diff --git a/graphgen/bases/base_generator.py b/graphgen/bases/base_generator.py
index 271f20f..d6148ce 100644
--- a/graphgen/bases/base_generator.py
+++ b/graphgen/bases/base_generator.py
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any
 
 from graphgen.bases.base_llm_client import BaseLLMClient
 
 
-@dataclass
 class BaseGenerator(ABC):
     """
     Generate QAs based on given prompts.
     """
 
-    llm_client: BaseLLMClient
+    def __init__(self, llm_client: BaseLLMClient):
+        self.llm_client = llm_client
 
     @staticmethod
     @abstractmethod
diff --git a/graphgen/bases/base_kg_builder.py b/graphgen/bases/base_kg_builder.py
index af15486..e234d8d 100644
--- a/graphgen/bases/base_kg_builder.py
+++ b/graphgen/bases/base_kg_builder.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from collections import defaultdict
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from typing import Dict, List, Tuple
 
 from graphgen.bases.base_llm_client import BaseLLMClient
@@ -8,14 +7,11 @@
 from graphgen.bases.datatypes import Chunk
 
 
-@dataclass
 class BaseKGBuilder(ABC):
-    llm_client: BaseLLMClient
-
-    _nodes: Dict[str, List[dict]] = field(default_factory=lambda: defaultdict(list))
-    _edges: Dict[Tuple[str, str], List[dict]] = field(
-        default_factory=lambda: defaultdict(list)
-    )
+    def __init__(self, llm_client: BaseLLMClient):
+        self.llm_client = llm_client
+        self._nodes: Dict[str, List[dict]] = defaultdict(list)
+        self._edges: Dict[Tuple[str, str], List[dict]] = defaultdict(list)
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def extract(
diff --git a/graphgen/bases/base_partitioner.py b/graphgen/bases/base_partitioner.py
index a3739e5..78baddd 100644
--- a/graphgen/bases/base_partitioner.py
+++ b/graphgen/bases/base_partitioner.py
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any, List
 
 from graphgen.bases.base_storage import BaseGraphStorage
 from graphgen.bases.datatypes import Community
 
 
-@dataclass
 class BasePartitioner(ABC):
     @abstractmethod
     async def partition(
diff --git a/graphgen/bases/base_splitter.py b/graphgen/bases/base_splitter.py
index dcec006..b2d1ad3 100644
--- a/graphgen/bases/base_splitter.py
+++ b/graphgen/bases/base_splitter.py
@@ -1,25 +1,32 @@
 import copy
 import re
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Callable, Iterable, List, Literal, Optional, Union
 
 from graphgen.bases.datatypes import Chunk
 from graphgen.utils import logger
 
 
-@dataclass
 class BaseSplitter(ABC):
     """
     Abstract base class for splitting text into smaller chunks.
     """
 
-    chunk_size: int = 1024
-    chunk_overlap: int = 100
-    length_function: Callable[[str], int] = len
-    keep_separator: bool = False
-    add_start_index: bool = False
-    strip_whitespace: bool = True
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        chunk_size: int = 1024,
+        chunk_overlap: int = 100,
+        length_function: Callable[[str], int] = len,
+        keep_separator: bool = False,
+        add_start_index: bool = False,
+        strip_whitespace: bool = True,
+    ):
+        self.chunk_size = chunk_size
+        self.chunk_overlap = chunk_overlap
+        self.length_function = length_function
+        self.keep_separator = keep_separator
+        self.add_start_index = add_start_index
+        self.strip_whitespace = strip_whitespace
 
     @abstractmethod
     def split_text(self, text: str) -> List[str]:
diff --git a/graphgen/bases/base_storage.py b/graphgen/bases/base_storage.py
index 6968dca..f82e6f6 100644
--- a/graphgen/bases/base_storage.py
+++ b/graphgen/bases/base_storage.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ async def query_done_callback(self):
         """commit the storage operations after querying"""
 
 
-@dataclass
 class BaseListStorage(Generic[T], StorageNameSpace):
     async def all_items(self) -> list[T]:
         raise NotImplementedError
@@ -34,7 +33,6 @@ async def drop(self):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
 
-@dataclass
 class BaseKVStorage(Generic[T], StorageNameSpace):
     async def all_keys(self) -> list[str]:
         raise NotImplementedError
@@ -58,7 +56,6 @@ async def drop(self):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
 
-@dataclass
 class BaseGraphStorage(StorageNameSpace):
     async def has_node(self, node_id: str) -> bool:
         raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/graphgen/bases/base_tokenizer.py b/graphgen/bases/base_tokenizer.py
index 958b142..346d500 100644
--- a/graphgen/bases/base_tokenizer.py
+++ b/graphgen/bases/base_tokenizer.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import List
 
 
-@dataclass
 class BaseTokenizer(ABC):
-    model_name: str = "cl100k_base"
+    def __init__(self, model_name: str = "cl100k_base"):
+        self.model_name = model_name
 
     @abstractmethod
     def encode(self, text: str) -> List[int]:
diff --git a/graphgen/models/evaluator/base_evaluator.py b/graphgen/models/evaluator/base_evaluator.py
index 1359be6..e24cfa4 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/evaluator/base_evaluator.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/evaluator/base_evaluator.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import asyncio
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 
 from tqdm.asyncio import tqdm as tqdm_async
 
@@ -7,10 +6,10 @@
 from graphgen.utils import create_event_loop
 
 
-@dataclass
 class BaseEvaluator:
-    max_concurrent: int = 100
-    results: list[float] = None
+    def __init__(self, max_concurrent: int = 100):
+        self.max_concurrent = max_concurrent
+        self.results: list[float] = None
 
     def evaluate(self, pairs: list[QAPair]) -> list[float]:
         """
diff --git a/graphgen/models/evaluator/length_evaluator.py b/graphgen/models/evaluator/length_evaluator.py
index a7e9989..d5c3321 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/evaluator/length_evaluator.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/evaluator/length_evaluator.py
@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-
 from graphgen.bases.datatypes import QAPair
 from graphgen.models.evaluator.base_evaluator import BaseEvaluator
 from graphgen.models.tokenizer import Tokenizer
 from graphgen.utils import create_event_loop
 
 
-@dataclass
 class LengthEvaluator(BaseEvaluator):
-    tokenizer_name: str = "cl100k_base"
-
-    def __post_init__(self):
+    def __init__(self, tokenizer_name: str = "cl100k_base", max_concurrent: int = 100):
+        super().__init__(max_concurrent)
+        self.tokenizer_name = tokenizer_name
         self.tokenizer = Tokenizer(model_name=self.tokenizer_name)
 
     async def evaluate_single(self, pair: QAPair) -> float:
diff --git a/graphgen/models/evaluator/mtld_evaluator.py b/graphgen/models/evaluator/mtld_evaluator.py
index 79924fe..c106d86 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/evaluator/mtld_evaluator.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/evaluator/mtld_evaluator.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from typing import Set
 
 from graphgen.bases.datatypes import QAPair
@@ -8,18 +7,15 @@
 nltk_helper = NLTKHelper()
 
 
-@dataclass
 class MTLDEvaluator(BaseEvaluator):
     """
     衡量文本词汇多样性的指标
     """
 
-    stopwords_en: Set[str] = field(
-        default_factory=lambda: set(nltk_helper.get_stopwords("english"))
-    )
-    stopwords_zh: Set[str] = field(
-        default_factory=lambda: set(nltk_helper.get_stopwords("chinese"))
-    )
+    def __init__(self, max_concurrent: int = 100):
+        super().__init__(max_concurrent)
+        self.stopwords_en: Set[str] = set(nltk_helper.get_stopwords("english"))
+        self.stopwords_zh: Set[str] = set(nltk_helper.get_stopwords("chinese"))
 
     async def evaluate_single(self, pair: QAPair) -> float:
         loop = create_event_loop()
diff --git a/graphgen/models/generator/aggregated_generator.py b/graphgen/models/generator/aggregated_generator.py
index bbf483e..4bad8e9 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/generator/aggregated_generator.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/generator/aggregated_generator.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any
 
 from graphgen.bases import BaseGenerator
@@ -6,7 +5,6 @@
 from graphgen.utils import compute_content_hash, detect_main_language, logger
 
 
-@dataclass
 class AggregatedGenerator(BaseGenerator):
     """
     Aggregated Generator follows a TWO-STEP process:
diff --git a/graphgen/models/generator/atomic_generator.py b/graphgen/models/generator/atomic_generator.py
index bd152d3..713140d 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/generator/atomic_generator.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/generator/atomic_generator.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any
 
 from graphgen.bases import BaseGenerator
@@ -6,7 +5,6 @@
 from graphgen.utils import compute_content_hash, detect_main_language, logger
 
 
-@dataclass
 class AtomicGenerator(BaseGenerator):
     @staticmethod
     def build_prompt(
diff --git a/graphgen/models/generator/cot_generator.py b/graphgen/models/generator/cot_generator.py
index bd924b7..a111a6f 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/generator/cot_generator.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/generator/cot_generator.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any
 
 from graphgen.bases import BaseGenerator
@@ -6,7 +5,6 @@
 from graphgen.utils import compute_content_hash, detect_main_language, logger
 
 
-@dataclass
 class CoTGenerator(BaseGenerator):
     @staticmethod
     def build_prompt(
diff --git a/graphgen/models/generator/multi_hop_generator.py b/graphgen/models/generator/multi_hop_generator.py
index 3fd1824..9098b10 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/generator/multi_hop_generator.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/generator/multi_hop_generator.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any
 
 from graphgen.bases import BaseGenerator
@@ -6,7 +5,6 @@
 from graphgen.utils import compute_content_hash, detect_main_language, logger
 
 
-@dataclass
 class MultiHopGenerator(BaseGenerator):
     @staticmethod
     def build_prompt(
diff --git a/graphgen/models/generator/vqa_generator.py b/graphgen/models/generator/vqa_generator.py
index b0c29d2..eefbdd1 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/generator/vqa_generator.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/generator/vqa_generator.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any
 
 from graphgen.bases import BaseGenerator
@@ -6,7 +5,6 @@
 from graphgen.utils import compute_content_hash, detect_main_language, logger
 
 
-@dataclass
 class VQAGenerator(BaseGenerator):
     @staticmethod
     def build_prompt(
diff --git a/graphgen/models/kg_builder/light_rag_kg_builder.py b/graphgen/models/kg_builder/light_rag_kg_builder.py
index e734eca..cde42d2 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/kg_builder/light_rag_kg_builder.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/kg_builder/light_rag_kg_builder.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import re
 from collections import Counter, defaultdict
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Dict, List, Tuple
 
 from graphgen.bases import BaseGraphStorage, BaseKGBuilder, BaseLLMClient, Chunk
@@ -15,10 +14,10 @@
 )
 
 
-@dataclass
 class LightRAGKGBuilder(BaseKGBuilder):
-    llm_client: BaseLLMClient = None
-    max_loop: int = 3
+    def __init__(self, llm_client: BaseLLMClient, max_loop: int = 3):
+        super().__init__(llm_client)
+        self.max_loop = max_loop
 
     async def extract(
         self, chunk: Chunk
diff --git a/graphgen/models/kg_builder/mm_kg_builder.py b/graphgen/models/kg_builder/mm_kg_builder.py
index c554729..f352cb2 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/kg_builder/mm_kg_builder.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/kg_builder/mm_kg_builder.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 from collections import defaultdict
 from typing import Dict, List, Tuple
 
-from graphgen.bases import BaseLLMClient, Chunk
+from graphgen.bases import Chunk
 from graphgen.templates import MMKG_EXTRACTION_PROMPT
 from graphgen.utils import (
     detect_main_language,
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 
 
 class MMKGBuilder(LightRAGKGBuilder):
-    llm_client: BaseLLMClient = None
-
     async def extract(
         self, chunk: Chunk
     ) -> Tuple[Dict[str, List[dict]], Dict[Tuple[str, str], List[dict]]]:
diff --git a/graphgen/models/llm/topk_token_model.py b/graphgen/models/llm/topk_token_model.py
index 94719cf..e93ca01 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/llm/topk_token_model.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/llm/topk_token_model.py
@@ -1,21 +1,31 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from typing import List, Optional
 
 from graphgen.bases import Token
 
 
-@dataclass
-class TopkTokenModel:
-    do_sample: bool = False
-    temperature: float = 0
-    max_tokens: int = 4096
-    repetition_penalty: float = 1.05
-    num_beams: int = 1
-    topk: int = 50
-    topp: float = 0.95
-
-    topk_per_token: int = 5  # number of topk tokens to generate for each token
+class TopkTokenModel(ABC):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        do_sample: bool = False,
+        temperature: float = 0,
+        max_tokens: int = 4096,
+        repetition_penalty: float = 1.05,
+        num_beams: int = 1,
+        topk: int = 50,
+        topp: float = 0.95,
+        topk_per_token: int = 5,
+    ):
+        self.do_sample = do_sample
+        self.temperature = temperature
+        self.max_tokens = max_tokens
+        self.repetition_penalty = repetition_penalty
+        self.num_beams = num_beams
+        self.topk = topk
+        self.topp = topp
+        self.topk_per_token = topk_per_token
 
+    @abstractmethod
     async def generate_topk_per_token(self, text: str) -> List[Token]:
         """
         Generate prob, text and candidates for each token of the model's output.
@@ -23,6 +33,7 @@ async def generate_topk_per_token(self, text: str) -> List[Token]:
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
+    @abstractmethod
     async def generate_inputs_prob(
         self, text: str, history: Optional[List[str]] = None
     ) -> List[Token]:
@@ -32,6 +43,7 @@ async def generate_inputs_prob(
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
+    @abstractmethod
     async def generate_answer(
         self, text: str, history: Optional[List[str]] = None
     ) -> str:
diff --git a/graphgen/models/partitioner/bfs_partitioner.py b/graphgen/models/partitioner/bfs_partitioner.py
index 7cc5148..7b7b421 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/partitioner/bfs_partitioner.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/partitioner/bfs_partitioner.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import random
 from collections import deque
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any, List
 
 from graphgen.bases import BaseGraphStorage, BasePartitioner
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@
 EDGE_UNIT: str = "e"
 
 
-@dataclass
 class BFSPartitioner(BasePartitioner):
     """
     BFS partitioner that partitions the graph into communities of a fixed size.
diff --git a/graphgen/models/partitioner/dfs_partitioner.py b/graphgen/models/partitioner/dfs_partitioner.py
index a9a64a9..01df509 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/partitioner/dfs_partitioner.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/partitioner/dfs_partitioner.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import random
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any, List
 
 from graphgen.bases import BaseGraphStorage, BasePartitioner
@@ -9,7 +8,6 @@
 EDGE_UNIT: str = "e"
 
 
-@dataclass
 class DFSPartitioner(BasePartitioner):
     """
     DFS partitioner that partitions the graph into communities of a fixed size.
diff --git a/graphgen/models/partitioner/ece_partitioner.py b/graphgen/models/partitioner/ece_partitioner.py
index 4352e62..e874f56 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/partitioner/ece_partitioner.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/partitioner/ece_partitioner.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import asyncio
 import random
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple
 
 from tqdm.asyncio import tqdm as tqdm_async
@@ -13,7 +12,6 @@
 EDGE_UNIT: str = "e"
 
 
-@dataclass
 class ECEPartitioner(BFSPartitioner):
     """
     ECE partitioner that partitions the graph into communities based on Expected Calibration Error (ECE).
diff --git a/graphgen/models/partitioner/leiden_partitioner.py b/graphgen/models/partitioner/leiden_partitioner.py
index ffa38ae..28dfc1d 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/partitioner/leiden_partitioner.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/partitioner/leiden_partitioner.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from collections import defaultdict
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Set, Tuple
 
 import igraph as ig
@@ -9,7 +8,6 @@
 from graphgen.bases.datatypes import Community
 
 
-@dataclass
 class LeidenPartitioner(BasePartitioner):
     """
     Leiden partitioner that partitions the graph into communities using the Leiden algorithm.
diff --git a/graphgen/models/search/db/uniprot_search.py b/graphgen/models/search/db/uniprot_search.py
index 96bdd99..daf4224 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/search/db/uniprot_search.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/search/db/uniprot_search.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-
 import requests
 from fastapi import HTTPException
 
@@ -8,7 +6,6 @@
 UNIPROT_BASE = "https://rest.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/search"
 
 
-@dataclass
 class UniProtSearch:
     """
     UniProt Search client to search with UniProt.
diff --git a/graphgen/models/search/kg/wiki_search.py b/graphgen/models/search/kg/wiki_search.py
index e9513f2..2d8686c 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/search/kg/wiki_search.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/search/kg/wiki_search.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import List, Union
 
 import wikipedia
@@ -7,7 +6,6 @@
 from graphgen.utils import detect_main_language, logger
 
 
-@dataclass
 class WikiSearch:
     @staticmethod
     def set_language(language: str):
diff --git a/graphgen/models/search/web/bing_search.py b/graphgen/models/search/web/bing_search.py
index a769ba7..d52815d 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/search/web/bing_search.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/search/web/bing_search.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-
 import requests
 from fastapi import HTTPException
 
@@ -9,13 +7,13 @@
 BING_MKT = "en-US"
 
 
-@dataclass
 class BingSearch:
     """
     Bing Search client to search with Bing.
     """
 
-    subscription_key: str
+    def __init__(self, subscription_key: str):
+        self.subscription_key = subscription_key
 
     def search(self, query: str, num_results: int = 1):
         """
diff --git a/graphgen/models/search/web/google_search.py b/graphgen/models/search/web/google_search.py
index 1abfcdf..0b04572 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/search/web/google_search.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/search/web/google_search.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-
 import requests
 from fastapi import HTTPException
 
@@ -8,7 +6,6 @@
 GOOGLE_SEARCH_ENDPOINT = "https://customsearch.googleapis.com/customsearch/v1"
 
 
-@dataclass
 class GoogleSearch:
     def __init__(self, subscription_key: str, cx: str):
         """
diff --git a/graphgen/models/storage/json_storage.py b/graphgen/models/storage/json_storage.py
index e37d033..171eb98 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/storage/json_storage.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/storage/json_storage.py
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ async def drop(self):
 
 @dataclass
 class JsonListStorage(BaseListStorage):
+    working_dir: str = None
+    namespace: str = None
     _data: list = None
 
     def __post_init__(self):
diff --git a/graphgen/models/tokenizer/__init__.py b/graphgen/models/tokenizer/__init__.py
index 1df5039..6712f91 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/tokenizer/__init__.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/tokenizer/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from typing import List
 
 from graphgen.bases import BaseTokenizer
@@ -30,16 +29,13 @@ def get_tokenizer_impl(tokenizer_name: str = "cl100k_base") -> BaseTokenizer:
     )
 
 
-@dataclass
 class Tokenizer(BaseTokenizer):
     """
     Encapsulates different tokenization implementations based on the specified model name.
     """
 
-    model_name: str = "cl100k_base"
-    _impl: BaseTokenizer = field(init=False, repr=False)
-
-    def __post_init__(self):
+    def __init__(self, model_name: str = "cl100k_base"):
+        super().__init__(model_name)
         if not self.model_name:
             raise ValueError("TOKENIZER_MODEL must be specified in the ENV variables.")
         self._impl = get_tokenizer_impl(self.model_name)
diff --git a/graphgen/models/tokenizer/hf_tokenizer.py b/graphgen/models/tokenizer/hf_tokenizer.py
index e5511a9..c43ddd7 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/tokenizer/hf_tokenizer.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/tokenizer/hf_tokenizer.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import List
 
 from transformers import AutoTokenizer
@@ -6,9 +5,9 @@
 from graphgen.bases import BaseTokenizer
 
 
-@dataclass
 class HFTokenizer(BaseTokenizer):
-    def __post_init__(self):
+    def __init__(self, model_name: str = "cl100k_base"):
+        super().__init__(model_name)
         self.enc = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(self.model_name)
 
     def encode(self, text: str) -> List[int]:
diff --git a/graphgen/models/tokenizer/tiktoken_tokenizer.py b/graphgen/models/tokenizer/tiktoken_tokenizer.py
index 3c84edd..6145d07 100644
--- a/graphgen/models/tokenizer/tiktoken_tokenizer.py
+++ b/graphgen/models/tokenizer/tiktoken_tokenizer.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import List
 
 import tiktoken
@@ -6,9 +5,9 @@
 from graphgen.bases import BaseTokenizer
 
 
-@dataclass
 class TiktokenTokenizer(BaseTokenizer):
-    def __post_init__(self):
+    def __init__(self, model_name: str = "cl100k_base"):
+        super().__init__(model_name)
         self.enc = tiktoken.get_encoding(self.model_name)
 
     def encode(self, text: str) -> List[int]: