md | 10 +++++++++- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/tutorial04/tutorial04.md b/tutorial04/tutorial04.md index 8e8b1753..91483bad 100644 --- a/tutorial04/tutorial04.md +++ b/tutorial04/tutorial04.md @@ -5,6 +5,14 @@ 本文是[《从零开始的 JSON 库教程》](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/json-tutorial)的第四个单元。代码位于 [json-tutorial/tutorial04](https://github.com/miloyip/json-tutorial/blob/master/tutorial04_answer)。 +本单元内容： + +1. [Unicode](#1-unicode) +2. [2.需求](#2-需求) +3. [3. UTF-8 编码](#3-utf-8-编码) +4. [4. 实现 `\uXXXX` 解析](#4-实现-uxxxx-解析) +5. [5. 总结与练习](#5-总结与练习) + ## 1. Unicode 在上一个单元，我们已经能解析「一般」的 JSON 字符串，仅仅没有处理 `\uXXXX` 这种转义序列。为了解析这种序列，我们必须了解有关 Unicode 的基本概念。 @@ -78,7 +86,7 @@ UTF-8 的编码单元是 8 位字节，每个码点编码成 1 至 4 个字节 | U+0800 ~ U+FFFF | 16 | 1110xxxx | 10xxxxxx | 10xxxxxx | | U+10000 ~ U+10FFFF | 21 | 11110xxx | 10xxxxxx | 10xxxxxx | 10xxxxxx | -这个编码方法的好处之一是，码点范围 U+0000 ~ U+007F 编码为一字节，与 ASCII 编码兼容。这范围的 Unicode 码点也是和 ASCII 的字符相同。因此，一个 ASCII 文本也是一个 UTF-8 文本。 +这个编码方法的好处之一是，码点范围 U+0000 ~ U+007F 编码为一个字节，与 ASCII 编码兼容。这范围的 Unicode 码点也是和 ASCII 字符相同的。因此，一个 ASCII 文本也是一个 UTF-8 文本。 我们举一个例子解析多字节的情况，欧元符号 `€` → U+20AC： From 19993ddebf7edfcbc7c4a26d679133fe33e99090 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Milo Yip Date: Sun, 2 Oct 2016 01:42:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 4/5] Fix TOC --- tutorial04/tutorial04.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/tutorial04/tutorial04.md b/tutorial04/tutorial04.md index 91483bad..54b1e0ee 100644 --- a/tutorial04/tutorial04.md +++ b/tutorial04/tutorial04.md @@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ 本单元内容： 1. [Unicode](#1-unicode) -2. [2.需求](#2-需求) -3. [3. UTF-8 编码](#3-utf-8-编码) -4. [4. 实现 `\uXXXX` 解析](#4-实现-uxxxx-解析) -5. [5. 总结与练习](#5-总结与练习) +2. [需求](#2-需求) +3. [UTF-8 编码](#3-utf-8-编码) +4. [实现 `\uXXXX` 解析](#4-实现-uxxxx-解析) +5. [总结与练习](#5-总结与练习) ## 1. Unicode From 3b12a5a9605ef78dbc4af2ab36adf5d9f3545034 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Milo Yip Date: Sun, 2 Oct 2016 02:03:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 5/5] Add and fix test --- tutorial04/test.c | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/tutorial04/test.c b/tutorial04/test.c index 9c8bb600..beaa8724 100644 --- a/tutorial04/test.c +++ b/tutorial04/test.c @@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ static void test_parse_string() { TEST_STRING("\xC2\xA2", "\"\\u00A2\""); /* Cents sign U+00A2 */ TEST_STRING("\xE2\x82\xAC", "\"\\u20AC\""); /* Euro sign U+20AC */ TEST_STRING("\xF0\x9D\x84\x9E", "\"\\uD834\\uDD1E\""); /* G clef sign U+1D11E */ + TEST_STRING("\xF0\x9D\x84\x9E", "\"\\ud834\\udd1e\""); /* G clef sign U+1D11E */ } #define TEST_ERROR(error, json)\ @@ -186,7 +187,6 @@ static void test_parse_invalid_unicode_hex() { TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u0\""); TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u01\""); TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u012\""); - TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u01234\""); TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u/000\""); TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\uG000\""); TEST_ERROR(LEPT_PARSE_INVALID_UNICODE_HEX, "\"\\u0/00\"");