From 6c34c9f4074da828003e2595c778def85c7a320e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 16:37:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 001/102] double

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 75 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 69 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index b52eda448..4539b8ed3 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { exists } from './common.js';
 import {
   Field3,
+  ForeignField,
   Sum,
   assertRank1,
   bigint3,
@@ -40,9 +41,9 @@ function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   multiRangeCheck(m);
   multiRangeCheck(x3);
   multiRangeCheck(y3);
-  let m2Bound = weakBound(m[2], f);
+  let mBound = weakBound(m[2], f);
   let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
-  // we dont need to bounds-check y3[2] because it's never one of the inputs to a multiplication
+  // we dont need to bound y3[2] because it's never one of the inputs to a multiplication
 
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
   let deltaX = new Sum(x1).sub(x2);
@@ -59,11 +60,61 @@ function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   let qBound3 = assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
   // bounds checks
-  multiRangeCheck([m2Bound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
+  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
   multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
 }
 
-let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+function double({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, f: bigint) {
+  // TODO constant case
+
+  // witness and range-check slope, x3, y3
+  let witnesses = exists(9, () => {
+    let [x1_, y1_] = Field3.toBigints(x1, y1);
+    let denom = inverse(mod(2n * y1_, f), f);
+
+    let m = denom !== undefined ? mod(3n * mod(x1_ ** 2n, f) * denom, f) : 0n;
+    let m2 = mod(m * m, f);
+    let x3 = mod(m2 - 2n * x1_, f);
+    let y3 = mod(m * (x1_ - x3) - y1_, f);
+
+    return [...split(m), ...split(x3), ...split(y3)];
+  });
+  let [m0, m1, m2, x30, x31, x32, y30, y31, y32] = witnesses;
+  let m: Field3 = [m0, m1, m2];
+  let x3: Field3 = [x30, x31, x32];
+  let y3: Field3 = [y30, y31, y32];
+
+  multiRangeCheck(m);
+  multiRangeCheck(x3);
+  multiRangeCheck(y3);
+  let mBound = weakBound(m[2], f);
+  let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
+  // we dont need to bound y3[2] because it's never one of the inputs to a multiplication
+
+  // x1^2 = x1x1
+  let x1x1 = ForeignField.mul(x1, x1, f);
+
+  // 2*y1*m = 3*x1x1
+  // TODO this assumes the curve has a == 0
+  let y1Times2 = new Sum(y1).add(y1);
+  let x1x1Times3 = new Sum(x1x1).add(x1x1).add(x1x1);
+  let qBound1 = assertRank1(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3, f);
+
+  // m^2 = 2*x1 + x3
+  let xSum = new Sum(x1).add(x1).add(x3);
+  let qBound2 = assertRank1(m, m, xSum, f);
+
+  // (x1 - x3)*m = y1 + y3
+  let deltaX1X3 = new Sum(x1).sub(x3);
+  let ySum = new Sum(y1).add(y3);
+  let qBound3 = assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
+
+  // bounds checks
+  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
+  multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
+}
+
+let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
   let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
   let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
@@ -75,5 +126,17 @@ let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   add(g, h, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
 });
 
-printGates(cs.gates);
-console.log({ digest: cs.digest, rows: cs.rows });
+let csDouble = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+
+  let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
+
+  double(g, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
+});
+
+printGates(csAdd.gates);
+console.log({ digest: csAdd.digest, rows: csAdd.rows });
+
+printGates(csDouble.gates);
+console.log({ digest: csDouble.digest, rows: csDouble.rows });

From d41f30f2a9dfbd7cfb0a27c5f6a583d986cdfd6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 17:24:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 002/102] tweak cs printing

---
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 55c0cabae..048cddeec 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -445,9 +445,7 @@ function wiresToPretty(wires: Gate['wires'], row: number) {
     if (wire.row === row) {
       strWires.push(`${col}->${wire.col}`);
     } else {
-      let rowDelta = wire.row - row;
-      let rowStr = rowDelta > 0 ? `+${rowDelta}` : `${rowDelta}`;
-      strWires.push(`${col}->(${rowStr},${wire.col})`);
+      strWires.push(`${col}->(${wire.row},${wire.col})`);
     }
   }
   return strWires.join(', ');

From 4c3f6a5fa5ac733bf7eff1c35fae08afae131c58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 17:24:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 003/102] initial aggregator for scaling

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 4539b8ed3..5f1c9989e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
-import { inverse, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import {
+  FiniteField,
+  inverse,
+  mod,
+} from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { exists } from './common.js';
+import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
 import {
   Field3,
   ForeignField,
@@ -14,6 +18,9 @@ import {
 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
+import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
+import { bytesToBigInt } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
+import { Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 
 type Point = { x: Field3; y: Field3 };
 type point = { x: bigint3; y: bigint3; infinity: boolean };
@@ -114,6 +121,34 @@ function double({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
 }
 
+/**
+ * For EC scalar multiplication we use an initial point which is subtracted
+ * at the end, to avoid encountering the point at infinity.
+ *
+ * This is a simple hash-to-group algorithm which finds that initial point.
+ * It's important that this point has no known discrete logarithm so that nobody
+ * can create an invalid proof of EC scaling.
+ */
+function initialAggregator(F: FiniteField, { a, b }: { a: bigint; b: bigint }) {
+  let h = sha256.create();
+  h.update('o1js:ecdsa');
+  let bytes = h.array();
+
+  // bytes represent a 256-bit number
+  // use that as x coordinate
+  let x = F.mod(bytesToBigInt(bytes));
+  let y: bigint | undefined = undefined;
+
+  // increment x until we find a y coordinate
+  while (y === undefined) {
+    // solve y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
+    let x3 = F.mul(F.square(x), x);
+    let y2 = F.add(x3, F.mul(a, x) + b);
+    y = F.sqrt(y2);
+  }
+  return { x: F.mod(x), y, infinity: false };
+}
+
 let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
   let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
@@ -140,3 +175,7 @@ console.log({ digest: csAdd.digest, rows: csAdd.rows });
 
 printGates(csDouble.gates);
 console.log({ digest: csDouble.digest, rows: csDouble.rows });
+
+let point = initialAggregator(exampleFields.Fp, { a: 0n, b: 5n });
+console.log({ point });
+assert(Pallas.isOnCurve(Pallas.fromAffine(point)));

From c99cee26509c7a992b72e1f76db5c08b3be66100 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 18:10:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 004/102] another helper method on Field3

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 15 +++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index f460bea0a..bc59eeff0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ function sum(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
   assert(x.length === sign.length + 1, 'inputs and operators match');
 
   // constant case
-  if (x.every((x) => x.every((x) => x.isConstant()))) {
+  if (x.every(Field3.isConstant)) {
     let xBig = x.map(Field3.toBigint);
     let sum = sign.reduce((sum, s, i) => sum + s * xBig[i + 1], xBig[0]);
     return Field3.from(mod(sum, f));
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
 
   // constant case
-  if (a.every((x) => x.isConstant()) && b.every((x) => x.isConstant())) {
+  if (Field3.isConstant(a) && Field3.isConstant(b)) {
     let ab = Field3.toBigint(a) * Field3.toBigint(b);
     return Field3.from(mod(ab, f));
   }
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
 
   // constant case
-  if (x.every((x) => x.isConstant())) {
+  if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
     let xInv = modInverse(Field3.toBigint(x), f);
     assert(xInv !== undefined, 'inverse exists');
     return Field3.from(xInv);
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ function divide(
   assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
 
   // constant case
-  if (x.every((x) => x.isConstant()) && y.every((x) => x.isConstant())) {
+  if (Field3.isConstant(x) && Field3.isConstant(y)) {
     let yInv = modInverse(Field3.toBigint(y), f);
     assert(yInv !== undefined, 'inverse exists');
     return Field3.from(mod(Field3.toBigint(x) * yInv, f));
@@ -358,6 +358,13 @@ const Field3 = {
     return Tuple.map(xs, Field3.toBigint);
   },
 
+  /**
+   * Check whether a 3-tuple of Fields is constant
+   */
+  isConstant(x: Field3) {
+    return x.every((x) => x.isConstant());
+  },
+
   /**
    * Provable<T> interface for `Field3 = [Field, Field, Field]`.
    *

From 95017b30f9202963e89645e440437e080a501d77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 18:11:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 005/102] add constant ecdsa implementation and helper types

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 79 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 77 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 5f1c9989e..b14384480 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -20,10 +20,14 @@ import { multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import { bytesToBigInt } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
-import { Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { CurveAffine, Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 
 type Point = { x: Field3; y: Field3 };
-type point = { x: bigint3; y: bigint3; infinity: boolean };
+type point = { x: bigint; y: bigint; infinity: boolean };
+
+type Signature = { r: Field3; s: Field3 };
+type signature = { r: bigint; s: bigint };
 
 function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   // TODO constant case
@@ -121,6 +125,59 @@ function double({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
 }
 
+function verifyEcdsa(
+  Curve: CurveAffine,
+  signature: Signature,
+  msgHash: Field3,
+  publicKey: Point
+) {
+  // constant case
+  if (
+    Signature.isConstant(signature) &&
+    Field3.isConstant(msgHash) &&
+    Point.isConstant(publicKey)
+  ) {
+    let isValid = verifyEcdsaConstant(
+      Curve,
+      Signature.toBigint(signature),
+      Field3.toBigint(msgHash),
+      Point.toBigint(publicKey)
+    );
+    assert(isValid, 'invalid signature');
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // provable case
+  // TODO
+}
+
+/**
+ * Bigint implementation of ECDSA verify
+ */
+function verifyEcdsaConstant(
+  Curve: CurveAffine,
+  { r, s }: { r: bigint; s: bigint },
+  msgHash: bigint,
+  publicKey: { x: bigint; y: bigint }
+) {
+  let q = Curve.order;
+  let QA = Curve.fromNonzero(publicKey);
+  if (!Curve.isOnCurve(QA)) return false;
+  if (Curve.hasCofactor && !Curve.isInSubgroup(QA)) return false;
+  if (r < 1n || r >= Curve.order) return false;
+  if (s < 1n || s >= Curve.order) return false;
+
+  let sInv = inverse(s, q);
+  if (sInv === undefined) throw Error('impossible');
+  let u1 = mod(msgHash * sInv, q);
+  let u2 = mod(r * sInv, q);
+
+  let X = Curve.add(Curve.scale(Curve.one, u1), Curve.scale(QA, u2));
+  if (Curve.equal(X, Curve.zero)) return false;
+
+  return mod(X.x, q) === r;
+}
+
 /**
  * For EC scalar multiplication we use an initial point which is subtracted
  * at the end, to avoid encountering the point at infinity.
@@ -149,6 +206,24 @@ function initialAggregator(F: FiniteField, { a, b }: { a: bigint; b: bigint }) {
   return { x: F.mod(x), y, infinity: false };
 }
 
+const Point = {
+  toBigint({ x, y }: Point): point {
+    return { x: Field3.toBigint(x), y: Field3.toBigint(y), infinity: false };
+  },
+  isConstant({ x, y }: Point) {
+    return Field3.isConstant(x) && Field3.isConstant(y);
+  },
+};
+
+const Signature = {
+  toBigint({ r, s }: Signature): signature {
+    return { r: Field3.toBigint(r), s: Field3.toBigint(s) };
+  },
+  isConstant({ s, r }: Signature) {
+    return Field3.isConstant(s) && Field3.isConstant(r);
+  },
+};
+
 let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
   let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));

From dd2ebd391414edb71175bde1801d0a91e6809c38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 18:11:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 006/102] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index c8f8c631f..9b2f1abfe 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit c8f8c631f28b84c3d3859378a2fe857091207755
+Subproject commit 9b2f1abfeb891e95ccb88e536275eb6733e67f30

From fc6f1f83db74646c47ce2780a89786663138a02e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 18:47:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 007/102] helper

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index bc59eeff0..bb948c175 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -365,6 +365,15 @@ const Field3 = {
     return x.every((x) => x.isConstant());
   },
 
+  /**
+   * Assert that two 3-tuples of Fields are equal
+   */
+  assertEqual(x: Field3, y: Field3) {
+    x[0].assertEquals(y[0]);
+    x[1].assertEquals(y[1]);
+    x[2].assertEquals(y[2]);
+  },
+
   /**
    * Provable<T> interface for `Field3 = [Field, Field, Field]`.
    *

From 00a11f7403aeefd75add0e83ea40a1fed9366efc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 18:53:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 008/102] stub out provable ecdsa, skipping the hard part

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 61 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts  |  8 ++++
 2 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index b14384480..03d93d397 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -73,6 +73,8 @@ function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   // bounds checks
   multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
   multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
+
+  return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
 function double({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, f: bigint) {
@@ -123,13 +125,20 @@ function double({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   // bounds checks
   multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
   multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
+
+  return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
 function verifyEcdsa(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
+  IA: point,
   signature: Signature,
   msgHash: Field3,
-  publicKey: Point
+  publicKey: Point,
+  table?: {
+    windowSize: number; // what we called c before
+    multiples?: point[]; // 0, G, 2*G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
+  }
 ) {
   // constant case
   if (
@@ -148,7 +157,45 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   }
 
   // provable case
-  // TODO
+  // TODO should check that the publicKey is a valid point? probably not
+
+  let { r, s } = signature;
+  let sInv = ForeignField.inv(s, Curve.order);
+  let u1 = ForeignField.mul(msgHash, sInv, Curve.order);
+  let u2 = ForeignField.mul(r, sInv, Curve.order);
+
+  let X = varPlusFixedScalarMul(Curve, IA, u1, publicKey, u2, table);
+
+  // assert that X != IA, and add -IA
+  Point.equal(X, Point.from(IA)).assertFalse();
+  X = add(X, Point.from(Curve.negate(IA)), Curve.order);
+
+  // TODO reduce X.x mod the scalar order
+  Field3.assertEqual(X.x, r);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Scalar mul that we need for ECDSA:
+ *
+ * IA + s*P + t*G,
+ *
+ * where IA is the initial aggregator, P is any point and G is the generator.
+ *
+ * We double both points together and leverage a precomputed table
+ * of size 2^c to avoid all but every cth addition for t*G.
+ */
+function varPlusFixedScalarMul(
+  Curve: CurveAffine,
+  IA: point,
+  s: Field3,
+  P: Point,
+  t: Field3,
+  table?: {
+    windowSize: number; // what we called c before
+    multiples?: point[]; // 0, G, 2*G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
+  }
+): Point {
+  throw Error('TODO');
 }
 
 /**
@@ -207,12 +254,22 @@ function initialAggregator(F: FiniteField, { a, b }: { a: bigint; b: bigint }) {
 }
 
 const Point = {
+  from({ x, y }: point): Point {
+    return { x: Field3.from(x), y: Field3.from(y) };
+  },
   toBigint({ x, y }: Point): point {
     return { x: Field3.toBigint(x), y: Field3.toBigint(y), infinity: false };
   },
   isConstant({ x, y }: Point) {
     return Field3.isConstant(x) && Field3.isConstant(y);
   },
+  assertEqual({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point) {
+    Field3.assertEqual(x1, x2);
+    Field3.assertEqual(y1, y2);
+  },
+  equal({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point) {
+    return Field3.equal(x1, x2).and(Field3.equal(y1, y2));
+  },
 };
 
 const Signature = {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index bb948c175..265859dcb 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -374,6 +374,14 @@ const Field3 = {
     x[2].assertEquals(y[2]);
   },
 
+  /**
+   * Check whether two 3-tuples of Fields are equal
+   */
+  equal(x: Field3, y: Field3) {
+    let eq01 = x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << L)).equals(y[0].add(y[1].mul(1n << L)));
+    return eq01.and(x[2].equals(y[2]));
+  },
+
   /**
    * Provable<T> interface for `Field3 = [Field, Field, Field]`.
    *

From ce389efcbfa58a7a9dfae1bcb6eb6577463388c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 21:02:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 009/102] revert explosion of helper methods in favor of
 general interface

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 31 +++++++++++--------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts  | 17 -----------------
 src/lib/provable.ts               | 15 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 03d93d397..707fd2f42 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import { bytesToBigInt } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import { CurveAffine, Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
+import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 
 type Point = { x: Field3; y: Field3 };
 type point = { x: bigint; y: bigint; infinity: boolean };
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ function double({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, f: bigint) {
 
 function verifyEcdsa(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  IA: point,
+  ia: point,
   signature: Signature,
   msgHash: Field3,
   publicKey: Point,
@@ -142,9 +143,9 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 ) {
   // constant case
   if (
-    Signature.isConstant(signature) &&
+    Provable.isConstant(Signature, signature) &&
     Field3.isConstant(msgHash) &&
-    Point.isConstant(publicKey)
+    Provable.isConstant(Point, publicKey)
   ) {
     let isValid = verifyEcdsaConstant(
       Curve,
@@ -164,14 +165,15 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   let u1 = ForeignField.mul(msgHash, sInv, Curve.order);
   let u2 = ForeignField.mul(r, sInv, Curve.order);
 
+  let IA = Point.from(ia);
   let X = varPlusFixedScalarMul(Curve, IA, u1, publicKey, u2, table);
 
   // assert that X != IA, and add -IA
-  Point.equal(X, Point.from(IA)).assertFalse();
-  X = add(X, Point.from(Curve.negate(IA)), Curve.order);
+  Provable.equal(Point, X, IA).assertFalse();
+  X = add(X, Point.from(Curve.negate(ia)), Curve.order);
 
   // TODO reduce X.x mod the scalar order
-  Field3.assertEqual(X.x, r);
+  Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, X.x, r);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -186,7 +188,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
  */
 function varPlusFixedScalarMul(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  IA: point,
+  IA: Point,
   s: Field3,
   P: Point,
   t: Field3,
@@ -254,31 +256,20 @@ function initialAggregator(F: FiniteField, { a, b }: { a: bigint; b: bigint }) {
 }
 
 const Point = {
+  ...provable({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable }),
   from({ x, y }: point): Point {
     return { x: Field3.from(x), y: Field3.from(y) };
   },
   toBigint({ x, y }: Point): point {
     return { x: Field3.toBigint(x), y: Field3.toBigint(y), infinity: false };
   },
-  isConstant({ x, y }: Point) {
-    return Field3.isConstant(x) && Field3.isConstant(y);
-  },
-  assertEqual({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point) {
-    Field3.assertEqual(x1, x2);
-    Field3.assertEqual(y1, y2);
-  },
-  equal({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point) {
-    return Field3.equal(x1, x2).and(Field3.equal(y1, y2));
-  },
 };
 
 const Signature = {
+  ...provable({ r: Field3.provable, s: Field3.provable }),
   toBigint({ r, s }: Signature): signature {
     return { r: Field3.toBigint(r), s: Field3.toBigint(s) };
   },
-  isConstant({ s, r }: Signature) {
-    return Field3.isConstant(s) && Field3.isConstant(r);
-  },
 };
 
 let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 265859dcb..bc59eeff0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -365,23 +365,6 @@ const Field3 = {
     return x.every((x) => x.isConstant());
   },
 
-  /**
-   * Assert that two 3-tuples of Fields are equal
-   */
-  assertEqual(x: Field3, y: Field3) {
-    x[0].assertEquals(y[0]);
-    x[1].assertEquals(y[1]);
-    x[2].assertEquals(y[2]);
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Check whether two 3-tuples of Fields are equal
-   */
-  equal(x: Field3, y: Field3) {
-    let eq01 = x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << L)).equals(y[0].add(y[1].mul(1n << L)));
-    return eq01.and(x[2].equals(y[2]));
-  },
-
   /**
    * Provable<T> interface for `Field3 = [Field, Field, Field]`.
    *
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index 0b1a5e00a..bd90d6645 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
  * - a namespace with tools for writing provable code
  * - the main interface for types that can be used in provable code
  */
+import { FieldVar } from './field.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import { Provable as Provable_, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import type { FlexibleProvable, ProvableExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
@@ -119,6 +120,16 @@ const Provable = {
    * ```
    */
   Array: provableArray,
+  /**
+   * Check whether a value is constant.
+   * See {@link FieldVar} for more information about constants and variables.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let x = Field(42);
+   * Provable.isConstant(x); // true
+   */
+  isConstant,
   /**
    * Interface to log elements within a circuit. Similar to `console.log()`.
    * @example
@@ -392,6 +403,10 @@ function switch_<T, A extends FlexibleProvable<T>>(
   return (type as Provable<T>).fromFields(fields, aux);
 }
 
+function isConstant<T>(type: Provable<T>, x: T): boolean {
+  return type.toFields(x).every((x) => x.isConstant());
+}
+
 // logging in provable code
 
 function log(...args: any) {

From e4589070d6c4bcca951d69124b5f0f0f0aa29ff1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 21:14:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 010/102] add constant cases and a bit more ecdsa logic

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 707fd2f42..4f01e3c24 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import {
   ForeignField,
   Sum,
   assertRank1,
-  bigint3,
   split,
   weakBound,
 } from './foreign-field.js';
@@ -20,18 +19,36 @@ import { multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import { bytesToBigInt } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
-import { CurveAffine, Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import {
+  CurveAffine,
+  Pallas,
+  affineAdd,
+  affineDouble,
+} from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 
+/**
+ * Non-zero elliptic curve point in affine coordinates.
+ */
 type Point = { x: Field3; y: Field3 };
-type point = { x: bigint; y: bigint; infinity: boolean };
+type point = { x: bigint; y: bigint };
 
+/**
+ * ECDSA signature consisting of two curve scalars.
+ */
 type Signature = { r: Field3; s: Field3 };
 type signature = { r: bigint; s: bigint };
 
-function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
-  // TODO constant case
+function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
+  let { x: x1, y: y1 } = p1;
+  let { x: x2, y: y2 } = p2;
+
+  // constant case
+  if (Provable.isConstant(Point, p1) && Provable.isConstant(Point, p2)) {
+    let p3 = affineAdd(Point.toBigint(p1), Point.toBigint(p2), f);
+    return Point.from(p3);
+  }
 
   // witness and range-check slope, x3, y3
   let witnesses = exists(9, () => {
@@ -78,8 +95,14 @@ function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
-function double({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, f: bigint) {
-  // TODO constant case
+function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
+  let { x: x1, y: y1 } = p1;
+
+  // constant case
+  if (Provable.isConstant(Point, p1)) {
+    let p3 = affineDouble(Point.toBigint(p1), f);
+    return Point.from(p3);
+  }
 
   // witness and range-check slope, x3, y3
   let witnesses = exists(9, () => {
@@ -158,7 +181,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   }
 
   // provable case
-  // TODO should check that the publicKey is a valid point? probably not
+  // TODO should we check that the publicKey is a valid point? probably not
 
   let { r, s } = signature;
   let sInv = ForeignField.inv(s, Curve.order);
@@ -166,14 +189,15 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   let u2 = ForeignField.mul(r, sInv, Curve.order);
 
   let IA = Point.from(ia);
-  let X = varPlusFixedScalarMul(Curve, IA, u1, publicKey, u2, table);
+  let R = varPlusFixedScalarMul(Curve, IA, u1, publicKey, u2, table);
 
   // assert that X != IA, and add -IA
-  Provable.equal(Point, X, IA).assertFalse();
-  X = add(X, Point.from(Curve.negate(ia)), Curve.order);
+  Provable.equal(Point, R, IA).assertFalse();
+  R = add(R, Point.from(Curve.negate(Curve.fromNonzero(ia))), Curve.order);
 
-  // TODO reduce X.x mod the scalar order
-  Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, X.x, r);
+  // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
+  let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
+  Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -260,7 +284,7 @@ const Point = {
   from({ x, y }: point): Point {
     return { x: Field3.from(x), y: Field3.from(y) };
   },
-  toBigint({ x, y }: Point): point {
+  toBigint({ x, y }: Point) {
     return { x: Field3.toBigint(x), y: Field3.toBigint(y), infinity: false };
   },
 };

From 8db8d06546e7184548bb0e8a5bd95936771a7837 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 21:14:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 011/102] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 9b2f1abfe..0c9a907ca 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 9b2f1abfeb891e95ccb88e536275eb6733e67f30
+Subproject commit 0c9a907ca5dad975b6677e3f7d5d3f86bb9e6fdc

From ab9584fe7e11fb17e4c6284110c97ac991497bef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 13:18:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 012/102] implement ecdsa

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 221 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 198 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 4f01e3c24..3f24a8a34 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -15,10 +15,13 @@ import {
   split,
   weakBound,
 } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
+import { L, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
-import { bytesToBigInt } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
+import {
+  bigIntToBits,
+  bytesToBigInt,
+} from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import {
   CurveAffine,
   Pallas,
@@ -27,6 +30,7 @@ import {
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 
 /**
  * Non-zero elliptic curve point in affine coordinates.
@@ -159,9 +163,11 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   signature: Signature,
   msgHash: Field3,
   publicKey: Point,
-  table?: {
-    windowSize: number; // what we called c before
-    multiples?: point[]; // 0, G, 2*G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
+  tables?: {
+    windowSizeG?: number;
+    multiplesG?: Point[];
+    windowSizeP?: number;
+    multiplesP?: Point[];
   }
 ) {
   // constant case
@@ -182,18 +188,14 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 
   // provable case
   // TODO should we check that the publicKey is a valid point? probably not
-
   let { r, s } = signature;
   let sInv = ForeignField.inv(s, Curve.order);
   let u1 = ForeignField.mul(msgHash, sInv, Curve.order);
   let u2 = ForeignField.mul(r, sInv, Curve.order);
 
-  let IA = Point.from(ia);
-  let R = varPlusFixedScalarMul(Curve, IA, u1, publicKey, u2, table);
-
-  // assert that X != IA, and add -IA
-  Provable.equal(Point, R, IA).assertFalse();
-  R = add(R, Point.from(Curve.negate(Curve.fromNonzero(ia))), Curve.order);
+  let G = Point.from(Curve.one);
+  let R = doubleScalarMul(Curve, ia, u1, G, u2, publicKey, tables);
+  // this ^ already proves that R != 0
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
   let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
@@ -203,25 +205,75 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 /**
  * Scalar mul that we need for ECDSA:
  *
- * IA + s*P + t*G,
+ * s*G + t*P,
  *
- * where IA is the initial aggregator, P is any point and G is the generator.
+ * where G, P are any points. The result is not allowed to be zero.
  *
  * We double both points together and leverage a precomputed table
  * of size 2^c to avoid all but every cth addition for t*G.
+ *
+ * TODO: could use lookups for picking precomputed multiples, instead of O(2^c) provable switch
+ * TODO: custom bit representation for the scalar that avoids 0, to get rid of the degenerate addition case
+ * TODO: glv trick which cuts down ec doubles by half by splitting s*P = s0*P + s1*endo(P) with s0, s1 in [0, 2^128)
  */
-function varPlusFixedScalarMul(
+function doubleScalarMul(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  IA: Point,
+  ia: point,
   s: Field3,
-  P: Point,
+  G: Point,
   t: Field3,
-  table?: {
-    windowSize: number; // what we called c before
-    multiples?: point[]; // 0, G, 2*G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
-  }
+  P: Point,
+  {
+    // what we called c before
+    windowSizeG = 1,
+    // G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
+    multiplesG = undefined as Point[] | undefined,
+    windowSizeP = 1,
+    multiplesP = undefined as Point[] | undefined,
+  } = {}
 ): Point {
-  throw Error('TODO');
+  // parse or build point tables
+  let Gs = getPointTable(Curve, G, windowSizeG, multiplesG);
+  let Ps = getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizeP, multiplesP);
+
+  // slice scalars
+  let b = Curve.order.toString(2).length;
+  let ss = slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeG });
+  let ts = slice(t, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeP });
+
+  let sum = Point.from(ia);
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < b; i++) {
+    if (i % windowSizeG === 0) {
+      // pick point to add based on the scalar chunk
+      let sj = ss[i / windowSizeG];
+      let Gj = windowSizeG === 1 ? G : arrayGet(Point, Gs, sj, { offset: 1 });
+
+      // ec addition
+      let added = add(sum, Gj, Curve.p);
+
+      // handle degenerate case (if sj = 0, Gj is all zeros and the add result is garbage)
+      sum = Provable.if(sj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
+    }
+
+    if (i % windowSizeP === 0) {
+      let tj = ts[i / windowSizeP];
+      let Pj = windowSizeP === 1 ? P : arrayGet(Point, Ps, tj, { offset: 1 });
+      let added = add(sum, Pj, Curve.p);
+      sum = Provable.if(tj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
+    }
+
+    // jointly double both points
+    sum = double(sum, Curve.p);
+  }
+
+  // the sum is now s*G + t*P + 2^b*IA
+  // we assert that sum != 2^b*IA, and add -2^b*IA to get our result
+  let iaTimes2ToB = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b));
+  Provable.equal(Point, sum, Point.from(iaTimes2ToB)).assertFalse();
+  sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaTimes2ToB)), Curve.p);
+
+  return sum;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -251,6 +303,30 @@ function verifyEcdsaConstant(
   return mod(X.x, q) === r;
 }
 
+function getPointTable(
+  Curve: CurveAffine,
+  P: Point,
+  windowSize: number,
+  table?: Point[]
+): Point[] {
+  assertPositiveInteger(windowSize, 'invalid window size');
+  let n = (1 << windowSize) - 1; // n >= 1
+
+  assert(table === undefined || table.length === n, 'invalid table');
+  if (table !== undefined) return table;
+
+  table = [P];
+  if (n === 1) return table;
+
+  let Pi = double(P, Curve.p);
+  table.push(Pi);
+  for (let i = 2; i < n; i++) {
+    Pi = add(Pi, P, Curve.p);
+    table.push(Pi);
+  }
+  return table;
+}
+
 /**
  * For EC scalar multiplication we use an initial point which is subtracted
  * at the end, to avoid encountering the point at infinity.
@@ -271,12 +347,101 @@ function initialAggregator(F: FiniteField, { a, b }: { a: bigint; b: bigint }) {
 
   // increment x until we find a y coordinate
   while (y === undefined) {
+    x = F.add(x, 1n);
     // solve y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
     let x3 = F.mul(F.square(x), x);
     let y2 = F.add(x3, F.mul(a, x) + b);
     y = F.sqrt(y2);
   }
-  return { x: F.mod(x), y, infinity: false };
+  return { x, y, infinity: false };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Provable method for slicing a 3x88-bit bigint into smaller bit chunks of length `windowSize`
+ *
+ * TODO: atm this uses expensive boolean checks for the bits.
+ * For larger chunks, we should use more efficient range checks.
+ *
+ * Note: This serves as a range check for the input limbs
+ */
+function slice(
+  [x0, x1, x2]: Field3,
+  { maxBits, chunkSize }: { maxBits: number; chunkSize: number }
+) {
+  let l = Number(L);
+
+  // first limb
+  let chunks0 = sliceField(x0, Math.min(l, maxBits), chunkSize);
+  if (maxBits <= l) return chunks0;
+  maxBits -= l;
+
+  // second limb
+  let chunks1 = sliceField(x1, Math.min(l, maxBits), chunkSize);
+  if (maxBits <= l) return chunks0.concat(chunks1);
+  maxBits -= l;
+
+  // third limb
+  let chunks2 = sliceField(x2, maxBits, chunkSize);
+  return chunks0.concat(chunks1).concat(chunks2);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Provable method for slicing a 3x88-bit bigint into smaller bit chunks of length `windowSize`
+ *
+ * TODO: atm this uses expensive boolean checks for the bits.
+ * For larger chunks, we should use more efficient range checks.
+ *
+ * Note: This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^k) where `k = ceil(maxBits / windowSize) * windowSize`
+ */
+function sliceField(x: Field, maxBits: number, chunkSize: number) {
+  let bits = exists(maxBits, () => {
+    let bits = bigIntToBits(x.toBigInt());
+    // normalize length
+    if (bits.length > maxBits) bits = bits.slice(0, maxBits);
+    if (bits.length < maxBits)
+      bits = bits.concat(Array(maxBits - bits.length).fill(false));
+    return bits.map(BigInt);
+  });
+
+  let chunks = [];
+  let sum = Field.from(0n);
+  for (let i = 0; i < maxBits; i += chunkSize) {
+    // prove that chunk has `windowSize` bits
+    // TODO: this inner sum should be replaced with a more efficient range check when possible
+    let chunk = Field.from(0n);
+    for (let j = 0; j < chunkSize; j++) {
+      let bit = bits[i + j];
+      Bool.check(Bool.Unsafe.ofField(bit));
+      chunk = chunk.add(bit.mul(1n << BigInt(j)));
+    }
+    chunk = chunk.seal();
+    // prove that chunks add up to x
+    sum = sum.add(chunk.mul(1n << BigInt(i)));
+    chunks.push(chunk);
+  }
+  sum.assertEquals(x);
+
+  return chunks;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get value from array in O(n) constraints.
+ *
+ * If the index is out of bounds, returns all-zeros version of T
+ */
+function arrayGet<T>(
+  type: Provable<T>,
+  array: T[],
+  index: Field,
+  { offset = 0 } = {}
+) {
+  let n = array.length;
+  let oneHot = Array(n);
+  // TODO can we share computation between all those equals()?
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    oneHot[i] = index.equals(i + offset);
+  }
+  return Provable.switch(oneHot, type, array);
 }
 
 const Point = {
@@ -296,6 +461,16 @@ const Signature = {
   },
 };
 
+function gcd(a: number, b: number) {
+  if (b > a) [a, b] = [b, a];
+  while (true) {
+    if (b === 0) return a;
+    [a, b] = [b, a % b];
+  }
+}
+
+console.log(gcd(2, 4));
+
 let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
   let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));

From c39e0f8b442883831e9769af85daeb5bd6ad978e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 14:05:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 013/102] signature from hex

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 3f24a8a34..5179dcf1a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ function doubleScalarMul(
       let Gj = windowSizeG === 1 ? G : arrayGet(Point, Gs, sj, { offset: 1 });
 
       // ec addition
-      let added = add(sum, Gj, Curve.p);
+      let added = add(sum, Gj, Curve.modulus);
 
       // handle degenerate case (if sj = 0, Gj is all zeros and the add result is garbage)
       sum = Provable.if(sj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
@@ -259,19 +259,19 @@ function doubleScalarMul(
     if (i % windowSizeP === 0) {
       let tj = ts[i / windowSizeP];
       let Pj = windowSizeP === 1 ? P : arrayGet(Point, Ps, tj, { offset: 1 });
-      let added = add(sum, Pj, Curve.p);
+      let added = add(sum, Pj, Curve.modulus);
       sum = Provable.if(tj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
     }
 
     // jointly double both points
-    sum = double(sum, Curve.p);
+    sum = double(sum, Curve.modulus);
   }
 
   // the sum is now s*G + t*P + 2^b*IA
   // we assert that sum != 2^b*IA, and add -2^b*IA to get our result
   let iaTimes2ToB = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b));
   Provable.equal(Point, sum, Point.from(iaTimes2ToB)).assertFalse();
-  sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaTimes2ToB)), Curve.p);
+  sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaTimes2ToB)), Curve.modulus);
 
   return sum;
 }
@@ -318,10 +318,10 @@ function getPointTable(
   table = [P];
   if (n === 1) return table;
 
-  let Pi = double(P, Curve.p);
+  let Pi = double(P, Curve.modulus);
   table.push(Pi);
   for (let i = 2; i < n; i++) {
-    Pi = add(Pi, P, Curve.p);
+    Pi = add(Pi, P, Curve.modulus);
     table.push(Pi);
   }
   return table;
@@ -456,9 +456,28 @@ const Point = {
 
 const Signature = {
   ...provable({ r: Field3.provable, s: Field3.provable }),
+  from({ r, s }: signature): Signature {
+    return { r: Field3.from(r), s: Field3.from(s) };
+  },
   toBigint({ r, s }: Signature): signature {
     return { r: Field3.toBigint(r), s: Field3.toBigint(s) };
   },
+  /**
+   * Create a {@link Signature} from a raw 130-char hex string as used in
+   * [Ethereum transactions](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions/#typed-transaction-envelope).
+   */
+  fromHex(rawSignature: string): Signature {
+    let prefix = rawSignature.slice(0, 2);
+    let signature = rawSignature.slice(2, 130);
+    if (prefix !== '0x' || signature.length < 128) {
+      throw Error(
+        `Signature.fromHex(): Invalid signature, expected hex string 0x... of length at least 130.`
+      );
+    }
+    let r = BigInt(`0x${signature.slice(0, 64)}`);
+    let s = BigInt(`0x${signature.slice(64)}`);
+    return Signature.from({ r, s });
+  },
 };
 
 function gcd(a: number, b: number) {

From b924cad9d7525bced296161d6d9f5f6447bac931 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 14:22:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 014/102] add ecdsa test script

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 35 +++++++++++++------
 2 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80c657bcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { Ecdsa, EllipticCurve, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
+import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { secp256k1Params } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { createField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+
+const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(secp256k1Params);
+const BaseField = createField(secp256k1Params.modulus);
+
+let publicKey = Point.from({
+  x: 49781623198970027997721070672560275063607048368575198229673025608762959476014n,
+  y: 44999051047832679156664607491606359183507784636787036192076848057884504239143n,
+});
+
+let signature = Ecdsa.Signature.fromHex(
+  '0x82de9950cc5aac0dca7210cb4b77320ac9e844717d39b1781e9d941d920a12061da497b3c134f50b2fce514d66e20c5e43f9615f097395a5527041d14860a52f1b'
+);
+
+let msgHash =
+  Field3.from(
+    0x3e91cd8bd233b3df4e4762b329e2922381da770df1b31276ec77d0557be7fcefn
+  );
+
+const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(BaseField, Secp256k1);
+
+function main() {
+  let signature0 = Provable.witness(Ecdsa.Signature, () => signature);
+  Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, ia, signature0, msgHash, publicKey, {
+    windowSizeG: 3,
+    windowSizeP: 3,
+  });
+}
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (constant)');
+main();
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (constant)');
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
+Provable.runAndCheck(main);
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
+let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
+
+let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
+gateTypes['Total rows'] = cs.rows;
+for (let gate of cs.gates) {
+  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
+  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
+}
+
+console.log(gateTypes);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 5179dcf1a..a2911386e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,14 @@ import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 
+export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa, EcdsaSignature };
+
+const EllipticCurve = {
+  add,
+  double,
+  initialAggregator,
+};
+
 /**
  * Non-zero elliptic curve point in affine coordinates.
  */
@@ -41,8 +49,8 @@ type point = { x: bigint; y: bigint };
 /**
  * ECDSA signature consisting of two curve scalars.
  */
-type Signature = { r: Field3; s: Field3 };
-type signature = { r: bigint; s: bigint };
+type EcdsaSignature = { r: Field3; s: Field3 };
+type ecdsaSignature = { r: bigint; s: bigint };
 
 function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   let { x: x1, y: y1 } = p1;
@@ -160,7 +168,7 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
 function verifyEcdsa(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
   ia: point,
-  signature: Signature,
+  signature: EcdsaSignature,
   msgHash: Field3,
   publicKey: Point,
   tables?: {
@@ -172,13 +180,13 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 ) {
   // constant case
   if (
-    Provable.isConstant(Signature, signature) &&
+    Provable.isConstant(EcdsaSignature, signature) &&
     Field3.isConstant(msgHash) &&
     Provable.isConstant(Point, publicKey)
   ) {
     let isValid = verifyEcdsaConstant(
       Curve,
-      Signature.toBigint(signature),
+      EcdsaSignature.toBigint(signature),
       Field3.toBigint(msgHash),
       Point.toBigint(publicKey)
     );
@@ -454,19 +462,19 @@ const Point = {
   },
 };
 
-const Signature = {
+const EcdsaSignature = {
   ...provable({ r: Field3.provable, s: Field3.provable }),
-  from({ r, s }: signature): Signature {
+  from({ r, s }: ecdsaSignature): EcdsaSignature {
     return { r: Field3.from(r), s: Field3.from(s) };
   },
-  toBigint({ r, s }: Signature): signature {
+  toBigint({ r, s }: EcdsaSignature): ecdsaSignature {
     return { r: Field3.toBigint(r), s: Field3.toBigint(s) };
   },
   /**
-   * Create a {@link Signature} from a raw 130-char hex string as used in
+   * Create an {@link EcdsaSignature} from a raw 130-char hex string as used in
    * [Ethereum transactions](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions/#typed-transaction-envelope).
    */
-  fromHex(rawSignature: string): Signature {
+  fromHex(rawSignature: string): EcdsaSignature {
     let prefix = rawSignature.slice(0, 2);
     let signature = rawSignature.slice(2, 130);
     if (prefix !== '0x' || signature.length < 128) {
@@ -476,10 +484,15 @@ const Signature = {
     }
     let r = BigInt(`0x${signature.slice(0, 64)}`);
     let s = BigInt(`0x${signature.slice(64)}`);
-    return Signature.from({ r, s });
+    return EcdsaSignature.from({ r, s });
   },
 };
 
+const Ecdsa = {
+  verify: verifyEcdsa,
+  Signature: EcdsaSignature,
+};
+
 function gcd(a: number, b: number) {
   if (b > a) [a, b] = [b, a];
   while (true) {

From 9a2629f576e2b69ee2ee18d78c65484eecad1f15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 14:22:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 015/102] move  initial ec testing code

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts           | 33 -----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index a2911386e..001137f97 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -500,36 +500,3 @@ function gcd(a: number, b: number) {
     [a, b] = [b, a % b];
   }
 }
-
-console.log(gcd(2, 4));
-
-let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let y2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-
-  let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
-  let h = { x: x2, y: y2 };
-
-  add(g, h, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
-});
-
-let csDouble = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-
-  let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
-
-  double(g, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
-});
-
-printGates(csAdd.gates);
-console.log({ digest: csAdd.digest, rows: csAdd.rows });
-
-printGates(csDouble.gates);
-console.log({ digest: csDouble.digest, rows: csDouble.rows });
-
-let point = initialAggregator(exampleFields.Fp, { a: 0n, b: 5n });
-console.log({ point });
-assert(Pallas.isOnCurve(Pallas.fromAffine(point)));
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c595011a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import { exampleFields } from 'src/bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { EllipticCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';
+import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
+import { assert } from './common.js';
+import { Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+
+let { add, double, initialAggregator } = EllipticCurve;
+
+let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+  let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+  let y2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+
+  let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
+  let h = { x: x2, y: y2 };
+
+  add(g, h, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
+});
+
+let csDouble = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+
+  let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
+
+  double(g, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
+});
+
+printGates(csAdd.gates);
+console.log({ digest: csAdd.digest, rows: csAdd.rows });
+
+printGates(csDouble.gates);
+console.log({ digest: csDouble.digest, rows: csDouble.rows });
+
+let point = initialAggregator(exampleFields.Fp, { a: 0n, b: 5n });
+console.log({ point });
+assert(Pallas.isOnCurve(Pallas.fromAffine(point)));

From a1370e8c7cd5175e2d652b6072bd84bc6d1f4dd3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 14:31:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 016/102] fix bit slicing logic

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 001137f97..7f5da5ad1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ function slice(
  * TODO: atm this uses expensive boolean checks for the bits.
  * For larger chunks, we should use more efficient range checks.
  *
- * Note: This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^k) where `k = ceil(maxBits / windowSize) * windowSize`
+ * Note: This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^maxBits)
  */
 function sliceField(x: Field, maxBits: number, chunkSize: number) {
   let bits = exists(maxBits, () => {
@@ -413,11 +413,13 @@ function sliceField(x: Field, maxBits: number, chunkSize: number) {
 
   let chunks = [];
   let sum = Field.from(0n);
+
   for (let i = 0; i < maxBits; i += chunkSize) {
-    // prove that chunk has `windowSize` bits
+    // prove that chunk has `chunkSize` bits
     // TODO: this inner sum should be replaced with a more efficient range check when possible
     let chunk = Field.from(0n);
-    for (let j = 0; j < chunkSize; j++) {
+    let size = Math.min(maxBits - i, chunkSize); // last chunk might be smaller
+    for (let j = 0; j < size; j++) {
       let bit = bits[i + j];
       Bool.check(Bool.Unsafe.ofField(bit));
       chunk = chunk.add(bit.mul(1n << BigInt(j)));

From 92318feea8d1b2234cbebe135aa6d23e365da912 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 14:39:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 017/102] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 0c9a907ca..8f0e0d0f8 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 0c9a907ca5dad975b6677e3f7d5d3f86bb9e6fdc
+Subproject commit 8f0e0d0f874dc3952bb01791c4b31394d7e5298f

From 92a627ed49827256d88bba1dd024589f7bafca76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 17:47:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 018/102] several fixes to the scaling algorithm, debugging

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 40 ++++++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 81 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 80c657bcd..6707b84c8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { secp256k1Params } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { createField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 
 const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(secp256k1Params);
 const BaseField = createField(secp256k1Params.modulus);
@@ -23,14 +24,48 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(BaseField, Secp256k1);
+// TODO doesn't work with windowSize = 3
+const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 2, windowSizeP: 2 };
 
-function main() {
-  let signature0 = Provable.witness(Ecdsa.Signature, () => signature);
-  Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, ia, signature0, msgHash, publicKey, {
-    windowSizeG: 3,
-    windowSizeP: 3,
-  });
-}
+let program = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'ecdsa',
+  methods: {
+    scale: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method() {
+        let G = Point.from(Secp256k1.one);
+        let P = Provable.witness(Point, () => publicKey);
+        let R = EllipticCurve.doubleScalarMul(
+          Secp256k1,
+          ia,
+          signature.s,
+          G,
+          signature.r,
+          P,
+          tableConfig
+        );
+        Provable.asProver(() => {
+          console.log(Point.toBigint(R));
+        });
+      },
+    },
+    ecdsa: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method() {
+        let signature0 = Provable.witness(Ecdsa.Signature, () => signature);
+        Ecdsa.verify(
+          Secp256k1,
+          ia,
+          signature0,
+          msgHash,
+          publicKey,
+          tableConfig
+        );
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+let main = program.rawMethods.ecdsa;
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify (constant)');
 main();
@@ -52,3 +87,11 @@ for (let gate of cs.gates) {
 }
 
 console.log(gateTypes);
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (compile)');
+await program.compile();
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (compile)');
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (prove)');
+let proof = await program.ecdsa();
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (prove)');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 7f5da5ad1..1294ef9bb 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import {
   inverse,
   mod,
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
@@ -16,7 +15,6 @@ import {
   weakBound,
 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { L, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
-import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import {
   bigIntToBits,
@@ -24,7 +22,6 @@ import {
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import {
   CurveAffine,
-  Pallas,
   affineAdd,
   affineDouble,
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
@@ -37,6 +34,7 @@ export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa, EcdsaSignature };
 const EllipticCurve = {
   add,
   double,
+  doubleScalarMul,
   initialAggregator,
 };
 
@@ -207,6 +205,11 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
   let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
+  Provable.asProver(() => {
+    let [u1_, u2_, Rx_, r_] = Field3.toBigints(u1, u2, Rx, r);
+    let R_ = Point.toBigint(R);
+    console.log({ u1_, u2_, R_, Rx_, r_ });
+  });
   Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
 }
 
@@ -240,6 +243,21 @@ function doubleScalarMul(
     multiplesP = undefined as Point[] | undefined,
   } = {}
 ): Point {
+  // constant case
+  if (
+    Field3.isConstant(s) &&
+    Field3.isConstant(t) &&
+    Provable.isConstant(Point, G) &&
+    Provable.isConstant(Point, P)
+  ) {
+    let s_ = Field3.toBigint(s);
+    let t_ = Field3.toBigint(t);
+    let G_ = Point.toBigint(G);
+    let P_ = Point.toBigint(P);
+    let R = Curve.add(Curve.scale(G_, s_), Curve.scale(P_, t_));
+    return Point.from(R);
+  }
+
   // parse or build point tables
   let Gs = getPointTable(Curve, G, windowSizeG, multiplesG);
   let Ps = getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizeP, multiplesP);
@@ -249,9 +267,11 @@ function doubleScalarMul(
   let ss = slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeG });
   let ts = slice(t, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeP });
 
+  console.log({ b, windowSizeG, windowSizeP, ss: ss.length, ts: ts.length });
+
   let sum = Point.from(ia);
 
-  for (let i = 0; i < b; i++) {
+  for (let i = b - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
     if (i % windowSizeG === 0) {
       // pick point to add based on the scalar chunk
       let sj = ss[i / windowSizeG];
@@ -270,16 +290,17 @@ function doubleScalarMul(
       let added = add(sum, Pj, Curve.modulus);
       sum = Provable.if(tj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
     }
+    if (i === 0) break;
 
     // jointly double both points
     sum = double(sum, Curve.modulus);
   }
 
-  // the sum is now s*G + t*P + 2^b*IA
-  // we assert that sum != 2^b*IA, and add -2^b*IA to get our result
-  let iaTimes2ToB = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b));
-  Provable.equal(Point, sum, Point.from(iaTimes2ToB)).assertFalse();
-  sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaTimes2ToB)), Curve.modulus);
+  // the sum is now s*G + t*P + 2^(b-1)*IA
+  // we assert that sum != 2^(b-1)*IA, and add -2^(b-1)*IA to get our result
+  let iaFinal = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b - 1));
+  Provable.equal(Point, sum, Point.from(iaFinal)).assertFalse();
+  sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaFinal)), Curve.modulus);
 
   return sum;
 }
@@ -306,6 +327,7 @@ function verifyEcdsaConstant(
   let u2 = mod(r * sInv, q);
 
   let X = Curve.add(Curve.scale(Curve.one, u1), Curve.scale(QA, u2));
+  console.log({ u1, u2, R: X, Rx: mod(X.x, q), r });
   if (Curve.equal(X, Curve.zero)) return false;
 
   return mod(X.x, q) === r;

From cc4f9b12a96a2c067ec56b21f314395d008e6931 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 21:46:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 019/102] fix uneven window sizes by glueing together
 overlapping chunk between limbs

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts |  5 +++-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 6707b84c8..5eeab04be 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { secp256k1Params } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.j
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { createField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import { assert } from './common.js';
 
 const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(secp256k1Params);
 const BaseField = createField(secp256k1Params.modulus);
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ let msgHash =
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(BaseField, Secp256k1);
 // TODO doesn't work with windowSize = 3
-const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 2, windowSizeP: 2 };
+const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 3, windowSizeP: 3 };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
@@ -95,3 +96,5 @@ console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (compile)');
 console.time('ecdsa verify (prove)');
 let proof = await program.ecdsa();
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (prove)');
+
+assert(await program.verify(proof), 'proof verifies');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 1294ef9bb..c8f205dc9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
  * where G, P are any points. The result is not allowed to be zero.
  *
  * We double both points together and leverage a precomputed table
- * of size 2^c to avoid all but every cth addition for t*G.
+ * of size 2^c to avoid all but every cth addition for both s*G and t*P.
  *
  * TODO: could use lookups for picking precomputed multiples, instead of O(2^c) provable switch
  * TODO: custom bit representation for the scalar that avoids 0, to get rid of the degenerate addition case
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ function doubleScalarMul(
   let ss = slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeG });
   let ts = slice(t, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeP });
 
-  console.log({ b, windowSizeG, windowSizeP, ss: ss.length, ts: ts.length });
+  console.log({ b, windowSizeG, ss: ss.length });
 
   let sum = Point.from(ia);
 
@@ -399,20 +399,21 @@ function slice(
   { maxBits, chunkSize }: { maxBits: number; chunkSize: number }
 ) {
   let l = Number(L);
+  assert(maxBits <= 3 * l, `expected max bits <= 3*${l}, got ${maxBits}`);
 
   // first limb
-  let chunks0 = sliceField(x0, Math.min(l, maxBits), chunkSize);
-  if (maxBits <= l) return chunks0;
+  let result0 = sliceField(x0, Math.min(l, maxBits), chunkSize);
+  if (maxBits <= l) return result0.chunks;
   maxBits -= l;
 
   // second limb
-  let chunks1 = sliceField(x1, Math.min(l, maxBits), chunkSize);
-  if (maxBits <= l) return chunks0.concat(chunks1);
+  let result1 = sliceField(x1, Math.min(l, maxBits), chunkSize, result0);
+  if (maxBits <= l) return result0.chunks.concat(result1.chunks);
   maxBits -= l;
 
   // third limb
-  let chunks2 = sliceField(x2, maxBits, chunkSize);
-  return chunks0.concat(chunks1).concat(chunks2);
+  let result2 = sliceField(x2, maxBits, chunkSize, result1);
+  return result0.chunks.concat(result1.chunks, result2.chunks);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -423,7 +424,12 @@ function slice(
  *
  * Note: This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^maxBits)
  */
-function sliceField(x: Field, maxBits: number, chunkSize: number) {
+function sliceField(
+  x: Field,
+  maxBits: number,
+  chunkSize: number,
+  leftover?: { chunks: Field[]; leftoverSize: number }
+) {
   let bits = exists(maxBits, () => {
     let bits = bigIntToBits(x.toBigInt());
     // normalize length
@@ -436,7 +442,24 @@ function sliceField(x: Field, maxBits: number, chunkSize: number) {
   let chunks = [];
   let sum = Field.from(0n);
 
-  for (let i = 0; i < maxBits; i += chunkSize) {
+  // if there's a leftover chunk from a previous slizeField() call, we complete it
+  if (leftover !== undefined) {
+    let { chunks: previous, leftoverSize: size } = leftover;
+    let remainingChunk = Field.from(0n);
+    for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+      let bit = bits[i];
+      Bool.check(Bool.Unsafe.ofField(bit));
+      remainingChunk = remainingChunk.add(bit.mul(1n << BigInt(i)));
+    }
+    sum = remainingChunk = remainingChunk.seal();
+    let chunk = previous[previous.length - 1];
+    previous[previous.length - 1] = chunk.add(
+      remainingChunk.mul(1n << BigInt(chunkSize - size))
+    );
+  }
+
+  let i = leftover?.leftoverSize ?? 0;
+  for (; i < maxBits; i += chunkSize) {
     // prove that chunk has `chunkSize` bits
     // TODO: this inner sum should be replaced with a more efficient range check when possible
     let chunk = Field.from(0n);
@@ -453,7 +476,8 @@ function sliceField(x: Field, maxBits: number, chunkSize: number) {
   }
   sum.assertEquals(x);
 
-  return chunks;
+  let leftoverSize = i - maxBits;
+  return { chunks, leftoverSize } as const;
 }
 
 /**

From 90d341fca76224e9fc12b38412ba57152216f648 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 21:53:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 020/102] remove debug logs

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 3 +--
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 8 --------
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 5eeab04be..ea25a1e5e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(BaseField, Secp256k1);
-// TODO doesn't work with windowSize = 3
-const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 3, windowSizeP: 3 };
+const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 5, windowSizeP: 3 };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index c8f205dc9..97addcc3a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -205,11 +205,6 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
   let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
-  Provable.asProver(() => {
-    let [u1_, u2_, Rx_, r_] = Field3.toBigints(u1, u2, Rx, r);
-    let R_ = Point.toBigint(R);
-    console.log({ u1_, u2_, R_, Rx_, r_ });
-  });
   Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
 }
 
@@ -267,8 +262,6 @@ function doubleScalarMul(
   let ss = slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeG });
   let ts = slice(t, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeP });
 
-  console.log({ b, windowSizeG, ss: ss.length });
-
   let sum = Point.from(ia);
 
   for (let i = b - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
@@ -327,7 +320,6 @@ function verifyEcdsaConstant(
   let u2 = mod(r * sInv, q);
 
   let X = Curve.add(Curve.scale(Curve.one, u1), Curve.scale(QA, u2));
-  console.log({ u1, u2, R: X, Rx: mod(X.x, q), r });
   if (Curve.equal(X, Curve.zero)) return false;
 
   return mod(X.x, q) === r;

From e7b8d235fbb9296e82261712fb2871ba285f2610 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 21:56:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 021/102] fixup

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index ea25a1e5e..429d4c124 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(BaseField, Secp256k1);
-const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 5, windowSizeP: 3 };
+const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 3, windowSizeP: 3 };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',

From f7c5176eb0230a09ed188b750bacdd343ae30f6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 09:06:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 022/102] fix

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
index c595011a2..b851590e1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { exampleFields } from 'src/bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
+import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { EllipticCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';

From 968a5aec86b70426f960f787a332097f11a8999c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 10:47:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 023/102] adapt to ffmul changes

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 35 +++++++++++++++----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts  |  4 +---
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 97addcc3a..89494d47e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
   split,
   weakBound,
 } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { L, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
+import { l, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import {
   bigIntToBits,
@@ -87,20 +87,19 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
   let deltaX = new Sum(x1).sub(x2);
   let deltaY = new Sum(y1).sub(y2);
-  let qBound1 = assertRank1(deltaX, m, deltaY, f);
+  assertRank1(deltaX, m, deltaY, f);
 
   // m^2 = x1 + x2 + x3
   let xSum = new Sum(x1).add(x2).add(x3);
-  let qBound2 = assertRank1(m, m, xSum, f);
+  assertRank1(m, m, xSum, f);
 
   // (x1 - x3)*m = y1 + y3
   let deltaX1X3 = new Sum(x1).sub(x3);
   let ySum = new Sum(y1).add(y3);
-  let qBound3 = assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
+  assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
   // bounds checks
-  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
-  multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
+  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, Field.from(0n)]);
 
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
@@ -145,20 +144,20 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   // TODO this assumes the curve has a == 0
   let y1Times2 = new Sum(y1).add(y1);
   let x1x1Times3 = new Sum(x1x1).add(x1x1).add(x1x1);
-  let qBound1 = assertRank1(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3, f);
+  assertRank1(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3, f);
 
   // m^2 = 2*x1 + x3
   let xSum = new Sum(x1).add(x1).add(x3);
-  let qBound2 = assertRank1(m, m, xSum, f);
+  assertRank1(m, m, xSum, f);
 
   // (x1 - x3)*m = y1 + y3
   let deltaX1X3 = new Sum(x1).sub(x3);
   let ySum = new Sum(y1).add(y3);
-  let qBound3 = assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
+  assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
   // bounds checks
-  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
-  multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
+  // TODO: there is a secret free spot for two bounds in ForeignField.mul; use it
+  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, Field.from(0n)]);
 
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
@@ -390,18 +389,18 @@ function slice(
   [x0, x1, x2]: Field3,
   { maxBits, chunkSize }: { maxBits: number; chunkSize: number }
 ) {
-  let l = Number(L);
-  assert(maxBits <= 3 * l, `expected max bits <= 3*${l}, got ${maxBits}`);
+  let l_ = Number(l);
+  assert(maxBits <= 3 * l_, `expected max bits <= 3*${l_}, got ${maxBits}`);
 
   // first limb
-  let result0 = sliceField(x0, Math.min(l, maxBits), chunkSize);
+  let result0 = sliceField(x0, Math.min(l_, maxBits), chunkSize);
   if (maxBits <= l) return result0.chunks;
-  maxBits -= l;
+  maxBits -= l_;
 
   // second limb
-  let result1 = sliceField(x1, Math.min(l, maxBits), chunkSize, result0);
-  if (maxBits <= l) return result0.chunks.concat(result1.chunks);
-  maxBits -= l;
+  let result1 = sliceField(x1, Math.min(l_, maxBits), chunkSize, result0);
+  if (maxBits <= l_) return result0.chunks.concat(result1.chunks);
+  maxBits -= l_;
 
   // third limb
   let result2 = sliceField(x2, maxBits, chunkSize, result1);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 9f6f096e9..c8892a725 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -435,13 +435,11 @@ function assertRank1(
 
   // x is chained into the ffmul gate
   let x0 = x.finishForChaining(f);
-  let q2Bound = assertMul(x0, y0, xy0, f);
+  assertMul(x0, y0, xy0, f);
 
   // we need an extra range check on x and y, but not xy
   x.rangeCheck();
   y.rangeCheck();
-
-  return q2Bound;
 }
 
 class Sum {

From 9b29f407559f1f166cbcafd6d863407e259ae82a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 11:24:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 024/102] bound y (needed for doubling)

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 9 ++++-----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 89494d47e..d38cfd25c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   multiRangeCheck(y3);
   let mBound = weakBound(m[2], f);
   let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
-  // we dont need to bound y3[2] because it's never one of the inputs to a multiplication
+  let y3Bound = weakBound(y3[2], f);
 
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
   let deltaX = new Sum(x1).sub(x2);
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
   // bounds checks
-  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, Field.from(0n)]);
+  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
 
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   multiRangeCheck(y3);
   let mBound = weakBound(m[2], f);
   let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
-  // we dont need to bound y3[2] because it's never one of the inputs to a multiplication
+  let y3Bound = weakBound(y3[2], f);
 
   // x1^2 = x1x1
   let x1x1 = ForeignField.mul(x1, x1, f);
@@ -156,8 +156,7 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
   // bounds checks
-  // TODO: there is a secret free spot for two bounds in ForeignField.mul; use it
-  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, Field.from(0n)]);
+  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
 
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }

From 38b9b7fbb4e0faafe42d55ec1cd2ecceccd65c93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 11:49:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 025/102] tweak initial aggregator

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts          |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts           | 12 +++++++++---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts | 19 +++++++++++++------
 3 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 429d4c124..4c2bfead1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ let msgHash =
     0x3e91cd8bd233b3df4e4762b329e2922381da770df1b31276ec77d0557be7fcefn
   );
 
-const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(BaseField, Secp256k1);
+const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1, BaseField);
 const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 3, windowSizeP: 3 };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index d38cfd25c..5a00485c9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import { l, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import {
   bigIntToBits,
+  bigIntToBytes,
   bytesToBigInt,
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import {
@@ -355,9 +356,14 @@ function getPointTable(
  * It's important that this point has no known discrete logarithm so that nobody
  * can create an invalid proof of EC scaling.
  */
-function initialAggregator(F: FiniteField, { a, b }: { a: bigint; b: bigint }) {
+function initialAggregator(Curve: CurveAffine, F: FiniteField) {
+  // hash that identifies the curve
   let h = sha256.create();
-  h.update('o1js:ecdsa');
+  h.update('ecdsa');
+  h.update(bigIntToBytes(Curve.modulus));
+  h.update(bigIntToBytes(Curve.order));
+  h.update(bigIntToBytes(Curve.a));
+  h.update(bigIntToBytes(Curve.b));
   let bytes = h.array();
 
   // bytes represent a 256-bit number
@@ -370,7 +376,7 @@ function initialAggregator(F: FiniteField, { a, b }: { a: bigint; b: bigint }) {
     x = F.add(x, 1n);
     // solve y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
     let x3 = F.mul(F.square(x), x);
-    let y2 = F.add(x3, F.mul(a, x) + b);
+    let y2 = F.add(x3, F.mul(Curve.a, x) + Curve.b);
     y = F.sqrt(y2);
   }
   return { x, y, infinity: false };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
index b851590e1..5569f4dbc 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
-import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { EllipticCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';
 import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
-import { Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import {
+  pallasParams,
+  secp256k1Params,
+} from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
+
+const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(secp256k1Params);
+const Pallas = createCurveAffine(pallasParams);
 
 let { add, double, initialAggregator } = EllipticCurve;
 
@@ -17,7 +24,7 @@ let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
   let h = { x: x2, y: y2 };
 
-  add(g, h, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
+  add(g, h, Secp256k1.modulus);
 });
 
 let csDouble = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
@@ -26,7 +33,7 @@ let csDouble = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
 
   let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
 
-  double(g, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
+  double(g, Secp256k1.modulus);
 });
 
 printGates(csAdd.gates);
@@ -35,6 +42,6 @@ console.log({ digest: csAdd.digest, rows: csAdd.rows });
 printGates(csDouble.gates);
 console.log({ digest: csDouble.digest, rows: csDouble.rows });
 
-let point = initialAggregator(exampleFields.Fp, { a: 0n, b: 5n });
+let point = initialAggregator(Pallas, Fp);
 console.log({ point });
-assert(Pallas.isOnCurve(Pallas.fromAffine(point)));
+assert(Pallas.isOnCurve(point));

From 69a814d898669e2c531ad8316c2f4deff553a7dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 11:49:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 026/102] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 8f0e0d0f8..68df53a11 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 8f0e0d0f874dc3952bb01791c4b31394d7e5298f
+Subproject commit 68df53a111e6717c594a8173f60a5c59b09aa3b2

From be15bf118c7c8e820f1b55d531c34aa3b07dbcbd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 12:15:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 027/102] remove unused function

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 8 --------
 1 file changed, 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 5a00485c9..e7f945e57 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -536,11 +536,3 @@ const Ecdsa = {
   verify: verifyEcdsa,
   Signature: EcdsaSignature,
 };
-
-function gcd(a: number, b: number) {
-  if (b > a) [a, b] = [b, a];
-  while (true) {
-    if (b === 0) return a;
-    [a, b] = [b, a % b];
-  }
-}

From c0f297d2b3747784faf1090e1db71cf5f556a3b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 13:31:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 028/102] generalize doubleScalarMul to multiScalarMul to
 deduplicate logic

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts |  12 ++-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 124 ++++++++++++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 4c2bfead1..cf1e12a87 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1, BaseField);
-const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 3, windowSizeP: 3 };
+const tableConfig = { G: { windowSize: 3 }, P: { windowSize: 3 } };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
@@ -35,14 +35,12 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
       method() {
         let G = Point.from(Secp256k1.one);
         let P = Provable.witness(Point, () => publicKey);
-        let R = EllipticCurve.doubleScalarMul(
+        let R = EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(
           Secp256k1,
           ia,
-          signature.s,
-          G,
-          signature.r,
-          P,
-          tableConfig
+          [signature.s, signature.r],
+          [G, P],
+          [tableConfig.G, tableConfig.P]
         );
         Provable.asProver(() => {
           console.log(Point.toBigint(R));
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index e7f945e57..76f44813c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa, EcdsaSignature };
 const EllipticCurve = {
   add,
   double,
-  doubleScalarMul,
+  multiScalarMul,
   initialAggregator,
 };
 
@@ -169,10 +169,8 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   msgHash: Field3,
   publicKey: Point,
   tables?: {
-    windowSizeG?: number;
-    multiplesG?: Point[];
-    windowSizeP?: number;
-    multiplesP?: Point[];
+    G?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
+    P?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
   }
 ) {
   // constant case
@@ -199,7 +197,13 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   let u2 = ForeignField.mul(r, sInv, Curve.order);
 
   let G = Point.from(Curve.one);
-  let R = doubleScalarMul(Curve, ia, u1, G, u2, publicKey, tables);
+  let R = multiScalarMul(
+    Curve,
+    ia,
+    [u1, u2],
+    [G, publicKey],
+    tables && [tables.G, tables.P]
+  );
   // this ^ already proves that R != 0
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
@@ -208,87 +212,95 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 }
 
 /**
- * Scalar mul that we need for ECDSA:
+ * Multi-scalar multiplication:
  *
- * s*G + t*P,
+ * s_0 * P_0 + ... + s_(n-1) * P_(n-1)
  *
- * where G, P are any points. The result is not allowed to be zero.
+ * where P_i are any points. The result is not allowed to be zero.
  *
- * We double both points together and leverage a precomputed table
- * of size 2^c to avoid all but every cth addition for both s*G and t*P.
+ * We double all points together and leverage a precomputed table of size 2^c to avoid all but every cth addition.
+ *
+ * Note: this algorithm targets a small number of points, like 2 needed for ECDSA verification.
  *
  * TODO: could use lookups for picking precomputed multiples, instead of O(2^c) provable switch
  * TODO: custom bit representation for the scalar that avoids 0, to get rid of the degenerate addition case
  * TODO: glv trick which cuts down ec doubles by half by splitting s*P = s0*P + s1*endo(P) with s0, s1 in [0, 2^128)
  */
-function doubleScalarMul(
+function multiScalarMul(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
   ia: point,
-  s: Field3,
-  G: Point,
-  t: Field3,
-  P: Point,
-  {
-    // what we called c before
-    windowSizeG = 1,
-    // G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
-    multiplesG = undefined as Point[] | undefined,
-    windowSizeP = 1,
-    multiplesP = undefined as Point[] | undefined,
-  } = {}
+  scalars: Field3[],
+  points: Point[],
+  tableConfigs: (
+    | {
+        // what we called c before
+        windowSize?: number;
+        // G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
+        multiples?: Point[];
+      }
+    | undefined
+  )[] = []
 ): Point {
+  let n = points.length;
+  assert(scalars.length === n, 'Points and scalars lengths must match');
+  assertPositiveInteger(n, 'Expected at least 1 point and scalar');
+
   // constant case
   if (
-    Field3.isConstant(s) &&
-    Field3.isConstant(t) &&
-    Provable.isConstant(Point, G) &&
-    Provable.isConstant(Point, P)
+    scalars.every(Field3.isConstant) &&
+    points.every((P) => Provable.isConstant(Point, P))
   ) {
-    let s_ = Field3.toBigint(s);
-    let t_ = Field3.toBigint(t);
-    let G_ = Point.toBigint(G);
-    let P_ = Point.toBigint(P);
-    let R = Curve.add(Curve.scale(G_, s_), Curve.scale(P_, t_));
-    return Point.from(R);
+    // TODO dedicated MSM
+    let s = scalars.map(Field3.toBigint);
+    let P = points.map(Point.toBigint);
+    let sum = Curve.zero;
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      sum = Curve.add(sum, Curve.scale(P[i], s[i]));
+    }
+    return Point.from(sum);
   }
 
   // parse or build point tables
-  let Gs = getPointTable(Curve, G, windowSizeG, multiplesG);
-  let Ps = getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizeP, multiplesP);
+  let windowSizes = points.map((_, i) => tableConfigs[i]?.windowSize ?? 1);
+  let tables = points.map((P, i) =>
+    getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizes[i], tableConfigs[i]?.multiples)
+  );
 
   // slice scalars
   let b = Curve.order.toString(2).length;
-  let ss = slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeG });
-  let ts = slice(t, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeP });
+  let scalarChunks = scalars.map((s, i) =>
+    slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizes[i] })
+  );
 
   let sum = Point.from(ia);
 
   for (let i = b - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-    if (i % windowSizeG === 0) {
-      // pick point to add based on the scalar chunk
-      let sj = ss[i / windowSizeG];
-      let Gj = windowSizeG === 1 ? G : arrayGet(Point, Gs, sj, { offset: 1 });
-
-      // ec addition
-      let added = add(sum, Gj, Curve.modulus);
-
-      // handle degenerate case (if sj = 0, Gj is all zeros and the add result is garbage)
-      sum = Provable.if(sj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
+    // add in multiple of each point
+    for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
+      let windowSize = windowSizes[j];
+      if (i % windowSize === 0) {
+        // pick point to add based on the scalar chunk
+        let sj = scalarChunks[j][i / windowSize];
+        let sjP =
+          windowSize === 1
+            ? points[j]
+            : arrayGet(Point, tables[j], sj, { offset: 1 });
+
+        // ec addition
+        let added = add(sum, sjP, Curve.modulus);
+
+        // handle degenerate case (if sj = 0, Gj is all zeros and the add result is garbage)
+        sum = Provable.if(sj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
+      }
     }
 
-    if (i % windowSizeP === 0) {
-      let tj = ts[i / windowSizeP];
-      let Pj = windowSizeP === 1 ? P : arrayGet(Point, Ps, tj, { offset: 1 });
-      let added = add(sum, Pj, Curve.modulus);
-      sum = Provable.if(tj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
-    }
     if (i === 0) break;
 
-    // jointly double both points
+    // jointly double all points
     sum = double(sum, Curve.modulus);
   }
 
-  // the sum is now s*G + t*P + 2^(b-1)*IA
+  // the sum is now 2^(b-1)*IA + sum_i s_i*P_i
   // we assert that sum != 2^(b-1)*IA, and add -2^(b-1)*IA to get our result
   let iaFinal = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b - 1));
   Provable.equal(Point, sum, Point.from(iaFinal)).assertFalse();

From 241aae193d5b207753b0c9e60334c3ceecb5b651 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 14:52:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 029/102] save >3k constraints by optimizing array get gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts          | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 47 ++++++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79209efef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import type { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { existsOne, toVar } from './common.js';
+import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
+
+export { arrayGet };
+
+// TODO: create constant versions of these and expose on Gadgets
+
+/**
+ * Get value from array in O(n) rows.
+ *
+ * Assumes that index is in [0, n), returns an unconstrained result otherwise.
+ *
+ * Note: This saves 0.5*n constraints compared to equals() + switch()
+ */
+function arrayGet(array: Field[], index: Field) {
+  index = toVar(index);
+
+  // witness result
+  let a = existsOne(() => array[Number(index.toBigInt())].toBigInt());
+
+  // we prove a === array[j] + zj*(index - j) for some zj, for all j.
+  // setting j = index, this implies a === array[index]
+  // thanks to our assumption that the index is within bounds, we know that j = index for some j
+  let n = array.length;
+  for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
+    let zj = existsOne(() => {
+      let zj = Fp.div(
+        Fp.sub(a.toBigInt(), array[j].toBigInt()),
+        Fp.sub(index.toBigInt(), Fp.fromNumber(j))
+      );
+      return zj ?? 0n;
+    });
+    // prove that zj*(index - j) === a - array[j]
+    // TODO abstract this logic into a general-purpose assertMul() gadget,
+    // which is able to use the constant coefficient
+    // (snarky's assert_r1cs somehow leads to much more constraints than this)
+    if (array[j].isConstant()) {
+      // -j*zj + zj*index - a + array[j] === 0
+      Gates.generic(
+        {
+          left: -BigInt(j),
+          right: 0n,
+          out: -1n,
+          mul: 1n,
+          const: array[j].toBigInt(),
+        },
+        { left: zj, right: index, out: a }
+      );
+    } else {
+      let aMinusAj = toVar(a.sub(array[j]));
+      // -j*zj + zj*index - (a - array[j]) === 0
+      Gates.generic(
+        {
+          left: -BigInt(j),
+          right: 0n,
+          out: -1n,
+          mul: 1n,
+          const: 0n,
+        },
+        { left: zj, right: index, out: aMinusAj }
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  return a;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 76f44813c..414d39490 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ import {
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
+import { ProvablePure } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { arrayGet } from './basic.js';
 
 export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa, EcdsaSignature };
 
@@ -262,9 +264,17 @@ function multiScalarMul(
 
   // parse or build point tables
   let windowSizes = points.map((_, i) => tableConfigs[i]?.windowSize ?? 1);
-  let tables = points.map((P, i) =>
-    getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizes[i], tableConfigs[i]?.multiples)
-  );
+  let tables = points.map((P, i) => {
+    let table = getPointTable(
+      Curve,
+      P,
+      windowSizes[i],
+      tableConfigs[i]?.multiples
+    );
+    // add zero point in the beginning
+    table.unshift(Point.from(Curve.zero));
+    return table;
+  });
 
   // slice scalars
   let b = Curve.order.toString(2).length;
@@ -282,9 +292,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
         // pick point to add based on the scalar chunk
         let sj = scalarChunks[j][i / windowSize];
         let sjP =
-          windowSize === 1
-            ? points[j]
-            : arrayGet(Point, tables[j], sj, { offset: 1 });
+          windowSize === 1 ? points[j] : arrayGetGeneric(Point, tables[j], sj);
 
         // ec addition
         let added = add(sum, sjP, Curve.modulus);
@@ -491,21 +499,22 @@ function sliceField(
 /**
  * Get value from array in O(n) constraints.
  *
- * If the index is out of bounds, returns all-zeros version of T
+ * Assumes that index is in [0, n), returns an unconstrained result otherwise.
  */
-function arrayGet<T>(
-  type: Provable<T>,
-  array: T[],
-  index: Field,
-  { offset = 0 } = {}
-) {
-  let n = array.length;
-  let oneHot = Array(n);
-  // TODO can we share computation between all those equals()?
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    oneHot[i] = index.equals(i + offset);
+function arrayGetGeneric<T>(type: Provable<T>, array: T[], index: Field) {
+  // witness result
+  let a = Provable.witness(type, () => array[Number(index)]);
+  let aFields = type.toFields(a);
+
+  // constrain each field of the result
+  let size = type.sizeInFields();
+  let arrays = array.map(type.toFields);
+
+  for (let j = 0; j < size; j++) {
+    let arrayFieldsJ = arrays.map((x) => x[j]);
+    arrayGet(arrayFieldsJ, index).assertEquals(aFields[j]);
   }
-  return Provable.switch(oneHot, type, array);
+  return a;
 }
 
 const Point = {

From f4801d0f97ae08c32eebe268d017727a4308c787 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 14:57:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 030/102] clean up table logic

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 22 +++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 414d39490..4e4fb65fa 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -264,17 +264,9 @@ function multiScalarMul(
 
   // parse or build point tables
   let windowSizes = points.map((_, i) => tableConfigs[i]?.windowSize ?? 1);
-  let tables = points.map((P, i) => {
-    let table = getPointTable(
-      Curve,
-      P,
-      windowSizes[i],
-      tableConfigs[i]?.multiples
-    );
-    // add zero point in the beginning
-    table.unshift(Point.from(Curve.zero));
-    return table;
-  });
+  let tables = points.map((P, i) =>
+    getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizes[i], tableConfigs[i]?.multiples)
+  );
 
   // slice scalars
   let b = Curve.order.toString(2).length;
@@ -351,17 +343,17 @@ function getPointTable(
   table?: Point[]
 ): Point[] {
   assertPositiveInteger(windowSize, 'invalid window size');
-  let n = (1 << windowSize) - 1; // n >= 1
+  let n = 1 << windowSize; // n >= 2
 
   assert(table === undefined || table.length === n, 'invalid table');
   if (table !== undefined) return table;
 
-  table = [P];
-  if (n === 1) return table;
+  table = [Point.from(Curve.zero), P];
+  if (n === 2) return table;
 
   let Pi = double(P, Curve.modulus);
   table.push(Pi);
-  for (let i = 2; i < n; i++) {
+  for (let i = 3; i < n; i++) {
     Pi = add(Pi, P, Curve.modulus);
     table.push(Pi);
   }

From 80dbef6cd64f32cc50f0305b2f7828613cbd4f09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 15:18:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 031/102] optimal window size changed

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index cf1e12a87..ff303b3cc 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1, BaseField);
-const tableConfig = { G: { windowSize: 3 }, P: { windowSize: 3 } };
+const tableConfig = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 } };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 4e4fb65fa..9127cd789 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -297,6 +297,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
     if (i === 0) break;
 
     // jointly double all points
+    // (note: the highest couple of bits will not create any constraints because sum is constant; no need to handle that explicitly)
     sum = double(sum, Curve.modulus);
   }
 

From 73d2b2dee9228006d0ce77733d1c2a3e43a0a6a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 22:02:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 032/102] replace mul input rcs with generic gates

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts |   1 -
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts  | 106 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 9127cd789..a2a180adb 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ import {
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
-import { ProvablePure } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { arrayGet } from './basic.js';
 
 export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa, EcdsaSignature };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 49dcdceb3..374a26a0d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
 import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVars } from './common.js';
 import {
@@ -402,14 +403,15 @@ function split2(x: bigint): [bigint, bigint] {
 /**
  * Optimized multiplication of sums, like (x + y)*z = a + b + c
  *
- * We use two optimizations over naive summing and then multiplying:
+ * We use several optimizations over naive summing and then multiplying:
  *
  * - we skip the range check on the remainder sum, because ffmul is sound with r being a sum of range-checked values
+ * - we replace the range check on the input sums with an extra low limb sum using generic gates
  * - we chain the first input's sum into the ffmul gate
  *
  * As usual, all values are assumed to be range checked, and the left and right multiplication inputs
  * are assumed to be bounded such that `l * r < 2^264 * (native modulus)`.
- * However, all extra checks that are needed on the sums are handled here.
+ * However, all extra checks that are needed on the _sums_ are handled here.
  *
  * TODO example
  */
@@ -419,19 +421,19 @@ function assertRank1(
   xy: Field3 | Sum,
   f: bigint
 ) {
-  x = Sum.fromUnfinished(x, f);
-  y = Sum.fromUnfinished(y, f);
-  xy = Sum.fromUnfinished(xy, f);
+  x = Sum.fromUnfinished(x);
+  y = Sum.fromUnfinished(y);
+  xy = Sum.fromUnfinished(xy);
 
   // finish the y and xy sums with a zero gate
   let y0 = y.finish(f);
   let xy0 = xy.finish(f);
 
   // x is chained into the ffmul gate
-  let x0 = x.finishForChaining(f);
+  let x0 = x.finish(f, true);
   assertMul(x0, y0, xy0, f);
 
-  // we need an extra range check on x and y, but not xy
+  // we need and extra range check on x and y
   x.rangeCheck();
   y.rangeCheck();
 }
@@ -464,10 +466,17 @@ class Sum {
     return this;
   }
 
-  finish(f: bigint, forChaining = false) {
+  finishOne() {
+    let result = this.#summands[0];
+    this.#result = result;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  finish(f: bigint, isChained = false) {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     let signs = this.#ops;
     let n = signs.length;
+    if (n === 0) return this.finishOne();
 
     let x = this.#summands.map(toVars);
     let result = x[0];
@@ -475,14 +484,87 @@ class Sum {
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       ({ result } = singleAdd(result, x[i + 1], signs[i], f));
     }
-    if (n > 0 && !forChaining) Gates.zero(...result);
+    if (!isChained) Gates.zero(...result);
 
     this.#result = result;
     return result;
   }
 
-  finishForChaining(f: bigint) {
-    return this.finish(f, true);
+  finishForMulInput(f: bigint, isChained = false) {
+    assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
+    let signs = this.#ops;
+    let n = signs.length;
+    if (n === 0) return this.finishOne();
+
+    let x = this.#summands.map(toVars);
+
+    // since the sum becomes a multiplication input, we need to constrain all limbs _individually_.
+    // sadly, ffadd only constrains the low and middle limb together.
+    // we could fix it with a RC just for the lower two limbs
+    // but it's cheaper to add generic gates which handle the lowest limb separately, and avoids the unfilled MRC slot
+    let f_ = split(f);
+
+    // compute witnesses for generic gates -- overflows and carries
+    let nFields = Provable.Array(Field, n);
+    let [overflows, carries] = Provable.witness(
+      provableTuple([nFields, nFields]),
+      () => {
+        let overflows: bigint[] = [];
+        let carries: bigint[] = [];
+
+        let r = Field3.toBigint(x[0]);
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+          // this duplicates some of the logic in singleAdd
+          let x_ = split(r);
+          let y_ = bigint3(x[i + 1]);
+          let sign = signs[i];
+
+          // figure out if there's overflow
+          r = r + sign * collapse(y_);
+          let overflow = 0n;
+          if (sign === 1n && r >= f) overflow = 1n;
+          if (sign === -1n && r < 0n) overflow = -1n;
+          if (f === 0n) overflow = 0n;
+          overflows.push(overflow);
+
+          // add with carry, only on the lowest limb
+          let r0 = x_[0] + sign * y_[0] - overflow * f_[0];
+          carries.push(r0 >> l);
+        }
+        return [overflows.map(Field.from), carries.map(Field.from)];
+      }
+    );
+
+    // generic gates for low limbs
+    let result0 = x[0][0];
+    let r0s: Field[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      // constrain carry to 0, 1, or -1
+      let c = carries[i];
+      c.mul(c.sub(1n)).mul(c.add(1n)).assertEquals(0n);
+
+      result0 = result0
+        .add(x[i + 1][0].mul(signs[i]))
+        .add(overflows[i].mul(f_[0]))
+        .sub(c.mul(1n << l))
+        .seal();
+      r0s.push(result0);
+    }
+
+    // ffadd chain
+    let result = x[0];
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      let r = singleAdd(result, x[i + 1], signs[i], f);
+      // wire low limb and overflow to previous values
+      r.result[0].assertEquals(r0s[i]);
+      r.overflow.assertEquals(overflows[i]);
+      result = r.result;
+    }
+    if (!isChained) Gates.zero(...result);
+
+    this.#result = result;
+    return result;
   }
 
   rangeCheck() {
@@ -490,7 +572,7 @@ class Sum {
     if (this.#ops.length > 0) multiRangeCheck(this.#result);
   }
 
-  static fromUnfinished(x: Field3 | Sum, f: bigint) {
+  static fromUnfinished(x: Field3 | Sum) {
     if (x instanceof Sum) {
       assert(x.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
       return x;

From 21050b6391942cabaa5edaf4f9518fb0f6b4d040 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 11:03:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 033/102] enable strict typing of variable fields

---
 src/lib/field.ts          | 15 +++++++++++++--
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts | 16 ++++++++++------
 src/snarky.d.ts           |  8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index de52ecf62..9e2497e23 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@ export { Field };
 
 // internal API
 export {
-  ConstantField,
   FieldType,
   FieldVar,
   FieldConst,
+  ConstantField,
+  VarField,
+  VarFieldVar,
   isField,
   withMessage,
   readVarMessage,
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@ type FieldVar =
   | [FieldType.Scale, FieldConst, FieldVar];
 
 type ConstantFieldVar = [FieldType.Constant, FieldConst];
+type VarFieldVar = [FieldType.Var, number];
 
 const FieldVar = {
   constant(x: bigint | FieldConst): ConstantFieldVar {
@@ -78,6 +81,9 @@ const FieldVar = {
   isConstant(x: FieldVar): x is ConstantFieldVar {
     return x[0] === FieldType.Constant;
   },
+  isVar(x: FieldVar): x is VarFieldVar {
+    return x[0] === FieldType.Var;
+  },
   add(x: FieldVar, y: FieldVar): FieldVar {
     if (FieldVar.isConstant(x) && x[1][1] === 0n) return y;
     if (FieldVar.isConstant(y) && y[1][1] === 0n) return x;
@@ -101,6 +107,7 @@ const FieldVar = {
 };
 
 type ConstantField = Field & { value: ConstantFieldVar };
+type VarField = Field & { value: VarFieldVar };
 
 /**
  * A {@link Field} is an element of a prime order [finite field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_field).
@@ -1039,7 +1046,7 @@ class Field {
   seal() {
     if (this.isConstant()) return this;
     let x = Snarky.field.seal(this.value);
-    return new Field(x);
+    return VarField(x);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1360,3 +1367,7 @@ there is \`Provable.asProver(() => { ... })\` which allows you to use ${varName}
 Warning: whatever happens inside asProver() will not be part of the zk proof.
 `;
 }
+
+function VarField(x: VarFieldVar): VarField {
+  return new Field(x) as VarField;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 196ca64e7..1b52023ab 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, FieldType } from '../field.js';
+import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { MlArray } from '../ml/base.js';
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export {
 
 function existsOne(compute: () => bigint) {
   let varMl = Snarky.existsVar(() => FieldConst.fromBigint(compute()));
-  return new Field(varMl);
+  return VarField(varMl);
 }
 
 function exists<N extends number, C extends () => TupleN<bigint, N>>(
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ function exists<N extends number, C extends () => TupleN<bigint, N>>(
   let varsMl = Snarky.exists(n, () =>
     MlArray.mapTo(compute(), FieldConst.fromBigint)
   );
-  let vars = MlArray.mapFrom(varsMl, (v) => new Field(v));
+  let vars = MlArray.mapFrom(varsMl, VarField);
   return TupleN.fromArray(n, vars);
 }
 
@@ -43,20 +43,24 @@ function exists<N extends number, C extends () => TupleN<bigint, N>>(
  *
  * Same as `Field.seal()` with the difference that `seal()` leaves constants as is.
  */
-function toVar(x: Field | bigint) {
+function toVar(x: Field | bigint): VarField {
   // don't change existing vars
-  if (x instanceof Field && x.value[1] === FieldType.Var) return x;
+  if (isVar(x)) return x;
   let xVar = existsOne(() => Field.from(x).toBigInt());
   xVar.assertEquals(x);
   return xVar;
 }
 
+function isVar(x: Field | bigint): x is VarField {
+  return x instanceof Field && FieldVar.isVar(x.value);
+}
+
 /**
  * Apply {@link toVar} to each element of a tuple.
  */
 function toVars<T extends Tuple<Field | bigint>>(
   fields: T
-): { [k in keyof T]: Field } {
+): { [k in keyof T]: VarField } {
   return Tuple.map(fields, toVar);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 69fe3bcb3..343d714c4 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import type { Account as JsonAccount } from './bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-json.js';
-import type { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar } from './lib/field.js';
+import type { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, VarFieldVar } from './lib/field.js';
 import type { BoolVar, Bool } from './lib/bool.js';
 import type { ScalarConst } from './lib/scalar.js';
 import type {
@@ -181,11 +181,11 @@ declare const Snarky: {
   exists(
     sizeInFields: number,
     compute: () => MlArray<FieldConst>
-  ): MlArray<FieldVar>;
+  ): MlArray<VarFieldVar>;
   /**
    * witness a single field element variable
    */
-  existsVar(compute: () => FieldConst): FieldVar;
+  existsVar(compute: () => FieldConst): VarFieldVar;
 
   /**
    * APIs that have to do with running provable code
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ declare const Snarky: {
      * returns a new witness from an AST
      * (implemented with toConstantAndTerms)
      */
-    seal(x: FieldVar): FieldVar;
+    seal(x: FieldVar): VarFieldVar;
     /**
      * Unfolds AST to get `x = c + c0*Var(i0) + ... + cn*Var(in)`,
      * returns `(c, [(c0, i0), ..., (cn, in)])`;

From 89e0cddf05d357d9994bf6f5680c7ba163173e64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 11:07:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 034/102] optimized assertOneOf gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts | 70 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
index 79209efef..c48b84e3e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import type { Field } from '../field.js';
+import type { Field, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { existsOne, toVar } from './common.js';
 import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
+import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 
-export { arrayGet };
+export { arrayGet, assertOneOf };
 
 // TODO: create constant versions of these and expose on Gadgets
 
@@ -66,3 +67,68 @@ function arrayGet(array: Field[], index: Field) {
 
   return a;
 }
+
+/**
+ * Assert that a value equals one of a finite list of constants:
+ * `(x - c1)*(x - c2)*...*(x - cn) === 0`
+ *
+ * TODO: what prevents us from getting the same efficiency with snarky DSL code?
+ */
+function assertOneOf(x: Field, allowed: [bigint, bigint, ...bigint[]]) {
+  let xv = toVar(x);
+  let [c1, c2, ...c] = allowed;
+  let n = c.length;
+  if (n === 0) {
+    // (x - c1)*(x - c2) === 0
+    assertBilinearZero(xv, xv, [1n, -(c1 + c2), 0n, c1 * c2]);
+    return;
+  }
+  // z = (x - c1)*(x - c2)
+  let z = bilinear(xv, xv, [1n, -(c1 + c2), 0n, c1 * c2]);
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    if (i < n - 1) {
+      // z = z*(x - c)
+      z = bilinear(z, xv, [1n, -c[i], 0n, 0n]);
+    } else {
+      // z*(x - c) === 0
+      assertBilinearZero(z, xv, [1n, -c[i], 0n, 0n]);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// low-level helpers to create generic gates
+
+/**
+ * Compute bilinear function of x and y:
+ * z = a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d
+ */
+function bilinear(x: VarField, y: VarField, [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>) {
+  let z = existsOne(() => {
+    let x0 = x.toBigInt();
+    let y0 = y.toBigInt();
+    return a * x0 * y0 + b * x0 + c * y0 + d;
+  });
+  // b*x + c*y - z + a*x*y + d === 0
+  Gates.generic(
+    { left: b, right: c, out: -1n, mul: a, const: d },
+    { left: x, right: y, out: z }
+  );
+  return z;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Assert bilinear equation on x and y:
+ * a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d === 0
+ */
+function assertBilinearZero(
+  x: VarField,
+  y: VarField,
+  [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>
+) {
+  // b*x + c*y + a*x*y + d === 0
+  Gates.generic(
+    { left: b, right: c, out: 0n, mul: a, const: d },
+    { left: x, right: y, out: x }
+  );
+}

From d0a315910a18cddebcf5f624b8f6ccc81f4cb767 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 11:29:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 035/102] simplify low-level gadgets

---
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts  | 63 +++++++++++++++------------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts |  1 +
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
index c48b84e3e..b7cd69e44 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -16,52 +16,34 @@ export { arrayGet, assertOneOf };
  * Note: This saves 0.5*n constraints compared to equals() + switch()
  */
 function arrayGet(array: Field[], index: Field) {
-  index = toVar(index);
+  let i = toVar(index);
 
   // witness result
-  let a = existsOne(() => array[Number(index.toBigInt())].toBigInt());
+  let a = existsOne(() => array[Number(i.toBigInt())].toBigInt());
 
-  // we prove a === array[j] + zj*(index - j) for some zj, for all j.
-  // setting j = index, this implies a === array[index]
-  // thanks to our assumption that the index is within bounds, we know that j = index for some j
+  // we prove a === array[j] + zj*(i - j) for some zj, for all j.
+  // setting j = i, this implies a === array[i]
+  // thanks to our assumption that the index i is within bounds, we know that j = i for some j
   let n = array.length;
   for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
     let zj = existsOne(() => {
       let zj = Fp.div(
         Fp.sub(a.toBigInt(), array[j].toBigInt()),
-        Fp.sub(index.toBigInt(), Fp.fromNumber(j))
+        Fp.sub(i.toBigInt(), Fp.fromNumber(j))
       );
       return zj ?? 0n;
     });
-    // prove that zj*(index - j) === a - array[j]
+    // prove that zj*(i - j) === a - array[j]
     // TODO abstract this logic into a general-purpose assertMul() gadget,
     // which is able to use the constant coefficient
     // (snarky's assert_r1cs somehow leads to much more constraints than this)
     if (array[j].isConstant()) {
-      // -j*zj + zj*index - a + array[j] === 0
-      Gates.generic(
-        {
-          left: -BigInt(j),
-          right: 0n,
-          out: -1n,
-          mul: 1n,
-          const: array[j].toBigInt(),
-        },
-        { left: zj, right: index, out: a }
-      );
+      // zj*i + (-j)*zj + 0*i + array[j] === a
+      assertBilinear(zj, i, [1n, -BigInt(j), 0n, array[j].toBigInt()], a);
     } else {
       let aMinusAj = toVar(a.sub(array[j]));
-      // -j*zj + zj*index - (a - array[j]) === 0
-      Gates.generic(
-        {
-          left: -BigInt(j),
-          right: 0n,
-          out: -1n,
-          mul: 1n,
-          const: 0n,
-        },
-        { left: zj, right: index, out: aMinusAj }
-      );
+      // zj*i + (-j)*zj + 0*i + 0 === (a - array[j])
+      assertBilinear(zj, i, [1n, -BigInt(j), 0n, 0n], aMinusAj);
     }
   }
 
@@ -80,7 +62,7 @@ function assertOneOf(x: Field, allowed: [bigint, bigint, ...bigint[]]) {
   let n = c.length;
   if (n === 0) {
     // (x - c1)*(x - c2) === 0
-    assertBilinearZero(xv, xv, [1n, -(c1 + c2), 0n, c1 * c2]);
+    assertBilinear(xv, xv, [1n, -(c1 + c2), 0n, c1 * c2]);
     return;
   }
   // z = (x - c1)*(x - c2)
@@ -92,7 +74,7 @@ function assertOneOf(x: Field, allowed: [bigint, bigint, ...bigint[]]) {
       z = bilinear(z, xv, [1n, -c[i], 0n, 0n]);
     } else {
       // z*(x - c) === 0
-      assertBilinearZero(z, xv, [1n, -c[i], 0n, 0n]);
+      assertBilinear(z, xv, [1n, -c[i], 0n, 0n]);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -101,7 +83,7 @@ function assertOneOf(x: Field, allowed: [bigint, bigint, ...bigint[]]) {
 
 /**
  * Compute bilinear function of x and y:
- * z = a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d
+ * `z = a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d`
  */
 function bilinear(x: VarField, y: VarField, [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>) {
   let z = existsOne(() => {
@@ -118,17 +100,20 @@ function bilinear(x: VarField, y: VarField, [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Assert bilinear equation on x and y:
- * a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d === 0
+ * Assert bilinear equation on x, y and z:
+ * `a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d === z`
+ *
+ * The default for z is 0.
  */
-function assertBilinearZero(
+function assertBilinear(
   x: VarField,
   y: VarField,
-  [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>
+  [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>,
+  z?: VarField
 ) {
-  // b*x + c*y + a*x*y + d === 0
+  // b*x + c*y - z + a*x*y + d === z
   Gates.generic(
-    { left: b, right: c, out: 0n, mul: a, const: d },
-    { left: x, right: y, out: x }
+    { left: b, right: c, out: z === undefined ? 0n : -1n, mul: a, const: d },
+    { left: x, right: y, out: z === undefined ? x : z }
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 1b52023ab..e6e6c873c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ export {
   existsOne,
   toVars,
   toVar,
+  isVar,
   assert,
   bitSlice,
   witnessSlice,

From 64610e7d13e5135ca74f4838adad2ad91abbd2b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 11:30:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 036/102] make new assertRank1 more efficient and enable it

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts |  4 +---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts  | 36 +++++++++++++++----------------
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index a2a180adb..60d9646d5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   let mBound = weakBound(m[2], f);
   let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
   let y3Bound = weakBound(y3[2], f);
+  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
 
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
   let deltaX = new Sum(x1).sub(x2);
@@ -100,9 +101,6 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   let ySum = new Sum(y1).add(y3);
   assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
-  // bounds checks
-  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
-
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 374a26a0d..b0abeff8c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
-import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVars } from './common.js';
+import { assertOneOf } from './basic.js';
+import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
 import {
   l,
   lMask,
@@ -426,16 +427,12 @@ function assertRank1(
   xy = Sum.fromUnfinished(xy);
 
   // finish the y and xy sums with a zero gate
-  let y0 = y.finish(f);
+  let y0 = y.finishForMulInput(f);
   let xy0 = xy.finish(f);
 
   // x is chained into the ffmul gate
-  let x0 = x.finish(f, true);
+  let x0 = x.finishForMulInput(f, true);
   assertMul(x0, y0, xy0, f);
-
-  // we need and extra range check on x and y
-  x.rangeCheck();
-  y.rangeCheck();
 }
 
 class Sum {
@@ -490,6 +487,7 @@ class Sum {
     return result;
   }
 
+  // TODO this is complex and should be removed once we fix the ffadd gate to constrain all limbs individually
   finishForMulInput(f: bigint, isChained = false) {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     let signs = this.#ops;
@@ -537,19 +535,21 @@ class Sum {
     );
 
     // generic gates for low limbs
-    let result0 = x[0][0];
-    let r0s: Field[] = [];
+    let x0 = x[0][0];
+    let x0s: Field[] = [];
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       // constrain carry to 0, 1, or -1
       let c = carries[i];
-      c.mul(c.sub(1n)).mul(c.add(1n)).assertEquals(0n);
-
-      result0 = result0
-        .add(x[i + 1][0].mul(signs[i]))
-        .add(overflows[i].mul(f_[0]))
-        .sub(c.mul(1n << l))
-        .seal();
-      r0s.push(result0);
+      assertOneOf(c, [0n, 1n, -1n]);
+
+      // x0 <- x0 + s*y0 - o*f0 - c*2^l
+      x0 = toVar(
+        x0
+          .add(x[i + 1][0].mul(signs[i]))
+          .sub(overflows[i].mul(f_[0]))
+          .sub(c.mul(1n << l))
+      );
+      x0s.push(x0);
     }
 
     // ffadd chain
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ class Sum {
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       let r = singleAdd(result, x[i + 1], signs[i], f);
       // wire low limb and overflow to previous values
-      r.result[0].assertEquals(r0s[i]);
+      r.result[0].assertEquals(x0s[i]);
       r.overflow.assertEquals(overflows[i]);
       result = r.result;
     }

From eacc1e606f06f6bdf217918d46c4c88d63cd093b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 12:57:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 037/102] expose assertMul and Sum

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 44 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts       | 16 +++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index b0abeff8c..f60663e98 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -19,18 +19,11 @@ import {
   compactMultiRangeCheck,
 } from './range-check.js';
 
-export {
-  ForeignField,
-  Field3,
-  bigint3,
-  Sign,
-  split,
-  collapse,
-  weakBound,
-  assertMul,
-  Sum,
-  assertRank1,
-};
+// external API
+export { ForeignField, Field3 };
+
+// internal API
+export { bigint3, Sign, split, collapse, weakBound, Sum, assertMul };
 
 /**
  * A 3-tuple of Fields, representing a 3-limb bigint.
@@ -47,10 +40,14 @@ const ForeignField = {
     return sum([x, y], [-1n], f);
   },
   sum,
+  Sum(x: Field3) {
+    return new Sum(x);
+  },
 
   mul: multiply,
   inv: inverse,
   div: divide,
+  assertMul,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -157,7 +154,7 @@ function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   let xInv2Bound = weakBound(xInv[2], f);
 
   let one: Field2 = [Field.from(1n), Field.from(0n)];
-  assertMul(x, xInv, one, f);
+  assertMulInternal(x, xInv, one, f);
 
   // range check on result bound
   // TODO: this uses two RCs too many.. need global RC stack
@@ -190,7 +187,7 @@ function divide(
   });
   multiRangeCheck(z);
   let z2Bound = weakBound(z[2], f);
-  assertMul(z, y, x, f);
+  assertMulInternal(z, y, x, f);
 
   // range check on result bound
   multiRangeCheck([z2Bound, Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n)]);
@@ -212,7 +209,12 @@ function divide(
 /**
  * Common logic for gadgets that expect a certain multiplication result a priori, instead of just using the remainder.
  */
-function assertMul(x: Field3, y: Field3, xy: Field3 | Field2, f: bigint) {
+function assertMulInternal(
+  x: Field3,
+  y: Field3,
+  xy: Field3 | Field2,
+  f: bigint
+) {
   let { r01, r2, q } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(x, y, f);
 
   // range check on quotient
@@ -413,10 +415,8 @@ function split2(x: bigint): [bigint, bigint] {
  * As usual, all values are assumed to be range checked, and the left and right multiplication inputs
  * are assumed to be bounded such that `l * r < 2^264 * (native modulus)`.
  * However, all extra checks that are needed on the _sums_ are handled here.
- *
- * TODO example
  */
-function assertRank1(
+function assertMul(
   x: Field3 | Sum,
   y: Field3 | Sum,
   xy: Field3 | Sum,
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ function assertRank1(
 
   // x is chained into the ffmul gate
   let x0 = x.finishForMulInput(f, true);
-  assertMul(x0, y0, xy0, f);
+  assertMulInternal(x0, y0, xy0, f);
 }
 
 class Sum {
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ class Sum {
     return this;
   }
 
-  finishOne() {
+  #finishOne() {
     let result = this.#summands[0];
     this.#result = result;
     return result;
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ class Sum {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     let signs = this.#ops;
     let n = signs.length;
-    if (n === 0) return this.finishOne();
+    if (n === 0) return this.#finishOne();
 
     let x = this.#summands.map(toVars);
     let result = x[0];
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ class Sum {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     let signs = this.#ops;
     let n = signs.length;
-    if (n === 0) return this.finishOne();
+    if (n === 0) return this.#finishOne();
 
     let x = this.#summands.map(toVars);
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index dc4569369..e5c267653 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
 } from './range-check.js';
 import { not, rotate, xor, and, leftShift, rightShift } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
-import { ForeignField, Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { ForeignField, Field3, Sum } from './foreign-field.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
 
@@ -470,6 +470,20 @@ const Gadgets = {
     div(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.div(x, y, f);
     },
+
+    /**
+     * TODO
+     */
+    assertMul(x: Field3 | Sum, y: Field3 | Sum, z: Field3 | Sum, f: bigint) {
+      return ForeignField.assertMul(x, y, z, f);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * TODO
+     */
+    Sum(x: Field3) {
+      return ForeignField.Sum(x);
+    },
   },
 
   /**

From 003f29d8a48b0e8f3141102dd31f7b7b7aae2d15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 13:00:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 038/102] adapt elliptic curve gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 41 +++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 60d9646d5..9b9b7417a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -6,14 +6,7 @@ import {
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
-import {
-  Field3,
-  ForeignField,
-  Sum,
-  assertRank1,
-  split,
-  weakBound,
-} from './foreign-field.js';
+import { Field3, ForeignField, split, weakBound } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { l, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import {
@@ -88,18 +81,18 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
 
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
-  let deltaX = new Sum(x1).sub(x2);
-  let deltaY = new Sum(y1).sub(y2);
-  assertRank1(deltaX, m, deltaY, f);
+  let deltaX = ForeignField.Sum(x1).sub(x2);
+  let deltaY = ForeignField.Sum(y1).sub(y2);
+  ForeignField.assertMul(deltaX, m, deltaY, f);
 
   // m^2 = x1 + x2 + x3
-  let xSum = new Sum(x1).add(x2).add(x3);
-  assertRank1(m, m, xSum, f);
+  let xSum = ForeignField.Sum(x1).add(x2).add(x3);
+  ForeignField.assertMul(m, m, xSum, f);
 
   // (x1 - x3)*m = y1 + y3
-  let deltaX1X3 = new Sum(x1).sub(x3);
-  let ySum = new Sum(y1).add(y3);
-  assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
+  let deltaX1X3 = ForeignField.Sum(x1).sub(x3);
+  let ySum = ForeignField.Sum(y1).add(y3);
+  ForeignField.assertMul(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
@@ -142,18 +135,18 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
 
   // 2*y1*m = 3*x1x1
   // TODO this assumes the curve has a == 0
-  let y1Times2 = new Sum(y1).add(y1);
-  let x1x1Times3 = new Sum(x1x1).add(x1x1).add(x1x1);
-  assertRank1(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3, f);
+  let y1Times2 = ForeignField.Sum(y1).add(y1);
+  let x1x1Times3 = ForeignField.Sum(x1x1).add(x1x1).add(x1x1);
+  ForeignField.assertMul(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3, f);
 
   // m^2 = 2*x1 + x3
-  let xSum = new Sum(x1).add(x1).add(x3);
-  assertRank1(m, m, xSum, f);
+  let xSum = ForeignField.Sum(x1).add(x1).add(x3);
+  ForeignField.assertMul(m, m, xSum, f);
 
   // (x1 - x3)*m = y1 + y3
-  let deltaX1X3 = new Sum(x1).sub(x3);
-  let ySum = new Sum(y1).add(y3);
-  assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
+  let deltaX1X3 = ForeignField.Sum(x1).sub(x3);
+  let ySum = ForeignField.Sum(y1).add(y3);
+  ForeignField.assertMul(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
   // bounds checks
   multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);

From 347524a4aa3fce103b0b98adb98cb7955a243729 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 14:30:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 039/102] add assertion to prevent invalid multiplication

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 13 +++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index f60663e98..dd89d04e4 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -426,6 +426,15 @@ function assertMul(
   y = Sum.fromUnfinished(y);
   xy = Sum.fromUnfinished(xy);
 
+  // conservative estimate to ensure that multiplication bound is satisfied
+  // we assume that all summands si are bounded with si[2] <= f[2] checks, which implies si < 2^k where k := ceil(log(f))
+  // our assertion below gives us
+  // |x|*|y| + q*f + |r| < (x.length * y.length) 2^2k + 2^2k + 2^2k < 3 * 2^(2*258) < 2^264 * (native modulus)
+  assert(
+    BigInt(Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(x.length * y.length))) * f < 1n << 258n,
+    `Foreign modulus is too large for multiplication of sums of lengths ${x.length} and ${y.length}`
+  );
+
   // finish the y and xy sums with a zero gate
   let y0 = y.finishForMulInput(f);
   let xy0 = xy.finish(f);
@@ -449,6 +458,10 @@ class Sum {
     return this.#result;
   }
 
+  get length() {
+    return this.#summands.length;
+  }
+
   add(y: Field3) {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     this.#ops.push(1n);

From 24a0bf6b9b0e5db0500970184ed6d7b3b39f31a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 14:33:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 040/102] document assertMul

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index e5c267653..ec389e92e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -472,14 +472,39 @@ const Gadgets = {
     },
 
     /**
-     * TODO
+     * Optimized multiplication of sums in a foreign field, for example: `(x - y)*z = a + b + c mod f`
+     *
+     * Note: This is much more efficient than using {@link ForeignField.add} and {@link ForeignField.sub} separately to
+     * compute the multiplication inputs and outputs, and then using {@link ForeignField.mul} to constrain the result.
+     *
+     * The sums passed into this gadgets are "lazy sums" created with {@link ForeignField.Sum}.
+     * You can also pass in plain {@link Field3} elements.
+     *
+     * **Assumptions**: The assumptions on the _summands_ are analogous to the assumptions described in {@link ForeignField.mul}:
+     * - each summand's limbs are in the range [0, 2^88)
+     * - summands that are part of a multiplication input satisfy `x[2] <= f[2]`
+     *
+     * @throws if the modulus is so large that the second assumption no longer suffices for validity of the multiplication.
+     * For small sums and moduli < 2^256, this will not fail.
+     *
+     * @throws if the provided multiplication result is not correct modulo f.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * // we assume that x, y, z, a, b, c are range-checked, analogous to `ForeignField.mul()`
+     * let xMinusY = ForeignField.Sum(x).sub(y);
+     * let aPlusBPlusC = ForeignField.Sum(a).add(b).add(c);
+     *
+     * // assert that (x - y)*z = a + b + c mod f
+     * ForeignField.assertMul(xMinusY, z, aPlusBPlusC, f);
+     * ```
      */
     assertMul(x: Field3 | Sum, y: Field3 | Sum, z: Field3 | Sum, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.assertMul(x, y, z, f);
     },
 
     /**
-     * TODO
+     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link ForeignField.assertMul}.
      */
     Sum(x: Field3) {
       return ForeignField.Sum(x);
@@ -499,4 +524,12 @@ export namespace Gadgets {
    * A 3-tuple of Fields, representing a 3-limb bigint.
    */
   export type Field3 = [Field, Field, Field];
+
+  export namespace ForeignField {
+    /**
+     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link ForeignField.assertMul}.
+     */
+    export type Sum = Sum_;
+  }
 }
+type Sum_ = Sum;

From 569e1c62945ff2729e4a1e38b964360fede142f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 16:45:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 041/102] some API and comment tweaks

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 14 ++------
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 51 +++++++++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index ff303b3cc..d1cd6350c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1, BaseField);
-const tableConfig = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 } };
+const config = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 }, ia };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
@@ -37,10 +37,9 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
         let P = Provable.witness(Point, () => publicKey);
         let R = EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(
           Secp256k1,
-          ia,
           [signature.s, signature.r],
           [G, P],
-          [tableConfig.G, tableConfig.P]
+          [config.G, config.P]
         );
         Provable.asProver(() => {
           console.log(Point.toBigint(R));
@@ -51,14 +50,7 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
       privateInputs: [],
       method() {
         let signature0 = Provable.witness(Ecdsa.Signature, () => signature);
-        Ecdsa.verify(
-          Secp256k1,
-          ia,
-          signature0,
-          msgHash,
-          publicKey,
-          tableConfig
-        );
+        Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature0, msgHash, publicKey, config);
       },
     },
   },
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 9b9b7417a..736e724bb 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import {
   FiniteField,
+  createField,
   inverse,
   mod,
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
@@ -129,6 +130,7 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   let mBound = weakBound(m[2], f);
   let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
   let y3Bound = weakBound(y3[2], f);
+  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
 
   // x1^2 = x1x1
   let x1x1 = ForeignField.mul(x1, x1, f);
@@ -148,21 +150,18 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   let ySum = ForeignField.Sum(y1).add(y3);
   ForeignField.assertMul(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
-  // bounds checks
-  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
-
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
 function verifyEcdsa(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  ia: point,
   signature: EcdsaSignature,
   msgHash: Field3,
   publicKey: Point,
-  tables?: {
+  config?: {
     G?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
     P?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
+    ia?: point;
   }
 ) {
   // constant case
@@ -191,14 +190,16 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   let G = Point.from(Curve.one);
   let R = multiScalarMul(
     Curve,
-    ia,
     [u1, u2],
     [G, publicKey],
-    tables && [tables.G, tables.P]
+    config && [config.G, config.P],
+    config?.ia
   );
   // this ^ already proves that R != 0
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
+  // note: we don't check that the result Rx is canonical, because Rx === r and r is an input:
+  // it's the callers responsibility to check that the signature is valid/unique in whatever way it makes sense for the application
   let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
   Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
 }
@@ -220,18 +221,13 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
  */
 function multiScalarMul(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  ia: point,
   scalars: Field3[],
   points: Point[],
   tableConfigs: (
-    | {
-        // what we called c before
-        windowSize?: number;
-        // G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
-        multiples?: Point[];
-      }
+    | { windowSize?: number; multiples?: Point[] }
     | undefined
-  )[] = []
+  )[] = [],
+  ia?: point
 ): Point {
   let n = points.length;
   assert(scalars.length === n, 'Points and scalars lengths must match');
@@ -264,6 +260,8 @@ function multiScalarMul(
     slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizes[i] })
   );
 
+  // TODO: use Curve.Field
+  ia ??= initialAggregator(Curve, createField(Curve.modulus));
   let sum = Point.from(ia);
 
   for (let i = b - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
@@ -362,7 +360,7 @@ function getPointTable(
 function initialAggregator(Curve: CurveAffine, F: FiniteField) {
   // hash that identifies the curve
   let h = sha256.create();
-  h.update('ecdsa');
+  h.update('initial-aggregator');
   h.update(bigIntToBytes(Curve.modulus));
   h.update(bigIntToBytes(Curve.order));
   h.update(bigIntToBytes(Curve.a));
@@ -386,12 +384,9 @@ function initialAggregator(Curve: CurveAffine, F: FiniteField) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Provable method for slicing a 3x88-bit bigint into smaller bit chunks of length `windowSize`
+ * Provable method for slicing a 3x88-bit bigint into smaller bit chunks of length `chunkSize`
  *
- * TODO: atm this uses expensive boolean checks for the bits.
- * For larger chunks, we should use more efficient range checks.
- *
- * Note: This serves as a range check for the input limbs
+ * This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^maxBits)
  */
 function slice(
   [x0, x1, x2]: Field3,
@@ -402,7 +397,7 @@ function slice(
 
   // first limb
   let result0 = sliceField(x0, Math.min(l_, maxBits), chunkSize);
-  if (maxBits <= l) return result0.chunks;
+  if (maxBits <= l_) return result0.chunks;
   maxBits -= l_;
 
   // second limb
@@ -416,12 +411,16 @@ function slice(
 }
 
 /**
- * Provable method for slicing a 3x88-bit bigint into smaller bit chunks of length `windowSize`
+ * Provable method for slicing a field element into smaller bit chunks of length `chunkSize`.
  *
- * TODO: atm this uses expensive boolean checks for the bits.
- * For larger chunks, we should use more efficient range checks.
+ * This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^maxBits)
  *
- * Note: This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^maxBits)
+ * If `chunkSize` does not divide `maxBits`, the last chunk will be smaller.
+ * We return the number of free bits in the last chunk, and optionally accept such a result from a previous call,
+ * so that this function can be used to slice up a bigint of multiple limbs into homogeneous chunks.
+ *
+ * TODO: atm this uses expensive boolean checks for each bit.
+ * For larger chunks, we should use more efficient range checks.
  */
 function sliceField(
   x: Field,

From a4b11378ca4e026fb076d35c3fdc22510c2b28bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 17:08:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 042/102] code moving

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 37 +++---------------
 src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts              | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 8dc7f1eb5..371325cf6 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
 import {
-  ProvableSpec,
   array,
   equivalentAsync,
   equivalentProvable,
@@ -26,36 +25,14 @@ import {
 } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { GateType } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { AnyTuple } from '../util/types.js';
+import {
+  foreignField,
+  throwError,
+  unreducedForeignField,
+} from './test-utils.js';
 
 const { ForeignField, Field3 } = Gadgets;
 
-function foreignField(F: FiniteField): ProvableSpec<bigint, Gadgets.Field3> {
-  return {
-    rng: Random.otherField(F),
-    there: Field3.from,
-    back: Field3.toBigint,
-    provable: Field3.provable,
-  };
-}
-
-// for testing with inputs > f
-function unreducedForeignField(
-  maxBits: number,
-  F: FiniteField
-): ProvableSpec<bigint, Gadgets.Field3> {
-  return {
-    rng: Random.bignat(1n << BigInt(maxBits)),
-    there: Field3.from,
-    back: Field3.toBigint,
-    provable: Field3.provable,
-    assertEqual(x, y, message) {
-      // need weak equality here because, while ffadd works on bigints larger than the modulus,
-      // it can't fully reduce them
-      assert(F.equal(x, y), message);
-    },
-  };
-}
-
 let sign = fromRandom(Random.oneOf(1n as const, -1n as const));
 
 let fields = [
@@ -340,7 +317,3 @@ function sum(xs: bigint[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], F: FiniteField) {
   }
   return sum;
 }
-
-function throwError<T>(message: string): T {
-  throw Error(message);
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f963d49a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { ProvableSpec } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
+import { assert } from './common.js';
+
+export { foreignField, unreducedForeignField, throwError };
+
+const { Field3 } = Gadgets;
+
+// test input specs
+
+function foreignField(F: FiniteField): ProvableSpec<bigint, Gadgets.Field3> {
+  return {
+    rng: Random.otherField(F),
+    there: Field3.from,
+    back: Field3.toBigint,
+    provable: Field3.provable,
+  };
+}
+
+// for testing with inputs > f
+function unreducedForeignField(
+  maxBits: number,
+  F: FiniteField
+): ProvableSpec<bigint, Gadgets.Field3> {
+  return {
+    rng: Random.bignat(1n << BigInt(maxBits)),
+    there: Field3.from,
+    back: Field3.toBigint,
+    provable: Field3.provable,
+    assertEqual(x, y, message) {
+      // need weak equality here because, while ffadd works on bigints larger than the modulus,
+      // it can't fully reduce them
+      assert(F.equal(x, y), message);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+// helper
+
+function throwError<T>(message: string): T {
+  throw Error(message);
+}

From ea17473c5d0d6e9ff463636f0a33e8f356376ad0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 17:08:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 043/102] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 67468138a..3a40f7d2b 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 67468138a2b54b25276a7b475e3028be395d7a77
+Subproject commit 3a40f7d2bb360d33203cb03fda1177a87acfffed

From 2898db3c0185cbb34247e7739d71c4495f00f970 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 17:08:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 044/102] adapt to bindings

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index d1cd6350c..532ffd21a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Ecdsa, EllipticCurve, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { secp256k1Params } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
+import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { createField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 
-const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(secp256k1Params);
-const BaseField = createField(secp256k1Params.modulus);
+// quick tests
+// TODO
+
+// full end-to-end test with proving
+const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
+const BaseField = createField(Secp256k1.modulus);
 
 let publicKey = Point.from({
   x: 49781623198970027997721070672560275063607048368575198229673025608762959476014n,

From 9fd235337b1b7246561796ea3847caa31a34c2a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 17:14:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 045/102] fields on curve

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 736e724bb..85a2e0b45 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -260,8 +260,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
     slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizes[i] })
   );
 
-  // TODO: use Curve.Field
-  ia ??= initialAggregator(Curve, createField(Curve.modulus));
+  ia ??= initialAggregator(Curve);
   let sum = Point.from(ia);
 
   for (let i = b - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
@@ -357,7 +356,7 @@ function getPointTable(
  * It's important that this point has no known discrete logarithm so that nobody
  * can create an invalid proof of EC scaling.
  */
-function initialAggregator(Curve: CurveAffine, F: FiniteField) {
+function initialAggregator(Curve: CurveAffine) {
   // hash that identifies the curve
   let h = sha256.create();
   h.update('initial-aggregator');
@@ -369,6 +368,7 @@ function initialAggregator(Curve: CurveAffine, F: FiniteField) {
 
   // bytes represent a 256-bit number
   // use that as x coordinate
+  const F = Curve.Field;
   let x = F.mod(bytesToBigInt(bytes));
   let y: bigint | undefined = undefined;
 

From 3e9ee6b87c45cc93e86d02ff433b738bb6b9eefb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 17:22:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 046/102] ecdsa sign

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 22 ++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 85a2e0b45..332d15ab1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-import {
-  FiniteField,
-  createField,
-  inverse,
-  mod,
-} from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { inverse, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
@@ -324,6 +319,20 @@ function verifyEcdsaConstant(
   return mod(X.x, q) === r;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Sign a message hash using ECDSA.
+ */
+function signEcdsa(Curve: CurveAffine, msgHash: bigint, privateKey: bigint) {
+  let { Scalar } = Curve;
+  let k = Scalar.random();
+  let R = Curve.scale(Curve.one, k);
+  let r = Scalar.mod(R.x);
+  let kInv = Scalar.inverse(k);
+  assert(kInv !== undefined);
+  let s = Scalar.mul(kInv, Scalar.add(msgHash, Scalar.mul(r, privateKey)));
+  return { r, s };
+}
+
 function getPointTable(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
   P: Point,
@@ -536,6 +545,7 @@ const EcdsaSignature = {
 };
 
 const Ecdsa = {
+  sign: signEcdsa,
   verify: verifyEcdsa,
   Signature: EcdsaSignature,
 };

From c501badd91468100089e53f35fb6e030e06778cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 17:22:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 047/102] adapt

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 532ffd21a..ad71411cd 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import { Ecdsa, EllipticCurve, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { createField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 
@@ -12,7 +11,6 @@ import { assert } from './common.js';
 
 // full end-to-end test with proving
 const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
-const BaseField = createField(Secp256k1.modulus);
 
 let publicKey = Point.from({
   x: 49781623198970027997721070672560275063607048368575198229673025608762959476014n,
@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@ let msgHash =
     0x3e91cd8bd233b3df4e4762b329e2922381da770df1b31276ec77d0557be7fcefn
   );
 
-const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1, BaseField);
+const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1);
 const config = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 }, ia };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({

From 321f963689b1bcae7fddda8776ac22b9ce17b03b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 17:22:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 048/102] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 3a40f7d2b..916bc2145 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 3a40f7d2bb360d33203cb03fda1177a87acfffed
+Subproject commit 916bc21458bdb00a9277de755af15a1a5e111ba2

From c705ed577b96462b7def8bd558a79569894a47ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 20:38:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 049/102] fix test compilation

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts | 11 ++++-------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
index 5569f4dbc..f820fc0a9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -5,13 +5,10 @@ import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import {
-  pallasParams,
-  secp256k1Params,
-} from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
+import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 
-const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(secp256k1Params);
-const Pallas = createCurveAffine(pallasParams);
+const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
+const Pallas = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Pallas);
 
 let { add, double, initialAggregator } = EllipticCurve;
 
@@ -42,6 +39,6 @@ console.log({ digest: csAdd.digest, rows: csAdd.rows });
 printGates(csDouble.gates);
 console.log({ digest: csDouble.digest, rows: csDouble.rows });
 
-let point = initialAggregator(Pallas, Fp);
+let point = initialAggregator(Pallas);
 console.log({ point });
 assert(Pallas.isOnCurve(point));

From 9d480986e8485d59fd15a57bd61d2c18a02c571b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 21:38:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 050/102] map rng pf spec

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index ab1241b94..1397d6d06 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ export {
   unit,
   array,
   record,
+  map,
   fromRandom,
 };
 export { Spec, ToSpec, FromSpec, SpecFromFunctions, ProvableSpec };
@@ -288,6 +289,13 @@ function record<Specs extends { [k in string]: Spec<any, any> }>(
   };
 }
 
+function map<T1, T2, S1, S2>(
+  { from, to }: { from: FromSpec<T1, T2>; to: Spec<S1, S2> },
+  there: (t: T1) => S1
+): Spec<S1, S2> {
+  return { ...to, rng: Random.map(from.rng, there) };
+}
+
 function mapObject<K extends string, T, S>(
   t: { [k in K]: T },
   map: (t: T, k: K) => S

From 5780bfec0fc7625f515da7bf9a240f8778c1a4e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 21:39:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 051/102] wip quick ecdsa tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts          | 76 ++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts           |  4 ++
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts |  1 -
 3 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index ad71411cd..e7fe3540f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,16 +1,86 @@
 import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { Ecdsa, EllipticCurve, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
+import {
+  Ecdsa,
+  EllipticCurve,
+  Point,
+  verifyEcdsaConstant,
+} from './elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
+import { foreignField, throwError } from './test-utils.js';
+import {
+  equivalentProvable,
+  map,
+  oneOf,
+  record,
+  unit,
+} from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 
 // quick tests
-// TODO
+const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
+const Pallas = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Pallas);
+const Vesta = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Vesta);
+let curves = [Secp256k1, Pallas, Vesta];
+
+for (let Curve of curves) {
+  // prepare test inputs
+  let field = foreignField(Curve.Field);
+  let scalar = foreignField(Curve.Scalar);
+
+  let pseudoPoint = record({ x: field, y: field });
+  let point = map({ from: scalar, to: pseudoPoint }, (x) =>
+    Curve.scale(Curve.one, x)
+  );
+
+  let pseudoSignature = record({
+    signature: record({ r: scalar, s: scalar }),
+    msg: scalar,
+    publicKey: point,
+  });
+  let signatureInputs = record({ privateKey: scalar, msg: scalar });
+  let signature = map(
+    { from: signatureInputs, to: pseudoSignature },
+    ({ privateKey, msg }) => {
+      let signature = Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msg, privateKey);
+      let publicKey = Curve.scale(Curve.one, privateKey);
+      return { signature, msg, publicKey };
+    }
+  );
+
+  // positive test
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [signature], to: unit })(
+    () => {},
+    ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
+      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
+    },
+    'valid signature verifies'
+  );
+
+  // negative test
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [pseudoSignature], to: unit })(
+    () => throwError('invalid signature'),
+    ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
+      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
+    },
+    'invalid signature fails'
+  );
+
+  // test against constant implementation, with both invalid and valid signatures
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [oneOf(signature, pseudoSignature)], to: unit })(
+    ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
+      assert(verifyEcdsaConstant(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey), 'verifies');
+    },
+    ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
+      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
+    },
+    'verify'
+  );
+}
 
 // full end-to-end test with proving
-const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
 
 let publicKey = Point.from({
   x: 49781623198970027997721070672560275063607048368575198229673025608762959476014n,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 332d15ab1..93a8527ab 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -20,8 +20,12 @@ import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 import { arrayGet } from './basic.js';
 
+// external API
 export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa, EcdsaSignature };
 
+// internal API
+export { verifyEcdsaConstant };
+
 const EllipticCurve = {
   add,
   double,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
index f820fc0a9..722ca3137 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import { EllipticCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';
 import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 
 const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);

From 4fee5294089b2cc738ac52bf12e150f3e36be65d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 10:04:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 052/102] finish unit test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 34 ++++++++++++++----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts      | 14 +++++++++++-
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts      | 30 ++++++++++++++++----------
 3 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index e7fe3540f..ea380c171 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
-import { foreignField, throwError } from './test-utils.js';
+import { foreignField, throwError, uniformForeignField } from './test-utils.js';
 import {
+  Second,
   equivalentProvable,
   map,
   oneOf,
@@ -29,42 +30,41 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
   // prepare test inputs
   let field = foreignField(Curve.Field);
   let scalar = foreignField(Curve.Scalar);
-
-  let pseudoPoint = record({ x: field, y: field });
-  let point = map({ from: scalar, to: pseudoPoint }, (x) =>
-    Curve.scale(Curve.one, x)
-  );
+  let privateKey = uniformForeignField(Curve.Scalar);
 
   let pseudoSignature = record({
     signature: record({ r: scalar, s: scalar }),
     msg: scalar,
-    publicKey: point,
+    publicKey: record({ x: field, y: field }),
   });
-  let signatureInputs = record({ privateKey: scalar, msg: scalar });
+
+  let signatureInputs = record({ privateKey, msg: scalar });
+
   let signature = map(
     { from: signatureInputs, to: pseudoSignature },
     ({ privateKey, msg }) => {
-      let signature = Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msg, privateKey);
       let publicKey = Curve.scale(Curve.one, privateKey);
+      let signature = Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msg, privateKey);
       return { signature, msg, publicKey };
     }
   );
 
+  // provable method we want to test
+  const verify = (s: Second<typeof signature>) => {
+    Ecdsa.verify(Curve, s.signature, s.msg, s.publicKey);
+  };
+
   // positive test
   equivalentProvable({ from: [signature], to: unit })(
     () => {},
-    ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
-      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
-    },
+    verify,
     'valid signature verifies'
   );
 
   // negative test
   equivalentProvable({ from: [pseudoSignature], to: unit })(
     () => throwError('invalid signature'),
-    ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
-      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
-    },
+    verify,
     'invalid signature fails'
   );
 
@@ -73,9 +73,7 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
     ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
       assert(verifyEcdsaConstant(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey), 'verifies');
     },
-    ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
-      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
-    },
+    verify,
     'verify'
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
index 7f963d49a..309dac616 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 
-export { foreignField, unreducedForeignField, throwError };
+export { foreignField, unreducedForeignField, uniformForeignField, throwError };
 
 const { Field3 } = Gadgets;
 
@@ -37,6 +37,18 @@ function unreducedForeignField(
   };
 }
 
+// for fields that must follow an unbiased distribution, like private keys
+function uniformForeignField(
+  F: FiniteField
+): ProvableSpec<bigint, Gadgets.Field3> {
+  return {
+    rng: Random(F.random),
+    there: Field3.from,
+    back: Field3.toBigint,
+    provable: Field3.provable,
+  };
+}
+
 // helper
 
 function throwError<T>(message: string): T {
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index 1397d6d06..c02cf23af 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,15 @@ export {
   map,
   fromRandom,
 };
-export { Spec, ToSpec, FromSpec, SpecFromFunctions, ProvableSpec };
+export {
+  Spec,
+  ToSpec,
+  FromSpec,
+  SpecFromFunctions,
+  ProvableSpec,
+  First,
+  Second,
+};
 
 // a `Spec` tells us how to compare two functions
 
@@ -109,8 +117,8 @@ function equivalent<
   Out extends ToSpec<any, any>
 >({ from, to }: { from: In; to: Out }) {
   return function run(
-    f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => Result1<Out>,
-    f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Result2<Out>,
+    f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => First<Out>,
+    f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Second<Out>,
     label = 'expect equal results'
   ) {
     let generators = from.map((spec) => spec.rng);
@@ -138,8 +146,8 @@ function equivalentAsync<
   Out extends ToSpec<any, any>
 >({ from, to }: { from: In; to: Out }, { runs = 1 } = {}) {
   return async function run(
-    f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => Promise<Result1<Out>> | Result1<Out>,
-    f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Promise<Result2<Out>> | Result2<Out>,
+    f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => Promise<First<Out>> | First<Out>,
+    f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Promise<Second<Out>> | Second<Out>,
     label = 'expect equal results'
   ) {
     let generators = from.map((spec) => spec.rng);
@@ -178,8 +186,8 @@ function equivalentProvable<
 >({ from: fromRaw, to }: { from: In; to: Out }) {
   let fromUnions = fromRaw.map(toUnion);
   return function run(
-    f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => Result1<Out>,
-    f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Result2<Out>,
+    f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => First<Out>,
+    f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Second<Out>,
     label = 'expect equal results'
   ) {
     let generators = fromUnions.map((spec) => spec.rng);
@@ -279,8 +287,8 @@ function array<T, S>(
 function record<Specs extends { [k in string]: Spec<any, any> }>(
   specs: Specs
 ): Spec<
-  { [k in keyof Specs]: Result1<Specs[k]> },
-  { [k in keyof Specs]: Result2<Specs[k]> }
+  { [k in keyof Specs]: First<Specs[k]> },
+  { [k in keyof Specs]: Second<Specs[k]> }
 > {
   return {
     rng: Random.record(mapObject(specs, (spec) => spec.rng)) as any,
@@ -405,9 +413,9 @@ type Params2<Ins extends Tuple<OrUnion<any, any>>> = {
   [k in keyof Ins]: Param2<Ins[k]>;
 };
 
-type Result1<Out extends ToSpec<any, any>> = Out extends ToSpec<infer Out1, any>
+type First<Out extends ToSpec<any, any>> = Out extends ToSpec<infer Out1, any>
   ? Out1
   : never;
-type Result2<Out extends ToSpec<any, any>> = Out extends ToSpec<any, infer Out2>
+type Second<Out extends ToSpec<any, any>> = Out extends ToSpec<any, infer Out2>
   ? Out2
   : never;

From b35bf20e778e3d38b5cefc9513eada760866b2cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 10:04:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 053/102] clean up constant ecdsa

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 25 ++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 93a8527ab..b1436a178 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -301,26 +301,25 @@ function multiScalarMul(
  */
 function verifyEcdsaConstant(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  { r, s }: { r: bigint; s: bigint },
+  { r, s }: ecdsaSignature,
   msgHash: bigint,
-  publicKey: { x: bigint; y: bigint }
+  publicKey: point
 ) {
-  let q = Curve.order;
-  let QA = Curve.fromNonzero(publicKey);
-  if (!Curve.isOnCurve(QA)) return false;
-  if (Curve.hasCofactor && !Curve.isInSubgroup(QA)) return false;
+  let pk = Curve.fromNonzero(publicKey);
+  if (!Curve.isOnCurve(pk)) return false;
+  if (Curve.hasCofactor && !Curve.isInSubgroup(pk)) return false;
   if (r < 1n || r >= Curve.order) return false;
   if (s < 1n || s >= Curve.order) return false;
 
-  let sInv = inverse(s, q);
-  if (sInv === undefined) throw Error('impossible');
-  let u1 = mod(msgHash * sInv, q);
-  let u2 = mod(r * sInv, q);
+  let sInv = Curve.Scalar.inverse(s);
+  assert(sInv !== undefined);
+  let u1 = Curve.Scalar.mul(msgHash, sInv);
+  let u2 = Curve.Scalar.mul(r, sInv);
 
-  let X = Curve.add(Curve.scale(Curve.one, u1), Curve.scale(QA, u2));
-  if (Curve.equal(X, Curve.zero)) return false;
+  let R = Curve.add(Curve.scale(Curve.one, u1), Curve.scale(pk, u2));
+  if (Curve.equal(R, Curve.zero)) return false;
 
-  return mod(X.x, q) === r;
+  return Curve.Scalar.equal(R.x, r);
 }
 
 /**

From 3369ae30c491a83fd0957c243f0087a638a3cddc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 10:12:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 054/102] comment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index b1436a178..943f8c517 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -336,6 +336,10 @@ function signEcdsa(Curve: CurveAffine, msgHash: bigint, privateKey: bigint) {
   return { r, s };
 }
 
+/**
+ * Given a point P, create the list of multiples [0, P, 2P, 3P, ..., (2^windowSize-1) * P].
+ * This method is provable, but won't create any constraints given a constant point.
+ */
 function getPointTable(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
   P: Point,

From cf27df57dd246668f6d87e49867613d834191172 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 10:23:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 055/102] api cleanup

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts |  7 +++++--
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 31 +++++++++++++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index ea380c171..47a4f0228 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
       privateInputs: [],
       method() {
         let G = Point.from(Secp256k1.one);
-        let P = Provable.witness(Point, () => publicKey);
+        let P = Provable.witness(Point.provable, () => publicKey);
         let R = EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(
           Secp256k1,
           [signature.s, signature.r],
@@ -119,7 +119,10 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
     ecdsa: {
       privateInputs: [],
       method() {
-        let signature0 = Provable.witness(Ecdsa.Signature, () => signature);
+        let signature0 = Provable.witness(
+          Ecdsa.Signature.provable,
+          () => signature
+        );
         Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature0, msgHash, publicKey, config);
       },
     },
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 943f8c517..8d960b6dd 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   let { x: x2, y: y2 } = p2;
 
   // constant case
-  if (Provable.isConstant(Point, p1) && Provable.isConstant(Point, p2)) {
+  if (Point.isConstant(p1) && Point.isConstant(p2)) {
     let p3 = affineAdd(Point.toBigint(p1), Point.toBigint(p2), f);
     return Point.from(p3);
   }
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   let { x: x1, y: y1 } = p1;
 
   // constant case
-  if (Provable.isConstant(Point, p1)) {
+  if (Point.isConstant(p1)) {
     let p3 = affineDouble(Point.toBigint(p1), f);
     return Point.from(p3);
   }
@@ -165,9 +165,9 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 ) {
   // constant case
   if (
-    Provable.isConstant(EcdsaSignature, signature) &&
+    EcdsaSignature.isConstant(signature) &&
     Field3.isConstant(msgHash) &&
-    Provable.isConstant(Point, publicKey)
+    Point.isConstant(publicKey)
   ) {
     let isValid = verifyEcdsaConstant(
       Curve,
@@ -233,10 +233,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
   assertPositiveInteger(n, 'Expected at least 1 point and scalar');
 
   // constant case
-  if (
-    scalars.every(Field3.isConstant) &&
-    points.every((P) => Provable.isConstant(Point, P))
-  ) {
+  if (scalars.every(Field3.isConstant) && points.every(Point.isConstant)) {
     // TODO dedicated MSM
     let s = scalars.map(Field3.toBigint);
     let P = points.map(Point.toBigint);
@@ -270,13 +267,15 @@ function multiScalarMul(
         // pick point to add based on the scalar chunk
         let sj = scalarChunks[j][i / windowSize];
         let sjP =
-          windowSize === 1 ? points[j] : arrayGetGeneric(Point, tables[j], sj);
+          windowSize === 1
+            ? points[j]
+            : arrayGetGeneric(Point.provable, tables[j], sj);
 
         // ec addition
         let added = add(sum, sjP, Curve.modulus);
 
         // handle degenerate case (if sj = 0, Gj is all zeros and the add result is garbage)
-        sum = Provable.if(sj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
+        sum = Provable.if(sj.equals(0), Point.provable, sum, added);
       }
     }
 
@@ -290,7 +289,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
   // the sum is now 2^(b-1)*IA + sum_i s_i*P_i
   // we assert that sum != 2^(b-1)*IA, and add -2^(b-1)*IA to get our result
   let iaFinal = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b - 1));
-  Provable.equal(Point, sum, Point.from(iaFinal)).assertFalse();
+  Provable.equal(Point.provable, sum, Point.from(iaFinal)).assertFalse();
   sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaFinal)), Curve.modulus);
 
   return sum;
@@ -516,23 +515,27 @@ function arrayGetGeneric<T>(type: Provable<T>, array: T[], index: Field) {
 }
 
 const Point = {
-  ...provable({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable }),
   from({ x, y }: point): Point {
     return { x: Field3.from(x), y: Field3.from(y) };
   },
   toBigint({ x, y }: Point) {
     return { x: Field3.toBigint(x), y: Field3.toBigint(y), infinity: false };
   },
+  isConstant: (P: Point) => Provable.isConstant(Point.provable, P),
+
+  provable: provable({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable }),
 };
 
 const EcdsaSignature = {
-  ...provable({ r: Field3.provable, s: Field3.provable }),
   from({ r, s }: ecdsaSignature): EcdsaSignature {
     return { r: Field3.from(r), s: Field3.from(s) };
   },
   toBigint({ r, s }: EcdsaSignature): ecdsaSignature {
     return { r: Field3.toBigint(r), s: Field3.toBigint(s) };
   },
+  isConstant: (S: EcdsaSignature) =>
+    Provable.isConstant(EcdsaSignature.provable, S),
+
   /**
    * Create an {@link EcdsaSignature} from a raw 130-char hex string as used in
    * [Ethereum transactions](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions/#typed-transaction-envelope).
@@ -549,6 +552,8 @@ const EcdsaSignature = {
     let s = BigInt(`0x${signature.slice(64)}`);
     return EcdsaSignature.from({ r, s });
   },
+
+  provable: provable({ r: Field3.provable, s: Field3.provable }),
 };
 
 const Ecdsa = {

From bf6d2e96194c0fc10f6da5ca3f404551cafb6555 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 11:08:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 056/102] comments and make sure r,s are valid

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 39 +++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 8d960b6dd..016a625e8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 import { arrayGet } from './basic.js';
 
 // external API
-export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa, EcdsaSignature };
+export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa };
 
 // internal API
 export { verifyEcdsaConstant };
@@ -39,11 +39,13 @@ const EllipticCurve = {
 type Point = { x: Field3; y: Field3 };
 type point = { x: bigint; y: bigint };
 
-/**
- * ECDSA signature consisting of two curve scalars.
- */
-type EcdsaSignature = { r: Field3; s: Field3 };
-type ecdsaSignature = { r: bigint; s: bigint };
+namespace Ecdsa {
+  /**
+   * ECDSA signature consisting of two curve scalars.
+   */
+  export type Signature = { r: Field3; s: Field3 };
+  export type signature = { r: bigint; s: bigint };
+}
 
 function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   let { x: x1, y: y1 } = p1;
@@ -154,7 +156,7 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
 
 function verifyEcdsa(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  signature: EcdsaSignature,
+  signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
   msgHash: Field3,
   publicKey: Point,
   config?: {
@@ -180,9 +182,11 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   }
 
   // provable case
-  // TODO should we check that the publicKey is a valid point? probably not
+  // note: usually we don't check validity of inputs, like that the public key is a valid curve point
+  // we make an exception for the two non-standard conditions s != 0 and r != 0,
+  // which are unusual to capture in types and could be considered part of the verification algorithm
   let { r, s } = signature;
-  let sInv = ForeignField.inv(s, Curve.order);
+  let sInv = ForeignField.inv(s, Curve.order); // proves s != 0
   let u1 = ForeignField.mul(msgHash, sInv, Curve.order);
   let u2 = ForeignField.mul(r, sInv, Curve.order);
 
@@ -194,7 +198,10 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
     config && [config.G, config.P],
     config?.ia
   );
-  // this ^ already proves that R != 0
+  // this ^ already proves that R != 0 (part of ECDSA verification)
+  // if b is not a square, then R != 0 already proves that r === R.x != 0, because R.y^2 = b has no solutions
+  // Otherwise we check the condition r != 0 explicitly (important, because r = 0 => u2 = 0 kills the contribution of the private key)
+  if (Curve.Field.isSquare(Curve.b)) ForeignField.inv(r, Curve.modulus);
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
   // note: we don't check that the result Rx is canonical, because Rx === r and r is an input:
@@ -300,7 +307,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
  */
 function verifyEcdsaConstant(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  { r, s }: ecdsaSignature,
+  { r, s }: Ecdsa.signature,
   msgHash: bigint,
   publicKey: point
 ) {
@@ -514,6 +521,8 @@ function arrayGetGeneric<T>(type: Provable<T>, array: T[], index: Field) {
   return a;
 }
 
+// type/conversion helpers
+
 const Point = {
   from({ x, y }: point): Point {
     return { x: Field3.from(x), y: Field3.from(y) };
@@ -527,20 +536,20 @@ const Point = {
 };
 
 const EcdsaSignature = {
-  from({ r, s }: ecdsaSignature): EcdsaSignature {
+  from({ r, s }: Ecdsa.signature): Ecdsa.Signature {
     return { r: Field3.from(r), s: Field3.from(s) };
   },
-  toBigint({ r, s }: EcdsaSignature): ecdsaSignature {
+  toBigint({ r, s }: Ecdsa.Signature): Ecdsa.signature {
     return { r: Field3.toBigint(r), s: Field3.toBigint(s) };
   },
-  isConstant: (S: EcdsaSignature) =>
+  isConstant: (S: Ecdsa.Signature) =>
     Provable.isConstant(EcdsaSignature.provable, S),
 
   /**
    * Create an {@link EcdsaSignature} from a raw 130-char hex string as used in
    * [Ethereum transactions](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions/#typed-transaction-envelope).
    */
-  fromHex(rawSignature: string): EcdsaSignature {
+  fromHex(rawSignature: string): Ecdsa.Signature {
     let prefix = rawSignature.slice(0, 2);
     let signature = rawSignature.slice(2, 130);
     if (prefix !== '0x' || signature.length < 128) {

From 4bb7b1a3a50ce6de540bde0ad329c7fa26ab394b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 11:12:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 057/102] fix

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 016a625e8..12c5eb722 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -183,9 +183,10 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 
   // provable case
   // note: usually we don't check validity of inputs, like that the public key is a valid curve point
-  // we make an exception for the two non-standard conditions s != 0 and r != 0,
+  // we make an exception for the two non-standard conditions r != 0 and s != 0,
   // which are unusual to capture in types and could be considered part of the verification algorithm
   let { r, s } = signature;
+  ForeignField.inv(r, Curve.order); // proves r != 0 (important, because r = 0 => u2 = 0 kills the private key contribution)
   let sInv = ForeignField.inv(s, Curve.order); // proves s != 0
   let u1 = ForeignField.mul(msgHash, sInv, Curve.order);
   let u2 = ForeignField.mul(r, sInv, Curve.order);
@@ -199,9 +200,6 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
     config?.ia
   );
   // this ^ already proves that R != 0 (part of ECDSA verification)
-  // if b is not a square, then R != 0 already proves that r === R.x != 0, because R.y^2 = b has no solutions
-  // Otherwise we check the condition r != 0 explicitly (important, because r = 0 => u2 = 0 kills the contribution of the private key)
-  if (Curve.Field.isSquare(Curve.b)) ForeignField.inv(r, Curve.modulus);
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
   // note: we don't check that the result Rx is canonical, because Rx === r and r is an input:

From 415f8ae84e450e43bb9083d75842a69cb022f22a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 11:33:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 058/102] sketch public API

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts |  4 +--
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts        | 45 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 12c5eb722..413c7fe7f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -159,11 +159,11 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
   msgHash: Field3,
   publicKey: Point,
-  config?: {
+  config: {
     G?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
     P?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
     ia?: point;
-  }
+  } = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 } }
 ) {
   // constant case
   if (
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index a35e94e56..d6670c3e9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ import {
 import { not, rotate, xor, and, leftShift, rightShift } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { ForeignField, Field3, Sum } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { Ecdsa, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
+import { CurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
 
@@ -515,6 +517,49 @@ const Gadgets = {
     },
   },
 
+  /**
+   * TODO
+   */
+  Ecdsa: {
+    /**
+     * TODO
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * let Curve = Curves.Secp256k1; // TODO provide this somehow
+     * // TODO easy way to check that foreign field elements are valid
+     * let signature = { r, s };
+     * // TODO need a way to check that publicKey is on curve
+     * let publicKey = { x, y };
+     *
+     * Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
+     * ```
+     */
+    verify(
+      Curve: CurveAffine,
+      signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
+      msgHash: Field3,
+      publicKey: Point
+    ) {
+      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * TODO
+     *
+     * should this be here, given that it's not a provable method?
+     * maybe assert that we are not running in provable context
+     */
+    sign(Curve: CurveAffine, msgHash: bigint, privateKey: bigint) {
+      return Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msgHash, privateKey);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Non-provable helper methods for interacting with ECDSA signatures.
+     */
+    Signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
+  },
+
   /**
    * Helper methods to interact with 3-limb vectors of Fields.
    *

From a9e75e8ae0fef780169c55e531d87518e3cff0ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 11:33:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 059/102] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 916bc2145..12fdc5af7 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 916bc21458bdb00a9277de755af15a1a5e111ba2
+Subproject commit 12fdc5af742978ea32c3ce87696d43ee64738006

From b451ebe95cf0bef51d64d55b32b3ce9d14f4d822 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2023 09:28:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 060/102] add helper to apply all ff range checks

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts       | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/util/types.ts            |  4 ++++
 3 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 8f718cf25..d45a80033 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@ import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
+import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assertOneOf } from './basic.js';
 import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
 import {
@@ -52,6 +51,8 @@ const ForeignField = {
   inv: inverse,
   div: divide,
   assertMul,
+
+  assertAlmostFieldElements,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -345,6 +346,30 @@ function weakBound(x: Field, f: bigint) {
   return x.add(lMask - (f >> l2));
 }
 
+/**
+ * Apply range checks and weak bounds checks to a list of Field3s.
+ * Optimal if the list length is a multiple of 3.
+ */
+function assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
+  let bounds: Field[] = [];
+
+  for (let x of xs) {
+    multiRangeCheck(x);
+
+    bounds.push(weakBound(x[2], f));
+    if (TupleN.hasLength(3, bounds)) {
+      multiRangeCheck(bounds);
+      bounds = [];
+    }
+  }
+  if (TupleN.hasLength(1, bounds)) {
+    multiRangeCheck([...bounds, Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n)]);
+  }
+  if (TupleN.hasLength(2, bounds)) {
+    multiRangeCheck([...bounds, Field.from(0n)]);
+  }
+}
+
 const Field3 = {
   /**
    * Turn a bigint into a 3-tuple of Fields
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index d6670c3e9..3cb2c9ce8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -515,6 +515,36 @@ const Gadgets = {
     Sum(x: Field3) {
       return ForeignField.Sum(x);
     },
+
+    /**
+     * Prove that each of the given {@link Field3} elements is "almost" reduced modulo f,
+     * i.e., satisfies the assumptions required by {@link ForeignField.mul} and other gadgets:
+     * - each limb is in the range [0, 2^88)
+     * - the most significant limb is less or equal than the modulus, x[2] <= f[2]
+     *
+     * **Note**: This method is most efficient when the number of input elements is a multiple of 3.
+     *
+     * @throws if any of the assumptions is violated.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * let x = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(4n));
+     * let y = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(5n));
+     * let z = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(10n));
+     *
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y, z], f);
+     *
+     * // now we can use x, y, z as inputs to foreign field multiplication
+     * let xy = ForeignField.mul(x, y, f);
+     * let xyz = ForeignField.mul(xy, z, f);
+     *
+     * // since xy is an input to another multiplication, we need to prove that it is almost reduced again!
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([xy], f); // TODO: would be more efficient to batch this with 2 other elements
+     * ```
+     */
+    assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
+      ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(xs, f);
+    },
   },
 
   /**
@@ -550,7 +580,11 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * should this be here, given that it's not a provable method?
      * maybe assert that we are not running in provable context
      */
-    sign(Curve: CurveAffine, msgHash: bigint, privateKey: bigint) {
+    sign(
+      Curve: CurveAffine,
+      msgHash: bigint,
+      privateKey: bigint
+    ): Ecdsa.signature {
       return Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msgHash, privateKey);
     },
 
diff --git a/src/lib/util/types.ts b/src/lib/util/types.ts
index f343a89b7..600f5f705 100644
--- a/src/lib/util/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/util/types.ts
@@ -38,6 +38,10 @@ const TupleN = {
     );
     return arr as any;
   },
+
+  hasLength<T, N extends number>(n: N, tuple: T[]): tuple is TupleN<T, N> {
+    return tuple.length === n;
+  },
 };
 
 type TupleRec<T, N extends number, R extends unknown[]> = R['length'] extends N

From d89133073a5676027c4efbab2c52307a628782e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2023 09:40:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 061/102] add more documentation

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 22 ++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 3cb2c9ce8..75466c9dc 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -420,9 +420,11 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * **Assumptions**: In addition to the assumption that input limbs are in the range [0, 2^88), as in all foreign field gadgets,
      * this assumes an additional bound on the inputs: `x * y < 2^264 * p`, where p is the native modulus.
      * We usually assert this bound by proving that `x[2] < f[2] + 1`, where `x[2]` is the most significant limb of x.
-     * To do this, use an 88-bit range check on `2^88 - x[2] - (f[2] + 1)`, and same for y.
+     * To do this, we use an 88-bit range check on `2^88 - x[2] - (f[2] + 1)`, and same for y.
      * The implication is that x and y are _almost_ reduced modulo f.
      *
+     * All of the above assumptions are checked by {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements}.
+     *
      * **Warning**: This gadget does not add the extra bound check on the result.
      * So, to use the result in another foreign field multiplication, you have to add the bound check on it yourself, again.
      *
@@ -434,14 +436,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * let x = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(f - 1n));
      * let y = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(f - 2n));
      *
-     * // range check x, y
-     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x);
-     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(y);
-     *
-     * // prove additional bounds
-     * let x2Bound = x[2].add((1n << 88n) - 1n - (f >> 176n));
-     * let y2Bound = y[2].add((1n << 88n) - 1n - (f >> 176n));
-     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck([x2Bound, y2Bound, Field(0n)]);
+     * // range check x, y and prove additional bounds x[2] <= f[2]
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y], f);
      *
      * // compute x * y mod f
      * let z = ForeignField.mul(x, y, f);
@@ -497,7 +493,13 @@ const Gadgets = {
      *
      * @example
      * ```ts
-     * // we assume that x, y, z, a, b, c are range-checked, analogous to `ForeignField.mul()`
+     * // range-check x, y, z, a, b, c
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y, z], f);
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(a);
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(b);
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(c);
+     *
+     * // create lazy input sums
      * let xMinusY = ForeignField.Sum(x).sub(y);
      * let aPlusBPlusC = ForeignField.Sum(a).add(b).add(c);
      *

From 697ddb37d1a56472a193368c58d6ede1e327df3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2023 09:40:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 062/102] use range check helper in ec gadgets

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 18 ++----------------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 413c7fe7f..c237bcbd6 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -73,14 +73,7 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   let m: Field3 = [m0, m1, m2];
   let x3: Field3 = [x30, x31, x32];
   let y3: Field3 = [y30, y31, y32];
-
-  multiRangeCheck(m);
-  multiRangeCheck(x3);
-  multiRangeCheck(y3);
-  let mBound = weakBound(m[2], f);
-  let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
-  let y3Bound = weakBound(y3[2], f);
-  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
+  ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([m, x3, y3], f);
 
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
   let deltaX = ForeignField.Sum(x1).sub(x2);
@@ -124,14 +117,7 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   let m: Field3 = [m0, m1, m2];
   let x3: Field3 = [x30, x31, x32];
   let y3: Field3 = [y30, y31, y32];
-
-  multiRangeCheck(m);
-  multiRangeCheck(x3);
-  multiRangeCheck(y3);
-  let mBound = weakBound(m[2], f);
-  let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
-  let y3Bound = weakBound(y3[2], f);
-  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
+  ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([m, x3, y3], f);
 
   // x1^2 = x1x1
   let x1x1 = ForeignField.mul(x1, x1, f);

From 86da89002cc5932477632338a5758e73abf07f2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2023 10:45:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 063/102] add tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 29 +++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 371325cf6..2e9c4732f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
 import {
   array,
+  equivalent,
   equivalentAsync,
   equivalentProvable,
   fromRandom,
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ import {
   throwError,
   unreducedForeignField,
 } from './test-utils.js';
+import { l2 } from './range-check.js';
 
 const { ForeignField, Field3 } = Gadgets;
 
@@ -105,6 +107,11 @@ for (let F of fields) {
     'div unreduced'
   );
 
+  equivalent({ from: [big264], to: unit })(
+    (x) => assertWeakBound(x, F.modulus),
+    (x) => ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x], F.modulus)
+  );
+
   // sumchain of 5
   equivalentProvable({ from: [array(f, 5), array(sign, 4)], to: f })(
     (xs, signs) => sum(xs, signs, F),
@@ -134,6 +141,7 @@ for (let F of fields) {
 
 let F = exampleFields.secp256k1;
 let f = foreignField(F);
+let big264 = unreducedForeignField(264, F);
 let chainLength = 5;
 let signs = [1n, -1n, -1n, 1n] satisfies (-1n | 1n)[];
 
@@ -147,6 +155,13 @@ let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
         return ForeignField.sum(xs, signs, F.modulus);
       },
     },
+    mulWithBoundsCheck: {
+      privateInputs: [Field3.provable, Field3.provable],
+      method(x, y) {
+        ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y], F.modulus);
+        return ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus);
+      },
+    },
     mul: {
       privateInputs: [Field3.provable, Field3.provable],
       method(x, y) {
@@ -220,10 +235,14 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f }, { runs })(
   'prove chain'
 );
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs })(
-  F.mul,
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [big264, big264], to: f }, { runs })(
+  (x, y) => {
+    assertWeakBound(x, F.modulus);
+    assertWeakBound(y, F.modulus);
+    return F.mul(x, y);
+  },
   async (x, y) => {
-    let proof = await ffProgram.mul(x, y);
+    let proof = await ffProgram.mulWithBoundsCheck(x, y);
     assert(await ffProgram.verify(proof), 'verifies');
     return proof.publicOutput;
   },
@@ -317,3 +336,7 @@ function sum(xs: bigint[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], F: FiniteField) {
   }
   return sum;
 }
+
+function assertWeakBound(x: bigint, f: bigint) {
+  assert(x >= 0n && x >> l2 <= f >> l2, 'weak bound');
+}

From 206440df41f29a28f1896ff0bf9bfd54fad514b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 12:41:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 064/102] expose ecdsa types

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts |  4 ++--
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts        | 10 ++++++++++
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index c237bcbd6..885f3e9ad 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ import { inverse, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
-import { Field3, ForeignField, split, weakBound } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { l, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
+import { Field3, ForeignField, split } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { l } from './range-check.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import {
   bigIntToBits,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 75466c9dc..45954a263 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -616,5 +616,15 @@ export namespace Gadgets {
      */
     export type Sum = Sum_;
   }
+
+  export namespace Ecdsa {
+    /**
+     * ECDSA signature consisting of two curve scalars.
+     */
+    export type Signature = EcdsaSignature;
+    export type signature = ecdsaSignature;
+  }
 }
 type Sum_ = Sum;
+type EcdsaSignature = Ecdsa.Signature;
+type ecdsaSignature = Ecdsa.signature;

From 8aff97a1315b4a831c9fe0d1565c3d3ead861b3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 12:41:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 065/102] start ecdsa example

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f3070389
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import { Gadgets, ZkProgram, Struct } from 'o1js';
+
+export { ecdsaProgram };
+
+let { ForeignField, Field3, Ecdsa } = Gadgets;
+
+type PublicKey = { x: Gadgets.Field3; y: Gadgets.Field3 };
+const PublicKey = Struct({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable });
+
+const ecdsaProgram = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'ecdsa',
+  publicInput: PublicKey,
+
+  methods: {
+    verifyEcdsa: {
+      privateInputs: [Ecdsa.Signature.provable, Field3.provable],
+      method(
+        publicKey: PublicKey,
+        signature: Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature,
+        msgHash: Gadgets.Field3
+      ) {
+        // assert that private inputs are valid
+        ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
+          [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
+          0n
+        );
+
+        Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});

From 05925b2aee58e7716aad8f0a584ca84eb85250a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 13:03:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 066/102] expose elliptic curve intf on new Crypto namespace

---
 src/index.ts               |  2 ++
 src/lib/crypto.ts          | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts |  3 ++-
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/crypto.ts

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 5c617fced..791e40e01 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ export { Nullifier } from './lib/nullifier.js';
 import { ExperimentalZkProgram, ZkProgram } from './lib/proof_system.js';
 export { ZkProgram };
 
+export { Crypto } from './lib/crypto.js';
+
 // experimental APIs
 import { Callback } from './lib/zkapp.js';
 import { createChildAccountUpdate } from './lib/account_update.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/crypto.ts b/src/lib/crypto.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3786284a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/crypto.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import { CurveParams as CurveParams_ } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
+import {
+  CurveAffine,
+  createCurveAffine,
+} from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+
+// crypto namespace
+const Crypto = {
+  /**
+   * Create elliptic curve arithmetic methods.
+   */
+  createCurve(params: Crypto.CurveParams): Crypto.Curve {
+    return createCurveAffine(params);
+  },
+  /**
+   * Parameters defining an elliptic curve in short Weierstraß form
+   * y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
+   */
+  CurveParams: CurveParams_,
+};
+
+namespace Crypto {
+  /**
+   * Parameters defining an elliptic curve in short Weierstraß form
+   * y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
+   */
+  export type CurveParams = CurveParams_;
+
+  export type Curve = CurveAffine;
+}
+export { Crypto };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 45954a263..e7c97d77d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { ForeignField, Field3, Sum } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { Ecdsa, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
 import { CurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { Crypto } from '../crypto.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
 
@@ -583,7 +584,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * maybe assert that we are not running in provable context
      */
     sign(
-      Curve: CurveAffine,
+      Curve: Crypto.Curve,
       msgHash: bigint,
       privateKey: bigint
     ): Ecdsa.signature {

From 89f7d01050c2cbdcf2c23183caac4ec5201914cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 13:21:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 067/102] finish example

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts | 23 +++++++++++-----
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts   | 38 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
index 8f3070389..183ec3e7f 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,30 +1,39 @@
-import { Gadgets, ZkProgram, Struct } from 'o1js';
+import { Gadgets, ZkProgram, Struct, Crypto } from 'o1js';
 
-export { ecdsaProgram };
+export { ecdsaProgram, Point, Secp256k1 };
 
 let { ForeignField, Field3, Ecdsa } = Gadgets;
 
-type PublicKey = { x: Gadgets.Field3; y: Gadgets.Field3 };
-const PublicKey = Struct({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable });
+// TODO expose this as part of Gadgets.Curve
+
+class Point extends Struct({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable }) {
+  // point from bigints
+  static from({ x, y }: { x: bigint; y: bigint }) {
+    return new Point({ x: Field3.from(x), y: Field3.from(y) });
+  }
+}
+
+const Secp256k1 = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
 
 const ecdsaProgram = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
-  publicInput: PublicKey,
+  publicInput: Point,
 
   methods: {
     verifyEcdsa: {
       privateInputs: [Ecdsa.Signature.provable, Field3.provable],
       method(
-        publicKey: PublicKey,
+        publicKey: Point,
         signature: Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature,
         msgHash: Gadgets.Field3
       ) {
         // assert that private inputs are valid
         ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
           [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
-          0n
+          Secp256k1.order
         );
 
+        // verify signature
         Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
       },
     },
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..936c896d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { Gadgets } from 'o1js';
+import { Point, Secp256k1, ecdsaProgram } from './ecdsa.js';
+import assert from 'assert';
+
+// create an example ecdsa signature
+let privateKey = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
+let publicKey = Secp256k1.scale(Secp256k1.one, privateKey);
+
+// TODO make this use an actual keccak hash
+let messageHash = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
+
+let signature = Gadgets.Ecdsa.sign(Secp256k1, messageHash, privateKey);
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
+let cs = ecdsaProgram.analyzeMethods().verifyEcdsa;
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
+
+let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
+gateTypes['Total rows'] = cs.rows;
+for (let gate of cs.gates) {
+  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
+  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
+}
+console.log(gateTypes);
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (compile)');
+await ecdsaProgram.compile();
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (compile)');
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (prove)');
+let proof = await ecdsaProgram.verifyEcdsa(
+  Point.from(publicKey),
+  Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature.from(signature),
+  Gadgets.Field3.from(messageHash)
+);
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (prove)');
+
+assert(await ecdsaProgram.verify(proof), 'proof verifies');

From 2094f6878e168c7ea84909e77510966d89ba6be2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 13:40:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 068/102] make vk returned by zkprogram consistent with smart
 contract

---
 src/index.ts            |  2 +-
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 21 +++++++++++++++------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts        | 18 +-----------------
 3 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 791e40e01..e47eb9e46 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ export {
   method,
   declareMethods,
   Account,
-  VerificationKey,
   Reducer,
 } from './lib/zkapp.js';
 export { state, State, declareState } from './lib/state.js';
@@ -45,6 +44,7 @@ export {
   Empty,
   Undefined,
   Void,
+  VerificationKey,
 } from './lib/proof_system.js';
 export { Cache, CacheHeader } from './lib/proof-system/cache.js';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 08adef5f6..1d3ace221 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import {
   FlexibleProvablePure,
   InferProvable,
   ProvablePureExtended,
+  Struct,
+  provable,
   provablePure,
   toConstant,
 } from './circuit_value.js';
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { assert, prettifyStacktracePromise } from './errors.js';
 import { snarkContext } from './provable-context.js';
 import { hashConstant } from './hash.js';
-import { MlArray, MlBool, MlResult, MlPair, MlUnit } from './ml/base.js';
+import { MlArray, MlBool, MlResult, MlPair } from './ml/base.js';
 import { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from './field.js';
 import { Cache, readCache, writeCache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
@@ -47,6 +49,7 @@ export {
   Empty,
   Undefined,
   Void,
+  VerificationKey,
 };
 
 // internal API
@@ -260,10 +263,9 @@ function ZkProgram<
   }
 ): {
   name: string;
-  compile: (options?: {
-    cache?: Cache;
-    forceRecompile?: boolean;
-  }) => Promise<{ verificationKey: string }>;
+  compile: (options?: { cache?: Cache; forceRecompile?: boolean }) => Promise<{
+    verificationKey: { data: string; hash: Field };
+  }>;
   verify: (
     proof: Proof<
       InferProvableOrUndefined<Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>>,
@@ -361,7 +363,7 @@ function ZkProgram<
       overrideWrapDomain: config.overrideWrapDomain,
     });
     compileOutput = { provers, verify };
-    return { verificationKey: verificationKey.data };
+    return { verificationKey };
   }
 
   function toProver<K extends keyof Types & string>(
@@ -485,6 +487,13 @@ class SelfProof<PublicInput, PublicOutput> extends Proof<
   PublicOutput
 > {}
 
+class VerificationKey extends Struct({
+  ...provable({ data: String, hash: Field }),
+  toJSON({ data }: { data: string }) {
+    return data;
+  },
+}) {}
+
 function sortMethodArguments(
   programName: string,
   methodName: string,
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index a0df136ba..45dd3a042 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ export {
   declareMethods,
   Callback,
   Account,
-  VerificationKey,
   Reducer,
 };
 
@@ -681,11 +680,7 @@ class SmartContract {
     // run methods once to get information that we need already at compile time
     let methodsMeta = this.analyzeMethods();
     let gates = methodIntfs.map((intf) => methodsMeta[intf.methodName].gates);
-    let {
-      verificationKey: verificationKey_,
-      provers,
-      verify,
-    } = await compileProgram({
+    let { verificationKey, provers, verify } = await compileProgram({
       publicInputType: ZkappPublicInput,
       publicOutputType: Empty,
       methodIntfs,
@@ -695,10 +690,6 @@ class SmartContract {
       cache,
       forceRecompile,
     });
-    let verificationKey = {
-      data: verificationKey_.data,
-      hash: Field(verificationKey_.hash),
-    } satisfies VerificationKey;
     this._provers = provers;
     this._verificationKey = verificationKey;
     // TODO: instead of returning provers, return an artifact from which provers can be recovered
@@ -1488,13 +1479,6 @@ Use the optional \`maxTransactionsWithActions\` argument to increase this number
   };
 }
 
-class VerificationKey extends Struct({
-  ...provable({ data: String, hash: Field }),
-  toJSON({ data }: { data: string }) {
-    return data;
-  },
-}) {}
-
 function selfAccountUpdate(zkapp: SmartContract, methodName?: string) {
   let body = Body.keepAll(zkapp.address, zkapp.tokenId);
   let update = new (AccountUpdate as any)(body, {}, true) as AccountUpdate;

From 9ad5794371387b225e1b3586312783797a4ad442 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 13:40:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 069/102] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b9aa81a19..ecbdb943a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,8 +19,14 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...HEAD)
 
+# Breaking changes
+
+- `ZkProgram.compile()` now returns the verification key and its hash, to be consistent with `SmartContract.compile()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
+
 # Added
 
+- **ECDSA signature verification**: new provable method `Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify()` and helpers on `Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
+  - For an example, see `./src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa`
 - `Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul()` for efficiently constraining products of sums in non-native arithmetic https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
 - `Unconstrained` for safely maintaining unconstrained values in provable code https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
 

From e7efc5d0e4dda1b5b2adeef3622b2f746c909022 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 13:42:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 070/102] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index ecbdb943a..acab4eb01 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - **ECDSA signature verification**: new provable method `Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify()` and helpers on `Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
   - For an example, see `./src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa`
+- `Crypto` namespace which exposes elliptic curve and finite field arithmetic on bigints, as well as example curve parameters https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
 - `Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul()` for efficiently constraining products of sums in non-native arithmetic https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
 - `Unconstrained` for safely maintaining unconstrained values in provable code https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
 

From e0c43f779a59517f50ad4cdf4818c6c6f5d1b3e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 13:57:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 071/102] fix: use a variable for public key when analyzing
 ecdsa constraints

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 9 ++++++---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 47a4f0228..144578c2c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1);
-const config = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 }, ia };
+const config = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 3 }, ia };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
@@ -119,11 +119,14 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
     ecdsa: {
       privateInputs: [],
       method() {
-        let signature0 = Provable.witness(
+        let signature_ = Provable.witness(
           Ecdsa.Signature.provable,
           () => signature
         );
-        Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature0, msgHash, publicKey, config);
+        let msgHash_ = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => msgHash);
+        let publicKey_ = Provable.witness(Point.provable, () => publicKey);
+
+        Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature_, msgHash_, publicKey_, config);
       },
     },
   },
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 885f3e9ad..da8bbe924 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
     G?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
     P?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
     ia?: point;
-  } = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 } }
+  } = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 3 } }
 ) {
   // constant case
   if (

From a2fe70f1ea3b5178a76d1b02b6582f08f703a0cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 14:00:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 072/102] add vk regression test for ecdsa

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts    |  2 +-
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 13 +++++++++++++
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts   |  2 ++
 3 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
index 936c896d5..9e3b5518f 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import assert from 'assert';
 let privateKey = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
 let publicKey = Secp256k1.scale(Secp256k1.one, privateKey);
 
-// TODO make this use an actual keccak hash
+// TODO use an actual keccak hash
 let messageHash = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
 
 let signature = Gadgets.Ecdsa.sign(Secp256k1, messageHash, privateKey);
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index f60540c9f..9c4f4f259 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -201,5 +201,18 @@
       "data": "",
       "hash": ""
     }
+  },
+  "ecdsa": {
+    "digest": "1025b5f3a56c5366fd44d13f2678bba563c9581c6bacfde2b82a8dd49e33f2a2",
+    "methods": {
+      "verifyEcdsa": {
+        "rows": 38823,
+        "digest": "65c6f9efe1069f73adf3a842398f95d2"
+      }
+    },
+    "verificationKey": {
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "2818165315298159349200200610054154136732885996642834698461943280515655745528"
+    }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
index 28a95542b..a051f2113 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { Voting_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.js';
 import { Membership_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.js';
 import { HelloWorld } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.js';
 import { TokenContract, createDex } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.js';
+import { ecdsaProgram } from '../../src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.js';
 import { GroupCS, BitwiseCS } from './plain-constraint-system.js';
 
 // toggle this for quick iteration when debugging vk regressions
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ const ConstraintSystems: MinimumConstraintSystem[] = [
   createDex().Dex,
   GroupCS,
   BitwiseCS,
+  ecdsaProgram,
 ];
 
 let filePath = jsonPath ? jsonPath : './tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json';

From 665158ba129f246241122dfb747fcfc166753767 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 14:12:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 073/102] expose cs printing

---
 src/examples/constraint_system.ts    |  4 +-
 src/lib/provable-context.ts          | 69 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 56 +---------------------
 3 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/constraint_system.ts b/src/examples/constraint_system.ts
index 6acb7fde5..f2da63ad3 100644
--- a/src/examples/constraint_system.ts
+++ b/src/examples/constraint_system.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { Field, Poseidon, Provable } from 'o1js';
 
 let hash = Poseidon.hash([Field(1), Field(-1)]);
 
-let { rows, digest, gates, publicInputSize } = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+let { rows, digest, publicInputSize, print } = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(1));
   let y = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(-1));
   x.add(y).assertEquals(Field(0));
@@ -10,5 +10,5 @@ let { rows, digest, gates, publicInputSize } = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   z.assertEquals(hash);
 });
 
-console.log(JSON.stringify(gates));
+print();
 console.log({ rows, digest, publicInputSize });
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-context.ts b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
index 076e9f830..0ce003055 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { Context } from './global-context.js';
 import { Gate, JsonGate, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { parseHexString } from '../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import { prettifyStacktrace } from './errors.js';
+import { Fp } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 
 // internal API
 export {
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ export {
   inCompile,
   inCompileMode,
   gatesFromJson,
+  printGates,
 };
 
 // global circuit-related context
@@ -94,7 +96,16 @@ function constraintSystem<T>(f: () => T) {
       result = f();
     });
     let { gates, publicInputSize } = gatesFromJson(json);
-    return { rows, digest, result: result! as T, gates, publicInputSize };
+    return {
+      rows,
+      digest,
+      result: result! as T,
+      gates,
+      publicInputSize,
+      print() {
+        printGates(gates);
+      },
+    };
   } catch (error) {
     throw prettifyStacktrace(error);
   } finally {
@@ -106,8 +117,62 @@ function constraintSystem<T>(f: () => T) {
 
 function gatesFromJson(cs: { gates: JsonGate[]; public_input_size: number }) {
   let gates: Gate[] = cs.gates.map(({ typ, wires, coeffs: hexCoeffs }) => {
-    let coeffs = hexCoeffs.map(hex => parseHexString(hex).toString());
+    let coeffs = hexCoeffs.map((hex) => parseHexString(hex).toString());
     return { type: typ, wires, coeffs };
   });
   return { publicInputSize: cs.public_input_size, gates };
 }
+
+// print a constraint system
+
+function printGates(gates: Gate[]) {
+  for (let i = 0, n = gates.length; i < n; i++) {
+    let { type, wires, coeffs } = gates[i];
+    console.log(
+      i.toString().padEnd(4, ' '),
+      type.padEnd(15, ' '),
+      coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs).padEnd(30, ' '),
+      wiresToPretty(wires, i)
+    );
+  }
+  console.log();
+}
+
+let minusRange = Fp.modulus - (1n << 64n);
+
+function coeffsToPretty(type: Gate['type'], coeffs: Gate['coeffs']): string {
+  if (coeffs.length === 0) return '';
+  if (type === 'Generic' && coeffs.length > 5) {
+    let first = coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs.slice(0, 5));
+    let second = coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs.slice(5));
+    return `${first} ${second}`;
+  }
+  if (type === 'Poseidon' && coeffs.length > 3) {
+    return `${coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs.slice(0, 3)).slice(0, -1)} ...]`;
+  }
+  let str = coeffs
+    .map((c) => {
+      let c0 = BigInt(c);
+      if (c0 > minusRange) c0 -= Fp.modulus;
+      let cStr = c0.toString();
+      if (cStr.length > 4) return `${cStr.slice(0, 4)}..`;
+      return cStr;
+    })
+    .join(' ');
+  return `[${str}]`;
+}
+
+function wiresToPretty(wires: Gate['wires'], row: number) {
+  let strWires: string[] = [];
+  let n = wires.length;
+  for (let col = 0; col < n; col++) {
+    let wire = wires[col];
+    if (wire.row === row && wire.col === col) continue;
+    if (wire.row === row) {
+      strWires.push(`${col}->${wire.col}`);
+    } else {
+      strWires.push(`${col}->(${wire.row},${wire.col})`);
+    }
+  }
+  return strWires.join(', ');
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index d39c6f699..2922afa11 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Random } from './random.js';
 import { test } from './property.js';
 import { Undefined, ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import { printGates } from '../provable-context.js';
 
 export {
   constraintSystem,
@@ -27,7 +28,6 @@ export {
   withoutGenerics,
   print,
   repeat,
-  printGates,
   ConstraintSystemTest,
 };
 
@@ -446,57 +446,3 @@ type CsParams<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>> = {
   [k in keyof In]: InferCsVar<In[k]>;
 };
 type TypeAndValue<T> = { type: Provable<T>; value: T };
-
-// print a constraint system
-
-function printGates(gates: Gate[]) {
-  for (let i = 0, n = gates.length; i < n; i++) {
-    let { type, wires, coeffs } = gates[i];
-    console.log(
-      i.toString().padEnd(4, ' '),
-      type.padEnd(15, ' '),
-      coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs).padEnd(30, ' '),
-      wiresToPretty(wires, i)
-    );
-  }
-  console.log();
-}
-
-let minusRange = Field.ORDER - (1n << 64n);
-
-function coeffsToPretty(type: Gate['type'], coeffs: Gate['coeffs']): string {
-  if (coeffs.length === 0) return '';
-  if (type === 'Generic' && coeffs.length > 5) {
-    let first = coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs.slice(0, 5));
-    let second = coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs.slice(5));
-    return `${first} ${second}`;
-  }
-  if (type === 'Poseidon' && coeffs.length > 3) {
-    return `${coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs.slice(0, 3)).slice(0, -1)} ...]`;
-  }
-  let str = coeffs
-    .map((c) => {
-      let c0 = BigInt(c);
-      if (c0 > minusRange) c0 -= Field.ORDER;
-      let cStr = c0.toString();
-      if (cStr.length > 4) return `${cStr.slice(0, 4)}..`;
-      return cStr;
-    })
-    .join(' ');
-  return `[${str}]`;
-}
-
-function wiresToPretty(wires: Gate['wires'], row: number) {
-  let strWires: string[] = [];
-  let n = wires.length;
-  for (let col = 0; col < n; col++) {
-    let wire = wires[col];
-    if (wire.row === row && wire.col === col) continue;
-    if (wire.row === row) {
-      strWires.push(`${col}->${wire.col}`);
-    } else {
-      strWires.push(`${col}->(${wire.row},${wire.col})`);
-    }
-  }
-  return strWires.join(', ');
-}

From 71b7dcffac9550190f4f9cb8604b808e869566de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 14:13:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 074/102] minor

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts         | 5 +++++
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts | 5 ++---
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
index 9e3b5518f..b1d502c7e 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { Point, Secp256k1, ecdsaProgram } from './ecdsa.js';
 import assert from 'assert';
 
 // create an example ecdsa signature
+
 let privateKey = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
 let publicKey = Secp256k1.scale(Secp256k1.one, privateKey);
 
@@ -11,6 +12,8 @@ let messageHash = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
 
 let signature = Gadgets.Ecdsa.sign(Secp256k1, messageHash, privateKey);
 
+// investigate the constraint system generated by ECDSA verify
+
 console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
 let cs = ecdsaProgram.analyzeMethods().verifyEcdsa;
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
@@ -23,6 +26,8 @@ for (let gate of cs.gates) {
 }
 console.log(gateTypes);
 
+// compile and prove
+
 console.time('ecdsa verify (compile)');
 await ecdsaProgram.compile();
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (compile)');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
index 722ca3137..00b555239 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { EllipticCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';
-import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
@@ -32,10 +31,10 @@ let csDouble = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   double(g, Secp256k1.modulus);
 });
 
-printGates(csAdd.gates);
+csAdd.print();
 console.log({ digest: csAdd.digest, rows: csAdd.rows });
 
-printGates(csDouble.gates);
+csDouble.print();
 console.log({ digest: csDouble.digest, rows: csDouble.rows });
 
 let point = initialAggregator(Pallas);

From febd9c9b4d625f05194a470ac59f6b604b15973d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 14:13:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 075/102] delete ec unit test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts | 42 ---------------------
 1 file changed, 42 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 00b555239..000000000
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { EllipticCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';
-import { assert } from './common.js';
-import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
-
-const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
-const Pallas = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Pallas);
-
-let { add, double, initialAggregator } = EllipticCurve;
-
-let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let y2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-
-  let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
-  let h = { x: x2, y: y2 };
-
-  add(g, h, Secp256k1.modulus);
-});
-
-let csDouble = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-
-  let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
-
-  double(g, Secp256k1.modulus);
-});
-
-csAdd.print();
-console.log({ digest: csAdd.digest, rows: csAdd.rows });
-
-csDouble.print();
-console.log({ digest: csDouble.digest, rows: csDouble.rows });
-
-let point = initialAggregator(Pallas);
-console.log({ point });
-assert(Pallas.isOnCurve(point));

From f27f2e1c96d639e88b908864d1e4bf445108980e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 14:17:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 076/102] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index acab4eb01..3f361304c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
   - `this.account.x.getAndAssertEquals(x)` is now `this.account.x.requireEquals(x)` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
   - `this.account.x.assertBetween()` is now `this.account.x.requireBetween()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
   - `this.network.x.getAndAssertEquals()` is now `this.network.x.getAndRequireEquals()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
+- `Provable.constraintSystem()` and `{ZkProgram,SmartContract}.analyzeMethods()` return a `print()` method for pretty-printing the constraint system https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
 
 ## [0.14.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...1ad7333e9e)
 

From 191971da1d52dd2c8ba2cc5b56e806c63cf6b302 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 14:24:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 077/102] finish doccomments

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 23 +++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index e7c97d77d..bcfc0a41b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -551,20 +551,24 @@ const Gadgets = {
   },
 
   /**
-   * TODO
+   * ECDSA verification gadget and helper methods.
    */
   Ecdsa: {
     /**
-     * TODO
+     * Verify an ECDSA signature.
      *
      * @example
      * ```ts
-     * let Curve = Curves.Secp256k1; // TODO provide this somehow
-     * // TODO easy way to check that foreign field elements are valid
-     * let signature = { r, s };
-     * // TODO need a way to check that publicKey is on curve
-     * let publicKey = { x, y };
+     * const Curve = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
      *
+     * // assert that message hash and signature are valid scalar field elements
+     * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
+     *   [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
+     *   Curve.order
+     * );
+     * // TODO add an easy way to prove that the public key lies on the curve
+     *
+     * // verify signature
      * Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
      * ```
      */
@@ -578,10 +582,9 @@ const Gadgets = {
     },
 
     /**
-     * TODO
+     * Sign a message hash using ECDSA.
      *
-     * should this be here, given that it's not a provable method?
-     * maybe assert that we are not running in provable context
+     * _This method is not provable._
      */
     sign(
       Curve: Crypto.Curve,

From 6a449b25b1a6c59e0f685c173529a3add890fcca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 14:24:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 078/102] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index b67e80608..b432ffd75 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit b67e80608e467b791662ddc01965863848bb38b5
+Subproject commit b432ffd750b4ee961e4b9924f69b5e07bc5368a8

From d0dc254c533e5750c29f2baf7b066a349e9426b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 15:11:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 079/102] fix unit test

---
 src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts | 16 +++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
index b89f1f3dd..54b95e6d4 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
@@ -16,13 +16,15 @@ const EmptyProgram = ZkProgram({
 });
 
 const emptyMethodsMetadata = EmptyProgram.analyzeMethods();
-expect(emptyMethodsMetadata.run).toEqual({
-  rows: 0,
-  digest: '4f5ddea76d29cfcfd8c595f14e31f21b',
-  result: undefined,
-  gates: [],
-  publicInputSize: 0,
-});
+expect(emptyMethodsMetadata.run).toEqual(
+  expect.objectContaining({
+    rows: 0,
+    digest: '4f5ddea76d29cfcfd8c595f14e31f21b',
+    result: undefined,
+    gates: [],
+    publicInputSize: 0,
+  })
+);
 
 class CounterPublicInput extends Struct({
   current: UInt64,

From e7ad795ea97931fa65b07e634633dd61c8954b9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 14:51:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 080/102] move todo out of doccomment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index bcfc0a41b..9384aaa76 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -554,6 +554,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * ECDSA verification gadget and helper methods.
    */
   Ecdsa: {
+    // TODO add an easy way to prove that the public key lies on the curve, and show in the example
     /**
      * Verify an ECDSA signature.
      *
@@ -566,7 +567,6 @@ const Gadgets = {
      *   [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
      *   Curve.order
      * );
-     * // TODO add an easy way to prove that the public key lies on the curve
      *
      * // verify signature
      * Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);

From 660f1a4eceb32051f0a82cff70efe6c7fb029f1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 15:09:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 081/102] return a bool from verify()

---
 src/bindings                       |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 31 ++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  |  8 ++++----
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts         |  6 +++++-
 4 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index b432ffd75..80cf218dc 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit b432ffd750b4ee961e4b9924f69b5e07bc5368a8
+Subproject commit 80cf218dca605cc91fbde65bff79f2cce9284a47
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 144578c2c..9cbcbe4e7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -13,12 +13,13 @@ import { assert } from './common.js';
 import { foreignField, throwError, uniformForeignField } from './test-utils.js';
 import {
   Second,
+  bool,
   equivalentProvable,
   map,
   oneOf,
   record,
-  unit,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 
 // quick tests
 const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
@@ -51,27 +52,27 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
 
   // provable method we want to test
   const verify = (s: Second<typeof signature>) => {
-    Ecdsa.verify(Curve, s.signature, s.msg, s.publicKey);
+    return Ecdsa.verify(Curve, s.signature, s.msg, s.publicKey);
   };
 
   // positive test
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [signature], to: unit })(
-    () => {},
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [signature], to: bool })(
+    () => true,
     verify,
     'valid signature verifies'
   );
 
   // negative test
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [pseudoSignature], to: unit })(
-    () => throwError('invalid signature'),
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [pseudoSignature], to: bool })(
+    () => false,
     verify,
     'invalid signature fails'
   );
 
   // test against constant implementation, with both invalid and valid signatures
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [oneOf(signature, pseudoSignature)], to: unit })(
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [oneOf(signature, pseudoSignature)], to: bool })(
     ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
-      assert(verifyEcdsaConstant(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey), 'verifies');
+      return verifyEcdsaConstant(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
     },
     verify,
     'verify'
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ const config = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 3 }, ia };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
+  publicOutput: Bool,
   methods: {
     scale: {
       privateInputs: [],
@@ -111,9 +113,7 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
           [G, P],
           [config.G, config.P]
         );
-        Provable.asProver(() => {
-          console.log(Point.toBigint(R));
-        });
+        return new Bool(true);
       },
     },
     ecdsa: {
@@ -126,7 +126,13 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
         let msgHash_ = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => msgHash);
         let publicKey_ = Provable.witness(Point.provable, () => publicKey);
 
-        Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature_, msgHash_, publicKey_, config);
+        return Ecdsa.verify(
+          Secp256k1,
+          signature_,
+          msgHash_,
+          publicKey_,
+          config
+        );
       },
     },
   },
@@ -163,3 +169,4 @@ let proof = await program.ecdsa();
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (prove)');
 
 assert(await program.verify(proof), 'proof verifies');
+proof.publicOutput.assertTrue('signature verifies');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index da8bbe924..203921bc9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -163,8 +163,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
       Field3.toBigint(msgHash),
       Point.toBigint(publicKey)
     );
-    assert(isValid, 'invalid signature');
-    return;
+    return new Bool(isValid);
   }
 
   // provable case
@@ -191,7 +190,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   // note: we don't check that the result Rx is canonical, because Rx === r and r is an input:
   // it's the callers responsibility to check that the signature is valid/unique in whatever way it makes sense for the application
   let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
-  Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
+  return Provable.equal(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -295,7 +294,8 @@ function verifyEcdsaConstant(
   msgHash: bigint,
   publicKey: point
 ) {
-  let pk = Curve.fromNonzero(publicKey);
+  let pk = Curve.from(publicKey);
+  if (Curve.equal(pk, Curve.zero)) return false;
   if (!Curve.isOnCurve(pk)) return false;
   if (Curve.hasCofactor && !Curve.isInSubgroup(pk)) return false;
   if (r < 1n || r >= Curve.order) return false;
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 9384aaa76..6f9f24b9a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -558,6 +558,9 @@ const Gadgets = {
     /**
      * Verify an ECDSA signature.
      *
+     * **Important:** This method returns a {@link Bool} which indicates whether the signature is valid.
+     * So, to actually prove validity of a signature, you need to assert that the result is true.
+     *
      * @example
      * ```ts
      * const Curve = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
@@ -569,7 +572,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * );
      *
      * // verify signature
-     * Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
+     * let isValid = Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
+     * isValid.assertTrue();
      * ```
      */
     verify(

From 1a55a5d3f7613684db02d42ccd0f3eb650d58c9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 15:49:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 082/102] update vk

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 9c4f4f259..e2899eff8 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -203,16 +203,16 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "1025b5f3a56c5366fd44d13f2678bba563c9581c6bacfde2b82a8dd49e33f2a2",
+    "digest": "1ab8f6c699e144aeaa39f88c8392a5a5053dcf58249a7ff561ac3fe343b15ede",
     "methods": {
       "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 38823,
-        "digest": "65c6f9efe1069f73adf3a842398f95d2"
+        "rows": 38830,
+        "digest": "513f0fcca515c10ba593720f7d62aedb"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "2818165315298159349200200610054154136732885996642834698461943280515655745528"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "24873772351090152857267160919303237684044478603326712805175843693860023193162"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 57576fae8e828a778213abb9e23275b5ccd6ab71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 16:15:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 083/102] wip adapting ecdsa soundness to bool return

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 203921bc9..888dfaab4 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -187,9 +187,11 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   // this ^ already proves that R != 0 (part of ECDSA verification)
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
-  // note: we don't check that the result Rx is canonical, because Rx === r and r is an input:
-  // it's the callers responsibility to check that the signature is valid/unique in whatever way it makes sense for the application
   let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
+  // we have to check that the result Rx is canonical, we then check if it _exactly_ equal to the input r.
+  // if we would allow non-canonical Rx, a prover could make verify() return false on a valid signature, by adding a multiple of `Curve.order` to Rx.
+  // TODO
+
   return Provable.equal(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
 }
 

From 5f5cd316a8418349b4d3195d028364a724158781 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 16:22:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 084/102] cherry pick assertLessThan

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index d45a80033..4b92c5429 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@ const ForeignField = {
   sub(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
     return sum([x, y], [-1n], f);
   },
+  negate(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+    return sum([Field3.from(0n), x], [-1n], f);
+  },
   sum,
   Sum(x: Field3) {
     return new Sum(x);
@@ -53,6 +56,21 @@ const ForeignField = {
   assertMul,
 
   assertAlmostFieldElements,
+
+  assertLessThan(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+    assert(f > 0n, 'assertLessThan: upper bound must be positive');
+
+    // constant case
+    if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
+      assert(Field3.toBigint(x) < f, 'assertLessThan: got x >= f');
+      return;
+    }
+    // provable case
+    // we can just use negation `(f - 1) - x`. because the result is range-checked, it proves that x < f:
+    // `f - 1 - x \in [0, 2^3l) => x <= x + (f - 1 - x) = f - 1 < f`
+    // (note: ffadd can't add higher multiples of (f - 1). it must always use an overflow of -1, except for x = 0 or 1)
+    ForeignField.negate(x, f - 1n);
+  },
 };
 
 /**

From af6de47cb7203344de9954a2c0289eac6c6fcfb6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 16:28:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 085/102] finish adapting ecdsa final step

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 888dfaab4..ea64483b6 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -188,9 +188,10 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
   let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
-  // we have to check that the result Rx is canonical, we then check if it _exactly_ equal to the input r.
-  // if we would allow non-canonical Rx, a prover could make verify() return false on a valid signature, by adding a multiple of `Curve.order` to Rx.
-  // TODO
+
+  // we have to prove that Rx is canonical, because we check signature validity based on whether Rx _exactly_ equals the input r.
+  // if we allowed non-canonical Rx, the prover could make verify() return false on a valid signature, by adding a multiple of `Curve.order` to Rx.
+  ForeignField.assertLessThan(Rx, Curve.order);
 
   return Provable.equal(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
 }

From c193bd7e2fd0ed17739c1e05243698f105300ba4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 16:29:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 086/102] update vk

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index e2899eff8..6044f0bcf 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -203,16 +203,16 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "1ab8f6c699e144aeaa39f88c8392a5a5053dcf58249a7ff561ac3fe343b15ede",
+    "digest": "339463a449bf05b95a8c33f61cfe8ce434517139ca76d46acd8156fa148fa17d",
     "methods": {
       "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 38830,
-        "digest": "513f0fcca515c10ba593720f7d62aedb"
+        "rows": 38836,
+        "digest": "1d54d1addf7630e3eb226959de232cc3"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "24873772351090152857267160919303237684044478603326712805175843693860023193162"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "27986645693165294918748566661718640959750969878894001222795403177870132383423"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 66a9dc138689c83f7a49f7b0f6f027606a807f7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 17:10:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 087/102] document `config`

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index ea64483b6..8d45b6e42 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -140,6 +140,22 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
+/**
+ * Verify an ECDSA signature.
+ *
+ * Details about the `config` parameter:
+ * - For both the generator point `G` and public key `P`, `config` allows you to specify:
+ *   - the `windowSize` which is used in scalar multiplication for this point.
+ *     flexibility is good because the optimal window size is different for constant and non-constant points.
+ *     empirically, `windowSize=4` for constants and 3 for variables leads to the fewest constraints.
+ *     our defaults reflect that the generator is always constant and the public key is variable in typical applications.
+ *   - a table of multiples of those points, of length `2^windowSize`, which is used in the scalar multiplication gadget to speed up the computation.
+ *     if these are not provided, they are computed on the fly.
+ *     for the constant G, computing multiples costs no constraints, so passing them in makes no real difference.
+ *     for variable public key, there is a possible use case: if the public key is a public input, then its multiples could also be.
+ *     in that case, passing them in would avoid computing them in-circuit and save a few constraints.
+ * - The initial aggregator `ia`, see {@link initialAggregator}. By default, `ia` is computed deterministically on the fly.
+ */
 function verifyEcdsa(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
   signature: Ecdsa.Signature,

From 1ad26021b39076e229b02e936a8fae8b1492ea40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 13:30:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 088/102] foreign field: split assert non zero into function

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 4b92c5429..20b9b3a24 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -71,6 +71,30 @@ const ForeignField = {
     // (note: ffadd can't add higher multiples of (f - 1). it must always use an overflow of -1, except for x = 0 or 1)
     ForeignField.negate(x, f - 1n);
   },
+
+  /**
+   * prove that x != 0 mod f
+   *
+   * assumes that x is almost reduced mod f, so we know that x can at most be 0 or f, but not 2f, 3f,...
+   */
+  assertNonZero(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+    // constant case
+    if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
+      assert(Field3.toBigint(x) !== 0n, 'assertNonZero: got x = 0');
+      return;
+    }
+    // provable case
+    // check that x != 0 and x != f
+    let x01 = toVar(x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << l)));
+
+    // (x01, x2) != (0, 0)
+    x01.equals(0n).and(x[2].equals(0n)).assertFalse();
+    // (x01, x2) != (f01, f2)
+    x01
+      .equals(f & l2Mask)
+      .and(x[2].equals(f >> l2))
+      .assertFalse();
+  },
 };
 
 /**
@@ -217,16 +241,8 @@ function divide(
   multiRangeCheck([z2Bound, Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n)]);
 
   if (!allowZeroOverZero) {
-    // assert that y != 0 mod f by checking that it doesn't equal 0 or f
-    // this works because we assume y[2] <= f2
-    // TODO is this the most efficient way?
-    let y01 = y[0].add(y[1].mul(1n << l));
-    y01.equals(0n).and(y[2].equals(0n)).assertFalse();
-    let [f0, f1, f2] = split(f);
-    let f01 = combine2([f0, f1]);
-    y01.equals(f01).and(y[2].equals(f2)).assertFalse();
+    ForeignField.assertNonZero(y, f);
   }
-
   return z;
 }
 

From 1c90b526cece020cc9ff795f4d61ac1542aba4fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 13:46:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 089/102] assertNotEquals -> equals

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 34 +++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 20b9b3a24..a1583fe98 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
   mod,
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
@@ -73,27 +74,32 @@ const ForeignField = {
   },
 
   /**
-   * prove that x != 0 mod f
+   * check whether x = c mod f
    *
-   * assumes that x is almost reduced mod f, so we know that x can at most be 0 or f, but not 2f, 3f,...
+   * c is a constant, and we require c in [0, f)
+   *
+   * assumes that x is almost reduced mod f, so we know that x might be c or c + f, but not c + 2f, c + 3f, ...
    */
-  assertNonZero(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+  equals(x: Field3, c: bigint, f: bigint) {
+    assert(c >= 0n && c < f, 'equals: c must be in [0, f)');
+
     // constant case
     if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
-      assert(Field3.toBigint(x) !== 0n, 'assertNonZero: got x = 0');
-      return;
+      return new Bool(mod(Field3.toBigint(x), f) === c);
     }
+
     // provable case
-    // check that x != 0 and x != f
+    // check whether x = 0 or x = f
     let x01 = toVar(x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << l)));
+    let [c01, c2] = [c & l2Mask, c >> l2];
+    let [cPlusF01, cPlusF2] = [(c + f) & l2Mask, (c + f) >> l2];
+
+    // (x01, x2) = (c01, c2)
+    let isC = x01.equals(c01).and(x[2].equals(c2));
+    // (x01, x2) = (cPlusF01, cPlusF2)
+    let isCPlusF = x01.equals(cPlusF01).and(x[2].equals(cPlusF2));
 
-    // (x01, x2) != (0, 0)
-    x01.equals(0n).and(x[2].equals(0n)).assertFalse();
-    // (x01, x2) != (f01, f2)
-    x01
-      .equals(f & l2Mask)
-      .and(x[2].equals(f >> l2))
-      .assertFalse();
+    return isC.or(isCPlusF);
   },
 };
 
@@ -241,7 +247,7 @@ function divide(
   multiRangeCheck([z2Bound, Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n)]);
 
   if (!allowZeroOverZero) {
-    ForeignField.assertNonZero(y, f);
+    ForeignField.equals(y, 0n, f).assertFalse();
   }
   return z;
 }

From 7886bef437ad96679b226ad646091d71da1e324f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 13:49:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 090/102] fix final check in scalar mul

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 8d45b6e42..c658039e0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -298,7 +298,13 @@ function multiScalarMul(
   // the sum is now 2^(b-1)*IA + sum_i s_i*P_i
   // we assert that sum != 2^(b-1)*IA, and add -2^(b-1)*IA to get our result
   let iaFinal = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b - 1));
-  Provable.equal(Point.provable, sum, Point.from(iaFinal)).assertFalse();
+  let xEquals = ForeignField.equals(sum.x, iaFinal.x, Curve.modulus);
+  let yEquals = ForeignField.equals(sum.y, iaFinal.y, Curve.modulus);
+  let isZero = xEquals.and(yEquals);
+
+  // TODO: return isZero instead of asserting here
+  isZero.assertFalse();
+
   sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaFinal)), Curve.modulus);
 
   return sum;

From ba0c36160b195d5063bee0a4c87a031e9fecec76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 14:16:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 091/102] split out equals

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 14 +++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index c658039e0..20155c7e2 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -140,6 +140,14 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
+// check whether a point equals a constant point
+// TODO implement the full case of two vars
+function equals(p1: Point, p2: point, f: bigint) {
+  let xEquals = ForeignField.equals(p1.x, p2.x, f);
+  let yEquals = ForeignField.equals(p1.y, p2.y, f);
+  return xEquals.and(yEquals);
+}
+
 /**
  * Verify an ECDSA signature.
  *
@@ -298,11 +306,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
   // the sum is now 2^(b-1)*IA + sum_i s_i*P_i
   // we assert that sum != 2^(b-1)*IA, and add -2^(b-1)*IA to get our result
   let iaFinal = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b - 1));
-  let xEquals = ForeignField.equals(sum.x, iaFinal.x, Curve.modulus);
-  let yEquals = ForeignField.equals(sum.y, iaFinal.y, Curve.modulus);
-  let isZero = xEquals.and(yEquals);
-
-  // TODO: return isZero instead of asserting here
+  let isZero = equals(sum, iaFinal, Curve.modulus);
   isZero.assertFalse();
 
   sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaFinal)), Curve.modulus);

From dba58f372fddbcd610d39a430eedbde07ed9167a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 14:29:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 092/102] vk update

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 6044f0bcf..0297b30a0 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -203,16 +203,16 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "339463a449bf05b95a8c33f61cfe8ce434517139ca76d46acd8156fa148fa17d",
+    "digest": "6e4078c6df944db119dc1656eb68e6c272c3f2e9cab6746913759537cbfcfa9",
     "methods": {
       "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 38836,
-        "digest": "1d54d1addf7630e3eb226959de232cc3"
+        "rows": 38846,
+        "digest": "892b0a1fad0f13d92ba6099cd54e6780"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "27986645693165294918748566661718640959750969878894001222795403177870132383423"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "21152043351405736424630704375244880683906889913335338686836578165782029001213"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From d0b09b9c1d86061a3f6bea97b9086a4caf33d792 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 12:29:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 093/102] apply small review suggestions

---
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts           |  4 ++--
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 30 ++++++++----------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
index 6d534ac37..dfff5f1de 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ function arrayGet(array: Field[], index: Field) {
   // witness result
   let a = existsOne(() => array[Number(i.toBigInt())].toBigInt());
 
-  // we prove a === array[j] + zj*(i - j) for some zj, for all j.
+  // we prove a === array[j] + z[j]*(i - j) for some z[j], for all j.
   // setting j = i, this implies a === array[i]
   // thanks to our assumption that the index i is within bounds, we know that j = i for some j
   let n = array.length;
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ function arrayGet(array: Field[], index: Field) {
       );
       return zj ?? 0n;
     });
-    // prove that zj*(i - j) === a - array[j]
+    // prove that z[j]*(i - j) === a - array[j]
     // TODO abstract this logic into a general-purpose assertMul() gadget,
     // which is able to use the constant coefficient
     // (snarky's assert_r1cs somehow leads to much more constraints than this)
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 9cbcbe4e7..33c1f8ce6 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
   let scalar = foreignField(Curve.Scalar);
   let privateKey = uniformForeignField(Curve.Scalar);
 
-  let pseudoSignature = record({
+  // correct signature shape, but independently random components, which will never form a valid signature
+  let badSignature = record({
     signature: record({ r: scalar, s: scalar }),
     msg: scalar,
     publicKey: record({ x: field, y: field }),
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
   let signatureInputs = record({ privateKey, msg: scalar });
 
   let signature = map(
-    { from: signatureInputs, to: pseudoSignature },
+    { from: signatureInputs, to: badSignature },
     ({ privateKey, msg }) => {
       let publicKey = Curve.scale(Curve.one, privateKey);
       let signature = Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msg, privateKey);
@@ -63,14 +64,14 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
   );
 
   // negative test
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [pseudoSignature], to: bool })(
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [badSignature], to: bool })(
     () => false,
     verify,
     'invalid signature fails'
   );
 
   // test against constant implementation, with both invalid and valid signatures
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [oneOf(signature, pseudoSignature)], to: bool })(
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [oneOf(signature, badSignature)], to: bool })(
     ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
       return verifyEcdsaConstant(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
     },
@@ -102,20 +103,6 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
   publicOutput: Bool,
   methods: {
-    scale: {
-      privateInputs: [],
-      method() {
-        let G = Point.from(Secp256k1.one);
-        let P = Provable.witness(Point.provable, () => publicKey);
-        let R = EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(
-          Secp256k1,
-          [signature.s, signature.r],
-          [G, P],
-          [config.G, config.P]
-        );
-        return new Bool(true);
-      },
-    },
     ecdsa: {
       privateInputs: [],
       method() {
@@ -137,18 +124,17 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
     },
   },
 });
-let main = program.rawMethods.ecdsa;
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify (constant)');
-main();
+program.rawMethods.ecdsa();
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (constant)');
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
-Provable.runAndCheck(main);
+Provable.runAndCheck(program.rawMethods.ecdsa);
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
-let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
+let cs = program.analyzeMethods().ecdsa;
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
 
 let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 20155c7e2..8077248e8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ function equals(p1: Point, p2: point, f: bigint) {
  * Details about the `config` parameter:
  * - For both the generator point `G` and public key `P`, `config` allows you to specify:
  *   - the `windowSize` which is used in scalar multiplication for this point.
- *     flexibility is good because the optimal window size is different for constant and non-constant points.
+ *     this flexibility is good because the optimal window size is different for constant and non-constant points.
  *     empirically, `windowSize=4` for constants and 3 for variables leads to the fewest constraints.
  *     our defaults reflect that the generator is always constant and the public key is variable in typical applications.
  *   - a table of multiples of those points, of length `2^windowSize`, which is used in the scalar multiplication gadget to speed up the computation.
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ function sliceField(
   let chunks = [];
   let sum = Field.from(0n);
 
-  // if there's a leftover chunk from a previous slizeField() call, we complete it
+  // if there's a leftover chunk from a previous sliceField() call, we complete it
   if (leftover !== undefined) {
     let { chunks: previous, leftoverSize: size } = leftover;
     let remainingChunk = Field.from(0n);

From f68c1487a634fe0f1858aa2a1b0a5430c7ead34d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 12:41:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 094/102] support for a!=0 in double gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 8077248e8..49b6b7ef5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
-function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
+function double(p1: Point, f: bigint, a: bigint) {
   let { x: x1, y: y1 } = p1;
 
   // constant case
@@ -122,11 +122,11 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   // x1^2 = x1x1
   let x1x1 = ForeignField.mul(x1, x1, f);
 
-  // 2*y1*m = 3*x1x1
-  // TODO this assumes the curve has a == 0
+  // 2*y1*m = 3*x1x1 + a
   let y1Times2 = ForeignField.Sum(y1).add(y1);
-  let x1x1Times3 = ForeignField.Sum(x1x1).add(x1x1).add(x1x1);
-  ForeignField.assertMul(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3, f);
+  let x1x1Times3PlusA = ForeignField.Sum(x1x1).add(x1x1).add(x1x1);
+  if (a !== 0n) x1x1Times3PlusA = x1x1Times3PlusA.add(Field3.from(a));
+  ForeignField.assertMul(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3PlusA, f);
 
   // m^2 = 2*x1 + x3
   let xSum = ForeignField.Sum(x1).add(x1).add(x3);
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
 
     // jointly double all points
     // (note: the highest couple of bits will not create any constraints because sum is constant; no need to handle that explicitly)
-    sum = double(sum, Curve.modulus);
+    sum = double(sum, Curve.modulus, Curve.a);
   }
 
   // the sum is now 2^(b-1)*IA + sum_i s_i*P_i
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ function getPointTable(
   table = [Point.from(Curve.zero), P];
   if (n === 2) return table;
 
-  let Pi = double(P, Curve.modulus);
+  let Pi = double(P, Curve.modulus, Curve.a);
   table.push(Pi);
   for (let i = 3; i < n; i++) {
     Pi = add(Pi, P, Curve.modulus);

From 124d9180a8b201865ece92379ac48d799bbb6b44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 12:52:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 095/102] move ff equals gadget and handle an edge case

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 66 ++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index a1583fe98..42899a865 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -73,34 +73,7 @@ const ForeignField = {
     ForeignField.negate(x, f - 1n);
   },
 
-  /**
-   * check whether x = c mod f
-   *
-   * c is a constant, and we require c in [0, f)
-   *
-   * assumes that x is almost reduced mod f, so we know that x might be c or c + f, but not c + 2f, c + 3f, ...
-   */
-  equals(x: Field3, c: bigint, f: bigint) {
-    assert(c >= 0n && c < f, 'equals: c must be in [0, f)');
-
-    // constant case
-    if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
-      return new Bool(mod(Field3.toBigint(x), f) === c);
-    }
-
-    // provable case
-    // check whether x = 0 or x = f
-    let x01 = toVar(x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << l)));
-    let [c01, c2] = [c & l2Mask, c >> l2];
-    let [cPlusF01, cPlusF2] = [(c + f) & l2Mask, (c + f) >> l2];
-
-    // (x01, x2) = (c01, c2)
-    let isC = x01.equals(c01).and(x[2].equals(c2));
-    // (x01, x2) = (cPlusF01, cPlusF2)
-    let isCPlusF = x01.equals(cPlusF01).and(x[2].equals(cPlusF2));
-
-    return isC.or(isCPlusF);
-  },
+  equals,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -410,6 +383,43 @@ function assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * check whether x = c mod f
+ *
+ * c is a constant, and we require c in [0, f)
+ *
+ * assumes that x is almost reduced mod f, so we know that x might be c or c + f, but not c + 2f, c + 3f, ...
+ */
+function equals(x: Field3, c: bigint, f: bigint) {
+  assert(c >= 0n && c < f, 'equals: c must be in [0, f)');
+
+  // constant case
+  if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
+    return new Bool(mod(Field3.toBigint(x), f) === c);
+  }
+
+  // provable case
+  if (f >= 1n << l2) {
+    // check whether x = 0 or x = f
+    let x01 = toVar(x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << l)));
+    let [c01, c2] = [c & l2Mask, c >> l2];
+    let [cPlusF01, cPlusF2] = [(c + f) & l2Mask, (c + f) >> l2];
+
+    // (x01, x2) = (c01, c2)
+    let isC = x01.equals(c01).and(x[2].equals(c2));
+    // (x01, x2) = (cPlusF01, cPlusF2)
+    let isCPlusF = x01.equals(cPlusF01).and(x[2].equals(cPlusF2));
+
+    return isC.or(isCPlusF);
+  } else {
+    // if f < 2^2l, the approach above doesn't work (we don't know from x[2] = 0 that x < 2f),
+    // so in that case we assert that x < f and then check whether it's equal to c
+    ForeignField.assertLessThan(x, f);
+    let x012 = toVar(x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << l)).add(x[2].mul(1n << l2)));
+    return x012.equals(c);
+  }
+}
+
 const Field3 = {
   /**
    * Turn a bigint into a 3-tuple of Fields

From 2495901b57c51958423f0694a514835590bc0f6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 12:56:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 096/102] rename assertAlmostFieldElements

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts          |  4 +--
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts           |  4 +--
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts |  4 +--
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts                 | 40 +++++++++++-----------
 4 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 49b6b7ef5..c1ff87550 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   let m: Field3 = [m0, m1, m2];
   let x3: Field3 = [x30, x31, x32];
   let y3: Field3 = [y30, y31, y32];
-  ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([m, x3, y3], f);
+  ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([m, x3, y3], f);
 
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
   let deltaX = ForeignField.Sum(x1).sub(x2);
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint, a: bigint) {
   let m: Field3 = [m0, m1, m2];
   let x3: Field3 = [x30, x31, x32];
   let y3: Field3 = [y30, y31, y32];
-  ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([m, x3, y3], f);
+  ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([m, x3, y3], f);
 
   // x1^2 = x1x1
   let x1x1 = ForeignField.mul(x1, x1, f);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 42899a865..f1929df99 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ const ForeignField = {
   div: divide,
   assertMul,
 
-  assertAlmostFieldElements,
+  assertAlmostReduced,
 
   assertLessThan(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
     assert(f > 0n, 'assertLessThan: upper bound must be positive');
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ function weakBound(x: Field, f: bigint) {
  * Apply range checks and weak bounds checks to a list of Field3s.
  * Optimal if the list length is a multiple of 3.
  */
-function assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
+function assertAlmostReduced(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
   let bounds: Field[] = [];
 
   for (let x of xs) {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 2e9c4732f..f722a3938 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ for (let F of fields) {
 
   equivalent({ from: [big264], to: unit })(
     (x) => assertWeakBound(x, F.modulus),
-    (x) => ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x], F.modulus)
+    (x) => ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([x], F.modulus)
   );
 
   // sumchain of 5
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
     mulWithBoundsCheck: {
       privateInputs: [Field3.provable, Field3.provable],
       method(x, y) {
-        ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y], F.modulus);
+        ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([x, y], F.modulus);
         return ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus);
       },
     },
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 6f9f24b9a..ce3a829a6 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
     /**
      * Foreign field subtraction: `x - y mod f`
      *
-     * See {@link ForeignField.add} for assumptions and usage examples.
+     * See {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.add} for assumptions and usage examples.
      *
      * @throws fails if `x - y < -f`, where the result cannot be brought back to a positive number by adding `f` once.
      */
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * **Note**: For 3 or more inputs, `sum()` uses fewer constraints than a sequence of `add()` and `sub()` calls,
      * because we can avoid range checks on intermediate results.
      *
-     * See {@link ForeignField.add} for assumptions on inputs.
+     * See {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.add} for assumptions on inputs.
      *
      * @example
      * ```ts
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * To do this, we use an 88-bit range check on `2^88 - x[2] - (f[2] + 1)`, and same for y.
      * The implication is that x and y are _almost_ reduced modulo f.
      *
-     * All of the above assumptions are checked by {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements}.
+     * All of the above assumptions are checked by {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced}.
      *
      * **Warning**: This gadget does not add the extra bound check on the result.
      * So, to use the result in another foreign field multiplication, you have to add the bound check on it yourself, again.
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * let y = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(f - 2n));
      *
      * // range check x, y and prove additional bounds x[2] <= f[2]
-     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y], f);
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([x, y], f);
      *
      * // compute x * y mod f
      * let z = ForeignField.mul(x, y, f);
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
     /**
      * Foreign field inverse: `x^(-1) mod f`
      *
-     * See {@link ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
+     * See {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
      *
      * This gadget adds an extra bound check on the result, so it can be used directly in another foreign field multiplication.
      */
@@ -464,11 +464,11 @@ const Gadgets = {
     /**
      * Foreign field division: `x * y^(-1) mod f`
      *
-     * See {@link ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
+     * See {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
      *
      * This gadget adds an extra bound check on the result, so it can be used directly in another foreign field multiplication.
      *
-     * @throws Different than {@link ForeignField.mul}, this fails on unreduced input `x`, because it checks that `x === (x/y)*y` and the right side will be reduced.
+     * @throws Different than {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul}, this fails on unreduced input `x`, because it checks that `x === (x/y)*y` and the right side will be reduced.
      */
     div(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.div(x, y, f);
@@ -477,13 +477,13 @@ const Gadgets = {
     /**
      * Optimized multiplication of sums in a foreign field, for example: `(x - y)*z = a + b + c mod f`
      *
-     * Note: This is much more efficient than using {@link ForeignField.add} and {@link ForeignField.sub} separately to
-     * compute the multiplication inputs and outputs, and then using {@link ForeignField.mul} to constrain the result.
+     * Note: This is much more efficient than using {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.add} and {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.sub} separately to
+     * compute the multiplication inputs and outputs, and then using {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul} to constrain the result.
      *
-     * The sums passed into this gadgets are "lazy sums" created with {@link ForeignField.Sum}.
+     * The sums passed into this gadgets are "lazy sums" created with {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.Sum}.
      * You can also pass in plain {@link Field3} elements.
      *
-     * **Assumptions**: The assumptions on the _summands_ are analogous to the assumptions described in {@link ForeignField.mul}:
+     * **Assumptions**: The assumptions on the _summands_ are analogous to the assumptions described in {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul}:
      * - each summand's limbs are in the range [0, 2^88)
      * - summands that are part of a multiplication input satisfy `x[2] <= f[2]`
      *
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * @example
      * ```ts
      * // range-check x, y, z, a, b, c
-     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y, z], f);
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([x, y, z], f);
      * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(a);
      * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(b);
      * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(c);
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
     },
 
     /**
-     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link ForeignField.assertMul}.
+     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul}.
      */
     Sum(x: Field3) {
       return ForeignField.Sum(x);
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
 
     /**
      * Prove that each of the given {@link Field3} elements is "almost" reduced modulo f,
-     * i.e., satisfies the assumptions required by {@link ForeignField.mul} and other gadgets:
+     * i.e., satisfies the assumptions required by {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul} and other gadgets:
      * - each limb is in the range [0, 2^88)
      * - the most significant limb is less or equal than the modulus, x[2] <= f[2]
      *
@@ -535,18 +535,18 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * let y = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(5n));
      * let z = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(10n));
      *
-     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y, z], f);
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([x, y, z], f);
      *
      * // now we can use x, y, z as inputs to foreign field multiplication
      * let xy = ForeignField.mul(x, y, f);
      * let xyz = ForeignField.mul(xy, z, f);
      *
      * // since xy is an input to another multiplication, we need to prove that it is almost reduced again!
-     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([xy], f); // TODO: would be more efficient to batch this with 2 other elements
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([xy], f); // TODO: would be more efficient to batch this with 2 other elements
      * ```
      */
-    assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
-      ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(xs, f);
+    assertAlmostReduced(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
+      ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(xs, f);
     },
   },
 
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * const Curve = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
      *
      * // assert that message hash and signature are valid scalar field elements
-     * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
+     * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
      *   [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
      *   Curve.order
      * );
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ export namespace Gadgets {
 
   export namespace ForeignField {
     /**
-     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link ForeignField.assertMul}.
+     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul}.
      */
     export type Sum = Sum_;
   }

From 6fc4e86f0dadc84af6cb87cef57edc2695e1b0db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 16:39:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 097/102] fixup vk test

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
index 183ec3e7f..810cb33e5 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ const ecdsaProgram = ZkProgram({
         msgHash: Gadgets.Field3
       ) {
         // assert that private inputs are valid
-        ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
+        ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
           [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
           Secp256k1.order
         );

From 621d2ef1bde826398e5a92fe3e58ced6a73d43e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 20:17:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 098/102] fixups

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts         |  4 +--
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts       | 52 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 3 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index d5ef7447b..8b705d620 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class ForeignField {
     // TODO: this is not very efficient, but the only way to abstract away the complicated
     // range check assumptions and also not introduce a global context of pending range checks.
     // we plan to get rid of bounds checks anyway, then this is just a multi-range check
-    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([this.value], this.modulus, {
+    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([this.value], this.modulus, {
       skipMrc: true,
     });
     return this.Constructor.AlmostReduced.unsafeFrom(this);
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class ForeignField {
   static assertAlmostReduced<T extends Tuple<ForeignField>>(
     ...xs: T
   ): TupleMap<T, AlmostForeignField> {
-    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
+    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
       xs.map((x) => x.value),
       this.modulus,
       { skipMrc: true }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 46dc63043..1a8c0d878 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
-import { Tuple, TupleN, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
+import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assertOneOf } from './basic.js';
 import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
 import {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 4a2102bdc..79bdaf577 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -570,33 +570,33 @@ const Gadgets = {
     assertAlmostReduced(xs: Field3[], f: bigint, { skipMrc = false } = {}) {
       ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(xs, f, skipMrc);
     },
-  },
 
-  /**
-   * Prove that x < f for any constant f < 2^264.
-   *
-   * If f is a finite field modulus, this means that the given field element is fully reduced modulo f.
-   * This is a stronger statement than {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements}
-   * and also uses more constraints; it should not be needed in most use cases.
-   *
-   * **Note**: This assumes that the limbs of x are in the range [0, 2^88), in contrast to
-   * {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements} which adds that check itself.
-   *
-   * @throws if x is greater or equal to f.
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * let x = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0x1235n));
-   *
-   *  // range check limbs of x
-   * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x);
-   *
-   * // prove that x is fully reduced mod f
-   * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertLessThan(x, f);
-   * ```
-   */
-  assertLessThan(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
-    ForeignField.assertLessThan(x, f);
+    /**
+     * Prove that x < f for any constant f < 2^264.
+     *
+     * If f is a finite field modulus, this means that the given field element is fully reduced modulo f.
+     * This is a stronger statement than {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced}
+     * and also uses more constraints; it should not be needed in most use cases.
+     *
+     * **Note**: This assumes that the limbs of x are in the range [0, 2^88), in contrast to
+     * {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced} which adds that check itself.
+     *
+     * @throws if x is greater or equal to f.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * let x = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0x1235n));
+     *
+     *  // range check limbs of x
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x);
+     *
+     * // prove that x is fully reduced mod f
+     * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertLessThan(x, f);
+     * ```
+     */
+    assertLessThan(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+      ForeignField.assertLessThan(x, f);
+    },
   },
 
   /**

From f51e5c057152087529c97e6367da22422ee85c53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 20:28:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 099/102] remove gadgets.ecdsa which ended up in a different
 final form

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts | 41 ----------------
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts   | 43 -----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts    |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts            | 67 ---------------------------
 4 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 152 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 810cb33e5..000000000
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-import { Gadgets, ZkProgram, Struct, Crypto } from 'o1js';
-
-export { ecdsaProgram, Point, Secp256k1 };
-
-let { ForeignField, Field3, Ecdsa } = Gadgets;
-
-// TODO expose this as part of Gadgets.Curve
-
-class Point extends Struct({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable }) {
-  // point from bigints
-  static from({ x, y }: { x: bigint; y: bigint }) {
-    return new Point({ x: Field3.from(x), y: Field3.from(y) });
-  }
-}
-
-const Secp256k1 = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
-
-const ecdsaProgram = ZkProgram({
-  name: 'ecdsa',
-  publicInput: Point,
-
-  methods: {
-    verifyEcdsa: {
-      privateInputs: [Ecdsa.Signature.provable, Field3.provable],
-      method(
-        publicKey: Point,
-        signature: Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature,
-        msgHash: Gadgets.Field3
-      ) {
-        // assert that private inputs are valid
-        ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
-          [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
-          Secp256k1.order
-        );
-
-        // verify signature
-        Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
-      },
-    },
-  },
-});
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b1d502c7e..000000000
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-import { Gadgets } from 'o1js';
-import { Point, Secp256k1, ecdsaProgram } from './ecdsa.js';
-import assert from 'assert';
-
-// create an example ecdsa signature
-
-let privateKey = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
-let publicKey = Secp256k1.scale(Secp256k1.one, privateKey);
-
-// TODO use an actual keccak hash
-let messageHash = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
-
-let signature = Gadgets.Ecdsa.sign(Secp256k1, messageHash, privateKey);
-
-// investigate the constraint system generated by ECDSA verify
-
-console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
-let cs = ecdsaProgram.analyzeMethods().verifyEcdsa;
-console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
-
-let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
-gateTypes['Total rows'] = cs.rows;
-for (let gate of cs.gates) {
-  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
-  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
-}
-console.log(gateTypes);
-
-// compile and prove
-
-console.time('ecdsa verify (compile)');
-await ecdsaProgram.compile();
-console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (compile)');
-
-console.time('ecdsa verify (prove)');
-let proof = await ecdsaProgram.verifyEcdsa(
-  Point.from(publicKey),
-  Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature.from(signature),
-  Gadgets.Field3.from(messageHash)
-);
-console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (prove)');
-
-assert(await ecdsaProgram.verify(proof), 'proof verifies');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 33c1f8ce6..b8f28764b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
-import { foreignField, throwError, uniformForeignField } from './test-utils.js';
+import { foreignField, uniformForeignField } from './test-utils.js';
 import {
   Second,
   bool,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index bc5a64fee..038646d03 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -10,9 +10,6 @@ import {
 import { not, rotate, xor, and, leftShift, rightShift } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { ForeignField, Field3, Sum } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { Ecdsa, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
-import { CurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { Crypto } from '../crypto.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
 
@@ -599,60 +596,6 @@ const Gadgets = {
     },
   },
 
-  /**
-   * ECDSA verification gadget and helper methods.
-   */
-  Ecdsa: {
-    // TODO add an easy way to prove that the public key lies on the curve, and show in the example
-    /**
-     * Verify an ECDSA signature.
-     *
-     * **Important:** This method returns a {@link Bool} which indicates whether the signature is valid.
-     * So, to actually prove validity of a signature, you need to assert that the result is true.
-     *
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * const Curve = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
-     *
-     * // assert that message hash and signature are valid scalar field elements
-     * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
-     *   [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
-     *   Curve.order
-     * );
-     *
-     * // verify signature
-     * let isValid = Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
-     * isValid.assertTrue();
-     * ```
-     */
-    verify(
-      Curve: CurveAffine,
-      signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
-      msgHash: Field3,
-      publicKey: Point
-    ) {
-      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Sign a message hash using ECDSA.
-     *
-     * _This method is not provable._
-     */
-    sign(
-      Curve: Crypto.Curve,
-      msgHash: bigint,
-      privateKey: bigint
-    ): Ecdsa.signature {
-      return Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msgHash, privateKey);
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Non-provable helper methods for interacting with ECDSA signatures.
-     */
-    Signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
-  },
-
   /**
    * Helper methods to interact with 3-limb vectors of Fields.
    *
@@ -673,15 +616,5 @@ export namespace Gadgets {
      */
     export type Sum = Sum_;
   }
-
-  export namespace Ecdsa {
-    /**
-     * ECDSA signature consisting of two curve scalars.
-     */
-    export type Signature = EcdsaSignature;
-    export type signature = ecdsaSignature;
-  }
 }
 type Sum_ = Sum;
-type EcdsaSignature = Ecdsa.Signature;
-type ecdsaSignature = Ecdsa.signature;

From bbcfb17e2c5bd977b2bb2251ad838ed089d9f31e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 20:46:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 100/102] fix build:examples while we're here

---
 package.json                                 | 2 +-
 src/build/copy-to-dist.js                    | 6 +++++-
 src/examples/api_exploration.ts              | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts    | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts         | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/voting/member.ts         | 4 ++--
 src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts | 8 ++++----
 src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts            | 8 ++++----
 src/lib/account_update.ts                    | 3 +++
 9 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index b890fd3db..c2b9510c5 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
     "build:test": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && cp src/snarky.d.ts dist/node/snarky.d.ts",
     "build:node": "npm run build",
     "build:web": "rimraf ./dist/web && node src/build/buildWeb.js",
-    "build:examples": "rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json || exit 0",
+    "build:examples": "rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json",
     "build:docs": "npx typedoc --tsconfig ./tsconfig.web.json",
     "prepublish:web": "NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildWeb.js",
     "prepublish:node": "npm run build && NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildNode.js",
diff --git a/src/build/copy-to-dist.js b/src/build/copy-to-dist.js
index 96bc96937..621841471 100644
--- a/src/build/copy-to-dist.js
+++ b/src/build/copy-to-dist.js
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@
 import { copyFromTo } from './utils.js';
 
 await copyFromTo(
-  ['src/snarky.d.ts', 'src/bindings/compiled/_node_bindings'],
+  [
+    'src/snarky.d.ts',
+    'src/bindings/compiled/_node_bindings',
+    'src/bindings/compiled/node_bindings/plonk_wasm.d.cts',
+  ],
   'src/',
   'dist/node/'
 );
diff --git a/src/examples/api_exploration.ts b/src/examples/api_exploration.ts
index a797656d2..69e8f2db3 100644
--- a/src/examples/api_exploration.ts
+++ b/src/examples/api_exploration.ts
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ console.assert(!signature.verify(pubKey, msg1).toBoolean());
 */
 
 /* You can initialize elements as literals as follows: */
-let g0 = new Group(-1, 2);
+let g0 = Group.from(-1, 2);
 let g1 = new Group({ x: -2, y: 2 });
 
 /* There is also a predefined generator. */
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts
index 560862568..993ed31e1 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ let events = await zkapp.fetchEvents(UInt32.from(0));
 console.log(events);
 console.log('---- emitted events: ----');
 // fetches all events from zkapp starting block height 0 and ending at block height 10
-events = await zkapp.fetchEvents(UInt32.from(0), UInt64.from(10));
+events = await zkapp.fetchEvents(UInt32.from(0), UInt32.from(10));
 console.log(events);
 console.log('---- emitted events: ----');
 // fetches all events
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts
index 5175d011a..9af8952ec 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
   isReady,
   Poseidon,
   Struct,
-  Circuit,
+  Provable,
 } from 'o1js';
 
 export { Sudoku, SudokuZkApp };
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/member.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/member.ts
index 1618914b3..c4b0f6e6c 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/member.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/member.ts
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ export class Member extends CircuitValue {
     return this;
   }
 
-  static empty() {
-    return new Member(PublicKey.empty(), UInt64.zero);
+  static empty<T extends new (...args: any) => any>(): InstanceType<T> {
+    return new Member(PublicKey.empty(), UInt64.zero) as any;
   }
 
   static from(publicKey: PublicKey, balance: UInt64) {
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts
index 005cce1b1..83265082a 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ console.log('program digest', MyProgram.digest());
 
 console.log('compiling MyProgram...');
 let { verificationKey } = await MyProgram.compile();
-console.log('verification key', verificationKey.slice(0, 10) + '..');
+console.log('verification key', verificationKey.data.slice(0, 10) + '..');
 
 console.log('proving base case...');
 let proof = await MyProgram.baseCase(Field(0));
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 proof satisfies Proof<Field, void>;
 
 console.log('verify...');
-let ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey);
+let ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey.data);
 console.log('ok?', ok);
 
 console.log('verify alternative...');
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ proof = await MyProgram.inductiveCase(Field(1), proof);
 proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 
 console.log('verify...');
-ok = await verify(proof, verificationKey);
+ok = await verify(proof, verificationKey.data);
 console.log('ok?', ok);
 
 console.log('verify alternative...');
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ proof = await MyProgram.inductiveCase(Field(2), proof);
 proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 
 console.log('verify...');
-ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey);
+ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey.data);
 
 console.log('ok?', ok && proof.publicInput.toString() === '2');
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts
index 40b526385..0b75880b0 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ console.log('program digest', MyProgram.digest());
 
 console.log('compiling MyProgram...');
 let { verificationKey } = await MyProgram.compile();
-console.log('verification key', verificationKey.slice(0, 10) + '..');
+console.log('verification key', verificationKey.data.slice(0, 10) + '..');
 
 console.log('proving base case...');
 let proof = await MyProgram.baseCase();
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 proof satisfies Proof<undefined, Field>;
 
 console.log('verify...');
-let ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey);
+let ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey.data);
 console.log('ok?', ok);
 
 console.log('verify alternative...');
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ proof = await MyProgram.inductiveCase(proof);
 proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 
 console.log('verify...');
-ok = await verify(proof, verificationKey);
+ok = await verify(proof, verificationKey.data);
 console.log('ok?', ok);
 
 console.log('verify alternative...');
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ proof = await MyProgram.inductiveCase(proof);
 proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 
 console.log('verify...');
-ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey);
+ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey.data);
 
 console.log('ok?', ok && proof.publicOutput.toString() === '2');
 
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index c1938bd5e..2ab0c5d50 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1277,6 +1277,9 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     return [{ lazyAuthorization, children, parent, id, label }, aux];
   }
   static toInput = Types.AccountUpdate.toInput;
+  static empty() {
+    return AccountUpdate.dummy();
+  }
   static check = Types.AccountUpdate.check;
   static fromFields(fields: Field[], [other, aux]: any[]): AccountUpdate {
     let accountUpdate = Types.AccountUpdate.fromFields(fields, aux);

From 7ec8090f57a8b3ec71915516936961f58c77f0a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 20:52:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 101/102] remove ecdsa from vk test for now

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 13 -------------
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts   |  2 --
 2 files changed, 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 0297b30a0..f60540c9f 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -201,18 +201,5 @@
       "data": "",
       "hash": ""
     }
-  },
-  "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "6e4078c6df944db119dc1656eb68e6c272c3f2e9cab6746913759537cbfcfa9",
-    "methods": {
-      "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 38846,
-        "digest": "892b0a1fad0f13d92ba6099cd54e6780"
-      }
-    },
-    "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "21152043351405736424630704375244880683906889913335338686836578165782029001213"
-    }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
index a051f2113..28a95542b 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import { Voting_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.js';
 import { Membership_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.js';
 import { HelloWorld } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.js';
 import { TokenContract, createDex } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.js';
-import { ecdsaProgram } from '../../src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.js';
 import { GroupCS, BitwiseCS } from './plain-constraint-system.js';
 
 // toggle this for quick iteration when debugging vk regressions
@@ -39,7 +38,6 @@ const ConstraintSystems: MinimumConstraintSystem[] = [
   createDex().Dex,
   GroupCS,
   BitwiseCS,
-  ecdsaProgram,
 ];
 
 let filePath = jsonPath ? jsonPath : './tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json';

From 507a04be0b23ff3bb918536d328e37c0fa37fe64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 20:58:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 102/102] fixup

---
 package.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index c2b9510c5..8d37f3882 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
     "build:test": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && cp src/snarky.d.ts dist/node/snarky.d.ts",
     "build:node": "npm run build",
     "build:web": "rimraf ./dist/web && node src/build/buildWeb.js",
-    "build:examples": "rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json",
+    "build:examples": "npm run build && rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json",
     "build:docs": "npx typedoc --tsconfig ./tsconfig.web.json",
     "prepublish:web": "NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildWeb.js",
     "prepublish:node": "npm run build && NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildNode.js",