diff --git a/lib/fund.js b/lib/fund.js
index fdd1bd07ab3f5..9b5f10999b1b6 100644
--- a/lib/fund.js
+++ b/lib/fund.js
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ const {
 } = require('libnpmfund')
 
 const npm = require('./npm.js')
+const completion = require('./utils/completion/installed-deep.js')
 const output = require('./utils/output.js')
 const openUrl = require('./utils/open-url.js')
 const usageUtil = require('./utils/usage.js')
@@ -23,16 +24,6 @@ const usage = usageUtil(
   'npm fund [--json] [--browser] [--unicode] [[<@scope>/]<pkg> [--which=<fundingSourceNumber>]'
 )
 
-const completion = (opts, cb) => {
-  const argv = opts.conf.argv.remain
-  switch (argv[2]) {
-    case 'fund':
-      return cb(null, [])
-    default:
-      return cb(new Error(argv[2] + ' not recognized'))
-  }
-}
-
 const cmd = (args, cb) => fund(args).then(() => cb()).catch(cb)
 
 function printJSON (fundingInfo) {
@@ -126,14 +117,8 @@ async function openFundingUrl ({ path, tree, spec, fundingSourceNumber }) {
     }
   }
 
-  let { funding } = retrievePackageMetadata() || {}
-
-  if (!funding) {
-    // if still has not funding info, let's try
-    // fetching metadata from the registry then
-    const manifest = await pacote.manifest(arg, npm.flatOptions)
-    funding = manifest.funding
-  }
+  const { funding } = retrievePackageMetadata() ||
+    await pacote.manifest(arg, npm.flatOptions).catch(() => ({}))
 
   const validSources = []
     .concat(normalizeFunding(funding))
diff --git a/tap-snapshots/test-tap-fund.js-TAP.test.js b/tap-snapshots/test-lib-fund.js-TAP.test.js
similarity index 55%
rename from tap-snapshots/test-tap-fund.js-TAP.test.js
rename to tap-snapshots/test-lib-fund.js-TAP.test.js
index a616f0fc0f496..d21dd5741343f 100644
--- a/tap-snapshots/test-tap-fund.js-TAP.test.js
+++ b/tap-snapshots/test-lib-fund.js-TAP.test.js
@@ -5,7 +5,14 @@
  * Make sure to inspect the output below.  Do not ignore changes!
  */
 'use strict'
-exports[`test/tap/fund.js TAP fund containing multi-level nested deps with no funding > should omit dependencies with no funding declared 1`] = `
+exports[`test/lib/fund.js TAP fund a package with type and multiple sources > should print prompt select message 1`] = `
+1: Foo funding available at the following URL: http://example.com/foo
+2: Lorem funding available at the following URL: http://example.com/foo-lorem
+Run \`npm fund [<@scope>/]<pkg> --which=1\`, for example, to open the first funding URL listed in that package
+
+`
+
+exports[`test/lib/fund.js TAP fund containing multi-level nested deps with no funding > should omit dependencies with no funding declared 1`] = `
 nested-no-funding-packages@1.0.0
 +-- https://example.com/lorem
 |   \`-- lorem@1.0.0
@@ -15,49 +22,48 @@ nested-no-funding-packages@1.0.0
 
 `
 
-exports[`test/tap/fund.js TAP fund in which same maintainer owns all its deps > should print stack packages together 1`] = `
+exports[`test/lib/fund.js TAP fund in which same maintainer owns all its deps > should print stack packages together 1`] = `
 http://example.com/donate
   \`-- maintainer-owns-all-deps@1.0.0, dep-foo@1.0.0, dep-sub-foo@1.0.0, dep-bar@1.0.0
 
 
 `
 
-exports[`test/tap/fund.js TAP fund using nested packages with multiple sources > should prompt with all available URLs 1`] = `
+exports[`test/lib/fund.js TAP fund pkg missing version number > should print name only 1`] = `
+http://example.com/foo
+  \`-- foo
+
+
+`
+
+exports[`test/lib/fund.js TAP fund using nested packages with multiple sources > should prompt with all available URLs 1`] = `
 1: Funding available at the following URL: https://one.example.com
 2: Funding available at the following URL: https://two.example.com
 Run \`npm fund [<@scope>/]<pkg> --which=1\`, for example, to open the first funding URL listed in that package
 
 `
 
-exports[`test/tap/fund.js TAP fund using nested packages with multiple sources, with a source number > should open the numbered URL 1`] = `
+exports[`test/lib/fund.js TAP fund using nested packages with multiple sources, with a source number > should open the numbered URL 1`] = `
 Funding available at the following URL:
-
-https://one.example.com
-
+  https://one.example.com
 `
 
-exports[`test/tap/fund.js TAP fund using package argument with no browser > should open funding url 1`] = `
+exports[`test/lib/fund.js TAP fund using package argument > should open funding url 1`] = `
 individual funding available at the following URL:
-
-http://example.com/donate
-
+  http://example.com/donate
 `
 
-exports[`test/tap/fund.js TAP fund using pkg name while having conflicting versions > should open greatest version 1`] = `
+exports[`test/lib/fund.js TAP fund using pkg name while having conflicting versions > should open greatest version 1`] = `
 Funding available at the following URL:
-
-http://example.com/2
-
+  http://example.com/2
 `
 
-exports[`test/tap/fund.js TAP fund using string shorthand > should open string-only url 1`] = `
+exports[`test/lib/fund.js TAP fund using string shorthand > should open string-only url 1`] = `
 Funding available at the following URL:
-
-https://example.com/sponsor
-
+  https://example.com/sponsor
 `
 
-exports[`test/tap/fund.js TAP fund with no package containing funding > should print empty funding info 1`] = `
+exports[`test/lib/fund.js TAP fund with no package containing funding > should print empty funding info 1`] = `
 no-funding-package@0.0.0
 
 
diff --git a/test/lib/fund.js b/test/lib/fund.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..cd9ac97ffb2b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/lib/fund.js
@@ -0,0 +1,729 @@
+'use strict'
+
+const { test } = require('tap')
+const requireInject = require('require-inject')
+
+const version = '1.0.0'
+const funding = {
+  type: 'individual',
+  url: 'http://example.com/donate'
+}
+
+const maintainerOwnsAllDeps = {
+  'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+    name: 'maintainer-owns-all-deps',
+    version,
+    funding,
+    dependencies: {
+      'dep-foo': '*',
+      'dep-bar': '*'
+    }
+  }),
+  node_modules: {
+    'dep-foo': {
+      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+        name: 'dep-foo',
+        version,
+        funding,
+        dependencies: {
+          'dep-sub-foo': '*'
+        }
+      }),
+      node_modules: {
+        'dep-sub-foo': {
+          'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+            name: 'dep-sub-foo',
+            version,
+            funding
+          })
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    'dep-bar': {
+      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+        name: 'dep-bar',
+        version,
+        funding
+      })
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+const nestedNoFundingPackages = {
+  'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+    name: 'nested-no-funding-packages',
+    version,
+    dependencies: {
+      foo: '*'
+    },
+    devDependencies: {
+      lorem: '*'
+    }
+  }),
+  node_modules: {
+    foo: {
+      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+        name: 'foo',
+        version,
+        dependencies: {
+          bar: '*'
+        }
+      }),
+      node_modules: {
+        bar: {
+          'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+            name: 'bar',
+            version,
+            funding
+          }),
+          node_modules: {
+            'sub-bar': {
+              'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+                name: 'sub-bar',
+                version,
+                funding: 'https://example.com/sponsor'
+              })
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    lorem: {
+      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+        name: 'lorem',
+        version,
+        funding: {
+          url: 'https://example.com/lorem'
+        }
+      })
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+const nestedMultipleFundingPackages = {
+  'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+    name: 'nested-multiple-funding-packages',
+    version,
+    funding: [
+      'https://one.example.com',
+      'https://two.example.com'
+    ],
+    dependencies: {
+      foo: '*'
+    },
+    devDependencies: {
+      bar: '*'
+    }
+  }),
+  node_modules: {
+    foo: {
+      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+        name: 'foo',
+        version,
+        funding: [
+          'http://example.com',
+          { url: 'http://sponsors.example.com/me' },
+          'http://collective.example.com'
+        ]
+      })
+    },
+    bar: {
+      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+        name: 'bar',
+        version,
+        funding: [
+          'http://collective.example.com',
+          { url: 'http://sponsors.example.com/you' }
+        ]
+      })
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+const conflictingFundingPackages = {
+  'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+    name: 'conflicting-funding-packages',
+    version,
+    dependencies: {
+      foo: '1.0.0'
+    },
+    devDependencies: {
+      bar: '1.0.0'
+    }
+  }),
+  node_modules: {
+    foo: {
+      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+        name: 'foo',
+        version: '1.0.0',
+        funding: 'http://example.com/1'
+      })
+    },
+    bar: {
+      node_modules: {
+        foo: {
+          'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+            name: 'foo',
+            version: '2.0.0',
+            funding: 'http://example.com/2'
+          })
+        }
+      },
+      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+        name: 'bar',
+        version: '1.0.0',
+        dependencies: {
+          foo: '2.0.0'
+        }
+      })
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+let result = ''
+let printUrl = ''
+const _flatOptions = {
+  json: false,
+  global: false,
+  prefix: undefined,
+  unicode: false,
+  which: undefined
+}
+let openUrl = (url, msg, cb) => {
+  if (url === 'http://npmjs.org') {
+    cb(new Error('ERROR'))
+    return
+  }
+  if (_flatOptions.json) {
+    printUrl = JSON.stringify({
+      title: msg,
+      url: url
+    })
+  } else {
+    printUrl = `${msg}:\n  ${url}`
+  }
+  cb()
+}
+const fund = requireInject('../../lib/fund.js', {
+  '../../lib/npm.js': {
+    flatOptions: _flatOptions,
+    get prefix () { return _flatOptions.prefix }
+  },
+  '../../lib/utils/open-url.js': openUrl,
+  '../../lib/utils/output.js': msg => { result += msg + '\n' },
+  'pacote': {
+    manifest: (arg) => arg.name === 'ntl'
+      ? Promise.resolve({
+        funding: 'http://example.com/pacote'
+      })
+      : Promise.reject(new Error('ERROR'))
+  }
+})
+
+
+test('fund with no package containing funding', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir({
+    'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+      name: 'no-funding-package',
+      version: '0.0.0'
+    })
+  })
+
+  fund([], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.matchSnapshot(result, 'should print empty funding info')
+    result = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund in which same maintainer owns all its deps', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir(maintainerOwnsAllDeps)
+
+  fund([], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.matchSnapshot(result, 'should print stack packages together')
+    result = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund in which same maintainer owns all its deps, using --json option', t => {
+  _flatOptions.json = true
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir(maintainerOwnsAllDeps)
+
+  fund([], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.deepEqual(
+      JSON.parse(result),
+      {
+        length: 3,
+        name: 'maintainer-owns-all-deps',
+        version: '1.0.0',
+        funding: { type: 'individual', url: 'http://example.com/donate' },
+        dependencies: {
+          'dep-bar': {
+            version: '1.0.0',
+            funding: { type: 'individual', url: 'http://example.com/donate' }
+          },
+          'dep-foo': {
+            version: '1.0.0',
+            funding: { type: 'individual', url: 'http://example.com/donate' },
+            dependencies: {
+              'dep-sub-foo': {
+                version: '1.0.0',
+                funding: { type: 'individual', url: 'http://example.com/donate' }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      'should print stack packages together'
+    )
+
+    result = ''
+    _flatOptions.json = false
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund containing multi-level nested deps with no funding', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir(nestedNoFundingPackages)
+
+  fund([], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.matchSnapshot(
+      result,
+      'should omit dependencies with no funding declared'
+    )
+
+    result = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund containing multi-level nested deps with no funding, using --json option', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir(nestedNoFundingPackages)
+  _flatOptions.json = true
+
+  fund([], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.deepEqual(
+      JSON.parse(result),
+      {
+        length: 2,
+        name: 'nested-no-funding-packages',
+        version: '1.0.0',
+        dependencies: {
+          lorem: {
+            version: '1.0.0',
+            funding: { url: 'https://example.com/lorem' }
+          },
+          bar: {
+            version: '1.0.0',
+            funding: { type: 'individual', url: 'http://example.com/donate' }
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      'should omit dependencies with no funding declared in json output'
+    )
+
+    result = ''
+    _flatOptions.json = false
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund containing multi-level nested deps with no funding, using --json option', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir(nestedMultipleFundingPackages)
+  _flatOptions.json = true
+
+  fund([], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.deepEqual(
+      JSON.parse(result),
+      {
+        length: 2,
+        name: 'nested-multiple-funding-packages',
+        version: '1.0.0',
+        funding: [
+          {
+            url: 'https://one.example.com'
+          },
+          {
+            url: 'https://two.example.com'
+          }
+        ],
+        dependencies: {
+          bar: {
+            version: '1.0.0',
+            funding: [
+              {
+                url: 'http://collective.example.com'
+              },
+              {
+                url: 'http://sponsors.example.com/you'
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          foo: {
+            version: '1.0.0',
+            funding: [
+              {
+                url: 'http://example.com'
+              },
+              {
+                url: 'http://sponsors.example.com/me'
+              },
+              {
+                url: 'http://collective.example.com'
+              }
+            ]
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      'should list multiple funding entries in json output'
+    )
+
+    result = ''
+    _flatOptions.json = false
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund does not support global', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir({})
+  _flatOptions.global = true
+
+  fund([], (err) => {
+    t.match(err.code, 'EFUNDGLOBAL', 'should throw EFUNDGLOBAL error')
+
+    result = ''
+    _flatOptions.global = false
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund using package argument', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir(maintainerOwnsAllDeps)
+
+  fund(['.'], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.matchSnapshot(printUrl, 'should open funding url')
+
+    printUrl = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund does not support global, using --json option', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir({})
+  _flatOptions.global = true
+  _flatOptions.json = true
+
+  fund([], (err) => {
+    t.equal(err.code, 'EFUNDGLOBAL', 'should use EFUNDGLOBAL error code')
+    t.equal(
+      err.message,
+      '`npm fund` does not support global packages',
+      'should use expected error msg'
+    )
+
+    _flatOptions.global = false
+    _flatOptions.json = false
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund using string shorthand', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir({
+    'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+      name: 'funding-string-shorthand',
+      version: '0.0.0',
+      funding: 'https://example.com/sponsor'
+    })
+  })
+
+  fund(['.'], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.matchSnapshot(printUrl, 'should open string-only url')
+
+    printUrl = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund using nested packages with multiple sources', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir(nestedMultipleFundingPackages)
+
+  fund(['.'], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.matchSnapshot(result, 'should prompt with all available URLs')
+
+    result = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund using symlink ref', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir({
+    'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+      name: 'using-symlink-ref',
+      version: '1.0.0'
+    }),
+    'a': {
+      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+        name: 'a',
+        version: '1.0.0',
+        funding: 'http://example.com/a'
+      })
+    },
+    node_modules: {
+      a: t.fixture('symlink', '../a')
+    }
+  })
+
+  // using symlinked ref
+  fund(['./node_modules/a'], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.match(
+      printUrl,
+      'http://example.com/a',
+      'should retrieve funding url from symlink'
+    )
+
+    printUrl = ''
+
+    // using target ref
+    fund(['./a'], (err) => {
+      t.match(
+        printUrl,
+        'http://example.com/a',
+        'should retrieve funding url from symlink target'
+      )
+
+      printUrl = ''
+      result = ''
+      t.end()
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund using data from actual tree', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir({
+    'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+      name: 'using-actual-tree',
+      version: '1.0.0'
+    }),
+    node_modules: {
+      a: {
+        'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+          name: 'a',
+          version: '1.0.0',
+          funding: 'http://example.com/a'
+        })
+      },
+      b: {
+        'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+          name: 'a',
+          version: '1.0.0',
+          funding: 'http://example.com/b'
+        }),
+        node_modules: {
+          a: {
+            'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+              name: 'a',
+              version: '1.0.1',
+              funding: 'http://example.com/_AAA'
+            })
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  })
+
+  // using symlinked ref
+  fund(['a'], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.match(
+      printUrl,
+      'http://example.com/_AAA',
+      'should retrieve fund info from actual tree, using greatest version found'
+    )
+
+    printUrl = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund using nested packages with multiple sources, with a source number', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir(nestedMultipleFundingPackages)
+  _flatOptions.which = '1'
+
+  fund(['.'], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.matchSnapshot(printUrl, 'should open the numbered URL')
+
+    _flatOptions.which = undefined
+    printUrl = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund using pkg name while having conflicting versions', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir(conflictingFundingPackages)
+  _flatOptions.which = '1'
+
+  fund(['foo'], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.matchSnapshot(printUrl, 'should open greatest version')
+
+    printUrl = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund using package argument with no browser, using --json option', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir(maintainerOwnsAllDeps)
+  _flatOptions.json = true
+
+  fund(['.'], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.deepEqual(
+      JSON.parse(printUrl),
+      {
+        title: 'individual funding available at the following URL',
+        url: 'http://example.com/donate'
+      },
+      'should open funding url using json output'
+    )
+
+    _flatOptions.json = false
+    printUrl = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund using package info fetch from registry', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir({})
+
+  fund(['ntl'], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.match(
+      printUrl,
+      /http:\/\/example.com\/pacote/,
+      'should open funding url that was loaded from registry manifest'
+    )
+
+    printUrl = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund tries to use package info fetch from registry but registry has nothing', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir({})
+
+  fund(['foo'], (err) => {
+    t.equal(err.code, 'ENOFUND', 'should have ENOFUND error code')
+    t.equal(
+      err.message,
+      'No valid funding method available for: foo',
+      'should have no valid funding message'
+    )
+
+    printUrl = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund but target module has no funding info', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir(nestedNoFundingPackages)
+
+  fund(['foo'], (err) => {
+    t.equal(err.code, 'ENOFUND', 'should have ENOFUND error code')
+    t.equal(
+      err.message,
+      'No valid funding method available for: foo',
+      'should have no valid funding message'
+    )
+
+    result = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund using bad which value', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir(nestedMultipleFundingPackages)
+  _flatOptions.which = 3
+
+  fund(['bar'], (err) => {
+    t.equal(err.code, 'EFUNDNUMBER', 'should have EFUNDNUMBER error code')
+    t.equal(
+      err.message,
+      '`npm fund [<@scope>/]<pkg> [--which=fundingSourceNumber]` must be given a positive integer',
+      'should have bad which option error message'
+    )
+
+    _flatOptions.which = undefined
+    result = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund pkg missing version number', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir({
+    'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+      name: 'foo',
+      funding: 'http://example.com/foo'
+    })
+  })
+
+  fund([], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.matchSnapshot(result, 'should print name only')
+    result = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund a package throws on openUrl', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir({
+    'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+      name: 'foo',
+      version: '1.0.0',
+      funding: 'http://npmjs.org'
+    })
+  })
+
+  fund(['.'], (err) => {
+    t.equal(err.message, 'ERROR', 'should throw unknown error')
+    result = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
+
+test('fund a package with type and multiple sources', t => {
+  _flatOptions.prefix = t.testdir({
+    'package.json': JSON.stringify({
+      name: 'foo',
+      funding: [
+        {
+          type: 'Foo',
+          url: 'http://example.com/foo'
+        },
+        {
+          type: 'Lorem',
+          url: 'http://example.com/foo-lorem'
+        }
+      ]
+    })
+  })
+
+  fund(['.'], (err) => {
+    t.ifError(err, 'should not error out')
+    t.matchSnapshot(result, 'should print prompt select message')
+
+    result = ''
+    t.end()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/test/tap/fund.js b/test/tap/fund.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e7745dc52228..0000000000000
--- a/test/tap/fund.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,553 +0,0 @@
-'use strict'
-
-const fs = require('fs')
-const path = require('path')
-const { exec, execSync } = require('child_process')
-
-const { test } = require('tap')
-const bin = require.resolve('../../bin/npm-cli.js')
-const isWindows = require('../../lib/utils/is-windows.js')
-
-const version = '1.0.0'
-const funding = {
-  type: 'individual',
-  url: 'http://example.com/donate'
-}
-
-const maintainerOwnsAllDeps = {
-  'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-    name: 'maintainer-owns-all-deps',
-    version,
-    funding,
-    dependencies: {
-      'dep-foo': '*',
-      'dep-bar': '*'
-    }
-  }),
-  node_modules: {
-    'dep-foo': {
-      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-        name: 'dep-foo',
-        version,
-        funding,
-        dependencies: {
-          'dep-sub-foo': '*'
-        }
-      }),
-      node_modules: {
-        'dep-sub-foo': {
-          'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-            name: 'dep-sub-foo',
-            version,
-            funding
-          })
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    'dep-bar': {
-      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-        name: 'dep-bar',
-        version,
-        funding
-      })
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-const nestedNoFundingPackages = {
-  'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-    name: 'nested-no-funding-packages',
-    version,
-    dependencies: {
-      foo: '*'
-    },
-    devDependencies: {
-      lorem: '*'
-    }
-  }),
-  node_modules: {
-    foo: {
-      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-        name: 'foo',
-        version,
-        dependencies: {
-          bar: '*'
-        }
-      }),
-      node_modules: {
-        bar: {
-          'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-            name: 'bar',
-            version,
-            funding
-          }),
-          node_modules: {
-            'sub-bar': {
-              'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-                name: 'sub-bar',
-                version,
-                funding: 'https://example.com/sponsor'
-              })
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    lorem: {
-      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-        name: 'lorem',
-        version,
-        funding: {
-          url: 'https://example.com/lorem'
-        }
-      })
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-const nestedMultipleFundingPackages = {
-  'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-    name: 'nested-multiple-funding-packages',
-    version,
-    funding: [
-      'https://one.example.com',
-      'https://two.example.com'
-    ],
-    dependencies: {
-      foo: '*'
-    },
-    devDependencies: {
-      bar: '*'
-    }
-  }),
-  node_modules: {
-    foo: {
-      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-        name: 'foo',
-        version,
-        funding: [
-          'http://example.com',
-          { url: 'http://sponsors.example.com/me' },
-          'http://collective.example.com'
-        ]
-      })
-    },
-    bar: {
-      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-        name: 'bar',
-        version,
-        funding: [
-          'http://collective.example.com',
-          { url: 'http://sponsors.example.com/you' }
-        ]
-      })
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-const conflictingFundingPackages = {
-  'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-    name: 'conflicting-funding-packages',
-    version,
-    dependencies: {
-      foo: '1.0.0'
-    },
-    devDependencies: {
-      bar: '1.0.0'
-    }
-  }),
-  node_modules: {
-    foo: {
-      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-        name: 'foo',
-        version: '1.0.0',
-        funding: 'http://example.com/1'
-      })
-    },
-    bar: {
-      node_modules: {
-        foo: {
-          'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-            name: 'foo',
-            version: '2.0.0',
-            funding: 'http://example.com/2'
-          })
-        }
-      },
-      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-        name: 'bar',
-        version: '1.0.0',
-        dependencies: {
-          foo: '2.0.0'
-        }
-      })
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-test('fund with no package containing funding', t => {
-  const cwd = t.testdir({
-    'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-      name: 'no-funding-package',
-      version: '0.0.0'
-    })
-  })
-  const stdout = execSync(
-    `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund --unicode=false`,
-    { cwd }
-  )
-  t.matchSnapshot(stdout.toString(), 'should print empty funding info')
-  t.end()
-})
-
-test('fund in which same maintainer owns all its deps', t => {
-  const cwd = t.testdir(maintainerOwnsAllDeps)
-  const stdout = execSync(
-    `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund --unicode=false`,
-    { cwd }
-  )
-  t.matchSnapshot(stdout.toString(), 'should print stack packages together')
-  t.end()
-})
-
-test('fund in which same maintainer owns all its deps, using --json option', t => {
-  const cwd = t.testdir(maintainerOwnsAllDeps)
-  const stdout = execSync(
-    `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund --json`,
-    { cwd }
-  )
-  t.deepEqual(
-    JSON.parse(stdout.toString()),
-    {
-      length: 3,
-      name: 'maintainer-owns-all-deps',
-      version: '1.0.0',
-      funding: { type: 'individual', url: 'http://example.com/donate' },
-      dependencies: {
-        'dep-bar': {
-          version: '1.0.0',
-          funding: { type: 'individual', url: 'http://example.com/donate' }
-        },
-        'dep-foo': {
-          version: '1.0.0',
-          funding: { type: 'individual', url: 'http://example.com/donate' },
-          dependencies: {
-            'dep-sub-foo': {
-              version: '1.0.0',
-              funding: { type: 'individual', url: 'http://example.com/donate' }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    'should print stack packages together'
-  )
-  t.end()
-})
-
-test('fund containing multi-level nested deps with no funding', t => {
-  const cwd = t.testdir(nestedNoFundingPackages)
-  const stdout = execSync(
-    `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund --unicode=false`,
-    { cwd }
-  )
-  t.matchSnapshot(
-    stdout.toString(),
-    'should omit dependencies with no funding declared'
-  )
-  t.end()
-})
-
-test('fund containing multi-level nested deps with no funding, using --json option', t => {
-  const cwd = t.testdir(nestedNoFundingPackages)
-  const stdout = execSync(
-    `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund --json`,
-    { cwd }
-  )
-  t.deepEqual(
-    JSON.parse(stdout.toString()),
-    {
-      length: 2,
-      name: 'nested-no-funding-packages',
-      version: '1.0.0',
-      dependencies: {
-        lorem: {
-          version: '1.0.0',
-          funding: { url: 'https://example.com/lorem' }
-        },
-        bar: {
-          version: '1.0.0',
-          funding: { type: 'individual', url: 'http://example.com/donate' }
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    'should omit dependencies with no funding declared in json output'
-  )
-  t.end()
-})
-
-test('fund containing multi-level nested deps with no funding, using --json option', t => {
-  const cwd = t.testdir(nestedMultipleFundingPackages)
-  const stdout = execSync(
-    `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund --json`,
-    { cwd }
-  )
-  t.deepEqual(
-    JSON.parse(stdout.toString()),
-    {
-      length: 2,
-      name: 'nested-multiple-funding-packages',
-      version: '1.0.0',
-      funding: [
-        {
-          url: 'https://one.example.com'
-        },
-        {
-          url: 'https://two.example.com'
-        }
-      ],
-      dependencies: {
-        bar: {
-          version: '1.0.0',
-          funding: [
-            {
-              url: 'http://collective.example.com'
-            },
-            {
-              url: 'http://sponsors.example.com/you'
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        foo: {
-          version: '1.0.0',
-          funding: [
-            {
-              url: 'http://example.com'
-            },
-            {
-              url: 'http://sponsors.example.com/me'
-            },
-            {
-              url: 'http://collective.example.com'
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    'should list multiple funding entries in json output'
-  )
-  t.end()
-})
-
-test('fund does not support global', t => {
-  t.plan(1)
-  try {
-    execSync(`${process.execPath} ${bin} fund --global`, { stdio: 'pipe' })
-  } catch (err) {
-    t.match(
-      err.toString(),
-      'code EFUNDGLOBAL',
-      'should throw EFUNDGLOBAL error'
-    )
-  }
-})
-
-test('fund using package argument with no browser', t => {
-  const cwd = t.testdir(maintainerOwnsAllDeps)
-  const stdout = execSync(
-    `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund . --no-browser`,
-    { cwd }
-  )
-  t.matchSnapshot(stdout.toString(), 'should open funding url')
-  t.end()
-})
-
-test('fund does not support global, using --json option', t => {
-  exec(
-    `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund --global --json`,
-    (_, stdout) => {
-      t.deepEqual(
-        JSON.parse(stdout.toString()),
-        {
-          error: {
-            code: 'EFUNDGLOBAL',
-            summary: '`npm fund` does not support global packages',
-            detail: ''
-          }
-        },
-        'should throw EFUNDGLOBAL error using json output'
-      )
-      t.end()
-    }
-  )
-})
-
-test('fund using string shorthand', t => {
-  const cwd = t.testdir({
-    'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-      name: 'funding-string-shorthand',
-      version: '0.0.0',
-      funding: 'https://example.com/sponsor'
-    })
-  })
-  const stdout = execSync(
-    `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund . --no-browser`,
-    { cwd }
-  )
-  t.matchSnapshot(stdout.toString(), 'should open string-only url')
-  t.end()
-})
-
-test('fund using nested packages with multiple sources', t => {
-  const cwd = t.testdir(nestedMultipleFundingPackages)
-  const stdout = execSync(
-    `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund .`,
-    { cwd }
-  )
-  t.matchSnapshot(stdout.toString(), 'should prompt with all available URLs')
-  t.end()
-})
-
-test('fund using symlink ref', t => {
-  const cwd = t.testdir({
-    'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-      name: 'using-symlink-ref',
-      version: '1.0.0'
-    }),
-    'a': {
-      'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-        name: 'a',
-        version: '1.0.0',
-        funding: 'http://example.com/a'
-      })
-    },
-    node_modules: {
-      a: t.fixture('symlink', '../a')
-    }
-  })
-
-  // using symlinked ref
-  t.match(
-    execSync(
-      `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund ./node_modules/a --no-browser`,
-      { cwd }
-    ).toString(),
-    'http://example.com/a',
-    'should retrieve funding url from symlink'
-  )
-
-  // using target ref
-  t.match(
-    execSync(
-      `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund ./a --no-browser`,
-      { cwd }
-    ).toString(),
-    'http://example.com/a',
-    'should retrieve funding url from symlink target'
-  )
-
-  t.end()
-})
-
-test('fund using data from actual tree', t => {
-  const cwd = t.testdir({
-    'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-      name: 'using-actual-tree',
-      version: '1.0.0'
-    }),
-    node_modules: {
-      a: {
-        'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-          name: 'a',
-          version: '1.0.0',
-          funding: 'http://example.com/a'
-        })
-      },
-      b: {
-        'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-          name: 'a',
-          version: '1.0.0',
-          funding: 'http://example.com/b'
-        }),
-        node_modules: {
-          a: {
-            'package.json': JSON.stringify({
-              name: 'a',
-              version: '1.0.1',
-              funding: 'http://example.com/_AAA'
-            })
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  })
-
-  // using symlinked ref
-  t.match(
-    execSync(
-      `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund a --no-browser`,
-      { cwd }
-    ).toString(),
-    'http://example.com/_AAA',
-    'should retrieve fund info from actual tree, using greatest version found'
-  )
-
-  t.end()
-})
-
-test('fund using nested packages with multiple sources, with a source number', t => {
-  const cwd = t.testdir(nestedMultipleFundingPackages)
-  const stdout = execSync(
-    `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund . --which=1 --no-browser`,
-    { cwd }
-  )
-  t.matchSnapshot(stdout.toString(), 'should open the numbered URL')
-  t.end()
-})
-
-test('fund using pkg name while having conflicting versions', t => {
-  const cwd = t.testdir(conflictingFundingPackages)
-  const stdout = execSync(
-    `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund foo --which=1 --no-browser`,
-    { cwd }
-  )
-  t.matchSnapshot(stdout.toString(), 'should open greatest version')
-  t.end()
-})
-
-test('fund using package argument with no browser, using --json option', t => {
-  const cwd = t.testdir(maintainerOwnsAllDeps)
-  const stdout = execSync(
-    `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund . --json --no-browser`,
-    { cwd }
-  )
-  t.deepEqual(
-    JSON.parse(stdout.toString()),
-    {
-      title: 'individual funding available at the following URL',
-      url: 'http://example.com/donate'
-    },
-    'should open funding url using json output'
-  )
-  t.end()
-})
-
-if (!isWindows) {
-  test('mock browser using package name argument', function (t) {
-    const cwd = t.testdir(maintainerOwnsAllDeps)
-    const fakeBrowser = path.join(cwd, '_script.sh')
-    const outFile = path.join(cwd, '_output')
-
-    const s = `#!/usr/bin/env bash\necho "$@" > ${outFile}\n`
-    fs.writeFileSync(fakeBrowser, s)
-    fs.chmodSync(fakeBrowser, '0755')
-
-    execSync(
-      `${process.execPath} ${bin} fund . --loglevel=silent --browser=${fakeBrowser}`,
-      { cwd }
-    )
-    var res = fs.readFileSync(outFile, 'utf8')
-    t.equal(res, 'http://example.com/donate\n')
-    t.end()
-  })
-}