diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index f34bfae0..4657cfb7 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
         "loglevel": "^1.9.1"
       },
       "devDependencies": {
-        "@mlc-ai/web-runtime": "0.18.0-dev2",
+        "@mlc-ai/web-runtime": "^0.23.0-dev0",
         "@mlc-ai/web-tokenizers": "^0.1.6",
         "@mlc-ai/web-xgrammar": "0.1.0",
         "@next/eslint-plugin-next": "^14.2.3",
@@ -40,19 +40,6 @@
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ampproject/remapping/-/remapping-2.3.0.tgz",
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-      "dev": true,
-      "dependencies": {
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-        "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.24"
-      },
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       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/code-frame/-/code-frame-7.27.1.tgz",
@@ -68,30 +55,30 @@
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/compat-data/-/compat-data-7.27.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-Q+E+rd/yBzNQhXkG+zQnF58e4zoZfBedaxwzPmicKsiK3nt8iJYrSrDbjwFFDGC4f+rPafqRaPH6TsDoSvMf7A==",
+      "version": "7.28.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/compat-data/-/compat-data-7.28.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-6uFXyCayocRbqhZOB+6XcuZbkMNimwfVGFji8CTZnCzOHVGvDqzvitu1re2AU5LROliz7eQPhB8CpAMvnx9EjA==",
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     "node_modules/@babel/core": {
-      "version": "7.27.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/core/-/core-7.27.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-IaaGWsQqfsQWVLqMn9OB92MNN7zukfVA4s7KKAI0KfrrDsZ0yhi5uV4baBuLuN7n3vsZpwP8asPPcVwApxvjBQ==",
+      "version": "7.28.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/core/-/core-7.28.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-e7jT4DxYvIDLk1ZHmU/m/mB19rex9sv0c2ftBtjSBv+kVM/902eh0fINUzD7UwLLNR+jU585GxUJ8/EBfAM5fw==",
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-        "@babel/generator": "^7.27.1",
-        "@babel/helper-compilation-targets": "^7.27.1",
-        "@babel/helper-module-transforms": "^7.27.1",
-        "@babel/helpers": "^7.27.1",
-        "@babel/parser": "^7.27.1",
-        "@babel/template": "^7.27.1",
-        "@babel/traverse": "^7.27.1",
-        "@babel/types": "^7.27.1",
+        "@babel/generator": "^7.28.5",
+        "@babel/helper-compilation-targets": "^7.27.2",
+        "@babel/helper-module-transforms": "^7.28.3",
+        "@babel/helpers": "^7.28.4",
+        "@babel/parser": "^7.28.5",
+        "@babel/template": "^7.27.2",
+        "@babel/traverse": "^7.28.5",
+        "@babel/types": "^7.28.5",
+        "@jridgewell/remapping": "^2.3.5",
         "convert-source-map": "^2.0.0",
         "debug": "^4.1.0",
         "gensync": "^1.0.0-beta.2",
@@ -116,15 +103,15 @@
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/generator/-/generator-7.27.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-UnJfnIpc/+JO0/+KRVQNGU+y5taA5vCbwN8+azkX6beii/ZF+enZJSOKo11ZSzGJjlNfJHfQtmQT8H+9TXPG2w==",
+      "version": "7.28.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/generator/-/generator-7.28.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-3EwLFhZ38J4VyIP6WNtt2kUdW9dokXA9Cr4IVIFHuCpZ3H8/YFOl5JjZHisrn1fATPBmKKqXzDFvh9fUwHz6CQ==",
       "dev": true,
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-        "@babel/types": "^7.27.1",
-        "@jridgewell/gen-mapping": "^0.3.5",
-        "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.25",
+        "@babel/parser": "^7.28.5",
+        "@babel/types": "^7.28.5",
+        "@jridgewell/gen-mapping": "^0.3.12",
+        "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.28",
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@@ -132,12 +119,12 @@
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-compilation-targets/-/helper-compilation-targets-7.27.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-2YaDd/Rd9E598B5+WIc8wJPmWETiiJXFYVE60oX8FDohv7rAUU3CQj+A1MgeEmcsk2+dQuEjIe/GDvig0SqL4g==",
+      "version": "7.27.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-compilation-targets/-/helper-compilation-targets-7.27.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-2+1thGUUWWjLTYTHZWK1n8Yga0ijBz1XAhUXcKy81rd5g6yh7hGqMp45v7cadSbEHc9G3OTv45SyneRN3ps4DQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "@babel/compat-data": "^7.27.1",
+        "@babel/compat-data": "^7.27.2",
         "@babel/helper-validator-option": "^7.27.1",
         "browserslist": "^4.24.0",
         "lru-cache": "^5.1.1",
@@ -156,6 +143,15 @@
         "semver": "bin/semver.js"
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+    "node_modules/@babel/helper-globals": {
+      "version": "7.28.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-globals/-/helper-globals-7.28.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-+W6cISkXFa1jXsDEdYA8HeevQT/FULhxzR99pxphltZcVaugps53THCeiWA8SguxxpSp3gKPiuYfSWopkLQ4hw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=6.9.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/@babel/helper-module-imports": {
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       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-module-imports/-/helper-module-imports-7.27.1.tgz",
@@ -170,14 +166,14 @@
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-module-transforms/-/helper-module-transforms-7.27.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-9yHn519/8KvTU5BjTVEEeIM3w9/2yXNKoD82JifINImhpKkARMJKPP59kLo+BafpdN5zgNeIcS4jsGDmd3l58g==",
+      "version": "7.28.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-module-transforms/-/helper-module-transforms-7.28.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-gytXUbs8k2sXS9PnQptz5o0QnpLL51SwASIORY6XaBKF88nsOT0Zw9szLqlSGQDP/4TljBAD5y98p2U1fqkdsw==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@babel/helper-module-imports": "^7.27.1",
         "@babel/helper-validator-identifier": "^7.27.1",
-        "@babel/traverse": "^7.27.1"
+        "@babel/traverse": "^7.28.3"
       },
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@@ -205,9 +201,9 @@
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     "node_modules/@babel/helper-validator-identifier": {
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-validator-identifier/-/helper-validator-identifier-7.27.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-D2hP9eA+Sqx1kBZgzxZh0y1trbuU+JoDkiEwqhQ36nodYqJwyEIhPSdMNd7lOm/4io72luTPWH20Yda0xOuUow==",
+      "version": "7.28.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helper-validator-identifier/-/helper-validator-identifier-7.28.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-qSs4ifwzKJSV39ucNjsvc6WVHs6b7S03sOh2OcHF9UHfVPqWWALUsNUVzhSBiItjRZoLHx7nIarVjqKVusUZ1Q==",
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@@ -223,25 +219,25 @@
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+      "version": "7.28.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/helpers/-/helpers-7.28.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-HFN59MmQXGHVyYadKLVumYsA9dBFun/ldYxipEjzA4196jpLZd8UjEEBLkbEkvfYreDqJhZxYAWFPtrfhNpj4w==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "@babel/template": "^7.27.1",
-        "@babel/types": "^7.27.1"
+        "@babel/template": "^7.27.2",
+        "@babel/types": "^7.28.4"
       },
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         "node": ">=6.9.0"
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-      "version": "7.27.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/parser/-/parser-7.27.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-I0dZ3ZpCrJ1c04OqlNsQcKiZlsrXf/kkE4FXzID9rIOYICsAbA8mMDzhW/luRNAHdCNt7os/u8wenklZDlUVUQ==",
+      "version": "7.28.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/parser/-/parser-7.28.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-KKBU1VGYR7ORr3At5HAtUQ+TV3SzRCXmA/8OdDZiLDBIZxVyzXuztPjfLd3BV1PRAQGCMWWSHYhL0F8d5uHBDQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "@babel/types": "^7.27.1"
+        "@babel/types": "^7.28.5"
       },
       "bin": {
         "parser": "bin/babel-parser.js"
@@ -473,13 +469,13 @@
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/template/-/template-7.27.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-Fyo3ghWMqkHHpHQCoBs2VnYjR4iWFFjguTDEqA5WgZDOrFesVjMhMM2FSqTKSoUSDO1VQtavj8NFpdRBEvJTtg==",
+      "version": "7.27.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/template/-/template-7.27.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-LPDZ85aEJyYSd18/DkjNh4/y1ntkE5KwUHWTiqgRxruuZL2F1yuHligVHLvcHY2vMHXttKFpJn6LwfI7cw7ODw==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@babel/code-frame": "^7.27.1",
-        "@babel/parser": "^7.27.1",
+        "@babel/parser": "^7.27.2",
         "@babel/types": "^7.27.1"
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@@ -487,40 +483,31 @@
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+      "version": "7.28.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/traverse/-/traverse-7.28.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-TCCj4t55U90khlYkVV/0TfkJkAkUg3jZFA3Neb7unZT8CPok7iiRfaX0F+WnqWqt7OxhOn0uBKXCw4lbL8W0aQ==",
       "dev": true,
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-        "@babel/generator": "^7.27.1",
-        "@babel/parser": "^7.27.1",
-        "@babel/template": "^7.27.1",
-        "@babel/types": "^7.27.1",
-        "debug": "^4.3.1",
-        "globals": "^11.1.0"
+        "@babel/generator": "^7.28.5",
+        "@babel/helper-globals": "^7.28.0",
+        "@babel/parser": "^7.28.5",
+        "@babel/template": "^7.27.2",
+        "@babel/types": "^7.28.5",
+        "debug": "^4.3.1"
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         "node": ">=6.9.0"
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-    "node_modules/@babel/traverse/node_modules/globals": {
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+      "version": "7.28.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/types/-/types-7.28.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-qQ5m48eI/MFLQ5PxQj4PFaprjyCTLI37ElWMmNs0K8Lk3dVeOdNpB3ks8jc7yM5CDmVC73eMVk/trk3fgmrUpA==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
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-        "@babel/helper-validator-identifier": "^7.27.1"
+        "@babel/helper-validator-identifier": "^7.28.5"
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@@ -533,9 +520,9 @@
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-      "integrity": "sha512-dyybb3AcajC7uha6CvhdVRJqaKyn7w2YKqKyAN37NKYgZT36w+iRb0Dymmc5qEJ549c/S31cMMSFd75bteCpCw==",
+      "version": "4.9.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@eslint-community/eslint-utils/-/eslint-utils-4.9.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ayVFHdtZ+hsq1t2Dy24wCmGXGe4q9Gu3smhLYALJrr473ZH27MsnSL+LKUlimp4BWJqMDMLmPpx/Q9R3OAlL4g==",
       "dev": true,
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@@ -551,9 +538,9 @@
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@eslint-community/regexpp/-/regexpp-4.12.1.tgz",
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+      "version": "4.12.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@eslint-community/regexpp/-/regexpp-4.12.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-EriSTlt5OC9/7SXkRSCAhfSxxoSUgBm33OH+IkwbdpgoqsSsUg7y3uh+IICI/Qg4BBWr3U2i39RpmycbxMq4ew==",
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@@ -644,9 +631,9 @@
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-regex/-/ansi-regex-6.1.0.tgz",
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+      "version": "6.2.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-regex/-/ansi-regex-6.2.2.tgz",
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@@ -656,9 +643,9 @@
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+      "version": "7.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-7.1.2.tgz",
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@@ -1078,17 +1065,23 @@
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@jridgewell/gen-mapping/-/gen-mapping-0.3.13.tgz",
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-        "@jridgewell/set-array": "^1.2.1",
-        "@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec": "^1.4.10",
+        "@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec": "^1.5.0",
+        "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.24"
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+    "node_modules/@jridgewell/remapping": {
+      "version": "2.3.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@jridgewell/remapping/-/remapping-2.3.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-LI9u/+laYG4Ds1TDKSJW2YPrIlcVYOwi2fUC6xB43lueCjgxV4lffOCZCtYFiH6TNOX+tQKXx97T4IKHbhyHEQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
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@@ -1100,25 +1093,16 @@
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+      "version": "1.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wordwrap/-/wordwrap-1.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-gvVzJFlPycKc5dZN4yPkP8w7Dc37BtP1yczEneOb4uq34pXZcvrtRTmWV8W+Ume+XCxKgbjM+nevkyFPMybd4Q==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
     "node_modules/wrap-ansi": {
       "version": "8.1.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrap-ansi/-/wrap-ansi-8.1.0.tgz",
@@ -5678,9 +5717,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/wrap-ansi/node_modules/ansi-regex": {
-      "version": "6.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-regex/-/ansi-regex-6.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-7HSX4QQb4CspciLpVFwyRe79O3xsIZDDLER21kERQ71oaPodF8jL725AgJMFAYbooIqolJoRLuM81SpeUkpkvA==",
+      "version": "6.2.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-regex/-/ansi-regex-6.2.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Bq3SmSpyFHaWjPk8If9yc6svM8c56dB5BAtW4Qbw5jHTwwXXcTLoRMkpDJp6VL0XzlWaCHTXrkFURMYmD0sLqg==",
       "dev": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
@@ -5690,9 +5729,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/wrap-ansi/node_modules/ansi-styles": {
-      "version": "6.2.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-styles/-/ansi-styles-6.2.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-bN798gFfQX+viw3R7yrGWRqnrN2oRkEkUjjl4JNn4E8GxxbjtG3FbrEIIY3l8/hrwUwIeCZvi4QuOTP4MErVug==",
+      "version": "6.2.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-styles/-/ansi-styles-6.2.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-4Dj6M28JB+oAH8kFkTLUo+a2jwOFkuqb3yucU0CANcRRUbxS0cP0nZYCGjcc3BNXwRIsUVmDGgzawme7zvJHvg==",
       "dev": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
@@ -5702,9 +5741,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/wrap-ansi/node_modules/strip-ansi": {
-      "version": "7.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-7.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-iq6eVVI64nQQTRYq2KtEg2d2uU7LElhTJwsH4YzIHZshxlgZms/wIc4VoDQTlG/IvVIrBKG06CrZnp0qv7hkcQ==",
+      "version": "7.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/strip-ansi/-/strip-ansi-7.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-gmBGslpoQJtgnMAvOVqGZpEz9dyoKTCzy2nfz/n8aIFhN/jCE/rCmcxabB6jOOHV+0WNnylOxaxBQPSvcWklhA==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "ansi-regex": "^6.0.1"
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 4ac017e7..8072f1d9 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/mlc-ai/web-llm",
   "devDependencies": {
+    "@mlc-ai/web-runtime": "^0.23.0-dev0",
     "@mlc-ai/web-tokenizers": "^0.1.6",
+    "@mlc-ai/web-xgrammar": "0.1.0",
     "@next/eslint-plugin-next": "^14.2.3",
     "@rollup/plugin-commonjs": "^20.0.0",
     "@rollup/plugin-node-resolve": "^13.0.4",
@@ -50,8 +52,6 @@
     "rollup-plugin-typescript2": "^0.34.1",
     "ts-jest": "^29.1.2",
     "tslib": "^2.3.1",
-    "@mlc-ai/web-runtime": "0.18.0-dev2",
-    "@mlc-ai/web-xgrammar": "0.1.0",
     "typescript": "^4.9.5"
   },
   "dependencies": {
diff --git a/src/cache_util.ts b/src/cache_util.ts
index fce49ff5..22245bdc 100644
--- a/src/cache_util.ts
+++ b/src/cache_util.ts
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ export async function hasModelInCache(
   const modelRecord = findModelRecord(modelId, appConfig);
   const modelUrl = cleanModelUrl(modelRecord.model);
   const cacheType = appConfig.useIndexedDBCache ? "indexeddb" : "cache";
-  return tvmjs.hasNDArrayInCache(modelUrl, "webllm/model", cacheType);
+  return tvmjs.hasTensorInCache(modelUrl, "webllm/model", cacheType);
 }
 
 export async function deleteModelAllInfoInCache(
@@ -60,10 +60,10 @@ export async function deleteModelInCache(
   const modelUrl = cleanModelUrl(modelRecord.model);
   let modelCache: tvmjs.ArtifactCacheTemplate;
   if (appConfig.useIndexedDBCache) {
-    tvmjs.deleteNDArrayCache(modelUrl, "webllm/model", "indexeddb");
+    tvmjs.deleteTensorCache(modelUrl, "webllm/model", "indexeddb");
     modelCache = new tvmjs.ArtifactIndexedDBCache("webllm/model");
   } else {
-    tvmjs.deleteNDArrayCache(modelUrl, "webllm/model", "cache");
+    tvmjs.deleteTensorCache(modelUrl, "webllm/model", "cache");
     modelCache = new tvmjs.ArtifactCache("webllm/model");
   }
   await modelCache.deleteInCache(new URL("tokenizer.model", modelUrl).href);
diff --git a/src/embedding.ts b/src/embedding.ts
index ae5d9123..38d54a1e 100644
--- a/src/embedding.ts
+++ b/src/embedding.ts
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ export class EmbeddingPipeline {
       maskNDArray = maskNDArray.view([curBatchSize, maxInputSize]);
 
       // 3.5 Actual forwarding on GPU, logits of shape (curBatchSize, maxInputSize, hidden_size)
-      const logitsCurBatchOnGPU: tvmjs.NDArray = this.prefill(
+      const logitsCurBatchOnGPU: tvmjs.Tensor = this.prefill(
         inputNDArray,
         maskNDArray,
         this.params,
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ export class EmbeddingPipeline {
 
       // 3.6 Copy logits to CPU, flatten to curBatchSize * maxInputSize * hidden_size
       const hidden_size = logitsCurBatchOnGPU.shape[2];
-      let logitsCurBatchOnCPU: tvmjs.NDArray = this.tvm.empty(
+      let logitsCurBatchOnCPU: tvmjs.Tensor = this.tvm.empty(
         logitsCurBatchOnGPU.shape,
         logitsCurBatchOnGPU.dtype,
         this.tvm.cpu(),
diff --git a/src/engine.ts b/src/engine.ts
index 6609f3e5..ddf6d2f2 100644
--- a/src/engine.ts
+++ b/src/engine.ts
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ export class MLCEngine implements MLCEngineInterface {
       this.logger,
     );
     const cacheType = this.appConfig.useIndexedDBCache ? "indexeddb" : "cache";
-    await tvm.fetchNDArrayCache(
+    await tvm.fetchTensorCache(
       modelUrl,
       tvm.webgpu(),
       "webllm/model",
diff --git a/src/llm_chat.ts b/src/llm_chat.ts
index 8f7620a8..056cd847 100644
--- a/src/llm_chat.ts
+++ b/src/llm_chat.ts
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
   // parameter states
   private params: tvmjs.TVMObject;
   private kvCache: tvmjs.TVMObject;
-  private logitsOnCPU?: tvmjs.NDArray = undefined;
+  private logitsOnCPU?: tvmjs.Tensor = undefined;
   private filledKVCacheLength = 0;
 
   // meta data
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
     // 2. Get json stored in the vm's metadata function
     const fgetMetadata = this.vm.getFunction("_metadata");
     const ret_value = fgetMetadata();
-    const metadataStr = this.tvm.detachFromCurrentScope(ret_value).toString();
+    const metadataStr = ret_value.toString();
     const metadata = JSON.parse(metadataStr);
 
     // 3. Load parameters by name
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
 
     // 2. Prefill each chunk
     this.tvm.beginScope();
-    let logits: tvmjs.NDArray;
+    let logits: tvmjs.Tensor;
     for (let i = 0; i < chunks.length; i++) {
       const chunk = chunks[i];
       const chunkLen = chunkLens[i];
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
    * @note precondition: inputTokens.length <= prefillChunkSize, since we take care of
    * chunking in `getChunkedPrefillInputData()`.
    */
-  private getTokensEmbeddings(inputTokens: number[]): tvmjs.NDArray {
+  private getTokensEmbeddings(inputTokens: number[]): tvmjs.Tensor {
     this.tvm.beginScope();
     if (inputTokens.length > this.prefillChunkSize) {
       throw new Error(
@@ -873,7 +873,7 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
       this.device,
     );
     inputData.copyFrom(inputTokens);
-    const embed: tvmjs.NDArray = this.tvm.detachFromCurrentScope(
+    const embed: tvmjs.Tensor = this.tvm.detachFromCurrentScope(
       this.embed!(inputData, this.params),
     );
     this.tvm.endScope();
@@ -886,9 +886,9 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
    */
   private async getImageEmbeddings(
     inputImage: ImageURL,
-  ): Promise<tvmjs.NDArray> {
+  ): Promise<tvmjs.Tensor> {
     this.tvm.beginScope();
-    // 1. Transform ImageURL into image input in NDArray
+    // 1. Transform ImageURL into image input in TVMArray
     const url = inputImage.url;
     // url starting with `data:image` and `http` share the same loading method
     const imgData: ImageData = await getImageDataFromURL(url);
@@ -900,7 +900,7 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
       .view([1, imgData.height, imgData.width, 3]); // NHWC
 
     // 2. Call image embed kernel
-    const embed: tvmjs.NDArray = this.tvm.detachFromCurrentScope(
+    const embed: tvmjs.Tensor = this.tvm.detachFromCurrentScope(
       this.image_embed!(pixelArray, this.params),
     );
     if (embed.shape[0] !== IMAGE_EMBED_SIZE) {
@@ -920,14 +920,14 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
    *
    * @param inputData data to embed and forward
    * @param inputDataLen length of this inputData, should smaller than prefill chunk size.
-   * @returns The logits returned by this forward as tvmjs.NDArray on GPU.
+   * @returns The logits returned by this forward as tvmjs.Tensor on GPU.
    *
    * @note Precondition: inputData's data length is smaller than prefill chunk size
    */
   private async embedAndForward(
     inputData: Array<Array<number> | ImageURL>,
     inputDataLen: number,
-  ): Promise<tvmjs.NDArray> {
+  ): Promise<tvmjs.Tensor> {
     if (inputDataLen > this.prefillChunkSize) {
       throw new Error(
         "InternalError: expect inputDataLen <= this.prefillChunkSize.",
@@ -938,18 +938,18 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
 
     // 1. Embed all inputData
     this.tvm.beginScope();
-    const embeddings: tvmjs.NDArray[] = [];
+    const embeddings: tvmjs.Tensor[] = [];
     for (let i = 0; i < inputData.length; i++) {
       const data = inputData[i];
       if (Array.isArray(data)) {
-        embeddings.push(this.getTokensEmbeddings(data));
+        embeddings.push(await this.getTokensEmbeddings(data));
       } else {
         embeddings.push(await this.getImageEmbeddings(data));
       }
     }
 
     // 2. Concatenate embeddings
-    let allEmbeddings: tvmjs.NDArray;
+    let allEmbeddings: tvmjs.Tensor;
     if (embeddings.length === 1) {
       allEmbeddings = embeddings[0];
     } else {
@@ -983,7 +983,7 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
   }
 
   // NOTE: caller must call device.sync()
-  private updateLogitsOnCPU(logits: tvmjs.NDArray): tvmjs.NDArray {
+  private updateLogitsOnCPU(logits: tvmjs.Tensor): tvmjs.Tensor {
     if (this.logitsOnCPU == undefined) {
       this.logitsOnCPU = this.tvm.detachFromCurrentScope(
         this.tvm.empty(logits.shape, logits.dtype, this.tvm.cpu()),
@@ -998,7 +998,7 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
   }
 
   private async sampleTokenFromLogits(
-    logitsOnGPU: tvmjs.NDArray,
+    logitsOnGPU: tvmjs.Tensor,
     genConfig?: GenerationConfig,
   ) {
     // 0. Get value of temperature, top_p, and various penalties, possibly overridden by genConfig
@@ -1160,7 +1160,7 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
       const logitBiasBegin = performance.now();
 
       const numTokens = Object.keys(logit_bias ?? {}).length;
-      const pos2seq_id = new Int32Array(numTokens).fill(0);
+      const pos2seqIds = new Int32Array(numTokens).fill(0);
       const tokenIds = new Int32Array(numTokens);
       const tokenLogitBias = new Float32Array(numTokens);
 
@@ -1173,23 +1173,23 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
 
       this.tvm.beginScope();
 
-      const pos2seqIdsArray = this.tvm
+      const pos2seqIdsDevice = this.tvm
         .empty([numTokens], "int32", this.device)
-        .copyFrom(pos2seq_id);
+        .copyFrom(pos2seqIds);
 
-      const tokenIdsArray = this.tvm
+      const tokenIdsDevice = this.tvm
         .empty([numTokens], "int32", this.device)
         .copyFrom(tokenIds);
 
-      const tokenLogitBiasArray = this.tvm
+      const tokenLogitBiasDevice = this.tvm
         .empty([numTokens], "float32", this.device)
         .copyFrom(tokenLogitBias);
 
       this.fapplyLogitBias(
         logitsOnGPU.view([1, this.fullVocabSize]),
-        pos2seqIdsArray,
-        tokenIdsArray,
-        tokenLogitBiasArray,
+        pos2seqIdsDevice,
+        tokenIdsDevice,
+        tokenLogitBiasDevice,
       );
 
       this.tvm.endScope();
@@ -1215,7 +1215,7 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
       if (numTokens > 0) {
         const penaltyBegin = performance.now();
 
-        const pos2seq_id = new Int32Array(numTokens).fill(0);
+        const pos2seqIds = new Int32Array(numTokens).fill(0);
         const tokenIds = new Int32Array(numTokens).fill(0);
         const tokenCnt = new Int32Array(numTokens).fill(0);
         const penalties = new Float32Array([
@@ -1232,29 +1232,29 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
           .empty([1], "int32", this.device)
           .copyFrom([0]);
 
-        const pos2seqIdsArray = this.tvm
+        const pos2seqIdsDevice = this.tvm
           .empty([numTokens], "int32", this.device)
-          .copyFrom(pos2seq_id);
+          .copyFrom(pos2seqIds);
 
-        const tokenIdsArray = this.tvm
+        const tokenIdsDevice = this.tvm
           .empty([numTokens], "int32", this.device)
           .copyFrom(tokenIds);
 
-        const tokenCntArray = this.tvm
+        const tokenCntDevice = this.tvm
           .empty([numTokens], "int32", this.device)
           .copyFrom(tokenCnt);
 
-        const penaltiesArray = this.tvm
+        const penaltiesDevice = this.tvm
           .empty([1, 3], "float32", this.device)
           .copyFrom(penalties);
 
         this.fapplyPenalty(
           logitsOnGPU.view([1, this.fullVocabSize]),
           seqIdsArray,
-          pos2seqIdsArray,
-          tokenIdsArray,
-          tokenCntArray,
-          penaltiesArray,
+          pos2seqIdsDevice,
+          tokenIdsDevice,
+          tokenCntDevice,
+          penaltiesDevice,
         );
 
         this.tvm.endScope();
@@ -1280,13 +1280,13 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
       const temperatures = new Float32Array([temperature]);
 
       this.tvm.beginScope();
-      const temperaturesArray = this.tvm
+      const temperaturesDevice = this.tvm
         .empty([numSeqs], "float32", this.device)
         .copyFrom(temperatures);
 
       const probs = this.fsoftmaxWithTemperature(
         logitsOnGPU.view([numSeqs, 1, this.fullVocabSize]),
-        temperaturesArray,
+        temperaturesDevice,
       );
       this.updateLogitsOnCPU(probs);
       this.tvm.endScope();
@@ -1458,7 +1458,7 @@ export class LLMChatPipeline {
     const chunkLens: Array<number> = retGetChunks[1];
 
     // 2. Prefill each chunk
-    let logitsOnGPU: tvmjs.NDArray;
+    let logitsOnGPU: tvmjs.Tensor;
     for (let i = 0; i < chunks.length; i++) {
       const chunk = chunks[i];
       const chunkLen = chunkLens[i];
diff --git a/tsconfig.json b/tsconfig.json
index a7a30c65..1f394e29 100644
--- a/tsconfig.json
+++ b/tsconfig.json
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
     "strict": true,
     "moduleResolution": "Node",
     "esModuleInterop": true,
-    "lib": ["dom", "WebWorker"]
+    "lib": ["dom", "WebWorker", "es2022"]
   },
   "typeRoots": ["./node_modules/@webgpu/types", "./node_modules/@types"],
   "include": ["src"],