Anatomy.kif

;; Anatomy.kif
;; Basic human anatomy
;  from Wikipedia 
;      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bones_of_the_human_skeleton

;; Access to and use of these products is governed by the GNU General Public 
;; License <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html>. 
;; By using these products, you agree to be bound by the terms 
;; of the GPL.

;; Author: Adam Pease

;; Note that this is a catalog of adult primate bones.  It would also be
;; worthwhile to catalog juvenile primate bones and relate them to the
;; adult human bones they become after fusion, and state when that
;; fusion is likely to occur.

(initialPart Bone Primate)

(instance connectedBodyPartTypes TernaryPredicate)
(documentation connectedBodyPartTypes EnglishWrittenLanguage "Parts of a healthy organism that are present and connected to each other.")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage connectedBodyPartTypes "connected body parts")
(domainSubclass connectedBodyPartTypes 1 BodyPart)
(domainSubclass connectedBodyPartTypes 2 BodyPart)
(domainSubclass connectedBodyPartTypes 3 Organism)

; a healthy person will have body parts of the following types connected
(=>
  (and
    (connectedBodyPartTypes ?P1 ?P2 ?O)
    (instance ?OC ?O)
    (instance ?DISEASE DiseaseOrSyndrome)
    (not
      (attribute ?H ?DISEASE)))
  (exists (?PC1 ?PC2)
    (and
      (instance ?PC1 ?P1)
      (instance ?PC2 ?P2)
      (not
        (equal ?PC1 ?PC2))
      (part ?PC1 ?OC)
      (part ?PC2 ?OC)
      (connected ?PC1 ?PC2))))

(=>
  (connectedBodyPartTypes ?P1 ?P2 ?O)
  (connectedBodyPartTypes ?P2 ?P1 ?O))

(subclass HeadBone Bone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage HeadBone "head bone")
(documentation HeadBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "head bone")
(initialPart HeadBone Head)

(subclass CranialBone HeadBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage CranialBone "cranial bone")
(documentation CranialBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "cranial bone")

(subclass FrontalBone CranialBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage FrontalBone "frontal bone")
(documentation FrontalBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "frontal bone")

(subclass LeftParietalBone CranialBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftParietalBone "left parietal bone")
(documentation LeftParietalBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left parietal bone")

(subclass RightParietalBone CranialBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightParietalBone "right parietal bone")
(documentation RightParietalBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right parietal bone")

(subclass TemporalBone CranialBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage TemporalBone "temporal bone")
(documentation TemporalBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "temporal bone")

(subclass LeftTemporalBone TemporalBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftTemporalBone "left temporal bone")
(documentation LeftTemporalBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left temporal bone")

(subclass RightTemporalBone TemporalBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightTemporalBone "right temporal bone")
(documentation RightTemporalBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right temporal bone")

(subclass OccipitalBone CranialBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage OccipitalBone "occipital bone")
(documentation OccipitalBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "occipital bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes OccipitalBone C1VertebraBone Human)
      
(subclass SphenoidBone CranialBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage SphenoidBone "sphenoid bone")
(documentation SphenoidBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "sphenoid bone")

(subclass EthmoidBone CranialBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage EthmoidBone "ethmoid bone")
(documentation EthmoidBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "ethmoid bone")

(subclass FacialBone HeadBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage FacialBone "facial bone")
(documentation FacialBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "facial bone")

(documentation ZygomaticBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "A &%FacialBone that forms the prominence of the cheek.")
(subclass ZygomaticBone FacialBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage ZygomaticBone "zygomatic bone")

(subclass LeftZygomaticBone ZygomaticBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftZygomaticBone "left zygomatic bone")
(documentation LeftZygomaticBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left zygomatic bone")

(subclass RightZygomaticBone ZygomaticBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightZygomaticBone "right zygomatic bone")
(documentation RightZygomaticBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right zygomatic bone")

(documentation MaxillaBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "The &%FacialBone that forms the upper jaw.")
(subclass MaxillaBone FacialBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage MaxillaBone "maxilla bone")

(subclass LeftMaxillaBone MaxillaBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftMaxillaBone "left maxilla bone")
(documentation LeftMaxillaBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left maxilla bone")

(subclass RightMaxillaBone MaxillaBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightMaxillaBone "right maxilla bone")
(documentation RightMaxillaBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right maxilla bone")

(documentation NasalBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "A &%FacialBone that forms the bridge of the nose.")
(subclass NasalBone FacialBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage NasalBone "nasal bone")
(subclass LeftNasalBone NasalBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftNasalBone "left nasal bone")
(documentation LeftNasalBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left nasal bone")

(subclass RightNasalBone NasalBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightNasalBone "right nasal bone")
(documentation RightNasalBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right nasal bone")

(subclass Mandible FacialBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Mandible "mandible")
(documentation Mandible EnglishWrittenLanguage "mandible")

(connectedBodyPartTypes Mandible LeftTemporalBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes Mandible RightTemporalBone Human)

(documentation PalatineBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "A &%FacialBone that forms part of the hard palate and the floor of the nasal cavity.")
(subclass PalatineBone FacialBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage PalatineBone "palatine bone")
(subclass LeftPalatineBone PalatineBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftPalatineBone "left palatine bone")
(documentation LeftPalatineBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left palatine bone")

(subclass RightPalatineBone PalatineBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightPalatineBone "right palatine bone")
(documentation RightPalatineBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right palatine bone")

(documentation LacrimalBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "A &%FacialBone that forms part of the medial wall of the orbit.")
(subclass LacrimalBone FacialBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LacrimalBone "lacrimal bone")

(subclass LeftLacrimalBone LacrimalBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftLacrimalBone "left lacrimal bone")
(documentation LeftLacrimalBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left lacrimal bone")

(subclass RightLacrimalBone LacrimalBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightLacrimalBone "right lacrimal bone")
(documentation RightLacrimalBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right lacrimal bone")

(subclass VomerBone FacialBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage VomerBone "vomer bone")
(documentation VomerBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "vomer bone")

(documentation InferiorNasalConchaeBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "The inferior nasal conchae bone is a &%FacialBone that forms the lower lateral wall of the nasal cavity.")
(subclass InferiorNasalConchaeBone FacialBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage InferiorNasalConchaeBone "inferior nasal conchae bone")

(subclass LeftInferiorNasalConchaeBone InferiorNasalConchaeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftInferiorNasalConchaeBone "left inferior nasal conchae bone")
(documentation LeftInferiorNasalConchaeBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left inferior nasal conchae bone")

(subclass RightInferiorNasalConchaeBone InferiorNasalConchaeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightInferiorNasalConchaeBone "right inferior nasal conchae bone")
(documentation RightInferiorNasalConchaeBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right inferior nasal conchae bone")

(subclass InnerEarBone HeadBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage InnerEarBone "inner ear bone")
(documentation InnerEarBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "inner ear bone")

(documentation MalleusBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "A &%InnerEarBone that is the largest and outermost of the three ossicles of the middle ear.")
(subclass MalleusBone InnerEarBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage MalleusBone "malleus bone")

(subclass LeftMalleusBone MalleusBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftMalleusBone "left malleus bone")
(documentation LeftMalleusBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left malleus bone")

(subclass RightMalleusBone MalleusBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightMalleusBone "right malleus bone")
(documentation RightMalleusBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right malleus bone")

(documentation IncusBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "An &%InnerEarBone that is the middle of the three ossicles of the middle ear.")
(subclass IncusBone InnerEarBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage IncusBone "incus bone")
(subclass LeftIncusBone IncusBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftIncusBone "left incus bone")
(documentation LeftIncusBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left incus bone")

(subclass RightIncusBone IncusBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightIncusBone "right incus bone")
(documentation RightIncusBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right incus bone")

(documentation StapesBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "The StapesBone is an &%InnerEarBone that is the innermost of the three ossicles of the middle ear.")
(subclass StapesBone InnerEarBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage StapesBone "stapes bone")

(subclass LeftStapesBone StapesBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftStapesBone "left stapes bone")
(documentation LeftStapesBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left stapes bone")

(subclass RightStapesBone StapesBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightStapesBone "right stapes bone")
(documentation RightStapesBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right stapes bone")


; Bones of throat (1)

(subclass ThroatBone Bone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage ThroatBone "throat bone")
(documentation ThroatBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "throat bone")

(subclass HyoidBone ThroatBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage HyoidBone "hyoid bone")
(documentation HyoidBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "hyoid bone")


; Bones of shoulder girdle (4)

(subclass ShoulderGirdleBone Bone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage ShoulderGirdleBone "shoulder girdle bone")
(documentation ShoulderGirdleBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "shoulder girdle bone")
(initialPart ShoulderGirdleBone Shoulder)

(documentation ClavicleBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "A &%ShoulderGirdleBone that connects the arm to the trunk of the body.")
(subclass ClavicleBone ShoulderGirdleBone)
(subclass LeftClavicleBone ClavicleBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftClavicleBone "left clavicle bone")
(documentation LeftClavicleBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left clavicle bone")

(subclass RightClavicleBone ClavicleBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightClavicleBone "right clavicle bone")
(documentation RightClavicleBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right clavicle bone")

(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage ClavicleBone "collarbone")

(documentation ScapulaBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "A &%ShoulderGirdleBone that is the large, flat, triangular bone forming the posterior part of the shoulder girdle.")
(subclass ScapulaBone ShoulderGirdleBone)
(subclass LeftScapulaBone ScapulaBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftScapulaBone "left scapula bone")
(documentation LeftScapulaBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left scapula bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftScapulaBone LeftHumerus Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftScapulaBone LeftClavicleBone Human)
(subclass RightScapulaBone ScapulaBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightScapulaBone "right scapula bone")
(documentation RightScapulaBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right scapula bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightScapulaBone RightHumerus Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightScapulaBone RightClavicleBone Human)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage ScapulaBone "shoulder blade")

; Bones of thorax (25)

(subclass Sternum ThoraxBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Sternum "sternum")
(documentation Sternum EnglishWrittenLanguage "sternum")

(subclass Cartilage ConnectiveTissue)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Cartilage "cartilage")
(documentation Cartilage EnglishWrittenLanguage "cartilage")

(subclass XyphiodProcess BodyPart)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage XyphiodProcess "xyphiod process")
(documentation XyphiodProcess EnglishWrittenLanguage "xyphiod process")

(=>
  (instance ?X XyphiodProcess)
  (material Cartilage ?X))
  
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage XyphiodProcess "sternum")
(connectedBodyPartTypes XyphiodProcess Sternum Human)

; Ribs (2 x 12)

(subclass LeftRibBone RibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftRibBone "left rib bone")
(documentation LeftRibBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left rib bone")

(subclass RightRibBone RibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightRibBone "right rib bone")
(documentation RightRibBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right rib bone")

(subclass TrueRibBone RibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage TrueRibBone "true rib bone")

(subclass FloatingRibBone RibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage FloatingRibBone "floating rib bone")
(documentation FloatingRibBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "floating rib bone")

(documentation TrueRibBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "Rib bones that are attached to the &%Sternum, unlike the &%FloatingRibs. There are 7 true or fixed ribs in a normal human.")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage TrueRibBone "costae verae")

(subclass LeftTrueRib1Bone TrueRibBone)

(subclass LeftTrueRib1Bone LeftRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftTrueRib1Bone "left true rib 1 bone")
(documentation LeftTrueRib1Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left true rib 1 bone")

(subclass RightTrueRib1Bone TrueRibBone)

(subclass RightTrueRib1Bone RightRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightTrueRib1Bone "right true rib 1 bone")
(documentation RightTrueRib1Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right true rib 1 bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftTrueRib1Bone T1VertebraBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightTrueRib1Bone T1VertebraBone Human)

(subclass LeftTrueRib2Bone TrueRibBone)

(subclass LeftTrueRib2Bone LeftRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftTrueRib2Bone "left true rib 2 bone")
(documentation LeftTrueRib2Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left true rib 2 bone")

(subclass RightTrueRib2Bone TrueRibBone)

(subclass RightTrueRib2Bone RightRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightTrueRib2Bone "right true rib 2 bone")
(documentation RightTrueRib2Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right true rib 2 bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftTrueRib2Bone T2VertebraBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightTrueRib2Bone T2VertebraBone Human)

(subclass LeftTrueRib3Bone TrueRibBone)

(subclass LeftTrueRib3Bone LeftRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftTrueRib3Bone "left true rib 3 bone")
(documentation LeftTrueRib3Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left true rib 3 bone")

(subclass RightTrueRib3Bone TrueRibBone)

(subclass RightTrueRib3Bone RightRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightTrueRib3Bone "right true rib 3 bone")
(documentation RightTrueRib3Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right true rib 3 bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftTrueRib3Bone T3VertebraBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightTrueRib3Bone T3VertebraBone Human)

(subclass LeftTrueRib4Bone TrueRibBone)

(subclass LeftTrueRib4Bone LeftRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftTrueRib4Bone "left true rib 4 bone")
(documentation LeftTrueRib4Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left true rib 4 bone")

(subclass RightTrueRib4Bone TrueRibBone)

(subclass RightTrueRib4Bone RightRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightTrueRib4Bone "right true rib 4 bone")
(documentation RightTrueRib4Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right true rib 4 bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftTrueRib4Bone T4VertebraBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightTrueRib4Bone T4VertebraBone Human)

(subclass LeftTrueRib5Bone TrueRibBone)

(subclass LeftTrueRib5Bone LeftRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftTrueRib5Bone "left true rib 5 bone")
(documentation LeftTrueRib5Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left true rib 5 bone")

(subclass RightTrueRib5Bone TrueRibBone)

(subclass RightTrueRib5Bone RightRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightTrueRib5Bone "right true rib 5 bone")
(documentation RightTrueRib5Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right true rib 5 bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftTrueRib5Bone T5VertebraBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightTrueRib5Bone T5VertebraBone Human)

(subclass LeftTrueRib6Bone TrueRibBone)

(subclass LeftTrueRib6Bone LeftRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftTrueRib6Bone "left true rib 6 bone")
(documentation LeftTrueRib6Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left true rib 6 bone")

(subclass RightTrueRib6Bone TrueRibBone)

(subclass RightTrueRib6Bone RightRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightTrueRib6Bone "right true rib 6 bone")
(documentation RightTrueRib6Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right true rib 6 bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftTrueRib6Bone T6VertebraBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightTrueRib6Bone T6VertebraBone Human)

(subclass LeftTrueRib7Bone TrueRibBone)

(subclass LeftTrueRib7Bone LeftRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftTrueRib7Bone "left true rib 7 bone")
(documentation LeftTrueRib7Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left true rib 7 bone")

(subclass RightTrueRib7Bone TrueRibBone)

(subclass RightTrueRib7Bone RightRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightTrueRib7Bone "right true rib 7 bone")
(documentation RightTrueRib7Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right true rib 7 bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftTrueRib7Bone T7VertebraBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightTrueRib7Bone T7VertebraBone Human)

(subclass FalseRibBone RibBone)
(documentation FalseRibBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "&%RibBone that are not attached to the &%Sternum, unlike the &%TrueRibBones. There are 5 false ribs in a normal human, which in turn are divided into the 3 vertebrochondral ribs and 2 floating or vertebral ribs.")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage FalseRibBone "costae spuriae")

(subclass VertebrochondralRibBone FalseRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage VertebrochondralRibBone "vertebrochondral rib bone")
(documentation VertebrochondralRibBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "vertebrochondral rib bone")

(subclass VertebralRibBone FalseRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage VertebralRibBone "vertebral rib bone")
(documentation VertebralRibBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "vertebral rib bone")

(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage VertebralRibBone "floating rib")

(subclass LeftFalseRib8Bone VertebrochondralRibBone)

(subclass LeftFalseRib8Bone LeftRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftFalseRib8Bone "left false rib 8 bone")
(documentation LeftFalseRib8Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left false rib 8 bone")

(subclass RightFalseRib8Bone VertebrochondralRibBone)

(subclass RightFalseRib8Bone RightRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightFalseRib8Bone "right false rib 8 bone")
(documentation RightFalseRib8Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right false rib 8 bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftFalseRib8Bone T8VertebraBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightFalseRib8Bone T8VertebraBone Human)

(subclass LeftFalseRib9Bone VertebrochondralRibBone)

(subclass LeftFalseRib9Bone LeftRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftFalseRib9Bone "left false rib 9 bone")
(documentation LeftFalseRib9Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left false rib 9 bone")

(subclass RightFalseRib9Bone VertebrochondralRibBone)

(subclass RightFalseRib9Bone RightRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightFalseRib9Bone "right false rib 9 bone")
(documentation RightFalseRib9Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right false rib 9 bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftFalseRib9Bone T9VertebraBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightFalseRib9Bone T9VertebraBone Human)

(subclass LeftFalseRib10Bone VertebrochondralRibBone)

(subclass LeftFalseRib10Bone LeftRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftFalseRib10Bone "left false rib 10 bone")
(documentation LeftFalseRib10Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left false rib 10 bone")

(subclass RightFalseRib10Bone VertebrochondralRibBone)

(subclass RightFalseRib10Bone RightRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightFalseRib10Bone "right false rib 10 bone")
(documentation RightFalseRib10Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right false rib 10 bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftFalseRib10Bone T10VertebraBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightFalseRib10Bone T10VertebraBone Human)

(subclass LeftFalseRib11Bone VertebralRibBone)

(subclass LeftFalseRib11Bone LeftRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftFalseRib11Bone "left false rib 11 bone")
(documentation LeftFalseRib11Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left false rib 11 bone")

(subclass RightFalseRib11Bone VertebralRibBone)

(subclass RightFalseRib11Bone RightRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightFalseRib11Bone "right false rib 11 bone")
(documentation RightFalseRib11Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right false rib1 1 bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftFalseRib11Bone T11VertebraBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightFalseRib11Bone T11VertebraBone Human)

(subclass LeftFalseRib12Bone VertebralRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftFalseRib12Bone "left false rib 12 bone")
(documentation LeftFalseRib12Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left false rib 12 bone")

(subclass LeftFalseRib12Bone LeftRibBone)

(subclass RightFalseRib12Bone VertebralRibBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightFalseRib12Bone "right false rib 12 bone")
(documentation RightFalseRib12Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right false rib 12 bone")

(subclass RightFalseRib12Bone RightRibBone)

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftFalseRib12Bone T12VertebraBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightFalseRib12Bone T12VertebraBone Human)

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?R TrueRibBone)
    (part ?R ?H)
    (instance ?H Human)
    (instance ?DISEASE DiseaseOrSyndrome)
    (not
      (attribute ?H ?DISEASE)))
  (exists (?S)
    (and
      (instance ?S Sternum)
      (part ?S ?H)
      (connected ?S ?R))))
      
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?R FalseRibBone)
    (part ?R ?H)
    (instance ?H Human)
    (instance ?DISEASE DiseaseOrSyndrome)
    (not
      (attribute ?H ?DISEASE)))
  (not
    (exists (?S)
      (and
        (instance ?S Sternum)
        (part ?S ?H)
        (connected ?S ?R)))))
            
; Bones of vertebral column (24)
(subclass VertebraBone ThoraxBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage VertebraBone "vertebra bone")
(documentation VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "vertebra bone")

(subclass CervicalVertebraBone VertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage CervicalVertebraBone "cervical vertebra bone")
(documentation CervicalVertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "cervical vertebra bone")

(subclass C1VertebraBone CervicalVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage C1VertebraBone "C1 vertebra bone")
(documentation C1VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "C1 vertebra bone")

(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage C1VertebraBone "atlas")

(subclass C2VertebraBone CervicalVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage C2VertebraBone "C2 vertebra bone")
(documentation C2VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "C2 vertebra bone")

(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage C2VertebraBone "axis")

(subclass C3VertebraBone CervicalVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage C3VertebraBone "C3 vertebra bone")
(documentation C3VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "C3 vertebra bone")

(subclass C4VertebraBone CervicalVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage C4VertebraBone "C4 vertebra bone")
(documentation C4VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "C4 vertebra bone")

(subclass C5VertebraBone CervicalVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage C5VertebraBone "C5 vertebra bone")
(documentation C5VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "C5 vertebra bone")

(subclass C6VertebraBone CervicalVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage C6VertebraBone "C6 vertebra bone")
(documentation C6VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "C6 vertebra bone")

(subclass C7VertebraBone CervicalVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage C7VertebraBone "C7 vertebra bone")
(documentation C7VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "C7 vertebra bone")


(=>
  (and
    (instance ?R CervicalVertebraBone)
    (part ?R ?H)
    (instance ?H Human)
    (instance ?DISEASE DiseaseOrSyndrome)
    (not
      (attribute ?H ?DISEASE)))
  (exists (?S)
    (and
      (instance ?S CervicalVertebraBone)
      (not
        (equal ?S ?R))
      (part ?S ?H)
      (connected ?S ?R))))
      
(subclass LumbarVertebraBone VertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LumbarVertebraBone "lumbar vertebra bone")
(documentation LumbarVertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "lumbar vertebra bone")

(subclass L1VertebraBone LumbarVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage L1VertebraBone "L1 vertebra bone")
(documentation L1VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "L1 vertebra bone")

(subclass L2VertebraBone LumbarVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage L2VertebraBone "L2 vertebra bone")
(documentation L2VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "L2 vertebra bone")

(subclass L3VertebraBone LumbarVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage L3VertebraBone "L3 vertebra bone")
(documentation L3VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "L3 vertebra bone")

(subclass L4VertebraBone LumbarVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage L4VertebraBone "L4 vertebra bone")
(documentation L4VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "L4 vertebra bone")

(subclass L5VertebraBone LumbarVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage L5VertebraBone "L5 vertebra bone")
(documentation L5VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "L5 vertebra bone")


(=>
  (and
    (instance ?R LumbarVertebraBone)
    (part ?R ?H)
    (instance ?H Human)
    (instance ?DISEASE DiseaseOrSyndrome)
    (not
      (attribute ?H ?DISEASE)))
  (exists (?S)
    (and
      (instance ?S LumbarVertebraBone)
      (not
        (equal ?S ?R))
      (part ?S ?H)
      (connected ?S ?R))))
      
(subclass ThoracicVertebraBone VertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage ThoracicVertebraBone "thoracic vertebra bone")
(documentation ThoracicVertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "thoracic vertebra bone")

(subclass T1VertebraBone ThoracicVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage T1VertebraBone "T1 vertebra bone")
(documentation T1VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "T1 vertebra bone")

(subclass T2VertebraBone ThoracicVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage T2VertebraBone "T2 vertebra bone")
(documentation T2VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "T2 vertebra bone")

(subclass T3VertebraBone ThoracicVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage T3VertebraBone "T3 Vertebra Bone")
(documentation T3VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "T3 Vertebra Bone")

(subclass T4VertebraBone ThoracicVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage T4VertebraBone "T4 vertebra bone")
(documentation T4VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "T4 vertebra bone")

(subclass T5VertebraBone ThoracicVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage T5VertebraBone "T5 vertebra bone")
(documentation T5VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "T5 vertebra bone")

(subclass T6VertebraBone ThoracicVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage T6VertebraBone "T6 Vertebra Bone")
(documentation T6VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "T6 Vertebra Bone")

(subclass T7VertebraBone ThoracicVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage T7VertebraBone "T7 vertebra bone")
(documentation T7VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "T7 vertebra bone")

(subclass T8VertebraBone ThoracicVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage T8VertebraBone "T8 vertebra bone")
(documentation T8VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "T8 vertebra bone")

(subclass T9VertebraBone ThoracicVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage T9VertebraBone "T9 Vertebra Bone")
(documentation T9VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "T9 Vertebra Bone")

(subclass T10VertebraBone ThoracicVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage T10VertebraBone "T10 vertebra bone")
(documentation T10VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "T10 vertebra bone")

(subclass T11VertebraBone ThoracicVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage T11VertebraBone "T11 vertebra bone")
(documentation T11VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "T11 vertebra bone")

(subclass T12VertebraBone ThoracicVertebraBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage T12VertebraBone "T12 vertebra bone")
(documentation T12VertebraBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "T12 vertebra bone")


(=>
  (and
    (instance ?R ThoracicVertebraBone)
    (part ?R ?H)
    (instance ?H Human)
    (instance ?DISEASE DiseaseOrSyndrome)
    (not
      (attribute ?H ?DISEASE)))
  (exists (?S)
    (and
      (instance ?S ThoracicVertebraBone)
      (not
        (equal ?S ?R))
      (part ?S ?H)
      (connected ?S ?R))))
      

(subclass ArmBone Bone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage ArmBone "arm bone")
(documentation ArmBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "arm bone")
(initialPart ArmBone Arm)

; Bones of arms (6)
(subclass Humerus ArmBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Humerus "humerus")
(documentation Humerus EnglishWrittenLanguage "humerus")

(subclass LeftHumerus Humerus)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftHumerus "left humerus")
(documentation LeftHumerus EnglishWrittenLanguage "left humerus")

(subclass RightHumerus Humerus)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightHumerus "right humerus")
(documentation RightHumerus EnglishWrittenLanguage "right humerus")


(subclass Ulna ArmBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Ulna "ulna")
(documentation Ulna EnglishWrittenLanguage "The ulna (pl. ulnae or ulnas) is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm. [from Wikipedia]")

(subclass LeftUlna Ulna)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftUlna "left ulna")
(documentation LeftUlna EnglishWrittenLanguage "left ulna")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftUlna LeftHumerus Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftUlna LeftRadius Human)
(subclass RightUlna Ulna)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightUlna "right ulna")
(documentation RightUlna EnglishWrittenLanguage "right ulna")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightUlna RightHumerus Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightUlna RightRadius Human)
(subclass Radius ArmBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Radius "radius")
(documentation Radius EnglishWrittenLanguage "The ulna (pl. ulnae or ulnas) is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm. [from Wikipedia]")

(subclass LeftRadius Radius)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftRadius "left radius")
(documentation LeftRadius EnglishWrittenLanguage "left radius")

(subclass RightRadius Radius)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightRadius "right radius")
(documentation RightRadius EnglishWrittenLanguage "right radius")


; Bones of hands (54)

; Wrist (carpal) bones

(subclass WristBone ArmBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage WristBone "wrist bone")
(documentation WristBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "wrist bone")
(initialPart WristBone Hand)

(documentation ScaphoidBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "A &%WristBone that is the largest bone of the proximal row of the carpus.")
(subclass ScaphoidBone WristBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage ScaphoidBone "scaphoid bone")

(subclass LeftScaphoid ScaphoidBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftScaphoid "left scaphoid")
(documentation LeftScaphoid EnglishWrittenLanguage "left scaphoid")

(subclass NavicularBone WristBone)
(subclass LeftNavicular NavicularBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftNavicular "left navicular")
(documentation LeftNavicular EnglishWrittenLanguage "left navicular")

(documentation LunateBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "A &%WristBone that is crescent-shaped and located between the scaphoid and triquetrum.")
(subclass LunateBone WristBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LunateBone "lunate bone")

(subclass LeftLunate LunateBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftLunate "left lunate")
(documentation LeftLunate EnglishWrittenLanguage "left lunate")

(documentation TriquetralBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "A &%WristBone that is the pyramid-shaped bone situated on the ulnar side of the wrist.")
(subclass TriquetralBone WristBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage TriquetralBone "triquetral bone")

(subclass LeftTriquetral TriquetralBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftTriquetral "left triquetral")
(documentation LeftTriquetral EnglishWrittenLanguage "left triquetral")

(documentation PisiformBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "The PisiformBone is a small, pea-shaped &%WristBone.")
(subclass PisiformBone WristBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage PisiformBone "pisiform bone")

(subclass LeftPisiform PisiformBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftPisiform "left pisiform")
(documentation LeftPisiform EnglishWrittenLanguage "left pisiform")

(documentation TrapeziumBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "A &%WristBone that is the most lateral bone of the wrist.")
(subclass TrapeziumBone WristBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage TrapeziumBone "trapezium bone")

(subclass LeftTrapezium TrapeziumBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftTrapezium "left trapezium")
(documentation LeftTrapezium EnglishWrittenLanguage "left trapezium")


(documentation TrapezoidBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "A type of &%WristBone. A small, wedge-shaped bone located in the human wrist.")
(subclass TrapezoidBone WristBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage TrapezoidBone "trapezoid bone")

(subclass LeftTrapezoid TrapezoidBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftTrapezoid "left trapezoid")
(documentation LeftTrapezoid EnglishWrittenLanguage "left trapezoid")

(documentation CapitateBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "The CapitateBone is a &%WristBone that is the largest of the carpal bones.")
(subclass CapitateBone WristBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage CapitateBone "capitate bone")

(subclass LeftCapitate CapitateBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftCapitate "left capitate")
(documentation LeftCapitate EnglishWrittenLanguage "left capitate")

(documentation HamateBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "The &%WristBone that is wedge-shaped and located on the ulnar side of the wrist.")
(subclass HamateBone WristBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage HamateBone "hamate bone")

(subclass LeftHamate HamateBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftHamate "left hamate")
(documentation LeftHamate EnglishWrittenLanguage "left hamate")


(subclass RightScaphoid ScaphoidBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightScaphoid "right scaphoid")
(documentation RightScaphoid EnglishWrittenLanguage "right scaphoid")

(subclass RightNavicular NavicularBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightNavicular "right navicular")
(documentation RightNavicular EnglishWrittenLanguage "right navicular")

(subclass RightLunate LunateBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightLunate "right lunate")
(documentation RightLunate EnglishWrittenLanguage "right lunate")

(subclass RightTriquetral TriquetralBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightTriquetral "right triquetral")
(documentation RightTriquetral EnglishWrittenLanguage "right triquetral")

(subclass RightPisiform PisiformBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightPisiform "right pisiform")
(documentation RightPisiform EnglishWrittenLanguage "right pisiform")

(subclass RightTrapezium TrapeziumBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightTrapezium "right trapezium")
(documentation RightTrapezium EnglishWrittenLanguage "right trapezium")

(subclass RightTrapezoid TrapezoidBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightTrapezoid "right trapezoid")
(documentation RightTrapezoid EnglishWrittenLanguage "right trapezoid")

(subclass RightCapitate CapitateBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightCapitate "right capitate")
(documentation RightCapitate EnglishWrittenLanguage "right capitate")

(subclass RightHamate HamateBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightHamate "right hamate")
(documentation RightHamate EnglishWrittenLanguage "right hamate")


(subclass PalmBone ArmBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage PalmBone "palm bone")
(documentation PalmBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "palm bone")
(initialPart PalmBone Hand)

(subclass LeftIMetacarpal PalmBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftIMetacarpal "left I metacarpal")
(documentation LeftIMetacarpal EnglishWrittenLanguage "Left I metacarpal")

(subclass RightIMetacarpal PalmBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightIMetacarpal "right I metacarpal")
(documentation RightIMetacarpal EnglishWrittenLanguage "Right I metacarpal")

(subclass LeftIIMetacarpal PalmBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftIIMetacarpal "left II metacarpal")
(documentation LeftIIMetacarpal EnglishWrittenLanguage "Left II metacarpal")

(subclass RightIIMetacarpal PalmBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightIIMetacarpal "right II metacarpal")
(documentation RightIIMetacarpal EnglishWrittenLanguage "Right II metacarpal")

(subclass LeftIIIMetacarpal PalmBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftIIIMetacarpal "left III metacarpal")
(documentation LeftIIIMetacarpal EnglishWrittenLanguage "Left III metacarpal")

(subclass RightIIIMetacarpal PalmBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightIIIMetacarpal "right III metacarpal")
(documentation RightIIIMetacarpal EnglishWrittenLanguage "Right III metacarpal")

(subclass LeftIVMetacarpal PalmBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftIVMetacarpal "left IV metacarpal")
(documentation LeftIVMetacarpal EnglishWrittenLanguage "Left IV metacarpal")

(subclass RightIVMetacarpal PalmBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightIVMetacarpal "right IV metacarpal")
(documentation RightIVMetacarpal EnglishWrittenLanguage "Right IV metacarpal")

(subclass LeftVMetacarpal PalmBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftVMetacarpal "left V metacarpal")
(documentation LeftVMetacarpal EnglishWrittenLanguage "Left V metacarpal")

(subclass RightVMetacarpal PalmBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightVMetacarpal "right V metacarpal")
(documentation RightVMetacarpal EnglishWrittenLanguage "Right V metacarpal")


; Finger bones or phalanges (28 Human)

(subclass FingerBone ArmBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage FingerBone "finger bone")
(documentation FingerBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "finger bone")
(initialPart FingerBone Hand)

(subclass LeftProximalPhalanxIBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftProximalPhalanxIBone "left proximal phalanx I bone")
(documentation LeftProximalPhalanxIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "Left proximal phalanx I bone")

(subclass RightProximalPhalanxIBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightProximalPhalanxIBone "right proximal phalanx I bone")
(documentation RightProximalPhalanxIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right proximal phalanx I bone")

(subclass LeftProximalPhalanxIIBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftProximalPhalanxIIBone "left proximal phalanx II bone")
(documentation LeftProximalPhalanxIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left proximal phalanx II bone")

(subclass RightProximalPhalanxIIBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightProximalPhalanxIIBone "right proximal phalanx II bone")
(documentation RightProximalPhalanxIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right proximal phalanx II bone")

(subclass LeftProximalPhalanxIIIBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftProximalPhalanxIIIBone "left proximal phalanx III bone")
(documentation LeftProximalPhalanxIIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left proximal phalanx III bone")

(subclass RightProximalPhalanxIIIBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightProximalPhalanxIIIBone "right proximal phalanx III bone")
(documentation RightProximalPhalanxIIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right proximal phalanx III bone")

(subclass LeftProximalPhalanxIVBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftProximalPhalanxIVBone "left proximal phalanx IV bone")
(documentation LeftProximalPhalanxIVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left proximal phalanx IV bone")

(subclass RightProximalPhalanxIVBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightProximalPhalanxIVBone "right proximal phalanx IV bone")
(documentation RightProximalPhalanxIVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right proximal phalanx IV bone")

(subclass LeftProximalPhalanxVBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftProximalPhalanxVBone "left proximal phalanx V bone")
(documentation LeftProximalPhalanxVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left proximal phalanx V bone")

(subclass RightProximalPhalanxVBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightProximalPhalanxVBone "right proximal phalanx V bone")
(documentation RightProximalPhalanxVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right proximal phalanx V bone")


; There is no intermediate phalanx of the thumb
(subclass LeftIntermediatePhalanxIIBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftIntermediatePhalanxIIBone "left intermediate phalanx II bone")
(documentation LeftIntermediatePhalanxIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left intermediate phalanx II bone")

(subclass RightIntermediatePhalanxIIBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightIntermediatePhalanxIIBone "right intermediate phalanx II bone")
(documentation RightIntermediatePhalanxIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right intermediate phalanx II bone")

(subclass LeftIntermediatePhalanxIIIBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftIntermediatePhalanxIIIBone "left intermediate phalanx III bone")
(documentation LeftIntermediatePhalanxIIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left intermediate phalanx III bone")

(subclass RightIntermediatePhalanxIIIBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightIntermediatePhalanxIIIBone "right intermediate phalanx III bone")
(documentation RightIntermediatePhalanxIIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right intermediate phalanx III bone")

(subclass LeftIntermediatePhalanxIVBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftIntermediatePhalanxIVBone "left intermediate phalanx IV bone")
(documentation LeftIntermediatePhalanxIVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left intermediate phalanx IV bone")

(subclass RightIntermediatePhalanxIVBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightIntermediatePhalanxIVBone "right intermediate phalanx IV bone")
(documentation RightIntermediatePhalanxIVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right intermediate phalanx IV bone")

(subclass LeftIntermediatePhalanxVBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftIntermediatePhalanxVBone "left intermediate phalanx V bone")
(documentation LeftIntermediatePhalanxVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left intermediate phalanx V bone")

(subclass RightIntermediatePhalanxVBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightIntermediatePhalanxVBone "right intermediate phalanx V bone")
(documentation RightIntermediatePhalanxVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right intermediate phalanx V bone")


(subclass LeftDistalPhalanxIBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftDistalPhalanxIBone "left distal phalanx I bone")
(documentation LeftDistalPhalanxIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left distal phalanx I bone")

(subclass RightDistalPhalanxIBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightDistalPhalanxIBone "right distal phalanx I bone")
(documentation RightDistalPhalanxIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right distal phalanx I bone")

(subclass LeftDistalPhalanxIIBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftDistalPhalanxIIBone "left distal phalanx II bone")
(documentation LeftDistalPhalanxIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left distal phalanx II bone")

(subclass RightDistalPhalanxIIBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightDistalPhalanxIIBone "right distal phalanx II bone")
(documentation RightDistalPhalanxIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right distal phalanx II bone")

(subclass LeftDistalPhalanxIIIBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftDistalPhalanxIIIBone "left distal phalanx III bone")
(documentation LeftDistalPhalanxIIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left distal phalanx III bone")

(subclass RightDistalPhalanxIIIBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightDistalPhalanxIIIBone "right distal phalanx III bone")
(documentation RightDistalPhalanxIIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right distal phalanx III bone")

(subclass LeftDistalPhalanxIVBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftDistalPhalanxIVBone "left distal phalanx IV bone")
(documentation LeftDistalPhalanxIVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left distal phalanx IV bone")

(subclass RightDistalPhalanxIVBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightDistalPhalanxIVBone "right distal phalanx IV bone")
(documentation RightDistalPhalanxIVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right distal phalanx IV bone")

(subclass LeftDistalPhalanxVBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftDistalPhalanxVBone "left distal phalanx V bone")
(documentation LeftDistalPhalanxVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left distal phalanx V bone")

(subclass RightDistalPhalanxVBone FingerBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightDistalPhalanxVBone "right distal phalanx V bone")
(documentation RightDistalPhalanxVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right distal phalanx V bone")


; Bones of pelvis (4):

(subclass PelvicBone Bone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage PelvicBone "pelvic bone")
(documentation PelvicBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "pelvic bone")

(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage PelvicBone "pelvis")

(subclass LeftOssaCoxae PelvicBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftOssaCoxae "left ossa coxae")
(documentation LeftOssaCoxae EnglishWrittenLanguage "left ossa coxae")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftOssaCoxae LeftFemur Human)
(subclass RightOssaCoxae PelvicBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightOssaCoxae "right ossa coxae")
(documentation RightOssaCoxae EnglishWrittenLanguage "right ossa coxae")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightOssaCoxae RightFemur Human)

(subclass Sacrum Bone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Sacrum "sacrum")
(documentation Sacrum EnglishWrittenLanguage "sacrum")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftOssaCoxae Sacrum Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightOssaCoxae Sacrum Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes Coccyx Sacrum Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes L5VertebraBone Sacrum Human)

(subclass Coccyx Bone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Coccyx "coccyx")
(documentation Coccyx EnglishWrittenLanguage "coccyx")

; Bones of legs (8)

(subclass LegBone Bone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LegBone "leg bone")
(documentation LegBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "leg bone")
(initialPart LegBone Leg)

(subclass Femur LegBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Femur "femur")
(documentation Femur EnglishWrittenLanguage "femur")

(subclass LeftFemur Femur)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftFemur "left femur")
(documentation LeftFemur EnglishWrittenLanguage "left femur")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftTibia LeftFemur Human)
(subclass RightFemur Femur)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightFemur "right femur")
(documentation RightFemur EnglishWrittenLanguage "right femur")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightTibia RightFemur Human)

(subclass Patella LegBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Patella "patella")
(documentation Patella EnglishWrittenLanguage "patella")

(subclass LeftPatella Patella)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftPatella "left patella")
(documentation LeftPatella EnglishWrittenLanguage "left patella")

(subclass RightPatella Patella)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightPatella "right patella")
(documentation RightPatella EnglishWrittenLanguage "right patella")


(subclass Tibia LegBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Tibia "tibia")
(documentation Tibia EnglishWrittenLanguage "tibia")

(subclass LeftTibia Tibia)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftTibia "left tibia")
(documentation LeftTibia EnglishWrittenLanguage "left tibia")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftPatella LeftFemur Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftTibia LeftFibula Human)
(subclass RightTibia Tibia)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightTibia "right tibia")
(documentation RightTibia EnglishWrittenLanguage "right tibia")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightPatella RightFemur Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightTibia RightFibula Human)

(subclass Fibula LegBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Fibula "fibula")
(documentation Fibula EnglishWrittenLanguage "fibula")

(subclass LeftFibula Fibula)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftFibula "left fibula")
(documentation LeftFibula EnglishWrittenLanguage "left fibula")

(subclass RightFibula Fibula)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightFibula "right fibula")
(documentation RightFibula EnglishWrittenLanguage "right fibula")


; Bones of Feet (52)

(subclass FootBone Bone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage FootBone "foot bone")
(documentation FootBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "foot bone")
(initialPart FootBone Foot)

(subclass AnkleBone FootBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage AnkleBone "ankle bone")
(documentation AnkleBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "ankle bone")

(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage AnkleBone "tarsal bone")

(subclass CalcaneusBone AnkleBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage CalcaneusBone "calcaneus bone")
(documentation CalcaneusBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "calcaneus bone")

(subclass LeftCalcaneusBone CalcaneusBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftCalcaneusBone "left calcaneus bone")
(documentation LeftCalcaneusBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left calcaneus bone")

(subclass RightCalcaneusBone CalcaneusBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightCalcaneusBone "right calcaneus bone")
(documentation RightCalcaneusBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right calcaneus bone")

(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage CalcaneusBone "heel bone")

(subclass TalusBone AnkleBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage TalusBone "talus bone")
(documentation TalusBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "Talus Bone")

(subclass LeftTalusBone TalusBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftTalusBone "left talus bone")
(documentation LeftTalusBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left talus bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftTalusBone LeftFibula Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftTalusBone LeftTibia Human)
(subclass RightTalusBone TalusBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightTalusBone "right talus bone")
(documentation RightTalusBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right talus bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightTalusBone RightFibula Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightTalusBone RightTibia Human)

(subclass NavicularBone AnkleBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage NavicularBone "navicular bone")
(documentation NavicularBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "navicular bone")

(subclass LeftNavicularBone NavicularBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftNavicularBone "left navicular bone")
(documentation LeftNavicularBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left navicular bone")

(subclass RightNavicularBone NavicularBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightNavicularBone "right navicular bone")
(documentation RightNavicularBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right navicular bone")

(documentation CuneiformBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "A CuneiformBone is a kind of &%AnkleBone.")
(subclass CuneiformBone AnkleBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage CuneiformBone "cuneiform bone")

(subclass MedialCuneiformBone CuneiformBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage MedialCuneiformBone "medial cuneiform bone")
(documentation MedialCuneiformBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "medial cuneiform bone")

(subclass LeftMedialCuneiformBone MedialCuneiformBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftMedialCuneiformBone "left medial cuneiform bone")
(documentation LeftMedialCuneiformBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left medial cuneiform bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftMedialCuneiformBone LeftProximalFootPhalanxIBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftMedialCuneiformBone LeftProximalFootPhalanxIIBone Human)
(subclass RightMedialCuneiformBone MedialCuneiformBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightMedialCuneiformBone "right medial cuneiform bone")
(documentation RightMedialCuneiformBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right medial cuneiform bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightMedialCuneiformBone RightProximalFootPhalanxIBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightMedialCuneiformBone RightProximalFootPhalanxIIBone Human)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage MedialCuneiformBone "medial cuniform bone")

(subclass IntermediateCuneiformBone CuneiformBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage IntermediateCuneiformBone "intermediate cuneiform bone")
(documentation IntermediateCuneiformBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "intermediate cuneiform bone")

(subclass LeftIntermediateCuneiformBone IntermediateCuneiformBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftIntermediateCuneiformBone "left intermediate cuneiform bone")
(documentation LeftIntermediateCuneiformBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left intermediate cuneiform bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftIntermediateCuneiformBone LeftProximalFootPhalanxIIBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftIntermediateCuneiformBone LeftProximalFootPhalanxIIIBone Human)
(subclass RightIntermediateCuneiformBone IntermediateCuneiformBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightIntermediateCuneiformBone "right intermediate cuneiform bone")
(documentation RightIntermediateCuneiformBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right intermediate cuneiform bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightIntermediateCuneiformBone RightProximalFootPhalanxIIBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightIntermediateCuneiformBone RightProximalFootPhalanxIIIBone Human)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage IntermediateCuneiformBone "intermediate cuniform bone")

(subclass LateralCuneiformBone CuneiformBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LateralCuneiformBone "lateral cuneiform bone")
(documentation LateralCuneiformBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "lateral cuneiform bone")

(subclass LeftLateralCuneiformBone LateralCuneiformBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftLateralCuneiformBone "left lateral cuneiform bone")
(documentation LeftLateralCuneiformBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left lateral cuneiform bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftLateralCuneiformBone LeftProximalFootPhalanxIIIBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftLateralCuneiformBone LeftProximalFootPhalanxIVBone Human)
(subclass RightLateralCuneiformBone LateralCuneiformBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightLateralCuneiformBone "right lateral cuneiform bone")
(documentation RightLateralCuneiformBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right lateral cuneiform bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightLateralCuneiformBone RightProximalFootPhalanxIIIBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightLateralCuneiformBone RightProximalFootPhalanxIVBone Human)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LateralCuneiformBone "lateral cuniform bone")

(subclass CuboidBone AnkleBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage CuboidBone "cuboid bone")
(documentation CuboidBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "cuboid bone")

(subclass LeftCuboidBone CuboidBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftCuboidBone "left cuboid bone")
(documentation LeftCuboidBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left cuboid bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftCuboidBone LeftProximalFootPhalanxIVBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftCuboidBone LeftProximalFootPhalanxVBone Human)
(subclass RightCuboidBone CuboidBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightCuboidBone "right cuboid bone")
(documentation RightCuboidBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right cuboid bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightCuboidBone RightProximalFootPhalanxIVBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes RightCuboidBone RightProximalFootPhalanxVBone Human)

; Instep bones

(subclass InstepBone FootBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage InstepBone "instep bone")
(documentation InstepBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "instep bone")

(subclass LeftMetatarsal1Bone InstepBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftMetatarsal1Bone "left metatarsal 1 bone")
(documentation LeftMetatarsal1Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left metatarsal 1 bone")

(subclass RightMetatarsal1Bone InstepBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightMetatarsal1Bone "right metatarsal 1 bone")
(documentation RightMetatarsal1Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right metatarsal 1 bone")


(subclass LeftMetatarsal2Bone InstepBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftMetatarsal2Bone "left metatarsal 2 bone")
(documentation LeftMetatarsal2Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left metatarsal 2 bone")

(subclass RightMetatarsal2Bone InstepBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightMetatarsal2Bone "right metatarsal 2 bone")
(documentation RightMetatarsal2Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right metatarsal 2 bone")


(subclass LeftMetatarsal3Bone InstepBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftMetatarsal3Bone "left metatarsal 3 bone")
(documentation LeftMetatarsal3Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left metatarsal 3 bone")

(subclass RightMetatarsal3Bone InstepBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightMetatarsal3Bone "right metatarsal 3 bone")
(documentation RightMetatarsal3Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right metatarsal 3 bone")


(subclass LeftMetatarsal4Bone InstepBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftMetatarsal4Bone "left metatarsal 4 bone")
(documentation LeftMetatarsal4Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left metatarsal 4 bone")

(subclass RightMetatarsal4Bone InstepBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightMetatarsal4Bone "right metatarsal 4 bone")
(documentation RightMetatarsal4Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right metatarsal 4 bone")


(subclass LeftMetatarsal5Bone InstepBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftMetatarsal5Bone "left metatarsal 5 bone")
(documentation LeftMetatarsal5Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left metatarsal 5 bone")

(subclass RightMetatarsal5Bone InstepBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightMetatarsal5Bone "right metatarsal 5 bone")
(documentation RightMetatarsal5Bone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right metatarsal 5 bone")



; Toe bones

(subclass ToeBone FootBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage ToeBone "toe bone")
(documentation ToeBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "toe bone")

(subclass Phalanx Bone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Phalanx "phalanx")

(subclass ToeBone Phalanx)
(subclass FingerBone Phalanx)
(partition Phalanx ToeBone FingerBone)
(documentation Phalanx EnglishWrittenLanguage "&%Bones of the digits of &%Primates, either that of a &%Finger or &%Toe.")

(subclass LeftProximalFootPhalanxIBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftProximalFootPhalanxIBone "left proximal foot phalanx I bone")
(documentation LeftProximalFootPhalanxIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left proximal foot phalanx I bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftProximalFootPhalanxIBone LeftMetatarsal1Bone Human)
(subclass RightProximalFootPhalanxIBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightProximalFootPhalanxIBone "right proximal foot phalanx I bone")
(documentation RightProximalFootPhalanxIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right proximal foot phalanx I bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightProximalFootPhalanxIBone RightMetatarsal1Bone Human)
(subclass LeftProximalFootPhalanxIIBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftProximalFootPhalanxIIBone "left proximal foot phalanx II bone")
(documentation LeftProximalFootPhalanxIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left proximal foot phalanx II bone")

(documentation LeftMetatarsal1IBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "The first proximal bone of the left metatarsal, which is a kind of &%ToeBone.")
(subclass LeftMetatarsal1IBone ToeBone)
(documentation RightMetatarsal1IBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "The Right Metatarsal1 I Bone is a kind of &%ToeBone.")
(subclass RightMetatarsal1IBone ToeBone)

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftProximalFootPhalanxIIBone LeftMetatarsal1IBone Human)
(subclass RightProximalFootPhalanxIIBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightProximalFootPhalanxIIBone "right proximal foot phalanx II bone")
(documentation RightProximalFootPhalanxIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right proximal foot phalanx II bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightProximalFootPhalanxIIBone RightMetatarsal1IBone Human)
(subclass LeftProximalFootPhalanxIIIBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftProximalFootPhalanxIIIBone "left proximal foot phalanx III bone")
(documentation LeftProximalFootPhalanxIIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left proximal foot phalanx III bone")

(documentation LeftMetatarsal1IIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "The second bone of the first metatarsal of the left foot, which is a kind of &%ToeBone.")
(subclass LeftMetatarsal1IIBone ToeBone)
(documentation RightMetatarsal1IIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "The Right Metatarsal1 II Bone is a kind of &%ToeBone.")
(subclass RightMetatarsal1IIBone ToeBone)

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftProximalFootPhalanxIIIBone LeftMetatarsal1IIBone Human)
(subclass RightProximalFootPhalanxIIIBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightProximalFootPhalanxIIIBone "right proximal foot phalanx III bone")
(documentation RightProximalFootPhalanxIIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right proximal foot phalanx III bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightProximalFootPhalanxIIIBone RightMetatarsal1IIBone Human)
(subclass LeftProximalFootPhalanxIVBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftProximalFootPhalanxIVBone "left proximal foot phalanx IV bone")
(documentation LeftProximalFootPhalanxIVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left proximal foot phalanx IV bone")

(documentation LeftMetatarsal1VBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "The Left Metatarsal1 V Bone is a kind of &%ToeBone.")
(subclass LeftMetatarsal1VBone ToeBone)
(documentation RightMetatarsal1VBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "The Right Metatarsal1 V Bone is a kind of &%ToeBone.")
(subclass RightMetatarsal1VBone ToeBone)

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftProximalFootPhalanxIVBone LeftMetatarsal1VBone Human)
(subclass RightProximalFootPhalanxIVBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightProximalFootPhalanxIVBone "right proximal foot phalanx IV bone")
(documentation RightProximalFootPhalanxIVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right proximal foot phalanx IV bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightProximalFootPhalanxIVBone RightMetatarsal1VBone Human)
(subclass LeftProximalFootPhalanxVBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftProximalFootPhalanxVBone "left proximal foot phalanx V bone")
(documentation LeftProximalFootPhalanxVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left proximal foot phalanx V bone")

(documentation LeftMetatarsalVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "The left metatarsal V bone is a &%ToeBone.")
(subclass LeftMetatarsalVBone ToeBone)
(documentation RightMetatarsalVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "The Right Metatarsal V Bone is a kind of &%ToeBone.")
(subclass RightMetatarsalVBone ToeBone)

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftProximalFootPhalanxVBone LeftMetatarsalVBone Human)
(subclass RightProximalFootPhalanxVBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightProximalFootPhalanxVBone "right proximal foot phalanx V bone")
(documentation RightProximalFootPhalanxVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right proximal foot phalanx V bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightProximalFootPhalanxVBone RightMetatarsalVBone Human)

; there is no intermediate phalanx of the big toe
(subclass LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxIIBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxIIBone "left intermediate foot phalanx II bone")
(documentation LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left intermediate foot phalanx II bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxIIBone LeftProximalFootPhalanxIIBone Human)
(subclass RightIntermediateFootPhalanxIIBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightIntermediateFootPhalanxIIBone "right intermediate foot phalanx II bone")
(documentation RightIntermediateFootPhalanxIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right intermediate foot phalanx II bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightIntermediateFootPhalanxIIBone RightProximalFootPhalanxIIBone Human)
(subclass LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxIIIBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxIIIBone "left intermediate foot phalanx III bone")
(documentation LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxIIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left intermediate foot phalanx III bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxIIIBone LeftProximalFootPhalanxIIIBone Human)
(subclass RightIntermediateFootPhalanxIIIBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightIntermediateFootPhalanxIIIBone "right intermediate foot phalanx III bone")
(documentation RightIntermediateFootPhalanxIIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right intermediate foot phalanx III bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightIntermediateFootPhalanxIIIBone RightProximalFootPhalanxIIIBone Human)
(subclass LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxIVBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxIVBone "left intermediate foot phalanx IV bone")
(documentation LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxIVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left intermediate foot phalanx IV bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxIVBone LeftProximalFootPhalanxIVBone Human)
(subclass RightIntermediateFootPhalanxIVBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightIntermediateFootPhalanxIVBone "right intermediate foot phalanx IV bone")
(documentation RightIntermediateFootPhalanxIVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right intermediate foot phalanx IV bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightIntermediateFootPhalanxIVBone RightProximalFootPhalanxIVBone Human)
(subclass LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxVBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxVBone "left intermediate foot phalanx V bone")
(documentation LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left intermediate foot phalanx V bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxVBone LeftProximalFootPhalanxVBone Human)
(subclass RightIntermediateFootPhalanxVBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightIntermediateFootPhalanxVBone "right intermediate foot phalanx V bone")
(documentation RightIntermediateFootPhalanxVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right intermediate foot phalanx V bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightIntermediateFootPhalanxVBone RightProximalFootPhalanxVBone Human)

(subclass LeftDistalFootPhalanxIBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftDistalFootPhalanxIBone "left distal foot phalanx I bone")
(documentation LeftDistalFootPhalanxIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left distal foot phalanx I bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftDistalFootPhalanxIBone LeftProximalFootPhalanxIBone Human)
(subclass RightDistalFootPhalanxIBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightDistalFootPhalanxIBone "right distal foot phalanx I bone")
(documentation RightDistalFootPhalanxIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right distal foot phalanx I bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightDistalFootPhalanxIBone RightProximalFootPhalanxIBone Human)
(subclass LeftDistalFootPhalanxIIBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftDistalFootPhalanxIIBone "left distal foot phalanx II bone")
(documentation LeftDistalFootPhalanxIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left distal foot phalanx II bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftDistalFootPhalanxIIBone LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxIIBone Human)
(subclass RightDistalFootPhalanxIIBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightDistalFootPhalanxIIBone "right distal foot phalanx II bone")
(documentation RightDistalFootPhalanxIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right distal foot phalanx II bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightDistalFootPhalanxIIBone RightIntermediateFootPhalanxIIBone Human)
(subclass LeftDistalFootPhalanxIIIBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftDistalFootPhalanxIIIBone "left distal foot phalanx III bone")
(documentation LeftDistalFootPhalanxIIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left distal foot phalanx III bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftDistalFootPhalanxIIIBone LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxIIIBone Human)
(subclass RightDistalFootPhalanxIIIBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightDistalFootPhalanxIIIBone "right distal foot phalanx III bone")
(documentation RightDistalFootPhalanxIIIBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right distal foot phalanx III bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightDistalFootPhalanxIIIBone RightIntermediateFootPhalanxIIIBone Human)
(subclass LeftDistalFootPhalanxIVBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftDistalFootPhalanxIVBone "left distal foot phalanx IV bone")
(documentation LeftDistalFootPhalanxIVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left distal foot phalanx IV bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftDistalFootPhalanxIVBone LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxIVBone Human)
(subclass RightDistalFootPhalanxIVBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightDistalFootPhalanxIVBone "right distal foot phalanx IV bone")
(documentation RightDistalFootPhalanxIVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right distal foot phalanx IV bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightDistalFootPhalanxIVBone RightIntermediateFootPhalanxIVBone Human)
(subclass LeftDistalFootPhalanxVBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LeftDistalFootPhalanxVBone "left distal foot phalanx V bone")
(documentation LeftDistalFootPhalanxVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "left distal foot phalanx V bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes LeftDistalFootPhalanxVBone LeftIntermediateFootPhalanxVBone Human)
(subclass RightDistalFootPhalanxVBone ToeBone)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage RightDistalFootPhalanxVBone "right distal foot phalanx V bone")
(documentation RightDistalFootPhalanxVBone EnglishWrittenLanguage "right distal foot phalanx V bone")

(connectedBodyPartTypes RightDistalFootPhalanxVBone RightIntermediateFootPhalanxVBone Human)

(subclass Eyebrow BodyPart)
(documentation Eyebrow EnglishWrittenLanguage "A &%part of the &%Face above each &%Eye that typically has &%Hair.")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Eyebrow "eyebrow")
(initialPart Eyebrow Head)
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?E Eyebrow)
    (attribute ?H Healthy)
    (part ?E ?H))
  (exists (?EYE)
    (and
      (instance ?EYE Eye)
      (part ?EYE ?H)
      (orientation ?EYE ?E Near))))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?E Eyebrow)
    (attribute ?H Healthy)
    (part ?E ?H)
    (member ?C ?E))
  (memberCount ?E 2))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?E Eyebrow)
    (attribute ?H Healthy)
    (part ?E ?H)
    (member ?C ?E))
  (exists (?HAIR)
    (and
      (instance ?HAIR Hair)
      (part ?HAIR ?E))))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?E Eyebrow)
    (holdsDuring ?T
      (and
        (attribute ?H Healthy)
        (attribute ?H Standing)))
    (part ?E ?H))
  (exists (?EYE)
    (and
      (instance ?EYE Eye)
      (part ?EYE ?H)
      (orientation ?E ?EYE Above))))

(subclass Forehead BodyPart)
(documentation Forehead EnglishWrittenLanguage "The region of the front of the &%Head above the eyes and forward of the hairline or scalp.")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Forehead "forehead")
(initialPart Forehead Head)
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?F Forehead)
    (holdsDuring ?T
      (and
        (attribute ?H Healthy)
        (attribute ?H Standing)))
    (part ?E ?H))
  (exists (?EYE)
    (and
      (instance ?EYE Eye)
      (part ?EYE ?H)
      (orientation ?F ?EYE Above))))

(subclass EustachianTube BodyCavity)
(documentation EustachianTube EnglishWrittenLanguage "In anatomy, the Eustachian tube, also called the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube,
is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear, of which it is also a part. In adult humans, the
Eustachian tube is approximately 35 mm (1.4 in) long and 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter. In humans and other tetrapods,
both the middle ear and the ear canal are normally filled with air. Unlike the air of the ear canal, however, the
air of the middle ear is not in direct contact with the atmosphere outside the body; thus, a pressure difference
can develop between the atmospheric pressure of the ear canal and the middle ear. Normally, the Eustachian tube
is collapsed, but it gapes open with swallowing and with positive pressure, allowing the middle ear's pressure
to adjust to the atmospheric pressure.
The Eustachian tube extends from the anterior wall of the middle ear to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx,
approximately at the level of the inferior nasal concha. It consists of a bony part and a cartilaginous part.
[from Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage EustachianTube "Eustachian tube")
(externalImage EustachianTube "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ d/ d2/ Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?ET EustachianTube)
    (part ?ET ?H)
    (attribute ?H Healthy)
    (instance ?TUBELENGTH LengthMeasure)
    (equal ?TUBELENGTH
      (MeasureFn ?N Centimeter))
    (length ?ET ?TUBELENGTH))
  (approximateValue ?N 35.0))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?ET EustachianTube)
    (part ?ET ?H)
    (attribute ?H Healthy)
    (instance ?TUBEDIAMETER LengthMeasure)
    (equal ?TUBEDIAMETER
      (MeasureFn ?N Millimeter))
    (diameter ?ET ?TUBEDIAMETER))
  (approximateValue ?N 3.0))

(subclass Urethra BodyCavity)
(subclass Urethra BodyOrifice)
(documentation Urethra EnglishWrittenLanguage "The urethra is a tube that connects the urinary &%ladder to the urinary meatus for the removal of &%Urine from the body of both females and males. In human females and other &%Primates, the urethra connects to the urinary meatus above the &%Vagina, whereas in &%Marsupials, the female's urethra empties into the urogenital sinus. Females use their urethra only for &%Urination, but males use their urethra for both urination and ejaculation. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. The internal sphincter, formed by the involuntary smooth &%Muscles lining the bladder neck and urethra, receives its &%Nerve supply by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. The internal sphincter is present both in males and females. [from Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Urethra "urethra")
(externalImage Urethra "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/ 30/ Urinary_system.svg")
(connectedBodyPartTypes Urethra Bladder Human)

(=>
  (instance ?U Urethra)
  (hasPurpose ?U
    (exists (?UR)
      (and
        (instance ?UR Urination)
        (instrument ?UR ?U)))))

(subclass AuditoryCanal BodyCavity)
(documentation AuditoryCanal EnglishWrittenLanguage "The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM) is a pathway running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 2.5 centimetres (1 in) in length and 0.7 centimetres (0.3 in) in diameter.[from Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage AuditoryCanal "auditory canal")
(connectedBodyPartTypes AuditoryCanal TympanicCavity Human)

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?ET AuditoryCanal)
    (part ?ET ?H)
    (attribute ?H Healthy)
    (instance ?CANALLENGTH LengthMeasure)
    (equal ?CANALLENGTH
      (MeasureFn ?N Centimeter))
    (length ?ET ?CANALLENGTH))
  (approximateValue ?N 2.5))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?ET AuditoryCanal)
    (part ?ET ?H)
    (attribute ?H Healthy)
    (instance ?CANALDIAMETER LengthMeasure)
    (equal ?CANALDIAMETER
      (MeasureFn ?N Millimeter))
    (diameter ?ET ?CANALDIAMETER))
  (approximateValue ?N 0.7))

(subclass TympanicCavity BodyCavity)
(documentation TympanicCavity EnglishWrittenLanguage "The tympanic cavity is a small &%BodyCavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Within it sit the ossicles (&%InnerEarBone), three small &%Bones that transmit vibrations used in the detection of sound. On its lateral surface, it abuts the external auditory meatus [ &%AuditoryCanal ] from which it is separated by the tympanic membrane (eardrum).[from Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage TympanicCavity "tympanic cavity")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage TympanicCavity "middle ear")
(connectedBodyPartTypes TympanicCavity InnerEar Human)

(subclass InnerEar BodyCavity)

(documentation InnerEar EnglishWrittenLanguage "The inner ear is the innermost part
of the vertebrate ear. In vertebrates, the inner ear is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance.
In &%Mammals, it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the &%TemporalBone of the skull with a
system of passages comprising two main functional parts:
(1) The cochlea, dedicated to hearing; converting sound pressure patterns from the &%AuditoryCanal into electrochemical
impulses which are passed on to the &%Brain via the auditory nerve.
(2) The vestibular system, dedicated to balance.
The inner ear is found in all &%Vertebrates, with substantial variations in form and function. The inner ear is
innervated by the eighth cranial nerve in all vertebrates. [from Wikipedia]")

(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage InnerEar "inner ear")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage InnerEar "internal ear")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage InnerEar "auris interna")
(externalImage EustachianTube "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ 1/ 14/ Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png")

(documentation Auricle EnglishWrittenLanguage "An Auricle is a &%BodyPart that is the visible outer portion of the ear.")
(subclass Auricle BodyPart)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Auricle "auricle")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Auricle "pinna")

(connectedBodyPartTypes Auricle AuditoryCanal Human)
(partTypes MalleusBone AuditoryCanal)
(partTypes IncusBone AuditoryCanal)
(partTypes StapesBone AuditoryCanal)
(connectedBodyPartTypes MalleusBone IncusBone Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes MalleusBone Eardrum Human)
(connectedBodyPartTypes IncusBone StapesBone Human)

(subclass Eardrum BodyPart)
(documentation Eardrum EnglishWrittenLanguage "In the anatomy of humans and various other tetrapods, the eardrum, also called the tympanic membrane or myringa, is a thin, cone_shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear, and then to the oval window in the fluid_filled cochlea. Hence, it ultimately converts and amplifies vibration in the air to vibration in cochlear fluid. The &%MalleusBone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles. Rupture or perforation of the eardrum can lead to conductive hearing loss. Collapse or retraction of the eardrum can cause conductive hearing loss or cholesteatoma. [from Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Eardrum "eardrum")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Eardrum "tympanic membrane")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Eardrum "myringa")
(externalImage Eardrum "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/ 0d/ Blausen_0328_EarAnatomy.png")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?E Eardrum)
    (part ?E ?H)
    (experiencer ?HEAR ?H)
    (attribute ?H Healthy)
    (instance ?HEAR Hearing))
  (instrument ?HEAR ?E))

(=>
  (holdsDuring ?T
    (attribute ?H
      (ImpairedBodyPartFn Eardrum)))
  (modalAttribute
    (not
      (exists (?HEAR)
        (and
          (instance ?HEAR Hearing)
          (during
            (WhenFn ?HEAR) ?T)
          (experiencer ?HEAR ?H)))) Likely))

(subclass Jaw BodyPart)
(documentation Jaw EnglishWrittenLanguage "The lower part of the &%Mouth of an &%Animal. It is involved in &%Chewing and creating an opening of the &%Mouth suitable for &%Breathing in &%Mammals. Motion of the jaw is involved in &%Speaking in &%Humans.")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Jaw "jaw")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?S Speaking)
    (instance ?J Jaw)
    (agent ?S ?H)
    (part ?J ?H))
  (modalAttribute
    (exists (?M)
      (and
        (instance ?M BodyMotion)
        (objectTransferred ?M ?J)
        (during
          (WhenFn ?M)
          (WhenFn ?S)))) Likely))


(documentation muscleOrigin EnglishWrittenLanguage "The origin of a muscle is an attachment site that connects the &%MMuscle to a &%Bone or other &%BodyPart. This point is typically proximal to the body and does not move during &%MuscularContraction (relative to &%StandardAnatomicalPosition). This is a relationship between classes of things, where a typical and healthy &%Human (and likely more broadly for &%Primates) will have a muscle with the given origin point. [from Wikipedia]")

(instance muscleOrigin BinaryPredicate)
(domainSubclass muscleOrigin 1 Muscle)
(domainSubclass muscleOrigin 2 BodyPart)
(format EnglishWrittenLanguage muscleOrigin "the &%origin of %1 is %2")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage muscleOrigin "muscle origin")

(=>
  (muscleOrigin ?MC ?BPC)
  (connectedBodyPart ?MC ?BPC))

(=>
  (and
    (muscleOrigin ?MC ?BPC)
    (instance ?H Human)
    (attribute ?H Healthy))
  (exists (?M ?BP)
    (and
      (instance ?M ?MC)
      (instance ?BP ?BPC)
      (part ?M ?H)
      (part ?BP ?H)
      (connected ?M ?BP))))

(=>
  (and
    (muscleOrigin ?MC ?BPC)
    (instance ?H Human)
    (holdsDuring ?T
      (attribute ?H StandardAnatomicalPosition))
    (attribute ?H Healthy)
    (instance ?C MuscularContraction)
    (during
      (WhenFn ?C) ?T)
    (instance ?M ?MC)
    (part ?M ?H)
    (instrument ?C ?M)
    (physicalEnd ?E ?M)
    (meetsSpatially ?E ?BP)
    (holdsDuring
      (BeginFn ?C)
      (located ?E ?L)))
  (holdsDuring
    (EndFn ?C)
    (located ?E ?L)))

(documentation muscleInsertion EnglishWrittenLanguage "The insertion of a muscle is an attachment site that connects the &%MMuscle to a &%Bone. This point is typically distal to the body and moves during &%MuscularContraction (relative to &%StandardAnatomicalPosition).[from Wikipedia]")

(instance muscleInsertion BinaryPredicate)
(domainSubclass muscleInsertion 1 Muscle)
(domainSubclass muscleInsertion 2 BodyPart)
(format EnglishWrittenLanguage muscleInsertion "the &%insertion point of %1 is %2")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage muscleInsertion "muscle insertion")

(=>
  (muscleInsertion ?MC ?BPC)
  (connectedBodyPart ?MC ?BPC))

(=>
  (and
    (muscleInsertion ?MC ?BPC)
    (instance ?H Human)
    (attribute ?H Healthy))
  (exists (?M ?BP)
    (and
      (instance ?M ?MC)
      (instance ?BP ?BPC)
      (part ?M ?H)
      (part ?BP ?H)
      (connected ?M ?BP))))

(=>
  (and
    (muscleInsertion ?MC ?BPC)
    (instance ?H Human)
    (holdsDuring ?T
      (attribute ?H StandardAnatomicalPosition))
    (attribute ?H Healthy)
    (instance ?C MuscularContraction)
    (during
      (WhenFn ?C) ?T)
    (instance ?M ?MC)
    (part ?M ?H)
    (instrument ?C ?M)
    (physicalEnd ?E ?M)
    (meetsSpatially ?E ?BP)
    (holdsDuring
      (BeginFn ?C)
      (located ?E ?L)))
  (holdsDuring
    (EndFn ?C)
    (not
      (located ?E ?L))))

(subAttribute StandardAnatomicalPosition Standing)
(documentation StandardAnatomicalPosition EnglishWrittenLanguage "In standard anatomical position, the human body is standing erect and at rest. Unlike the situation in other vertebrates, the limbs are placed in positions reminiscent of the supine position imposed on cadavers during autopsy. Therefore, the body has its feet together (or slightly separated), and its arms are rotated outward so that the palms are forward, and the thumbs are pointed away from the body (forearms supine). As well, the arms are usually moved slightly out from the body, so that the hands do not touch the sides. The positions of the &%Limbs (and the &%Arms in particular) have important implications for directional terms in those appendages. The penis in the anatomical position is described in its erect position and therefore lies against the abdomen, hence the dorsal surface of the penis is actually anterior when the penis is flaccid.[from Wikipedia]")
(externalImage StandardAnatomicalPosition "https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/ commons/ b/ b2/ Anatomical_position.jpg")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage StandardAnatomicalPosition "standard anatomical position")

(subAttribute Prone Prostrate)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Prone "prone")
(documentation Prone EnglishWrittenLanguage "Lying face down.")

(=>
  (and
    (holdsDuring ?T
      (and
        (attribute ?H Prone)
        (orientation ?H ?O On)))
    (instance ?C Chest)
    (part ?C ?H))
  (meetsSpatially ?C ?O))

(subAttribute Supine Prostrate)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Supine "supine")
(documentation Supine EnglishWrittenLanguage "Lying face up, on one's back.")
(contraryAttribute Prone Supine)

(=>
  (and
    (holdsDuring ?T
      (and
        (attribute ?H Supine)
        (orientation ?H ?O On)))
    (equal ?B
      (BackFn ?H)))
  (meetsSpatially ?B ?O))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C Chest)
    (part ?C ?P)
    (equal ?B
      (BackFn ?P)))
  (not
    (part ?C ?B)))

(instance LateralRecumbant BodyPosition)
(subAttribute LateralRecumbant Prostrate)
(documentation LateralRecumbant EnglishWrittenLanguage "The &%BodyPosition of lying on one's side.")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LateralRecumbant "lying on one's side")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage LateralRecumbant "lateral recumbant")

(=>
  (and
    (holdsDuring ?T
      (and
        (attribute ?H LateralRecumbant)
        (orientation ?H ?O On)))
    (instance ?LA LeftArm)
    (part ?LA ?H)
    (instance ?RA RightArm)
    (part ?RA ?H)
    (instance ?LL LeftLeg)
    (part ?LL ?H)
    (instance ?RL RightLeg)
    (part ?RL ?H)
    (or
      (meetsSpatially ?LA ?O)
      (meetsSpatially ?LL ?O)))
  (holdsDuring ?T
    (and
      (not
        (meetsSpatially ?RA ?O))
      (not
        (meetsSpatially ?RL ?O)))))

(=>
  (and
    (holdsDuring ?T
      (and
        (attribute ?H LateralRecumbant)
        (orientation ?H ?O On)))
    (instance ?LA LeftArm)
    (part ?LA ?H)
    (instance ?RA RightArm)
    (part ?RA ?H)
    (instance ?LL LeftLeg)
    (part ?LL ?H)
    (instance ?RL RightLeg)
    (part ?RL ?H)
    (or
      (meetsSpatially ?RA ?O)
      (meetsSpatially ?RL ?O)))
  (holdsDuring ?T
    (and
      (not
        (meetsSpatially ?LA ?O))
      (not
        (meetsSpatially ?LL ?O)))))

(documentation Nerve EnglishWrittenLanguage "A nerve is an enclosed, cable_like bundle of nerve fibers (called axons) in the peripheral nervous system. Axons transmit electrical impulses. Nerves have historically been considered the basic units of the peripheral nervous system. A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses called action potentials that are transmitted along each of the axons to peripheral organs or, in the case of sensory nerves, from the periphery back to the central nervous system. Each axon, within the nerve, is an extension of an individual neuron, along with other supportive cells such as some Schwann cells that coat the axons in myelin. Within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the endoneurium. The axons are bundled together into groups called fascicles, and each fascicle is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue called the perineurium. Finally, the entire nerve is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. Nerve cells (often called neurons) are further classified as sensory, motor, or mixed nerves. In the central nervous system, the analogous structures are known as nerve tracts.[from Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Nerve "nerve")
(subclass Nerve BodyPart)

(subclass NerveFiring BiologicalProcess)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage NerveFiring "nerve firing")


(documentation NerveFiring EnglishWrittenLanguage "An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell
rapidly rises and falls. This depolarization then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarize. Action
potentials occur in several types of animal cells, called excitable cells, which include neurons, muscle cells,
and in some plant cells. Certain endocrine cells such as pancreatic beta cells, and certain cells of the anterior
&%PituitaryGland are also excitable cells. In neurons, action potentials play a central role in cell–cell
communication by providing for—or with regard to saltatory conduction, assisting—the propagation of signals along
the neuron's axon toward synaptic boutons situated at the ends of an axon; these signals can then connect with
other neurons at synapses, or to motor cells or glands.[from Wikipedia]")

(=>
  (instance ?N Nerve)
  (exists (?NC)
    (and
      (instance ?NC NerveCell)
      (part ?NC ?N))))

(instance ennervates BinaryPredicate)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage ennervates "ennervates")

(documentation ennervates EnglishWrittenLanguage "A relation between a class of &%Nerve and a class of &%Muscle that is activated by that nerve, when both are instances in a particular organism.")
(domainSubclass ennervates 1 Nerve)
(domainSubclass ennervates 2 Muscle)

(=>
  (and
    (ennervates ?NC ?MC)
    (instance ?N ?NC)
    (instance ?M ?MC)
    (part ?N ?H)
    (part ?M ?H)
    (attribute ?H Healthy)
    (instance ?H Human))
  (hasPurpose ?N
    (exists (?NF ?C)
      (and
        (instance ?NF NerveFiring)
        (instrument ?NF ?N)
        (instance ?C MuscularContraction)
        (instrument ?C ?M)
        (causes ?NF ?C)))))

(instance suppliesBlood BinaryPredicate)
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage suppliesBlood "supplies blood")

(documentation suppliesBlood EnglishWrittenLanguage "A relation between a class of &%Artery and a class of &%BodyPart that that indicates blood is supplied through the artery to the part in a normal and healthy version of an organism.")
(domainSubclass suppliesBlood 1 Artery)
(domainSubclass suppliesBlood 2 BodyPart)

(=>
  (and
    (suppliesBlood ?AC ?BPC)
    (instance ?A ?AC)
    (instance ?BP ?BPC))
  (hasPurpose ?A
    (exists (?BF ?B)
      (and
        (instance ?BF LiquidMotion)
        (objectTransferred ?BF ?B)
        (instance ?B Blood)
        (destination ?BF ?BP)))))


(documentation Dorsal EnglishWrittenLanguage "Belonging to or on or near the back or upper surface of an animal or organ or part; 'the dorsal fin is the vertical fin on the back of a fish and certain marine mammals'.")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Dorsal "dorsal")
(instance Dorsal Attribute)

(=>
  (attribute ?D Dorsal)
  (exists (?O ?B)
    (and
      (or
        (instance ?O Organism)
        (instance ?O BodyPart))
      (not
        (and
          (instance ?O Organism)
          (instance ?O BodyPart)))
      (part ?D ?O)
      (equal ?B
        (BackFn ?O))
      (meetsSpatially ?B ?D))))


(documentation Ventral EnglishWrittenLanguage "Belonging to or on or near the front or bottom part of an animal or organ or part; The opposite side of dorsal")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Ventral "ventral")
(instance Ventral Attribute)

(=>
  (attribute ?V Ventral)
  (exists (?O ?F)
    (and
      (or
        (instance ?O Organism)
        (instance ?O BodyPart))
      (not
        (and
          (instance ?O Organism)
          (instance ?O BodyPart)))
      (part ?V ?O)
      (equal ?F
        (FrontFn ?O))
      (meetsSpatially ?F ?V))))


(documentation Abducting EnglishWrittenLanguage "Pull a body part away from the body.")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Abducting "abducting")
(subclass Abducting BodyMotion)
(subclass Abducting MovingAwayFrom)

(=>
  (instance ?A Abducting)
  (exists (?BP ?ORGANISM ?TORSO ?MAF ?MOVINGAWAYFROM)
    (and
      (instance ?BP BodyPart)
      (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
      (instance ?TORSO Torso)
      (not
        (equal ?BP ?TORSO))
      (instance ?MOVINGAWAYFROM MovingAwayFrom)
      (subProcess ?MAF ?MOVINGAWAYFROM)
      (patient ?MAF ?BP)
      (patient ?MAF ?TORSO)
      (part ?BP ?ORGANISM)
      (part ?TORSO ?ORGANISM)
      (experiencer ?A ?ORGANISM)
      (moves ?A ?BP))))

(documentation Adducting EnglishWrittenLanguage "Pull a limb towards the body.")
(termFormat EnglishWrittenLanguage Adducting "adducting")
(subclass Adducting BodyMotion)
(subclass Adducting MovingTowards)

(=>
  (instance ?A Adducting)
  (exists (?BP ?ORGANISM ?TORSO ?MT)
    (and
      (instance ?BP BodyPart)
      (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
      (instance ?TORSO Torso)
      (not
        (equal ?BP ?TORSO))
      (instance ?MT MovingTowards)
      (subProcess ?MT ?A)
      (patient ?MT ?BP)
      (patient ?MT ?TORSO)
      (part ?BP ?ORGANISM)
      (part ?TORSO ?ORGANISM)
      (experiencer ?A ?ORGANISM)
      (moves ?A ?BP))))

(relatedInternalConcept Adducting Abducting)