diff --git a/tex/adapting-pic.pdf b/tex/adapting-pic.pdf index 0134e5a..7c0f3b7 100644 Binary files a/tex/adapting-pic.pdf and b/tex/adapting-pic.pdf differ diff --git a/tex/adapting.svg b/tex/adapting.svg index 3b4e030..04e0a45 100644 --- a/tex/adapting.svg +++ b/tex/adapting.svg @@ -28,15 +28,15 @@ inkscape:pageopacity="0.0" inkscape:pageshadow="2" inkscape:zoom="1.9294582" - inkscape:cx="280.38956" + inkscape:cx="280.38955" inkscape:cy="106.55677" inkscape:document-units="px" inkscape:current-layer="layer1" showgrid="true" inkscape:window-width="1156" inkscape:window-height="670" - inkscape:window-x="21" - inkscape:window-y="111" + inkscape:window-x="20" + inkscape:window-y="92" showguides="true" inkscape:guide-bbox="true" inkscape:snap-global="false"> @@ -162,138 +162,6 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + \phi^+_{A,c}$ the momentum in $x$ direction $p_{x,A}$ is again imaginary, just like if we had another interface to a normal region left of the $A$ region. -It follows the same $\ta$ dependency, namely $\phi^+_{c2} = --\sin^{-1}(\ta_A - \sqrt{1+\ta_A^2})$. +$p_{x,A}$ has the same structural dependence on $\ta_A$ as $p_{x,B}$ +has on $\ta_B$: + +\begin{align} + p_{x,A}^+ = \sqrt{ p_A^2 - p_z^2} = p \sqrt{(\sqrt{1+\ta_A^2} - + \ta_A)^2 - \sin^2 \phi^+} +\end{align} + +It follows that $\phi^+_{c2}$ has a similar form as $\phi^+_{c1}$, +namely $\phi^+_{c2} = -\sin^{-1}(\ta_A - \sqrt{1+\ta_A^2})$. % %\begin{figure} diff --git a/tex/numerics.tex b/tex/numerics.tex index 7493c79..88733b5 100644 --- a/tex/numerics.tex +++ b/tex/numerics.tex @@ -287,7 +287,14 @@ \subsection{Comparison to Analytical Results} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{adapting-pic.pdf} \end{center} - \caption{Injecting one spin-up charge carrier into the system} + \caption{Injecting one spin-up charge carrier into the system notionally + splits up the wave into two wave functions with $+$ and $-$ chirality. + At the interface a part of the wave is scattered, and + $\mathbf{\psi^\pm}$ + describe the injected and reflected wave functions left of the + interface. The transmitted fraction of the wave function is then + projected onto the $\uparrow,\downarrow$ bases when it reaches the right + lead.} \end{figure} % Since there is no dissipation in our model, and we assume that the mere @@ -438,7 +445,7 @@ \subsection{Comparison to Analytical Results} (figure \ref{fig:n-so-rel}). To understand better why we don't get a very clear picture of the critical -angle the numerical results, we look at \ref{eq:a-n-left} and for a moment +angle, we look at \ref{eq:a-n-left} and for a moment ignore the global phases that the $\exp$ functions provide, and obtain a simplified expression for $a$ and $b$. @@ -457,7 +464,7 @@ \subsection{Comparison to Analytical Results} T_{2\uparrow,1\uparrow} &\approx \left|a \chi_{SO}^{+U} t_{++} + b \chi_{SO}^{-U} t_{--} \right|^2\nonumber\\ T_{2\downarrow,1\downarrow} &\approx \left|c \chi_{SO}^{-D} t_{--} - + d \chi_{SO}^{+D} t_{--} \right|^2 + + d \chi_{SO}^{+D} t_{++} \right|^2 \label{eq:simplfied-t} \end{align} @@ -533,11 +540,12 @@ \section{Relation to experiments} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{beamsplitter2.jpg} \end{center} - \caption{Experimental realization of a beam splitter, with two + \caption{Experimental realization of a beam splitter in a HgTe/CdTe quantum + well, with two collimating quantum point contact on top and bottom. In the middle there is a strip at angle $\phi = 45^\circ$ where an electric field can be applied by a gate. Image courtesy of M. Mühlbauer, - Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg} + Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg\cite{mathias}} \label{fig:experiment} \end{figure} @@ -545,7 +553,8 @@ \section{Relation to experiments} in experiments. Figure \ref{fig:experiment} shows such a sample as produced by the group of H. Buhmann in our department \cite{mathias}. -It has two wide contacts on the left and right side, and two collimating point +It consists of a two-dimensional electron gas in a HgTe/CdTe quantum well. It has +two wide leads on the left and right side, and two collimating point quantum contacts on the top and bottom. At an angle of $45^{\circ}$ there is a stripe across the sample. Inside the strip the electric field, and thus the strength of the spin-orbit coupling strength can be tuned by a gate electrode that is @@ -558,7 +567,7 @@ \section{Relation to experiments} scatters electrons too. The spin polarization can be measured via the Inverse Spin-Hall Effect -\cite{ISHE} as an electrical current. +\cite{ishe-ew,ISHE} as an electrical current. %For $\phi > \phi_c$, the wave $\exp{i p_x^+ x}\exp{i p_z z} t_{++}\chi_{SO}^+$ %does not propagate, because $p_x^+$ is imaginary. 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2364d64..a467a06 100644 Binary files a/tex/setup-two-so-regions.pdf and b/tex/setup-two-so-regions.pdf differ diff --git a/tex/setup-two-so-regions.svg b/tex/setup-two-so-regions.svg index e8bbd03..fa472c1 100644 --- a/tex/setup-two-so-regions.svg +++ b/tex/setup-two-so-regions.svg @@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ showgrid="false" inkscape:window-width="1085" inkscape:window-height="891" - inkscape:window-x="64" - inkscape:window-y="-1" /> + inkscape:window-x="18" + inkscape:window-y="36" /> z - - - - - - - + + + + + + + diff --git a/tex/summary.tex b/tex/summary.tex index 6d0dc87..0c3f72b 100644 --- a/tex/summary.tex +++ b/tex/summary.tex @@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ \chapter{Summary and Outlook} In both cases a large angle between the incident beam the interface is essential for obtaining a decent spin polarization. +We also pointed out that experimental realization is quite possible, and that +similar (but slightly more complex) setups have been grown and etched in HgTe +quantum wells. + Future work in this area could involve a four-band model which includes both the conductance and valance band for each spin direction, would allow more precises modeling of a particular semiconductor, and thus be of diff --git a/tex/thesis.tex b/tex/thesis.tex index 27c5549..c0d69fa 100644 --- a/tex/thesis.tex +++ b/tex/thesis.tex @@ -188,8 +188,6 @@ \section{Transmission and Green's Functions} $\delta = \delta(x - x_0)$ to result in two waves propagating away from $x_0$, so our ansatz is -% TODO: explicit form of $H$ - \begin{align} G(x, x_0) = \begin{cases} A^+ e^{i k(x-x_0) } \qquad \textnormal{ for } x > x_0 \\ @@ -370,6 +368,17 @@ \section{Rashba Spin-Orbit Coupling} $m^*$ is the effective mass and $\alpha$ denotes the strength of the spin-orbit coupling. +\begin{figure}[tb] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[height=0.5\textwidth]{rashba-dispersion.jpg} + \end{center} + \caption{The Rashba spin-orbit coupling lifts the spin degeneracy of the + dispersion relation $E(k)$for $k != 0$. + Image courtesy by M. Mühlbauer \cite{mathias}. + } + \label{fig:rashba-dispersion} +\end{figure} + This effect lifts the degeneracy of spin-up and spin-down electrons for $k \not= 0$: @@ -380,7 +389,8 @@ \section{Rashba Spin-Orbit Coupling} So the Rashba spin-orbit coupling splits the spin bands similarly as the Zeeman effect of a magnetic field, but it depends on the wave vector and does not come with the -something that is equivalent to the Lorentz force of the magnetic field. +something that is equivalent to the Lorentz force of the magnetic field (see +figure \ref{fig:rashba-dispersion}) . Since in equilibrium the same number of charge carries have the wave vectors $k$ and $-k$, the Rashba spin-orbit coupling does not introduce a spin