diff --git a/.circleci/config.yml b/.circleci/config.yml
index f5bd4479896..b8b5f0ae90d 100644
--- a/.circleci/config.yml
+++ b/.circleci/config.yml
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@ jobs:
           name: build numpy
           command: |
             . venv/bin/activate
-            pip install --progress-bar=off --upgrade pip 'setuptools<49.2.0'
             pip install --progress-bar=off -r test_requirements.txt
             pip install --progress-bar=off -r doc_requirements.txt
             pip install .
diff --git a/.github/workflows/build_test.yml b/.github/workflows/build_test.yml
index 71f683d68bd..7e6d4811b51 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build_test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_test.yml
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ jobs:
       run: |
         export CC=/usr/bin/gcc-12
         export CXX=/usr/bin/g++-12
-        python -m pip install -e .
+        python setup.py develop
     - name: Show config
       run: |
         python -c "import numpy as np; np.show_config()"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/emscripten.yml b/.github/workflows/emscripten.yml
index a5983c8c196..3b21364eca9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/emscripten.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/emscripten.yml
@@ -55,7 +55,11 @@ jobs:
         run: pip install pyodide-build==$PYODIDE_VERSION
 
       - name: Build
-        run: CFLAGS=-g2 LDFLAGS=-g2 pyodide build
+        run: |
+          # Pyodide is still in the process of adding better/easier support for
+          # non-setup.py based builds.
+          cp pyproject.toml.setuppy pyproject.toml
+          CFLAGS=-g2 LDFLAGS=-g2 pyodide build
 
       - name: set up node
         uses: actions/setup-node@64ed1c7eab4cce3362f8c340dee64e5eaeef8f7c # v3.6.0
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wheels.yml b/.github/workflows/wheels.yml
index d287b1e26b6..23fd8d8a2ad 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wheels.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wheels.yml
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ jobs:
           - [ubuntu-20.04, musllinux_x86_64]
           - [macos-12, macosx_x86_64]
           - [windows-2019, win_amd64]
-          - [windows-2019, win32]
-        python: ["cp39", "cp310", "cp311", "pp39"]
+        python: ["cp39", "cp310", "cp311"]
+        # python: ["cp39", "cp310", "cp311", "pp39"]
         exclude:
           # Don't build PyPy 32-bit windows
           - buildplat: [windows-2019, win32]
@@ -101,22 +101,16 @@ jobs:
           # https://github.com/actions/checkout/issues/338
           fetch-depth: 0
 
+      - name: pkg-config-for-win
+        run: |
+          choco install -y --checksum 6004DF17818F5A6DBF19CB335CC92702 pkgconfiglite
+        if: runner.os == 'windows'
+
       # Used to push the built wheels
       - uses: actions/setup-python@bd6b4b6205c4dbad673328db7b31b7fab9e241c0 # v4.6.1
         with:
           python-version: "3.x"
 
-      # We need rtools 4.0 to have 32 bit support on windows
-      - if: runner.os == 'windows'
-        uses: r-windows/install-rtools@ca1090c210479e995c03019a22b9798cdf57073a # main
-
-      - name: setup rtools for 32-bit
-        run: |
-          echo "PLAT=i686" >> $env:GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "PATH=c:\rtools40\mingw32\bin;$env:PATH" >> $env:GITHUB_ENV
-          gfortran --version
-        if: ${{ matrix.buildplat[1] == 'win32' }}
-
       - name: Build wheels
         uses: pypa/cibuildwheel@0ecddd92b62987d7a2ae8911f4bb8ec9e2e4496a # v2.13.1
         env:
diff --git a/azure-pipelines.yml b/azure-pipelines.yml
index e99ee10023a..7f32a1bd1dd 100644
--- a/azure-pipelines.yml
+++ b/azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -114,16 +114,9 @@ stages:
             python3 -m pip install -r test_requirements.txt && \
             echo CFLAGS \$CFLAGS && \
             python3 -m pip install -v . && \
-            python3 runtests.py -n --debug-info --mode=full -- -rsx --junitxml=junit/test-results.xml && \
-            python3 -m pip install threadpoolctl && \
-            python3 tools/openblas_support.py --check_version"
+            cd tools && \
+            python3 -m pytest --pyargs numpy"
       displayName: 'Run 32-bit manylinux2014 Docker Build / Tests'
-    - task: PublishTestResults@2
-      condition: succeededOrFailed()
-      inputs:
-        testResultsFiles: '**/test-*.xml'
-        failTaskOnFailedTests: true
-        testRunTitle: 'Publish test results for Python 3.9-32 bit full Linux'
 
 
   - job: macOS
@@ -249,36 +242,27 @@ stages:
     pool:
       vmImage: 'windows-2019'
     strategy:
-      maxParallel: 5
+      maxParallel: 3
       matrix:
-          Python39-32bit-full:
-            PYTHON_VERSION: '3.9'
-            PYTHON_ARCH: 'x86'
-            TEST_MODE: full
-            BITS: 32
           Python310-64bit-fast:
             PYTHON_VERSION: '3.10'
             PYTHON_ARCH: 'x64'
             TEST_MODE: fast
             BITS: 64
-          Python311-32bit-fast:
-            PYTHON_VERSION: '3.11'
-            PYTHON_ARCH: 'x86'
-            TEST_MODE: fast
-            BITS: 32
           Python311-64bit-full:
             PYTHON_VERSION: '3.11'
             PYTHON_ARCH: 'x64'
             TEST_MODE: full
             BITS: 64
-            NPY_USE_BLAS_ILP64: '1'
-
-          PyPy39-64bit-fast:
-            PYTHON_VERSION: 'pypy3.9'
-            PYTHON_ARCH: 'x64'
-            TEST_MODE: fast
-            BITS: 64
-            NPY_USE_BLAS_ILP64: '1'
+            # NPY_USE_BLAS_ILP64: '1'
+            # TODO: failing because of an issue with ILP64 BLAS being downloaded,
+            #       and that not being handled automatically yet
+            # PyPy39-64bit-fast:
+              # PYTHON_VERSION: 'pypy3.9'
+              # PYTHON_ARCH: 'x64'
+              # TEST_MODE: fast
+              # BITS: 64
+              # NPY_USE_BLAS_ILP64: '1'
 
     steps:
     - template: azure-steps-windows.yml
diff --git a/azure-steps-windows.yml b/azure-steps-windows.yml
index a5404425cc1..6b9a8866789 100644
--- a/azure-steps-windows.yml
+++ b/azure-steps-windows.yml
@@ -14,49 +14,41 @@ steps:
   displayName: 'Install dependencies; some are optional to avoid test skips'
 
 - powershell: |
-    # rtools 42+ does not support 32 bits builds.
-    choco install --confirm --no-progress --allow-downgrade rtools --version=4.0.0.20220206
-    echo "##vso[task.setvariable variable=RTOOLS40_HOME]c:\rtools40"
-  displayName: 'Install rtools'
+    # Note that rtools 42+ does not support 32 bits builds. We dropped testing
+    # those, but if there's a need to go back on that, use version 4.0.0.20220206
+    choco install --confirm --no-progress --side-by-side rtools --version=4.3.5550
+    choco install unzip -y
+    choco install -y --checksum 6004DF17818F5A6DBF19CB335CC92702 pkgconfiglite
+    echo "##vso[task.setvariable variable=RTOOLS43_HOME]c:\rtools43"
+  displayName: 'Install utilities'
 
 - powershell: |
     $ErrorActionPreference = "Stop"
-    # Download and get the path to "openblas". We cannot copy it
-    # to $PYTHON_EXE's directory since that is on a different drive which
-    # mingw does not like. Instead copy it to a directory and set OPENBLAS,
-    # since OPENBLAS will be picked up by the openblas discovery
-    $target = $(python tools/openblas_support.py)
-    mkdir openblas
-    echo "Copying $target to openblas/"
-    cp -r $target/* openblas/
-    $env:OPENBLAS = $target
+    mkdir  C:/opt/openblas/openblas_dll
+    mkdir  C:/opt/32/lib/pkgconfig
+    mkdir  C:/opt/64/lib/pkgconfig
+    # TBD: support 32 bit testing
+    $target=$(python -c "import tools.openblas_support as obs; plat=obs.get_plat(); ilp64=obs.get_ilp64(); target=f'openblas_{plat}.zip'; obs.download_openblas(target, plat, ilp64);print(target)")
+    unzip -o -d c:/opt/ $target
+    echo "##vso[task.setvariable variable=PKG_CONFIG_PATH]c:/opt/64/lib/pkgconfig"
+    copy C:/opt/64/bin/*.dll C:/opt/openblas/openblas_dll
   displayName: 'Download / Install OpenBLAS'
 
-# NOTE: for Windows builds it seems much more tractable to use runtests.py
-# vs. manual setup.py and then runtests.py for testing only
-
 - powershell: |
-    ls openblas
-    If ($(BITS) -eq 32) {
-        $env:CFLAGS = "-m32"
-        $env:LDFLAGS = "-m32"
-        $env:PATH = "$env:RTOOLS40_HOME\\mingw32\\bin;$env:PATH"
-    }
-    Else
-    {
-        $env:PATH = "$env:RTOOLS40_HOME\\mingw64\\bin;$env:PATH"
-    }
     If ( Test-Path env:NPY_USE_BLAS_ILP64 ) {
-        $env:OPENBLAS64_ = "openblas"
+        $env:OPENBLAS64_="openblas"
+        # This does not work, the flags are passed together and not separately
+        $env:CFLAGS="-DBLAS_SYMBOL_SUFFIX=64_ -DHAVE_BLAS_ILP64"
+        $env:CXXFLAGS="-DBLAS_SYMBOL_SUFFIX=64_ -DHAVE_BLAS_ILP64"
     } else {
         $env:OPENBLAS = "openblas"
     }
     python -c "from tools import openblas_support; openblas_support.make_init('numpy')"
-    python -m pip wheel -v -v -v --no-build-isolation --no-use-pep517 --wheel-dir=dist .
-
-    ls dist -r | Foreach-Object {
-        python -m pip install $_.FullName
-    }
+    python -m pip install . --config-settings=setup-args="--vsenv"
+    # copy from c:/opt/openblas/openblas_dll to numpy/.libs
+    $target = $(python -c "import sysconfig; print(sysconfig.get_path('platlib'))")
+    mkdir $target/numpy/.libs
+    copy C:/opt/openblas/openblas_dll/*.dll $target/numpy/.libs
   displayName: 'Build NumPy'
 
 - script: |
@@ -65,16 +57,14 @@ steps:
   displayName: 'Check OpenBLAS version'
 
 - powershell: |
-    If ($(BITS) -eq 32) {
-        $env:CFLAGS = "-m32"
-        $env:LDFLAGS = "-m32"
-        $env:PATH = "$env:RTOOLS40_HOME\\mingw32\\bin;$env:PATH"
-    }
-    Else
-    {
-        $env:PATH = "$env:RTOOLS40_HOME\\mingw64\\bin;$env:PATH"
+    cd tools  # avoid root dir to not pick up source tree
+    # Get a gfortran onto the path for f2py tests
+    $env:PATH = "$env:RTOOLS43_HOME\\x86_64-w64-mingw32.static.posix\\bin;$env:PATH"
+    If ( $env:TEST_MODE -eq "full" ) {
+      pytest --pyargs numpy -rsx --junitxml=junit/test-results.xml
+    } else {
+      pytest --pyargs numpy -m "not slow" -rsx --junitxml=junit/test-results.xml
     }
-    python runtests.py -n --show-build-log --mode=$(TEST_MODE) -- -rsx --junitxml=junit/test-results.xml
   displayName: 'Run NumPy Test Suite'
 
 - task: PublishTestResults@2
diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index be0f2985c03..e193907f42f 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ project(
   # Note that the git commit hash cannot be added dynamically here
   # It is dynamically added upon import by versioneer
   # See `numpy/__init__.py`
-  version: '1.24.0.dev0',
+  version: '2.0.0.dev0',
   license: 'BSD-3',
   meson_version: '>= 1.1.0',
   default_options: [
diff --git a/numpy/core/tests/test_arrayprint.py b/numpy/core/tests/test_arrayprint.py
index 6796b40777f..6c1b31fc354 100644
--- a/numpy/core/tests/test_arrayprint.py
+++ b/numpy/core/tests/test_arrayprint.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import platform
 import sys
 import gc
 from hypothesis import given
@@ -161,6 +162,8 @@ def test_fieldless_structured(self):
 
 
 class TestComplexArray:
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(platform.machine() == 'aarch64',
+                       reason="Failing on Meson build, see gh-23974")
     def test_str(self):
         rvals = [0, 1, -1, np.inf, -np.inf, np.nan]
         cvals = [complex(rp, ip) for rp in rvals for ip in rvals]
diff --git a/numpy/core/tests/test_einsum.py b/numpy/core/tests/test_einsum.py
index 3a06d119fe0..7ae1bf67d6b 100644
--- a/numpy/core/tests/test_einsum.py
+++ b/numpy/core/tests/test_einsum.py
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 import itertools
+import sys
+import platform
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -609,9 +611,13 @@ def check_einsum_sums(self, dtype, do_opt=False):
                            [2.])  # contig_stride0_outstride0_two
 
     def test_einsum_sums_int8(self):
+        if sys.platform == 'darwin' and platform.machine() == 'x86_64':
+            pytest.xfail('Fails on macOS x86-64 with Meson, see gh-23838')
         self.check_einsum_sums('i1')
 
     def test_einsum_sums_uint8(self):
+        if sys.platform == 'darwin' and platform.machine() == 'x86_64':
+            pytest.xfail('Fails on macOS x86-64 with Meson, see gh-23838')
         self.check_einsum_sums('u1')
 
     def test_einsum_sums_int16(self):
diff --git a/numpy/core/tests/test_longdouble.py b/numpy/core/tests/test_longdouble.py
index 45721950c0f..78f6dbe25d9 100644
--- a/numpy/core/tests/test_longdouble.py
+++ b/numpy/core/tests/test_longdouble.py
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ def test_scalar_extraction():
 # +2 from macro block starting around line 842 in scalartypes.c.src.
 
 
+@pytest.mark.xfail(platform.machine() == 'aarch64',
+                   reason="Failing on Meson build, see gh-23974")
 @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_MUSL,
                     reason="test flaky on musllinux")
 @pytest.mark.skipif(LD_INFO.precision + 2 >= repr_precision,
diff --git a/numpy/core/tests/test_mem_policy.py b/numpy/core/tests/test_mem_policy.py
index 479f702ea12..0855d60771a 100644
--- a/numpy/core/tests/test_mem_policy.py
+++ b/numpy/core/tests/test_mem_policy.py
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ def test_thread_locality(get_module):
     assert np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name() == orig_policy_name
 
 
-@pytest.mark.slow
+@pytest.mark.skip(reason="too slow, see gh-23975")
 def test_new_policy(get_module):
     a = np.arange(10)
     orig_policy_name = np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name(a)
@@ -377,10 +377,11 @@ def test_new_policy(get_module):
         #
         # if needed, debug this by
         # - running tests with -- -s (to not capture stdout/stderr
+        # - setting verbose=2
         # - setting extra_argv=['-vv'] here
-        assert np.core.test('full', verbose=2, extra_argv=['-vv'])
+        assert np.core.test('full', verbose=1, extra_argv=[])
         # also try the ma tests, the pickling test is quite tricky
-        assert np.ma.test('full', verbose=2, extra_argv=['-vv'])
+        assert np.ma.test('full', verbose=1, extra_argv=[])
 
     get_module.set_old_policy(orig_policy)
 
diff --git a/numpy/core/tests/test_print.py b/numpy/core/tests/test_print.py
index 162686ee00c..e71947b0245 100644
--- a/numpy/core/tests/test_print.py
+++ b/numpy/core/tests/test_print.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import sys
+import platform
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -12,7 +13,14 @@
 _REF = {np.inf: 'inf', -np.inf: '-inf', np.nan: 'nan'}
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('tp', [np.float32, np.double, np.longdouble])
+# longdouble printing issue on aarch64, see gh-23974
+if platform.machine() == 'aarch64':
+    _real_dtypes = [np.float32, np.double]
+    _complex_dtypes = [np.complex64, np.cdouble]
+else:
+    _real_dtypes = [np.float32, np.double, np.longdouble]
+    _complex_dtypes = [np.complex64, np.cdouble, np.clongdouble]
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('tp', _real_dtypes)
 def test_float_types(tp):
     """ Check formatting.
 
@@ -34,7 +42,7 @@ def test_float_types(tp):
                      err_msg='Failed str formatting for type %s' % tp)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('tp', [np.float32, np.double, np.longdouble])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('tp', _real_dtypes)
 def test_nan_inf_float(tp):
     """ Check formatting of nan & inf.
 
@@ -48,7 +56,7 @@ def test_nan_inf_float(tp):
                      err_msg='Failed str formatting for type %s' % tp)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('tp', [np.complex64, np.cdouble, np.clongdouble])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('tp', _complex_dtypes)
 def test_complex_types(tp):
     """Check formatting of complex types.
 
@@ -74,7 +82,7 @@ def test_complex_types(tp):
                      err_msg='Failed str formatting for type %s' % tp)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', [np.complex64, np.cdouble, np.clongdouble])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', _complex_dtypes)
 def test_complex_inf_nan(dtype):
     """Check inf/nan formatting of complex types."""
     TESTS = {
@@ -119,7 +127,7 @@ def _test_redirected_print(x, tp, ref=None):
                  err_msg='print failed for type%s' % tp)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('tp', [np.float32, np.double, np.longdouble])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('tp', _real_dtypes)
 def test_float_type_print(tp):
     """Check formatting when using print """
     for x in [0, 1, -1, 1e20]:
@@ -135,7 +143,7 @@ def test_float_type_print(tp):
         _test_redirected_print(float(1e16), tp, ref)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('tp', [np.complex64, np.cdouble, np.clongdouble])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('tp', _complex_dtypes)
 def test_complex_type_print(tp):
     """Check formatting when using print """
     # We do not create complex with inf/nan directly because the feature is
diff --git a/numpy/core/tests/test_scalarprint.py b/numpy/core/tests/test_scalarprint.py
index 98d1f4aa11f..c774ca0b09b 100644
--- a/numpy/core/tests/test_scalarprint.py
+++ b/numpy/core/tests/test_scalarprint.py
@@ -13,7 +13,11 @@
 class TestRealScalars:
     def test_str(self):
         svals = [0.0, -0.0, 1, -1, np.inf, -np.inf, np.nan]
-        styps = [np.float16, np.float32, np.float64, np.longdouble]
+        # longdouble printing issue on aarch64, see gh-23974
+        if platform.machine() == 'aarch64':
+            styps = [np.float16, np.float32, np.float64]
+        else:
+            styps = [np.float16, np.float32, np.float64, np.longdouble]
         wanted = [
              ['0.0',  '0.0',  '0.0',  '0.0' ],
              ['-0.0', '-0.0', '-0.0', '-0.0'],
@@ -263,7 +267,9 @@ def test_dragon4(self):
     def test_dragon4_interface(self):
         tps = [np.float16, np.float32, np.float64]
         # test is flaky for musllinux on np.float128
-        if hasattr(np, 'float128') and not IS_MUSL:
+        # also currently failing on Linux aarch64 with Meson (see gh-23974)
+        is_aarch64 = platform.machine() == 'aarch64'
+        if hasattr(np, 'float128') and not IS_MUSL and not is_aarch64:
             tps.append(np.float128)
 
         fpos = np.format_float_positional
diff --git a/numpy/core/tests/test_strings.py b/numpy/core/tests/test_strings.py
index 42f775e857b..bf0e09db171 100644
--- a/numpy/core/tests/test_strings.py
+++ b/numpy/core/tests/test_strings.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import pytest
 
+import platform
 import operator
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -88,6 +89,9 @@ def test_string_comparisons_empty(op, ufunc, sym, dtypes):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("str_dt", ["S", "U"])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("float_dt", np.typecodes["AllFloat"])
 def test_float_to_string_cast(str_dt, float_dt):
+    if platform.machine() == 'aarch64' and float_dt == 'g':
+        pytest.xfail("string repr issues with longdouble, see gh-23974")
+
     float_dt = np.dtype(float_dt)
     fi = np.finfo(float_dt)
     arr = np.array([np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, fi.max, fi.min], dtype=float_dt)
diff --git a/numpy/core/tests/test_umath.py b/numpy/core/tests/test_umath.py
index 9e3fe387b75..0595c8cfec8 100644
--- a/numpy/core/tests/test_umath.py
+++ b/numpy/core/tests/test_umath.py
@@ -4160,6 +4160,11 @@ def test_against_cmath(self):
                 b = cfunc(p)
                 assert_(abs(a - b) < atol, "%s %s: %s; cmath: %s" % (fname, p, a, b))
 
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(
+        # manylinux2014 uses glibc2.17
+        _glibc_older_than("2.18"),
+        reason="Older glibc versions are imprecise (maybe passes with SIMD?)"
+    )
     @pytest.mark.xfail(IS_MUSL, reason="gh23049")
     @pytest.mark.xfail(IS_WASM, reason="doesn't work")
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', [np.complex64, np.complex_, np.longcomplex])
diff --git a/numpy/f2py/tests/test_return_integer.py b/numpy/f2py/tests/test_return_integer.py
index a43c677fd0a..3b2f42e2bff 100644
--- a/numpy/f2py/tests/test_return_integer.py
+++ b/numpy/f2py/tests/test_return_integer.py
@@ -13,15 +13,13 @@ def check_function(self, t, tname):
         assert t([123]) == 123
         assert t((123, )) == 123
         assert t(array(123)) == 123
-        assert t(array([123])) == 123
-        assert t(array([[123]])) == 123
-        assert t(array([123], "b")) == 123
-        assert t(array([123], "h")) == 123
-        assert t(array([123], "i")) == 123
-        assert t(array([123], "l")) == 123
-        assert t(array([123], "B")) == 123
-        assert t(array([123], "f")) == 123
-        assert t(array([123], "d")) == 123
+        assert t(array(123, "b")) == 123
+        assert t(array(123, "h")) == 123
+        assert t(array(123, "i")) == 123
+        assert t(array(123, "l")) == 123
+        assert t(array(123, "B")) == 123
+        assert t(array(123, "f")) == 123
+        assert t(array(123, "d")) == 123
 
         # pytest.raises(ValueError, t, array([123],'S3'))
         pytest.raises(ValueError, t, "abc")
diff --git a/numpy/f2py/tests/test_return_real.py b/numpy/f2py/tests/test_return_real.py
index 9e76c151e88..a15d6475a95 100644
--- a/numpy/f2py/tests/test_return_real.py
+++ b/numpy/f2py/tests/test_return_real.py
@@ -20,15 +20,13 @@ def check_function(self, t, tname):
         assert abs(t([234]) - 234) <= err
         assert abs(t((234, )) - 234.0) <= err
         assert abs(t(array(234)) - 234.0) <= err
-        assert abs(t(array([234])) - 234.0) <= err
-        assert abs(t(array([[234]])) - 234.0) <= err
-        assert abs(t(array([234]).astype("b")) + 22) <= err
-        assert abs(t(array([234], "h")) - 234.0) <= err
-        assert abs(t(array([234], "i")) - 234.0) <= err
-        assert abs(t(array([234], "l")) - 234.0) <= err
-        assert abs(t(array([234], "B")) - 234.0) <= err
-        assert abs(t(array([234], "f")) - 234.0) <= err
-        assert abs(t(array([234], "d")) - 234.0) <= err
+        assert abs(t(array(234).astype("b")) + 22) <= err
+        assert abs(t(array(234, "h")) - 234.0) <= err
+        assert abs(t(array(234, "i")) - 234.0) <= err
+        assert abs(t(array(234, "l")) - 234.0) <= err
+        assert abs(t(array(234, "B")) - 234.0) <= err
+        assert abs(t(array(234, "f")) - 234.0) <= err
+        assert abs(t(array(234, "d")) - 234.0) <= err
         if tname in ["t0", "t4", "s0", "s4"]:
             assert t(1e200) == t(1e300)  # inf
 
diff --git a/numpy/meson.build b/numpy/meson.build
index 7b85d8e92f5..ad1829a78db 100644
--- a/numpy/meson.build
+++ b/numpy/meson.build
@@ -198,10 +198,13 @@ foreach name, dep : dependency_map
   if dep.found()
     conf_data.set(name + '_VERSION', dep.version())
     conf_data.set(name + '_TYPE_NAME', dep.type_name())
-    conf_data.set(name + '_INCLUDEDIR', dep.get_variable('includedir'))
-    conf_data.set(name + '_LIBDIR', dep.get_variable('libdir'))
-    conf_data.set(name + '_OPENBLAS_CONFIG', dep.get_variable('openblas_config'))
-    conf_data.set(name + '_PCFILEDIR', dep.get_variable('pcfiledir'))
+    if dep.type_name() == 'pkgconfig'
+      # CMake detection yields less info, so we need to leave it blank there
+      conf_data.set(name + '_INCLUDEDIR', dep.get_variable('includedir'))
+      conf_data.set(name + '_LIBDIR', dep.get_variable('libdir'))
+      conf_data.set(name + '_OPENBLAS_CONFIG', dep.get_variable('openblas_config'))
+      conf_data.set(name + '_PCFILEDIR', dep.get_variable('pcfiledir'))
+    endif
   endif
 endforeach
 
diff --git a/numpy/random/tests/test_extending.py b/numpy/random/tests/test_extending.py
index 5ace080f1bc..8a82ad9a165 100644
--- a/numpy/random/tests/test_extending.py
+++ b/numpy/random/tests/test_extending.py
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 from numpy.distutils.misc_util import exec_mod_from_location
 from numpy.testing import IS_WASM
 
+IS_WINDOWS = os.name == "nt"
+
 try:
     import cffi
 except ImportError:
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@
         cython = None
 
 
+@pytest.mark.xfail(IS_WINDOWS, reason="Wheel builds are missing npyrandom.lib")
 @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="Can't start subprocess")
 @pytest.mark.skipif(cython is None, reason="requires cython")
 @pytest.mark.slow
diff --git a/numpy/tests/test_public_api.py b/numpy/tests/test_public_api.py
index 9772bf86b8d..f8f1095615a 100644
--- a/numpy/tests/test_public_api.py
+++ b/numpy/tests/test_public_api.py
@@ -473,8 +473,7 @@ def check_importable(module_name):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.xfail(
-    hasattr(np.__config__, "_built_with_meson"),
-    reason = "Meson does not yet support entry points via pyproject.toml",
+    reason = "meson-python doesn't install this entrypoint correctly yet",
 )
 @pytest.mark.xfail(
     sysconfig.get_config_var("Py_DEBUG") is not None,
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 23e7288e724..a983b2704c4 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -1,79 +1,67 @@
 [build-system]
-# Uncomment this line, the `meson-python` requires line, and the [project] and
-# [project.urls] tables below in order to build with Meson by default
-#build-backend = "mesonpy"
+build-backend = "mesonpy"
 requires = [
-    # setuptools, wheel and Cython are needed for the setup.py based build
-    "setuptools==59.2.0",
-    # `wheel` is needed for non-isolated builds, given that `meson-python`
-    # doesn't list it as a runtime requirement (at least in 0.11.0) - it's
-    # likely to be removed as a dependency in meson-python 0.12.0.
-    "wheel==0.38.1",
-    "Cython>=0.29.34,<3.0",
-#    "meson-python>=0.10.0",
+    "Cython>=0.29.34",
+    "meson-python>=0.13.1",
 ]
 
-#[project]
-#name = "numpy"
-#
-## Using https://peps.python.org/pep-0639/
-## which is still in draft
-#license = {text = "BSD-3-Clause"}
-## Note: needed for Meson, but setuptools errors on it. Uncomment once Meson is default.
-##license-files.paths = [
-##    "LICENSE.txt",
-##    "LICENSES_bundles.txt"
-##]
-#
-#description = "Fundamental package for array computing in Python"
-#authors = [{name = "Travis E. Oliphant et al."}]
-#maintainers = [
-#    {name = "NumPy Developers", email="numpy-discussion@python.org"},
-#]
-#requires-python = ">=3.9"
-#readme = "README.md"
-#classifiers = [
-#    'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
-#    'Intended Audience :: Science/Research',
-#    'Intended Audience :: Developers',
-#    'License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License',
-#    'Programming Language :: C',
-#    'Programming Language :: Python',
-#    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
-#    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9',
-#    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10',
-#    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11',
-#    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only',
-#    'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython',
-#    'Topic :: Software Development',
-#    'Topic :: Scientific/Engineering',
-#    'Typing :: Typed',
-#    'Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows',
-#    'Operating System :: POSIX',
-#    'Operating System :: Unix',
-#    'Operating System :: MacOS',
-#]
-#dynamic = ["version", "scripts"]
-#
-#[project.scripts]
-## Note: this is currently dynamic, see setup.py. Can we get rid of that?
-##       see commit f22a33b71 for rationale for dynamic behavior
-#'f2py = numpy.f2py.f2py2e:main'
-#'f2py3 = numpy.f2py.f2py2e:main'
-#'f2py3.MINOR_VERSION = numpy.f2py.f2py2e:main'
-#
-# When enabling this stanza, make sure to remove the meson-specific xfail from
-# numpy/tests/test_public_api.py
-#[project.entry-points]
-#'array_api': 'numpy = numpy.array_api'
-#'pyinstaller40': 'hook-dirs = numpy:_pyinstaller_hooks_dir'
-#
-#[project.urls]
-#homepage = "https://numpy.org"
-#documentation = "https://numpy.org/doc/"
-#source = "https://github.com/numpy/numpy"
-#download = "https://pypi.org/project/numpy/#files"
-#tracker = "https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues"
+[project]
+name = "numpy"
+version = "2.0.0.dev0"
+# TODO: add `license-files` once PEP 639 is accepted (see meson-python#88)
+license = {file = "LICENSE.txt"}
+
+description = "Fundamental package for array computing in Python"
+authors = [{name = "Travis E. Oliphant et al."}]
+maintainers = [
+    {name = "NumPy Developers", email="numpy-discussion@python.org"},
+]
+requires-python = ">=3.9"
+readme = "README.md"
+classifiers = [
+    'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
+    'Intended Audience :: Science/Research',
+    'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+    'License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License',
+    'Programming Language :: C',
+    'Programming Language :: Python',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython',
+    'Topic :: Software Development',
+    'Topic :: Scientific/Engineering',
+    'Typing :: Typed',
+    'Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows',
+    'Operating System :: POSIX',
+    'Operating System :: Unix',
+    'Operating System :: MacOS',
+]
+#dynamic = ["scripts"]
+
+[project.scripts]
+# TODO: this is currently dynamic for minor version support. See also the same
+# thing in setup.py. Can we get rid of that? see commit f22a33b71 for rationale
+# for dynamic behavior.
+f2py = 'numpy.f2py.f2py2e:main'
+f2py3 = 'numpy.f2py.f2py2e:main'
+#f2py3.MINOR_VERSION = 'numpy.f2py.f2py2e:main'
+
+[project.entry-points.array_api]
+numpy = 'numpy.array_api'
+
+[project.entry-points.pyinstaller40]
+hook-dirs = 'numpy:_pyinstaller_hooks_dir'
+
+[project.urls]
+homepage = "https://numpy.org"
+documentation = "https://numpy.org/doc/"
+source = "https://github.com/numpy/numpy"
+download = "https://pypi.org/project/numpy/#files"
+tracker = "https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues"
 
 [tool.towncrier]
     # Do no set this since it is hard to import numpy inside the source directory
@@ -154,7 +142,7 @@ requires = [
 
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel]
-skip = "cp36-* cp37-* pp37-* *-manylinux_i686 *_ppc64le *_s390x *-musllinux_aarch64"
+skip = "cp36-* cp37-* cp-38* pp37-* *-manylinux_i686 *_ppc64le *_s390x *-musllinux_aarch64 *-win32"
 build-verbosity = "3"
 before-build = "bash {project}/tools/wheels/cibw_before_build.sh {project}"
 before-test = "pip install -r {project}/test_requirements.txt"
@@ -164,7 +152,7 @@ test-command = "bash {project}/tools/wheels/cibw_test_command.sh {project}"
 manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux2014"
 manylinux-aarch64-image = "manylinux2014"
 musllinux-x86_64-image = "musllinux_1_1"
-environment = { CFLAGS="-std=c99 -fno-strict-aliasing", LDFLAGS="-Wl,--strip-debug", OPENBLAS64_="/usr/local", NPY_USE_BLAS_ILP64="1", RUNNER_OS="Linux" }
+environment = { CFLAGS="-fno-strict-aliasing -DBLAS_SYMBOL_SUFFIX=64_ -DHAVE_BLAS_ILP64", LDFLAGS="-Wl,--strip-debug", CXXFLAGS="-DBLAS_SYMBOL_SUFFIX=64_ -DHAVE_BLAS_ILP64", OPENBLAS64_="/usr/local", NPY_USE_BLAS_ILP64="1", RUNNER_OS="Linux"}
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.macos]
 # For universal2 wheels, we will need to fuse them manually
@@ -175,14 +163,19 @@ environment = { CFLAGS="-std=c99 -fno-strict-aliasing", LDFLAGS="-Wl,--strip-deb
 archs = "x86_64 arm64"
 test-skip = "*_universal2:arm64"
 # MACOS linker doesn't support stripping symbols
-environment = { CFLAGS="-std=c99 -fno-strict-aliasing", OPENBLAS64_="/usr/local", NPY_USE_BLAS_ILP64="1", CC="clang", CXX = "clang++", RUNNER_OS="macOS" }
+environment = { CFLAGS="-fno-strict-aliasing -DBLAS_SYMBOL_SUFFIX=64_ -DHAVE_BLAS_ILP64", CXXFLAGS="-DBLAS_SYMBOL_SUFFIX=64_ -DHAVE_BLAS_ILP64", OPENBLAS64_="/usr/local", NPY_USE_BLAS_ILP64="1", CC="clang", CXX = "clang++", RUNNER_OS="macOS"}
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.windows]
-environment = { OPENBLAS64_="openblas", OPENBLAS="", NPY_USE_BLAS_ILP64="1", CFLAGS="", LDFLAGS="" }
-
-[[tool.cibuildwheel.overrides]]
-select = "*-win32"
-environment = { OPENBLAS64_="", OPENBLAS="openblas", NPY_USE_BLAS_ILP64="0", CFLAGS="-m32", LDFLAGS="-m32" }
+archs = ['AMD64']
+environment = { OPENBLAS64_="openblas", OPENBLAS="", NPY_USE_BLAS_ILP64="1", CFLAGS="-DBLAS_SYMBOL_SUFFIX=64_ -DHAVE_BLAS_ILP64", CXXFLAGS="-DBLAS_SYMBOL_SUFFIX=64_ -DHAVE_BLAS_ILP64", LDFLAGS="", PKG_CONFIG_PATH="C:/opt/64/lib/pkgconfig"}
+config-settings = "setup-args=--vsenv"
+repair-wheel-command = "bash ./tools/wheels/repair_windows.sh {wheel} {dest_dir}"
+
+#[[tool.cibuildwheel.overrides]]
+# Note: 32-bit Python wheel builds are skipped right now; probably needs
+# --native-file to build due to `arch != pyarch` check in Meson's `python` dependency
+#select = "*-win32"
+#environment = { OPENBLAS64_="", OPENBLAS="openblas", NPY_USE_BLAS_ILP64="0", CFLAGS="-m32", LDFLAGS="-m32", PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/opt/32/lib/pkgconfig"}
 
 [tool.spin]
 package = 'numpy'
diff --git a/pyproject.toml.setuppy b/pyproject.toml.setuppy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b28d93c8d52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pyproject.toml.setuppy
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# pyproject.toml needed to build with setup.py
+# This file is used temporarily to replace the main pyproject.toml when needing
+# to avoid building with Meson (e.g., in the Emscripten/Pyodide CI job)
+[build-system]
+requires = [
+    "setuptools==59.2.0",
+    "wheel==0.38.1",
+    "Cython>=0.29.34,<3.0",
+]
diff --git a/tools/ci/cirrus_wheels.yml b/tools/ci/cirrus_wheels.yml
index f4618de004d..e20fcfc97c1 100644
--- a/tools/ci/cirrus_wheels.yml
+++ b/tools/ci/cirrus_wheels.yml
@@ -68,7 +68,8 @@ macosx_arm64_task:
       RUNNER_OS=macOS
       SDKROOT=/Applications/Xcode-14.0.0.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX12.3.sdk
       LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
-      CFLAGS="-std=c99 -fno-strict-aliasing"
+      CFLAGS="-fno-strict-aliasing -DBLAS_SYMBOL_SUFFIX=64_ -DHAVE_BLAS_ILP64"
+      CXXFLAGS="-DBLAS_SYMBOL_SUFFIX=64_ -DHAVE_BLAS_ILP64"
       OPENBLAS64_="/usr/local"
       NPY_USE_BLAS_ILP64="1"
 
diff --git a/tools/openblas_support.py b/tools/openblas_support.py
index fd8c6a97a34..c793805585d 100644
--- a/tools/openblas_support.py
+++ b/tools/openblas_support.py
@@ -182,10 +182,11 @@ def unpack_windows_zip(fname, plat):
     # Copy the lib to openblas.lib. Once we can properly use pkg-config
     # this will not be needed
     lib = glob.glob(os.path.join(target, 'lib', '*.lib'))
-    assert len(lib) == 1
-    for f in lib:
-        shutil.copy(f, os.path.join(target, 'lib', 'openblas.lib'))
-        shutil.copy(f, os.path.join(target, 'lib', 'openblas64_.lib'))
+    if len(lib) == 1:
+        # The 64-bit tarball already has these copied, no need to do it
+        for f in lib:
+            shutil.copy(f, os.path.join(target, 'lib', 'openblas.lib'))
+            shutil.copy(f, os.path.join(target, 'lib', 'openblas64_.lib'))
     # Copy the dll from bin to lib so system_info can pick it up
     dll = glob.glob(os.path.join(target, 'bin', '*.dll'))
     for f in dll:
diff --git a/tools/wheels/check_license.py b/tools/wheels/check_license.py
index 8ced317d674..7d0ef7921a4 100644
--- a/tools/wheels/check_license.py
+++ b/tools/wheels/check_license.py
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@
 distribution.
 
 """
-import os
 import sys
 import re
 import argparse
+import pathlib
 
 
 def check_text(text):
@@ -33,8 +33,12 @@ def main():
     __import__(args.module)
     mod = sys.modules[args.module]
 
+    # LICENSE.txt is installed in the .dist-info directory, so find it there
+    sitepkgs = pathlib.Path(mod.__file__).parent.parent
+    distinfo_path = [s for s in sitepkgs.glob("numpy-*.dist-info")][0]
+
     # Check license text
-    license_txt = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(mod.__file__), "LICENSE.txt")
+    license_txt = distinfo_path / "LICENSE.txt"
     with open(license_txt, encoding="utf-8") as f:
         text = f.read()
 
diff --git a/tools/wheels/cibw_before_build.sh b/tools/wheels/cibw_before_build.sh
index 493cceeae4b..372b25af09b 100644
--- a/tools/wheels/cibw_before_build.sh
+++ b/tools/wheels/cibw_before_build.sh
@@ -29,15 +29,32 @@ if [[ $RUNNER_OS == "Linux" || $RUNNER_OS == "macOS" ]] ; then
         cp $basedir/include/* /usr/local/include
     fi
 elif [[ $RUNNER_OS == "Windows" ]]; then
+    # delvewheel is the equivalent of delocate/auditwheel for windows.
+    python -m pip install delvewheel
+
+    # make the DLL available for tools/wheels/repair_windows.sh. If you change
+    # this location you need to alter that script.
+    mkdir -p /c/opt/openblas/openblas_dll
+
     PYTHONPATH=tools python -c "import openblas_support; openblas_support.make_init('numpy')"
-    target=$(python tools/openblas_support.py)
-    ls /tmp
-    mkdir -p openblas
-    # bash on windows does not like cp -r $target/* openblas
-    for f in $(ls $target); do
-        cp -r $target/$f openblas
-    done
-    ls openblas
+    mkdir -p /c/opt/32/lib/pkgconfig
+    mkdir -p /c/opt/64/lib/pkgconfig
+    target=$(python -c "import tools.openblas_support as obs; plat=obs.get_plat(); ilp64=obs.get_ilp64(); target=f'openblas_{plat}.zip'; obs.download_openblas(target, plat, ilp64);print(target)")
+    if [[ $PLATFORM == 'win-32' ]]; then
+        # 32-bit openBLAS
+        # Download 32 bit openBLAS and put it into c/opt/32/lib
+        unzip -o -d /c/opt/ $target
+        cp /c/opt/32/bin/*.dll /c/opt/openblas/openblas_dll
+    else
+        # 64-bit openBLAS
+        unzip -o -d /c/opt/ $target
+        if [[ -f /c/opt/64/lib/pkgconfig/openblas64.pc ]]; then
+            # As of v0.3.23, the 64-bit interface has a openblas64.pc file,
+            # but this is wrong. It should be openblas.pc
+            cp /c/opt/64/lib/pkgconfig/openblas{64,}.pc
+        fi
+        cp /c/opt/64/bin/*.dll /c/opt/openblas/openblas_dll
+    fi
 fi
 
 if [[ $RUNNER_OS == "macOS" ]]; then
diff --git a/tools/wheels/cibw_test_command.sh b/tools/wheels/cibw_test_command.sh
index 36c275f32d9..47a1a56e844 100644
--- a/tools/wheels/cibw_test_command.sh
+++ b/tools/wheels/cibw_test_command.sh
@@ -26,10 +26,5 @@ fi
 # Set available memory value to avoid OOM problems on aarch64.
 # See gh-22418.
 export NPY_AVAILABLE_MEM="4 GB"
-if [[ $(python -c "import sys; print(sys.implementation.name)") == "pypy" ]]; then
-  # make PyPy more verbose, try to catch a segfault
-  python -c "import sys; import numpy; sys.exit(not numpy.test(label='full', verbose=2))"
-else
-  python -c "import sys; import numpy; sys.exit(not numpy.test(label='full'))"
-fi
+python -c "import sys; import numpy; sys.exit(not numpy.test(label='full'))"
 python $PROJECT_DIR/tools/wheels/check_license.py
diff --git a/tools/wheels/repair_windows.sh b/tools/wheels/repair_windows.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a7aa209d21d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/wheels/repair_windows.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+set -xe
+
+WHEEL="$1"
+DEST_DIR="$2"
+
+# create a temporary directory in the destination folder and unpack the wheel
+# into there
+pushd $DEST_DIR
+mkdir -p tmp
+pushd tmp
+wheel unpack $WHEEL
+pushd numpy*
+
+# To avoid DLL hell, the file name of libopenblas that's being vendored with
+# the wheel has to be name-mangled. delvewheel is unable to name-mangle PYD
+# containing extra data at the end of the binary, which frequently occurs when
+# building with mingw.
+# We therefore find each PYD in the directory structure and strip them.
+
+for f in $(find ./scipy* -name '*.pyd'); do strip $f; done
+
+
+# now repack the wheel and overwrite the original
+wheel pack .
+mv -fv *.whl $WHEEL
+
+cd $DEST_DIR
+rm -rf tmp
+
+# the libopenblas.dll is placed into this directory in the cibw_before_build
+# script.
+delvewheel repair --add-path /c/opt/openblas/openblas_dll -w $DEST_DIR $WHEEL