diff --git a/packages/cypress/src/plugins/plugin.spec.ts b/packages/cypress/src/plugins/plugin.spec.ts
index 7754a4ffdd6d34..fbb4bd3254822d 100644
--- a/packages/cypress/src/plugins/plugin.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/cypress/src/plugins/plugin.spec.ts
@@ -348,6 +348,10 @@ describe('@nx/cypress/plugin', () => {
   });
 
   function mockCypressConfig(cypressConfig: Cypress.ConfigOptions) {
+    // This isn't JS, but all that really matters here
+    // is that the hash is different after updating the
+    // config file. The actual config read is mocked below.
+    tempFs.createFileSync('cypress.config.js', JSON.stringify(cypressConfig));
     jest.mock(
       join(tempFs.tempDir, 'cypress.config.js'),
       () => ({
diff --git a/packages/cypress/src/plugins/plugin.ts b/packages/cypress/src/plugins/plugin.ts
index dba51d94a2574e..1151907965abff 100644
--- a/packages/cypress/src/plugins/plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/cypress/src/plugins/plugin.ts
@@ -31,20 +31,22 @@ export interface CypressPluginOptions {
 }
 
 const cachePath = join(projectGraphCacheDirectory, 'cypress.hash');
-const targetsCache = existsSync(cachePath) ? readTargetsCache() : {};
-
-const calculatedTargets: Record<string, CypressTargets> = {};
+const targetsCache = readTargetsCache();
 
 function readTargetsCache(): Record<string, CypressTargets> {
-  return readJsonFile(cachePath);
+  return existsSync(cachePath) ? readJsonFile(cachePath) : {};
 }
 
-function writeTargetsToCache(targets: Record<string, CypressTargets>) {
-  writeJsonFile(cachePath, targets);
+function writeTargetsToCache() {
+  const oldCache = readTargetsCache();
+  writeJsonFile(cachePath, {
+    ...oldCache,
+    targetsCache,
+  });
 }
 
 export const createDependencies: CreateDependencies = () => {
-  writeTargetsToCache(calculatedTargets);
+  writeTargetsToCache();
   return [];
 };
 
@@ -67,16 +69,13 @@ export const createNodes: CreateNodes<CypressPluginOptions> = [
       getLockFileName(detectPackageManager(context.workspaceRoot)),
     ]);
 
-    const { targets, metadata } = targetsCache[hash]
-      ? targetsCache[hash]
-      : await buildCypressTargets(
-          configFilePath,
-          projectRoot,
-          options,
-          context
-        );
-
-    calculatedTargets[hash] = { targets, metadata };
+    targetsCache[hash] ??= await buildCypressTargets(
+      configFilePath,
+      projectRoot,
+      options,
+      context
+    );
+    const { targets, metadata } = targetsCache[hash];
 
     const project: Omit<ProjectConfiguration, 'root'> = {
       projectType: 'application',
diff --git a/packages/detox/src/plugins/plugin.ts b/packages/detox/src/plugins/plugin.ts
index 7fb2ec7f33a3ea..3873b3e0b5ca99 100644
--- a/packages/detox/src/plugins/plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/detox/src/plugins/plugin.ts
@@ -22,31 +22,21 @@ export interface DetoxPluginOptions {
 }
 
 const cachePath = join(projectGraphCacheDirectory, 'detox.hash');
-const targetsCache = existsSync(cachePath) ? readTargetsCache() : {};
-
-const calculatedTargets: Record<
-  string,
-  Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
-> = {};
+const targetsCache = readTargetsCache();
 
 function readTargetsCache(): Record<
   string,
   Record<string, TargetConfiguration<DetoxPluginOptions>>
 > {
-  return readJsonFile(cachePath);
+  return existsSync(cachePath) ? readJsonFile(cachePath) : {};
 }
 
-function writeTargetsToCache(
-  targets: Record<
-    string,
-    Record<string, TargetConfiguration<DetoxPluginOptions>>
-  >
-) {
-  writeJsonFile(cachePath, targets);
+function writeTargetsToCache() {
+  writeJsonFile(cachePath, targetsCache);
 }
 
 export const createDependencies: CreateDependencies = () => {
-  writeTargetsToCache(calculatedTargets);
+  writeTargetsToCache();
   return [];
 };
 
@@ -66,16 +56,12 @@ export const createNodes: CreateNodes<DetoxPluginOptions> = [
       getLockFileName(detectPackageManager(context.workspaceRoot)),
     ]);
 
-    const targets = targetsCache[hash]
-      ? targetsCache[hash]
-      : buildDetoxTargets(projectRoot, options, context);
-
-    calculatedTargets[hash] = targets;
+    targetsCache[hash] ??= buildDetoxTargets(projectRoot, options, context);
 
     return {
       projects: {
         [projectRoot]: {
-          targets,
+          targets: targetsCache[hash],
         },
       },
     };
diff --git a/packages/expo/plugins/plugin.ts b/packages/expo/plugins/plugin.ts
index 62ffcc692a3f30..d9f3b4bd812d25 100644
--- a/packages/expo/plugins/plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/expo/plugins/plugin.ts
@@ -30,31 +30,25 @@ export interface ExpoPluginOptions {
 }
 
 const cachePath = join(projectGraphCacheDirectory, 'expo.hash');
-const targetsCache = existsSync(cachePath) ? readTargetsCache() : {};
-
-const calculatedTargets: Record<
-  string,
-  Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
-> = {};
+const targetsCache = readTargetsCache();
 
 function readTargetsCache(): Record<
   string,
   Record<string, TargetConfiguration<ExpoPluginOptions>>
 > {
-  return readJsonFile(cachePath);
+  return existsSync(cachePath) ? readJsonFile(cachePath) : {};
 }
 
-function writeTargetsToCache(
-  targets: Record<
-    string,
-    Record<string, TargetConfiguration<ExpoPluginOptions>>
-  >
-) {
-  writeJsonFile(cachePath, targets);
+function writeTargetsToCache() {
+  const oldCache = readTargetsCache();
+  writeJsonFile(cachePath, {
+    ...oldCache,
+    targetsCache,
+  });
 }
 
 export const createDependencies: CreateDependencies = () => {
-  writeTargetsToCache(calculatedTargets);
+  writeTargetsToCache();
   return [];
 };
 
@@ -82,16 +76,12 @@ export const createNodes: CreateNodes<ExpoPluginOptions> = [
       getLockFileName(detectPackageManager(context.workspaceRoot)),
     ]);
 
-    const targets = targetsCache[hash]
-      ? targetsCache[hash]
-      : buildExpoTargets(projectRoot, options, context);
-
-    calculatedTargets[hash] = targets;
+    targetsCache[hash] ??= buildExpoTargets(projectRoot, options, context);
 
     return {
       projects: {
         [projectRoot]: {
-          targets,
+          targets: targetsCache[hash],
         },
       },
     };
diff --git a/packages/gradle/src/plugin/dependencies.ts b/packages/gradle/src/plugin/dependencies.ts
index 764bfc61dc2707..a09a3dafa503da 100644
--- a/packages/gradle/src/plugin/dependencies.ts
+++ b/packages/gradle/src/plugin/dependencies.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import {
   getGradleReport,
   invalidateGradleReportCache,
 } from '../utils/get-gradle-report';
-import { calculatedTargets, writeTargetsToCache } from './nodes';
+import { writeTargetsToCache } from './nodes';
 
 export const createDependencies: CreateDependencies = async (
   _,
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ export const createDependencies: CreateDependencies = async (
     gradleDependenciesEnd.name
   );
 
-  writeTargetsToCache(calculatedTargets);
+  writeTargetsToCache();
   if (dependencies.length) {
     invalidateGradleReportCache();
   }
diff --git a/packages/gradle/src/plugin/nodes.ts b/packages/gradle/src/plugin/nodes.ts
index 1e330022e5ff9e..7e19b38cf2f494 100644
--- a/packages/gradle/src/plugin/nodes.ts
+++ b/packages/gradle/src/plugin/nodes.ts
@@ -34,39 +34,26 @@ export interface GradlePluginOptions {
 }
 
 const cachePath = join(projectGraphCacheDirectory, 'gradle.hash');
-const targetsCache = existsSync(cachePath) ? readTargetsCache() : {};
-
-export const calculatedTargets: Record<
+const targetsCache = readTargetsCache();
+type GradleTargets = Record<
   string,
   {
     name: string;
     targets: Record<string, TargetConfiguration>;
     metadata: ProjectConfiguration['metadata'];
   }
-> = {};
+>;
 
-function readTargetsCache(): Record<
-  string,
-  {
-    name: string;
-    targets: Record<string, TargetConfiguration>;
-    metadata: ProjectConfiguration['metadata'];
-  }
-> {
-  return readJsonFile(cachePath);
+function readTargetsCache(): GradleTargets {
+  return existsSync(cachePath) ? readJsonFile(cachePath) : {};
 }
 
-export function writeTargetsToCache(
-  targets: Record<
-    string,
-    {
-      name: string;
-      targets: Record<string, TargetConfiguration>;
-      metadata: ProjectConfiguration['metadata'];
-    }
-  >
-) {
-  writeJsonFile(cachePath, targets);
+export function writeTargetsToCache() {
+  const oldCache = readTargetsCache();
+  writeJsonFile(cachePath, {
+    ...oldCache,
+    ...targetsCache,
+  });
 }
 
 export const createNodes: CreateNodes<GradlePluginOptions> = [
@@ -83,76 +70,84 @@ export const createNodes: CreateNodes<GradlePluginOptions> = [
       options ?? {},
       context
     );
-    if (targetsCache[hash]) {
-      calculatedTargets[hash] = targetsCache[hash];
-      return {
-        projects: {
-          [projectRoot]: targetsCache[hash],
-        },
-      };
-    }
-
-    try {
-      const {
-        gradleProjectToTasksTypeMap,
-        gradleFileToOutputDirsMap,
-        gradleFileToGradleProjectMap,
-        gradleProjectToProjectName,
-      } = getGradleReport();
-
-      const gradleProject = gradleFileToGradleProjectMap.get(
-        gradleFilePath
-      ) as string;
-      const projectName = gradleProjectToProjectName.get(gradleProject);
-      if (!projectName) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      const tasksTypeMap = gradleProjectToTasksTypeMap.get(
-        gradleProject
-      ) as Map<string, string>;
-      let tasks: GradleTask[] = [];
-      for (let [taskName, taskType] of tasksTypeMap.entries()) {
-        tasks.push({
-          type: taskType,
-          name: taskName,
-        });
-      }
-
-      const outputDirs = gradleFileToOutputDirsMap.get(gradleFilePath) as Map<
-        string,
-        string
-      >;
-
-      const { targets, targetGroups } = createGradleTargets(
-        tasks,
-        options,
-        context,
-        outputDirs,
-        gradleProject
-      );
-      const project = {
-        name: projectName,
-        targets,
-        metadata: {
-          targetGroups,
-          technologies: ['gradle'],
-        },
-      };
-      calculatedTargets[hash] = project;
-
-      return {
-        projects: {
-          [projectRoot]: project,
-        },
-      };
-    } catch (e) {
-      console.error(e);
+    targetsCache[hash] ??= createGradleProject(
+      gradleFilePath,
+      options,
+      context
+    );
+    const project = targetsCache[hash];
+    if (!project) {
       return {};
     }
+    return {
+      projects: {
+        [projectRoot]: project,
+      },
+    };
   },
 ];
 
+function createGradleProject(
+  gradleFilePath: string,
+  options: GradlePluginOptions | undefined,
+  context: CreateNodesContext
+) {
+  try {
+    const {
+      gradleProjectToTasksTypeMap,
+      gradleFileToOutputDirsMap,
+      gradleFileToGradleProjectMap,
+      gradleProjectToProjectName,
+    } = getGradleReport();
+
+    const gradleProject = gradleFileToGradleProjectMap.get(
+      gradleFilePath
+    ) as string;
+    const projectName = gradleProjectToProjectName.get(gradleProject);
+    if (!projectName) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const tasksTypeMap = gradleProjectToTasksTypeMap.get(gradleProject) as Map<
+      string,
+      string
+    >;
+    let tasks: GradleTask[] = [];
+    for (let [taskName, taskType] of tasksTypeMap.entries()) {
+      tasks.push({
+        type: taskType,
+        name: taskName,
+      });
+    }
+
+    const outputDirs = gradleFileToOutputDirsMap.get(gradleFilePath) as Map<
+      string,
+      string
+    >;
+
+    const { targets, targetGroups } = createGradleTargets(
+      tasks,
+      options,
+      context,
+      outputDirs,
+      gradleProject
+    );
+    const project = {
+      name: projectName,
+      targets,
+      metadata: {
+        targetGroups,
+        technologies: ['gradle'],
+      },
+    };
+
+    return project;
+  } catch (e) {
+    console.error(e);
+    return undefined;
+  }
+}
+
 function createGradleTargets(
   tasks: GradleTask[],
   options: GradlePluginOptions | undefined,
diff --git a/packages/jest/src/plugins/plugin.spec.ts b/packages/jest/src/plugins/plugin.spec.ts
index cfc0d5ce758ca9..f2e4a177a1cc3a 100644
--- a/packages/jest/src/plugins/plugin.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/jest/src/plugins/plugin.spec.ts
@@ -33,8 +33,6 @@ describe('@nx/jest/plugin', () => {
     });
   });
 
-  test('foo', () => {});
-
   afterEach(() => {
     jest.resetModules();
     process.chdir(cwd);
diff --git a/packages/jest/src/plugins/plugin.ts b/packages/jest/src/plugins/plugin.ts
index 5487852c681195..37ca2b6824b391 100644
--- a/packages/jest/src/plugins/plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/jest/src/plugins/plugin.ts
@@ -28,22 +28,24 @@ export interface JestPluginOptions {
 }
 
 const cachePath = join(projectGraphCacheDirectory, 'jest.hash');
-const targetsCache = existsSync(cachePath) ? readTargetsCache() : {};
+const targetsCache = readTargetsCache();
 
 type JestTargets = Awaited<ReturnType<typeof buildJestTargets>>;
 
-const calculatedTargets: JestTargets = {};
-
 function readTargetsCache(): Record<string, JestTargets> {
-  return readJsonFile(cachePath);
+  return existsSync(cachePath) ? readJsonFile(cachePath) : {};
 }
 
-function writeTargetsToCache(targets: JestTargets) {
-  writeJsonFile(cachePath, targets);
+function writeTargetsToCache() {
+  const cache = readTargetsCache();
+  writeJsonFile(cachePath, {
+    ...cache,
+    ...targetsCache,
+  });
 }
 
 export const createDependencies: CreateDependencies = () => {
-  writeTargetsToCache(calculatedTargets);
+  writeTargetsToCache();
   return [];
 };
 
@@ -93,11 +95,14 @@ export const createNodes: CreateNodes<JestPluginOptions> = [
     options = normalizeOptions(options);
 
     const hash = calculateHashForCreateNodes(projectRoot, options, context);
-    const { targets, metadata } =
-      targetsCache[hash] ??
-      (await buildJestTargets(configFilePath, projectRoot, options, context));
+    targetsCache[hash] ??= await buildJestTargets(
+      configFilePath,
+      projectRoot,
+      options,
+      context
+    );
 
-    calculatedTargets[hash] = { targets, metadata };
+    const { targets, metadata } = targetsCache[hash];
 
     return {
       projects: {
diff --git a/packages/js/src/plugins/typescript/plugin.spec.ts b/packages/js/src/plugins/typescript/plugin.spec.ts
index 7389c5dd69222b..a2a05d9c68a031 100644
--- a/packages/js/src/plugins/typescript/plugin.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/js/src/plugins/typescript/plugin.spec.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { type CreateNodesContext } from '@nx/devkit';
 import { minimatch } from 'minimatch';
 import { TempFs } from 'nx/src/internal-testing-utils/temp-fs';
 import { PLUGIN_NAME, TscPluginOptions, createNodes } from './plugin';
+import { setupWorkspaceContext } from 'nx/src/utils/workspace-context';
 
 describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
   let context: CreateNodesContext;
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
   });
 
   it('should create nodes for root tsconfig.json files', async () => {
-    applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+    await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
       'package.json': `{}`,
       'project.json': `{}`,
       'tsconfig.json': `{}`,
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
   });
 
   it('should not create nodes when it is not a tsconfig.json file and there is no sibling tsconfig.json file', async () => {
-    applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+    await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
       'package.json': `{}`,
       'project.json': `{}`,
       'tsconfig.base.json': `{}`,
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
   describe('typecheck target', () => {
     it('should create a node with a typecheck target for a project level tsconfig.json file by default (when there is a sibling package.json or project.json)', async () => {
       // Sibling package.json
-      applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+      await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/package.json': `{}`,
       });
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       `);
 
       // Sibling project.json
-      applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+      await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/project.json': `{}`,
       });
@@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       `);
 
       // Other tsconfigs present
-      applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+      await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.build.json': `{}`,
@@ -221,7 +222,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
 
     it('should not create typecheck target for a project level tsconfig.json file if set to false in plugin options', async () => {
       // Sibling package.json
-      applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+      await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/package.json': `{}`,
       });
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       `);
 
       // Sibling project.json
-      applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+      await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/project.json': `{}`,
       });
@@ -263,7 +264,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
 
     it('should not invoke tsc with `--emitDeclarationOnly` when `noEmit` is set in the tsconfig.json file', async () => {
       // set directly in tsconfig.json file
-      applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+      await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({
           compilerOptions: { noEmit: true },
         }),
@@ -303,7 +304,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       `);
 
       // set in extended tsconfig file
-      applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+      await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
         'tsconfig.base.json': JSON.stringify({
           compilerOptions: { noEmit: true },
         }),
@@ -347,7 +348,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
     });
 
     it('should not invoke tsc with `--emitDeclarationOnly` when `noEmit` is set in any of the referenced tsconfig.json files', async () => {
-      applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+      await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({
           files: [],
           references: [{ path: './tsconfig.lib.json' }],
@@ -393,7 +394,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
 
     describe('inputs', () => {
       it('should add the config file and the `include` and `exclude` patterns', async () => {
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({
             include: ['src/**/*.ts'],
             exclude: ['src/**/foo.ts'],
@@ -437,7 +438,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       });
 
       it('should add extended config files', async () => {
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({
             extends: '../../tsconfig.foo.json',
             include: ['src/**/*.ts'],
@@ -486,7 +487,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       });
 
       it('should add files from internal project references', async () => {
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({
             include: ['src/**/*.ts'],
             exclude: ['src/**/*.spec.ts'], // should be ignored because a referenced internal project includes this same pattern
@@ -551,7 +552,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
 
       it('should only add exclude paths that are not part of other tsconfig files include paths', async () => {
         // exact match
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({
             references: [
               { path: './tsconfig.lib.json' },
@@ -588,7 +589,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
         `);
 
         // other file include pattern is a subset of exclude pattern
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({
             references: [
               { path: './tsconfig.lib.json' },
@@ -624,7 +625,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
         `);
 
         // exclude pattern is a subset of other file include pattern
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({
             references: [
               { path: './tsconfig.lib.json' },
@@ -660,7 +661,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
         `);
 
         // handles mismatches with leading `./`
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({
             references: [
               { path: './tsconfig.lib.json' },
@@ -696,7 +697,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
         `);
 
         // no matching pattern in the exclude list
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({
             references: [
               { path: './tsconfig.lib.json' },
@@ -737,7 +738,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       });
 
       it('should fall back to named inputs when not using include', async () => {
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({ files: ['main.ts'] }),
           'libs/my-lib/package.json': `{}`,
         });
@@ -792,7 +793,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
 
     describe('outputs', () => {
       it('should add the `outFile`', async () => {
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({
             compilerOptions: { outFile: '../../dist/libs/my-lib/index.js' },
             files: ['main.ts'],
@@ -840,7 +841,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       });
 
       it('should add the `outDir`', async () => {
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({
             compilerOptions: { outDir: '../../dist/libs/my-lib' },
             files: ['main.ts'],
@@ -884,7 +885,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       });
 
       it('should add the inline output files when `outDir` is not defined', async () => {
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({
             files: ['main.ts'],
           }),
@@ -939,7 +940,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       });
 
       it('should collect outputs from all internal project references', async () => {
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({
             files: [],
             references: [
@@ -1004,7 +1005,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
 
       it('should respect the "tsBuildInfoFile" option', async () => {
         // outFile
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({
             compilerOptions: {
               outFile: '../../dist/libs/my-lib/index.js',
@@ -1054,7 +1055,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
         `);
 
         // no outFile & no outDir
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': JSON.stringify({
             compilerOptions: {
               tsBuildInfoFile: '../../dist/libs/my-lib/my-lib.tsbuildinfo',
@@ -1116,7 +1117,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
   describe('build target', () => {
     it('should not create a node with a build target for a project level tsconfig files by default', async () => {
       // Sibling package.json
-      applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+      await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.build.json': `{}`,
@@ -1139,7 +1140,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       `);
 
       // Sibling project.json
-      applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+      await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.build.json': `{}`,
@@ -1164,7 +1165,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
 
     it('should not create build target for a project level tsconfig.json file if set to false in plugin options', async () => {
       // Sibling package.json
-      applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+      await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.build.json': `{}`,
@@ -1188,7 +1189,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       `);
 
       // Sibling project.json
-      applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+      await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.build.json': `{}`,
@@ -1214,7 +1215,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
 
     it('should create a node with a build target when enabled, for a project level tsconfig.lib.json build file by default', async () => {
       // Sibling package.json
-      applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+      await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.build.json': `{}`,
@@ -1259,7 +1260,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       `);
 
       // Sibling project.json
-      applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+      await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.build.json': `{}`,
@@ -1306,7 +1307,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
 
     it('should create a node with a build target when enabled, using a custom configured target name', async () => {
       // Sibling package.json
-      applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+      await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.build.json': `{}`,
@@ -1355,7 +1356,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
 
     it('should create a node with a build target when enabled, using a custom configured tsconfig file', async () => {
       // Sibling project.json
-      applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+      await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': `{}`,
         'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.build.json': `{}`,
@@ -1404,7 +1405,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
 
     describe('inputs', () => {
       it('should add the config file and the `include` and `exclude` patterns', async () => {
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': JSON.stringify({
             include: ['src/**/*.ts'],
             exclude: ['src/**/*.spec.ts'],
@@ -1453,7 +1454,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       });
 
       it('should add extended config files', async () => {
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': '{}',
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': JSON.stringify({
             extends: '../../tsconfig.foo.json',
@@ -1507,7 +1508,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       });
 
       it('should add files from internal project references', async () => {
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': '{}',
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': JSON.stringify({
             include: ['src/**/*.ts'],
@@ -1571,7 +1572,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
 
       it('should only add exclude paths that are not part of other tsconfig files include paths', async () => {
         // exact match
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': '{}',
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': JSON.stringify({
             include: ['src/**/*.ts'],
@@ -1606,7 +1607,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
         `);
 
         // other file include pattern is a subset of exclude pattern
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': '{}',
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': JSON.stringify({
             include: ['**/*.ts'],
@@ -1640,7 +1641,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
         `);
 
         // exclude pattern is a subset of other file include pattern
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': '{}',
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': JSON.stringify({
             include: ['src/**/*.ts'],
@@ -1674,7 +1675,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
         `);
 
         // handles mismatches with leading `./`
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': '{}',
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': JSON.stringify({
             include: ['src/**/*.ts'],
@@ -1708,7 +1709,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
         `);
 
         // no matching pattern in the exclude list
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': '{}',
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': JSON.stringify({
             include: ['src/**/*.ts'],
@@ -1747,7 +1748,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       });
 
       it('should fall back to named inputs when not using include', async () => {
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': JSON.stringify({
             files: ['main.ts'],
           }),
@@ -1809,7 +1810,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
 
     describe('outputs', () => {
       it('should add the `outFile`', async () => {
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': JSON.stringify({
             compilerOptions: { outFile: '../../dist/libs/my-lib/index.js' },
             files: ['main.ts'],
@@ -1862,7 +1863,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       });
 
       it('should add the `outDir`', async () => {
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': JSON.stringify({
             compilerOptions: { outDir: '../../dist/libs/my-lib' },
             files: ['main.ts'],
@@ -1911,7 +1912,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       });
 
       it('should add the inline output files when `outDir` is not defined', async () => {
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': JSON.stringify({
             files: ['main.ts'],
           }),
@@ -1971,7 +1972,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
       });
 
       it('should collect outputs from all internal project references', async () => {
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': '{}',
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': JSON.stringify({
             compilerOptions: { outFile: '../../dist/libs/my-lib/lib.js' },
@@ -2033,7 +2034,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
 
       it('should respect the "tsBuildInfoFile" option', async () => {
         // outFile
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': '{}',
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': JSON.stringify({
             compilerOptions: {
@@ -2088,7 +2089,7 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
         `);
 
         // no outFile & no outDir
-        applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
+        await applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(tempFs, context, {
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.json': '{}',
           'libs/my-lib/tsconfig.lib.json': JSON.stringify({
             compilerOptions: {
@@ -2153,16 +2154,17 @@ describe(`Plugin: ${PLUGIN_NAME}`, () => {
   });
 });
 
-function applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(
+async function applyFilesToTempFsAndContext(
   tempFs: TempFs,
   context: CreateNodesContext,
   fileSys: Record<string, string>
 ) {
-  tempFs.createFilesSync(fileSys);
+  await tempFs.createFiles(fileSys);
   // @ts-expect-error update otherwise readonly property for testing
   context.configFiles = Object.keys(fileSys).filter((file) =>
     minimatch(file, createNodes[0], { dot: true })
   );
+  setupWorkspaceContext(tempFs.tempDir);
 }
 
 async function invokeCreateNodesOnMatchingFiles(
diff --git a/packages/js/src/plugins/typescript/plugin.ts b/packages/js/src/plugins/typescript/plugin.ts
index f7914af6d62251..3c16473a0da11d 100644
--- a/packages/js/src/plugins/typescript/plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/js/src/plugins/typescript/plugin.ts
@@ -50,28 +50,25 @@ interface NormalizedPluginOptions {
 }
 
 const cachePath = join(projectGraphCacheDirectory, 'tsc.hash');
-const targetsCache = existsSync(cachePath) ? readTargetsCache() : {};
-
-const calculatedTargets: Record<
-  string,
-  Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
-> = {};
+const targetsCache = readTargetsCache();
 
 function readTargetsCache(): Record<
   string,
   Record<string, TargetConfiguration<unknown>>
 > {
-  return readJsonFile(cachePath);
+  return existsSync(cachePath) ? readJsonFile(cachePath) : {};
 }
 
-function writeTargetsToCache(
-  targets: Record<string, Record<string, TargetConfiguration<unknown>>>
-) {
-  writeJsonFile(cachePath, targets);
+function writeTargetsToCache() {
+  const oldCache = readTargetsCache();
+  writeJsonFile(cachePath, {
+    ...oldCache,
+    ...targetsCache,
+  });
 }
 
 export const createDependencies: CreateDependencies = () => {
-  writeTargetsToCache(calculatedTargets);
+  writeTargetsToCache();
   return [];
 };
 
@@ -113,17 +110,18 @@ export const createNodes: CreateNodes<TscPluginOptions> = [
     // The hash is calculated at the node/project level, so we add the config file path to avoid conflicts when caching
     const cacheKey = `${nodeHash}_${configFilePath}`;
 
-    const targets = targetsCache[cacheKey]
-      ? targetsCache[cacheKey]
-      : buildTscTargets(fullConfigPath, projectRoot, pluginOptions, context);
-
-    calculatedTargets[cacheKey] = targets;
+    targetsCache[cacheKey] ??= buildTscTargets(
+      fullConfigPath,
+      projectRoot,
+      pluginOptions,
+      context
+    );
 
     return {
       projects: {
         [projectRoot]: {
           projectType: 'library',
-          targets,
+          targets: targetsCache[cacheKey],
         },
       },
     };
diff --git a/packages/next/src/plugins/plugin.ts b/packages/next/src/plugins/plugin.ts
index 033fd47721c5e6..3bfa2b07caaf52 100644
--- a/packages/next/src/plugins/plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/next/src/plugins/plugin.ts
@@ -26,28 +26,25 @@ export interface NextPluginOptions {
 }
 
 const cachePath = join(projectGraphCacheDirectory, 'next.hash');
-const targetsCache = existsSync(cachePath) ? readTargetsCache() : {};
-
-const calculatedTargets: Record<
-  string,
-  Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
-> = {};
+const targetsCache = readTargetsCache();
 
 function readTargetsCache(): Record<
   string,
   Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
 > {
-  return readJsonFile(cachePath);
+  return existsSync(cachePath) ? readJsonFile(cachePath) : {};
 }
 
-function writeTargetsToCache(
-  targets: Record<string, Record<string, TargetConfiguration>>
-) {
-  writeJsonFile(cachePath, targets);
+function writeTargetsToCache() {
+  const oldCache = readTargetsCache();
+  writeJsonFile(cachePath, {
+    ...oldCache,
+    ...targetsCache,
+  });
 }
 
 export const createDependencies: CreateDependencies = () => {
-  writeTargetsToCache(calculatedTargets);
+  writeTargetsToCache();
   return [];
 };
 
@@ -70,17 +67,18 @@ export const createNodes: CreateNodes<NextPluginOptions> = [
       getLockFileName(detectPackageManager(context.workspaceRoot)),
     ]);
 
-    const targets =
-      targetsCache[hash] ??
-      (await buildNextTargets(configFilePath, projectRoot, options, context));
-
-    calculatedTargets[hash] = targets;
+    targetsCache[hash] ??= await buildNextTargets(
+      configFilePath,
+      projectRoot,
+      options,
+      context
+    );
 
     return {
       projects: {
         [projectRoot]: {
           root: projectRoot,
-          targets,
+          targets: targetsCache[hash],
         },
       },
     };
diff --git a/packages/nuxt/src/plugins/plugin.ts b/packages/nuxt/src/plugins/plugin.ts
index 02b5761c9328dd..922f2d81e60bdb 100644
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/plugins/plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/plugins/plugin.ts
@@ -18,28 +18,25 @@ import { getLockFileName } from '@nx/js';
 import { loadConfigFile } from '@nx/devkit/src/utils/config-utils';
 
 const cachePath = join(projectGraphCacheDirectory, 'nuxt.hash');
-const targetsCache = existsSync(cachePath) ? readTargetsCache() : {};
-
-const calculatedTargets: Record<
-  string,
-  Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
-> = {};
+const targetsCache = readTargetsCache();
 
 function readTargetsCache(): Record<
   string,
   Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
 > {
-  return readJsonFile(cachePath);
+  return existsSync(cachePath) ? readJsonFile(cachePath) : {};
 }
 
-function writeTargetsToCache(
-  targets: Record<string, Record<string, TargetConfiguration>>
-) {
-  writeJsonFile(cachePath, targets);
+function writeTargetsToCache() {
+  const oldCache = readTargetsCache();
+  writeJsonFile(cachePath, {
+    ...oldCache,
+    ...targetsCache,
+  });
 }
 
 export const createDependencies: CreateDependencies = () => {
-  writeTargetsToCache(calculatedTargets);
+  writeTargetsToCache();
   return [];
 };
 
@@ -68,17 +65,18 @@ export const createNodes: CreateNodes<NuxtPluginOptions> = [
     const hash = calculateHashForCreateNodes(projectRoot, options, context, [
       getLockFileName(detectPackageManager(context.workspaceRoot)),
     ]);
-    const targets = targetsCache[hash]
-      ? targetsCache[hash]
-      : await buildNuxtTargets(configFilePath, projectRoot, options, context);
-
-    calculatedTargets[hash] = targets;
+    targetsCache[hash] ??= await buildNuxtTargets(
+      configFilePath,
+      projectRoot,
+      options,
+      context
+    );
 
     return {
       projects: {
         [projectRoot]: {
           root: projectRoot,
-          targets,
+          targets: targetsCache[hash],
         },
       },
     };
diff --git a/packages/nx/src/project-graph/utils/project-configuration-utils.ts b/packages/nx/src/project-graph/utils/project-configuration-utils.ts
index 011536724d38cb..8ff6752c7d6331 100644
--- a/packages/nx/src/project-graph/utils/project-configuration-utils.ts
+++ b/packages/nx/src/project-graph/utils/project-configuration-utils.ts
@@ -433,6 +433,10 @@ export async function createProjectConfigurations(
       }
 
       for (const node in projectNodes) {
+        // Handles `{projects: {'libs/foo': undefined}}`.
+        if (!projectNodes[node]) {
+          continue;
+        }
         const project = {
           root: node,
           ...projectNodes[node],
diff --git a/packages/playwright/src/plugins/plugin.ts b/packages/playwright/src/plugins/plugin.ts
index 861be3897a4a0f..b27a4b4cc475dc 100644
--- a/packages/playwright/src/plugins/plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright/src/plugins/plugin.ts
@@ -35,22 +35,24 @@ interface NormalizedOptions {
 
 const cachePath = join(projectGraphCacheDirectory, 'playwright.hash');
 
-const targetsCache = existsSync(cachePath) ? readTargetsCache() : {};
+const targetsCache = readTargetsCache();
 
 type PlaywrightTargets = Pick<ProjectConfiguration, 'targets' | 'metadata'>;
 
-const calculatedTargets: Record<string, PlaywrightTargets> = {};
-
 function readTargetsCache(): Record<string, PlaywrightTargets> {
-  return readJsonFile(cachePath);
+  return existsSync(cachePath) ? readJsonFile(cachePath) : {};
 }
 
-function writeTargetsToCache(targets: Record<string, PlaywrightTargets>) {
-  writeJsonFile(cachePath, targets);
+function writeTargetsToCache() {
+  const oldCache = readTargetsCache();
+  writeJsonFile(cachePath, {
+    ...readTargetsCache,
+    targetsCache,
+  });
 }
 
 export const createDependencies: CreateDependencies = () => {
-  writeTargetsToCache(calculatedTargets);
+  writeTargetsToCache();
   return [];
 };
 
@@ -74,16 +76,13 @@ export const createNodes: CreateNodes<PlaywrightPluginOptions> = [
       getLockFileName(detectPackageManager(context.workspaceRoot)),
     ]);
 
-    const { targets, metadata } =
-      targetsCache[hash] ??
-      (await buildPlaywrightTargets(
-        configFilePath,
-        projectRoot,
-        normalizedOptions,
-        context
-      ));
-
-    calculatedTargets[hash] = { targets, metadata };
+    targetsCache[hash] ??= await buildPlaywrightTargets(
+      configFilePath,
+      projectRoot,
+      normalizedOptions,
+      context
+    );
+    const { targets, metadata } = targetsCache[hash];
 
     return {
       projects: {
diff --git a/packages/react-native/plugins/plugin.ts b/packages/react-native/plugins/plugin.ts
index 6cdc96d7649592..e1685b5345771b 100644
--- a/packages/react-native/plugins/plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/react-native/plugins/plugin.ts
@@ -30,31 +30,24 @@ export interface ReactNativePluginOptions {
 }
 
 const cachePath = join(projectGraphCacheDirectory, 'react-native.hash');
-const targetsCache = existsSync(cachePath) ? readTargetsCache() : {};
-
-const calculatedTargets: Record<
-  string,
-  Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
-> = {};
-
+const targetsCache = readTargetsCache();
 function readTargetsCache(): Record<
   string,
   Record<string, TargetConfiguration<ReactNativePluginOptions>>
 > {
-  return readJsonFile(cachePath);
+  return existsSync(cachePath) ? readJsonFile(cachePath) : {};
 }
 
-function writeTargetsToCache(
-  targets: Record<
-    string,
-    Record<string, TargetConfiguration<ReactNativePluginOptions>>
-  >
-) {
-  writeJsonFile(cachePath, targets);
+function writeTargetsToCache() {
+  const oldCache = readTargetsCache();
+  writeJsonFile(cachePath, {
+    ...oldCache,
+    ...targetsCache,
+  });
 }
 
 export const createDependencies: CreateDependencies = () => {
-  writeTargetsToCache(calculatedTargets);
+  writeTargetsToCache();
   return [];
 };
 
@@ -81,16 +74,16 @@ export const createNodes: CreateNodes<ReactNativePluginOptions> = [
       getLockFileName(detectPackageManager(context.workspaceRoot)),
     ]);
 
-    const targets = targetsCache[hash]
-      ? targetsCache[hash]
-      : buildReactNativeTargets(projectRoot, options, context);
-
-    calculatedTargets[hash] = targets;
+    targetsCache[hash] ??= buildReactNativeTargets(
+      projectRoot,
+      options,
+      context
+    );
 
     return {
       projects: {
         [projectRoot]: {
-          targets,
+          targets: targetsCache[hash],
         },
       },
     };
diff --git a/packages/remix/src/plugins/plugin.ts b/packages/remix/src/plugins/plugin.ts
index 9515693f450f1d..1677a37ed06984 100644
--- a/packages/remix/src/plugins/plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/remix/src/plugins/plugin.ts
@@ -18,27 +18,25 @@ import { existsSync, readdirSync } from 'fs';
 import { loadConfigFile } from '@nx/devkit/src/utils/config-utils';
 
 const cachePath = join(projectGraphCacheDirectory, 'remix.hash');
-const targetsCache = existsSync(cachePath) ? readTargetsCache() : {};
-const calculatedTargets: Record<
-  string,
-  Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
-> = {};
+const targetsCache = readTargetsCache();
 
 function readTargetsCache(): Record<
   string,
   Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
 > {
-  return readJsonFile(cachePath);
+  return existsSync(cachePath) ? readJsonFile(cachePath) : {};
 }
 
-function writeTargetsToCache(
-  targets: Record<string, Record<string, TargetConfiguration>>
-) {
-  writeJsonFile(cachePath, targets);
+function writeTargetsToCache() {
+  const oldCache = readTargetsCache();
+  writeJsonFile(cachePath, {
+    ...oldCache,
+    ...targetsCache,
+  });
 }
 
 export const createDependencies: CreateDependencies = () => {
-  writeTargetsToCache(calculatedTargets);
+  writeTargetsToCache();
   return [];
 };
 
@@ -71,23 +69,19 @@ export const createNodes: CreateNodes<RemixPluginOptions> = [
     const hash = calculateHashForCreateNodes(projectRoot, options, context, [
       getLockFileName(detectPackageManager(context.workspaceRoot)),
     ]);
-    const targets = targetsCache[hash]
-      ? targetsCache[hash]
-      : await buildRemixTargets(
-          configFilePath,
-          projectRoot,
-          options,
-          context,
-          siblingFiles
-        );
-
-    calculatedTargets[hash] = targets;
+    targetsCache[hash] ??= await buildRemixTargets(
+      configFilePath,
+      projectRoot,
+      options,
+      context,
+      siblingFiles
+    );
 
     return {
       projects: {
         [projectRoot]: {
           root: projectRoot,
-          targets,
+          targets: targetsCache[hash],
         },
       },
     };
diff --git a/packages/rollup/src/plugins/plugin.spec.ts b/packages/rollup/src/plugins/plugin.spec.ts
index 2ff90dd42f7eca..c8fcf7ec48638a 100644
--- a/packages/rollup/src/plugins/plugin.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/rollup/src/plugins/plugin.spec.ts
@@ -38,16 +38,7 @@ describe('@nx/rollup/plugin', () => {
         workspaceRoot: tempFs.tempDir,
         configFiles: [],
       };
-
-      tempFs.createFileSync('package.json', JSON.stringify({ name: 'mylib' }));
-      tempFs.createFileSync(
-        'src/index.js',
-        `export function main() { 
-      console.log("hello world");
-      }`
-      );
-
-      loadConfigFile.mockReturnValue({
+      const rollupConfigOptions = {
         options: [
           {
             output: {
@@ -57,7 +48,24 @@ describe('@nx/rollup/plugin', () => {
             },
           },
         ],
-      });
+      };
+
+      // This isn't JS, but all that really matters here
+      // is that the hash is different after updating the
+      // config file. The actual config read is mocked below.
+      tempFs.createFileSync(
+        'rollup.config.js',
+        JSON.stringify(rollupConfigOptions)
+      );
+      tempFs.createFileSync('package.json', JSON.stringify({ name: 'mylib' }));
+      tempFs.createFileSync(
+        'src/index.js',
+        `export function main() { 
+      console.log("hello world");
+      }`
+      );
+
+      loadConfigFile.mockReturnValue(rollupConfigOptions);
 
       process.chdir(tempFs.tempDir);
     });
@@ -97,18 +105,7 @@ describe('@nx/rollup/plugin', () => {
         workspaceRoot: tempFs.tempDir,
         configFiles: [],
       };
-
-      tempFs.createFileSync(
-        'mylib/package.json',
-        JSON.stringify({ name: 'mylib' })
-      );
-      tempFs.createFileSync(
-        'mylib/src/index.js',
-        `export function main() { 
-      console.log("hello world");
-      }`
-      );
-      loadConfigFile.mockReturnValue({
+      const rollupConfigOptions = {
         options: [
           {
             output: {
@@ -125,7 +122,25 @@ describe('@nx/rollup/plugin', () => {
             },
           },
         ],
-      });
+      };
+      // This isn't JS, but all that really matters here
+      // is that the hash is different after updating the
+      // config file. The actual config read is mocked below.
+      tempFs.createFileSync(
+        'mylib/rollup.config.js',
+        JSON.stringify(rollupConfigOptions)
+      );
+      tempFs.createFileSync(
+        'mylib/package.json',
+        JSON.stringify({ name: 'mylib' })
+      );
+      tempFs.createFileSync(
+        'mylib/src/index.js',
+        `export function main() { 
+      console.log("hello world");
+      }`
+      );
+      loadConfigFile.mockReturnValue(rollupConfigOptions);
 
       process.chdir(tempFs.tempDir);
     });
diff --git a/packages/rollup/src/plugins/plugin.ts b/packages/rollup/src/plugins/plugin.ts
index a78d85df8c5bff..b4f7e1bc97d431 100644
--- a/packages/rollup/src/plugins/plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/rollup/src/plugins/plugin.ts
@@ -21,27 +21,25 @@ import { type RollupOptions } from 'rollup';
 import { loadConfigFile } from 'rollup/loadConfigFile';
 
 const cachePath = join(projectGraphCacheDirectory, 'rollup.hash');
-const targetsCache = existsSync(cachePath) ? readTargetsCache() : {};
-const calculatedTargets: Record<
-  string,
-  Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
-> = {};
+const targetsCache = readTargetsCache();
 
 function readTargetsCache(): Record<
   string,
   Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
 > {
-  return readJsonFile(cachePath);
+  return existsSync(cachePath) ? readJsonFile(cachePath) : {};
 }
 
-function writeTargetsToCache(
-  targets: Record<string, Record<string, TargetConfiguration>>
-) {
-  writeJsonFile(cachePath, targets);
+function writeTargetsToCache() {
+  const oldCache = readTargetsCache();
+  writeJsonFile(cachePath, {
+    ...oldCache,
+    ...targetsCache,
+  });
 }
 
 export const createDependencies: CreateDependencies = () => {
-  writeTargetsToCache(calculatedTargets);
+  writeTargetsToCache();
   return [];
 };
 
@@ -69,16 +67,18 @@ export const createNodes: CreateNodes<RollupPluginOptions> = [
       getLockFileName(detectPackageManager(context.workspaceRoot)),
     ]);
 
-    const targets = targetsCache[hash]
-      ? targetsCache[hash]
-      : await buildRollupTarget(configFilePath, projectRoot, options, context);
+    targetsCache[hash] ??= await buildRollupTarget(
+      configFilePath,
+      projectRoot,
+      options,
+      context
+    );
 
-    calculatedTargets[hash] = targets;
     return {
       projects: {
         [projectRoot]: {
           root: projectRoot,
-          targets,
+          targets: targetsCache[hash],
         },
       },
     };
diff --git a/packages/storybook/src/plugins/plugin.ts b/packages/storybook/src/plugins/plugin.ts
index ff908f64c4bd10..c93749fa1e8f7a 100644
--- a/packages/storybook/src/plugins/plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/storybook/src/plugins/plugin.ts
@@ -26,28 +26,25 @@ export interface StorybookPluginOptions {
 }
 
 const cachePath = join(projectGraphCacheDirectory, 'storybook.hash');
-const targetsCache = existsSync(cachePath) ? readTargetsCache() : {};
-
-const calculatedTargets: Record<
-  string,
-  Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
-> = {};
+const targetsCache = readTargetsCache();
 
 function readTargetsCache(): Record<
   string,
   Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
 > {
-  return readJsonFile(cachePath);
+  return existsSync(cachePath) ? readJsonFile(cachePath) : {};
 }
 
-function writeTargetsToCache(
-  targets: Record<string, Record<string, TargetConfiguration>>
-) {
-  writeJsonFile(cachePath, targets);
+function writeTargetsToCache() {
+  const oldCache = readTargetsCache();
+  writeJsonFile(cachePath, {
+    ...oldCache,
+    ...targetsCache,
+  });
 }
 
 export const createDependencies: CreateDependencies = () => {
-  writeTargetsToCache(calculatedTargets);
+  writeTargetsToCache();
   return [];
 };
 
@@ -81,23 +78,19 @@ export const createNodes: CreateNodes<StorybookPluginOptions> = [
 
     const projectName = buildProjectName(projectRoot, context.workspaceRoot);
 
-    const targets = targetsCache[hash]
-      ? targetsCache[hash]
-      : await buildStorybookTargets(
-          configFilePath,
-          projectRoot,
-          options,
-          context,
-          projectName
-        );
-
-    calculatedTargets[hash] = targets;
+    targetsCache[hash] ??= await buildStorybookTargets(
+      configFilePath,
+      projectRoot,
+      options,
+      context,
+      projectName
+    );
 
     const result = {
       projects: {
         [projectRoot]: {
           root: projectRoot,
-          targets,
+          targets: targetsCache[hash],
         },
       },
     };
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/plugins/plugin.ts b/packages/vite/src/plugins/plugin.ts
index f28d1b6faadbf5..b823ce405fd131 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/plugins/plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/plugins/plugin.ts
@@ -26,28 +26,25 @@ export interface VitePluginOptions {
 }
 
 const cachePath = join(projectGraphCacheDirectory, 'vite.hash');
-const targetsCache = existsSync(cachePath) ? readTargetsCache() : {};
-
-const calculatedTargets: Record<
-  string,
-  Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
-> = {};
+const targetsCache = readTargetsCache();
 
 function readTargetsCache(): Record<
   string,
   Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
 > {
-  return readJsonFile(cachePath);
+  return existsSync(cachePath) ? readJsonFile(cachePath) : {};
 }
 
-function writeTargetsToCache(
-  targets: Record<string, Record<string, TargetConfiguration>>
-) {
-  writeJsonFile(cachePath, targets);
+function writeTargetsToCache() {
+  const oldCache = readTargetsCache();
+  writeJsonFile(cachePath, {
+    ...oldCache,
+    ...targetsCache,
+  });
 }
 
 export const createDependencies: CreateDependencies = () => {
-  writeTargetsToCache(calculatedTargets);
+  writeTargetsToCache();
   return [];
 };
 
@@ -72,17 +69,19 @@ export const createNodes: CreateNodes<VitePluginOptions> = [
       calculateHashForCreateNodes(projectRoot, options, context, [
         getLockFileName(detectPackageManager(context.workspaceRoot)),
       ]) + configFilePath;
-    const targets = targetsCache[hash]
-      ? targetsCache[hash]
-      : await buildViteTargets(configFilePath, projectRoot, options, context);
 
-    calculatedTargets[hash] = targets;
+    targetsCache[hash] ??= await buildViteTargets(
+      configFilePath,
+      projectRoot,
+      options,
+      context
+    );
 
     return {
       projects: {
         [projectRoot]: {
           root: projectRoot,
-          targets,
+          targets: targetsCache[hash],
         },
       },
     };
diff --git a/packages/webpack/src/plugins/plugin.ts b/packages/webpack/src/plugins/plugin.ts
index c733b193ae58fc..e60b83310fa8a3 100644
--- a/packages/webpack/src/plugins/plugin.ts
+++ b/packages/webpack/src/plugins/plugin.ts
@@ -27,28 +27,25 @@ export interface WebpackPluginOptions {
 }
 
 const cachePath = join(projectGraphCacheDirectory, 'webpack.hash');
-const targetsCache = existsSync(cachePath) ? readTargetsCache() : {};
-
-const calculatedTargets: Record<
-  string,
-  Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
-> = {};
+const targetsCache = readTargetsCache();
 
 function readTargetsCache(): Record<
   string,
   Record<string, TargetConfiguration>
 > {
-  return readJsonFile(cachePath);
+  return existsSync(cachePath) ? readJsonFile(cachePath) : {};
 }
 
-function writeTargetsToCache(
-  targets: Record<string, Record<string, TargetConfiguration>>
-) {
-  writeJsonFile(cachePath, targets);
+function writeTargetsToCache() {
+  const oldCache = readTargetsCache();
+  writeJsonFile(cachePath, {
+    ...oldCache,
+    ...targetsCache,
+  });
 }
 
 export const createDependencies: CreateDependencies = () => {
-  writeTargetsToCache(calculatedTargets);
+  writeTargetsToCache();
   return [];
 };