diff --git a/opentelemetry-otlp/src/metric.rs b/opentelemetry-otlp/src/metric.rs
index caca5a0af7..686de5dde5 100644
--- a/opentelemetry-otlp/src/metric.rs
+++ b/opentelemetry-otlp/src/metric.rs
@@ -139,7 +139,6 @@ impl Debug for MetricExporter {
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl PushMetricExporter for MetricExporter {
     async fn export(&self, metrics: &mut ResourceMetrics) -> OTelSdkResult {
         self.client.export(metrics).await
diff --git a/opentelemetry-otlp/tests/integration_test/src/metric_helpers.rs b/opentelemetry-otlp/tests/integration_test/src/metric_helpers.rs
index 7368fa4f21..047ae81f69 100644
--- a/opentelemetry-otlp/tests/integration_test/src/metric_helpers.rs
+++ b/opentelemetry-otlp/tests/integration_test/src/metric_helpers.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::test_utils;
 use anyhow::Result;
 use anyhow::{Context, Ok};
 use opentelemetry_otlp::MetricExporter;
-use opentelemetry_sdk::metrics::{MeterProviderBuilder, PeriodicReader, SdkMeterProvider};
+use opentelemetry_sdk::metrics::{MeterProviderBuilder, SdkMeterProvider};
 use opentelemetry_sdk::Resource;
 use serde_json::Value;
 use std::fs;
diff --git a/opentelemetry-sdk/Cargo.toml b/opentelemetry-sdk/Cargo.toml
index 2d2e55ed7e..861638526d 100644
--- a/opentelemetry-sdk/Cargo.toml
+++ b/opentelemetry-sdk/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ rust-version = "1.75.0"
 opentelemetry = { version = "0.28", path = "../opentelemetry/" }
 opentelemetry-http = { version = "0.28", path = "../opentelemetry-http", optional = true }
 async-std = { workspace = true, features = ["unstable"], optional = true }
-async-trait = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 futures-channel = "0.3"
 futures-executor = { workspace = true }
 futures-util = { workspace = true, features = ["std", "sink", "async-await-macro"] }
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ trace = ["opentelemetry/trace", "rand", "percent-encoding"]
 jaeger_remote_sampler = ["trace", "opentelemetry-http", "http", "serde", "serde_json", "url"]
 logs = ["opentelemetry/logs", "serde_json"]
 spec_unstable_logs_enabled = ["logs", "opentelemetry/spec_unstable_logs_enabled"]
-metrics = ["opentelemetry/metrics", "glob", "async-trait"]
+metrics = ["opentelemetry/metrics", "glob"]
 testing = ["opentelemetry/testing", "trace", "metrics", "logs", "rt-async-std", "rt-tokio", "rt-tokio-current-thread", "tokio/macros", "tokio/rt-multi-thread"]
 experimental_async_runtime = []
 rt-tokio = ["tokio", "tokio-stream", "experimental_async_runtime"]
diff --git a/opentelemetry-sdk/benches/log_exporter.rs b/opentelemetry-sdk/benches/log_exporter.rs
index 0e2272d49d..5fd4ac40dc 100644
--- a/opentelemetry-sdk/benches/log_exporter.rs
+++ b/opentelemetry-sdk/benches/log_exporter.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ use opentelemetry::time::now;
 use opentelemetry_sdk::error::OTelSdkResult;
 use std::sync::Mutex;
 
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
 use opentelemetry::logs::{LogRecord as _, Logger, LoggerProvider, Severity};
@@ -29,9 +28,8 @@ use std::fmt::Debug;
 
 // Run this benchmark with:
 // cargo bench --bench log_exporter
-#[async_trait]
 pub trait LogExporterWithFuture: Send + Sync + Debug {
-    async fn export(&mut self, batch: LogBatch<'_>);
+    fn export(&mut self, batch: LogBatch<'_>) -> impl std::future::Future<Output = ()> + Send;
 }
 
 pub trait LogExporterWithoutFuture: Send + Sync + Debug {
@@ -41,7 +39,6 @@ pub trait LogExporterWithoutFuture: Send + Sync + Debug {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct NoOpExporterWithFuture {}
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl LogExporterWithFuture for NoOpExporterWithFuture {
     async fn export(&mut self, _batch: LogBatch<'_>) {}
 }
diff --git a/opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/exporter.rs b/opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/exporter.rs
index d657c7238b..32a29e44d1 100644
--- a/opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/exporter.rs
+++ b/opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/exporter.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 //! Interfaces for exporting metrics
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-
 use crate::error::OTelSdkResult;
 
 use crate::metrics::data::ResourceMetrics;
@@ -10,17 +8,19 @@ use super::Temporality;
 /// Exporter handles the delivery of metric data to external receivers.
 ///
 /// This is the final component in the metric push pipeline.
-#[async_trait]
 pub trait PushMetricExporter: Send + Sync + 'static {
     /// Export serializes and transmits metric data to a receiver.
     ///
     /// All retry logic must be contained in this function. The SDK does not
     /// implement any retry logic. All errors returned by this function are
     /// considered unrecoverable and will be logged.
-    async fn export(&self, metrics: &mut ResourceMetrics) -> OTelSdkResult;
+    fn export(
+        &self,
+        metrics: &mut ResourceMetrics,
+    ) -> impl std::future::Future<Output = OTelSdkResult> + Send;
 
     /// Flushes any metric data held by an exporter.
-    async fn force_flush(&self) -> OTelSdkResult;
+    fn force_flush(&self) -> impl std::future::Future<Output = OTelSdkResult> + Send;
 
     /// Releases any held computational resources.
     ///
diff --git a/opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/in_memory_exporter.rs b/opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/in_memory_exporter.rs
index eeaf640c45..89574e3219 100644
--- a/opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/in_memory_exporter.rs
+++ b/opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/in_memory_exporter.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ use crate::metrics::exporter::PushMetricExporter;
 use crate::metrics::MetricError;
 use crate::metrics::MetricResult;
 use crate::metrics::Temporality;
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
@@ -263,7 +262,6 @@ impl InMemoryMetricExporter {
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl PushMetricExporter for InMemoryMetricExporter {
     async fn export(&self, metrics: &mut ResourceMetrics) -> OTelSdkResult {
         self.metrics
diff --git a/opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/periodic_reader.rs b/opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/periodic_reader.rs
index dda7f51fa2..41eba0a2e1 100644
--- a/opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/periodic_reader.rs
+++ b/opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/periodic_reader.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Create a [PeriodicReader] with the given config.
-    pub fn build(self) -> PeriodicReader {
+    pub fn build(self) -> PeriodicReader<E> {
         PeriodicReader::new(self.exporter, self.interval)
     }
 }
@@ -124,24 +124,25 @@ where
 /// # drop(reader);
 /// # }
 /// ```
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct PeriodicReader {
-    inner: Arc<PeriodicReaderInner>,
+pub struct PeriodicReader<E: PushMetricExporter> {
+    inner: Arc<PeriodicReaderInner<E>>,
 }
 
-impl PeriodicReader {
+impl<E: PushMetricExporter> Clone for PeriodicReader<E> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Arc::clone(&self.inner),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: PushMetricExporter> PeriodicReader<E> {
     /// Configuration options for a periodic reader with own thread
-    pub fn builder<E>(exporter: E) -> PeriodicReaderBuilder<E>
-    where
-        E: PushMetricExporter,
-    {
+    pub fn builder(exporter: E) -> PeriodicReaderBuilder<E> {
         PeriodicReaderBuilder::new(exporter)
     }
 
-    fn new<E>(exporter: E, interval: Duration) -> Self
-    where
-        E: PushMetricExporter,
-    {
+    fn new(exporter: E, interval: Duration) -> Self {
         let (message_sender, message_receiver): (Sender<Message>, Receiver<Message>) =
             mpsc::channel();
         let exporter_arc = Arc::new(exporter);
@@ -333,19 +334,19 @@ impl PeriodicReader {
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Debug for PeriodicReader {
+impl<E: PushMetricExporter> fmt::Debug for PeriodicReader<E> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("PeriodicReader").finish()
     }
 }
 
-struct PeriodicReaderInner {
-    exporter: Arc<dyn PushMetricExporter>,
+struct PeriodicReaderInner<E: PushMetricExporter> {
+    exporter: Arc<E>,
     message_sender: mpsc::Sender<Message>,
     producer: Mutex<Option<Weak<dyn SdkProducer>>>,
 }
 
-impl PeriodicReaderInner {
+impl<E: PushMetricExporter> PeriodicReaderInner<E> {
     fn register_pipeline(&self, producer: Weak<dyn SdkProducer>) {
         let mut inner = self.producer.lock().expect("lock poisoned");
         *inner = Some(producer);
@@ -472,7 +473,7 @@ enum Message {
     Shutdown(Sender<bool>),
 }
 
-impl MetricReader for PeriodicReader {
+impl<E: PushMetricExporter> MetricReader for PeriodicReader<E> {
     fn register_pipeline(&self, pipeline: Weak<Pipeline>) {
         self.inner.register_pipeline(pipeline);
     }
@@ -516,7 +517,6 @@ mod tests {
         },
         Resource,
     };
-    use async_trait::async_trait;
     use opentelemetry::metrics::MeterProvider;
     use std::{
         sync::{
@@ -548,7 +548,6 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    #[async_trait]
     impl PushMetricExporter for MetricExporterThatFailsOnlyOnFirst {
         async fn export(&self, _metrics: &mut ResourceMetrics) -> OTelSdkResult {
             if self.count.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 {
@@ -576,7 +575,6 @@ mod tests {
         is_shutdown: Arc<AtomicBool>,
     }
 
-    #[async_trait]
     impl PushMetricExporter for MockMetricExporter {
         async fn export(&self, _metrics: &mut ResourceMetrics) -> OTelSdkResult {
             Ok(())
diff --git a/opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/periodic_reader_with_async_runtime.rs b/opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/periodic_reader_with_async_runtime.rs
index 9315d38b91..5ba1de731f 100644
--- a/opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/periodic_reader_with_async_runtime.rs
+++ b/opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/periodic_reader_with_async_runtime.rs
@@ -103,10 +103,10 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Create a [PeriodicReader] with the given config.
-    pub fn build(self) -> PeriodicReader {
+    pub fn build(self) -> PeriodicReader<E> {
         let (message_sender, message_receiver) = mpsc::channel(256);
 
-        let worker = move |reader: &PeriodicReader| {
+        let worker = move |reader: &PeriodicReader<E>| {
             let runtime = self.runtime.clone();
             let reader = reader.clone();
             self.runtime.spawn(Box::pin(async move {
@@ -184,33 +184,40 @@ where
 /// # drop(reader);
 /// # }
 /// ```
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct PeriodicReader {
-    exporter: Arc<dyn PushMetricExporter>,
-    inner: Arc<Mutex<PeriodicReaderInner>>,
+pub struct PeriodicReader<E: PushMetricExporter> {
+    exporter: Arc<E>,
+    inner: Arc<Mutex<PeriodicReaderInner<E>>>,
 }
 
-impl PeriodicReader {
+impl<E: PushMetricExporter> Clone for PeriodicReader<E> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            exporter: Arc::clone(&self.exporter),
+            inner: Arc::clone(&self.inner),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: PushMetricExporter> PeriodicReader<E> {
     /// Configuration options for a periodic reader
-    pub fn builder<E, RT>(exporter: E, runtime: RT) -> PeriodicReaderBuilder<E, RT>
+    pub fn builder<RT>(exporter: E, runtime: RT) -> PeriodicReaderBuilder<E, RT>
     where
-        E: PushMetricExporter,
         RT: Runtime,
     {
         PeriodicReaderBuilder::new(exporter, runtime)
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Debug for PeriodicReader {
+impl<E: PushMetricExporter> fmt::Debug for PeriodicReader<E> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("PeriodicReader").finish()
     }
 }
 
-struct PeriodicReaderInner {
+struct PeriodicReaderInner<E: PushMetricExporter> {
     message_sender: mpsc::Sender<Message>,
     is_shutdown: bool,
-    sdk_producer_or_worker: ProducerOrWorker,
+    sdk_producer_or_worker: ProducerOrWorker<E>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -220,19 +227,20 @@ enum Message {
     Shutdown(oneshot::Sender<OTelSdkResult>),
 }
 
-enum ProducerOrWorker {
+enum ProducerOrWorker<E: PushMetricExporter> {
     Producer(Weak<dyn SdkProducer>),
-    Worker(Box<dyn FnOnce(&PeriodicReader) + Send + Sync>),
+    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+    Worker(Box<dyn FnOnce(&PeriodicReader<E>) + Send + Sync>),
 }
 
-struct PeriodicReaderWorker<RT: Runtime> {
-    reader: PeriodicReader,
+struct PeriodicReaderWorker<E: PushMetricExporter, RT: Runtime> {
+    reader: PeriodicReader<E>,
     timeout: Duration,
     runtime: RT,
     rm: ResourceMetrics,
 }
 
-impl<RT: Runtime> PeriodicReaderWorker<RT> {
+impl<E: PushMetricExporter, RT: Runtime> PeriodicReaderWorker<E, RT> {
     async fn collect_and_export(&mut self) -> OTelSdkResult {
         self.reader
             .collect(&mut self.rm)
@@ -323,7 +331,7 @@ impl<RT: Runtime> PeriodicReaderWorker<RT> {
     }
 }
 
-impl MetricReader for PeriodicReader {
+impl<E: PushMetricExporter> MetricReader for PeriodicReader<E> {
     fn register_pipeline(&self, pipeline: Weak<Pipeline>) {
         let mut inner = match self.inner.lock() {
             Ok(guard) => guard,
diff --git a/opentelemetry-stdout/Cargo.toml b/opentelemetry-stdout/Cargo.toml
index 80b539e642..48ad6bfafd 100644
--- a/opentelemetry-stdout/Cargo.toml
+++ b/opentelemetry-stdout/Cargo.toml
@@ -22,23 +22,19 @@ rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
 [features]
 default = ["trace", "metrics", "logs"]
 trace = ["opentelemetry/trace", "opentelemetry_sdk/trace", "futures-util"]
-metrics = ["async-trait", "opentelemetry/metrics", "opentelemetry_sdk/metrics"]
-logs = ["opentelemetry/logs", "opentelemetry_sdk/logs", "async-trait", "thiserror", "opentelemetry_sdk/spec_unstable_logs_enabled"]
+metrics = ["opentelemetry/metrics", "opentelemetry_sdk/metrics"]
+logs = ["opentelemetry/logs", "opentelemetry_sdk/logs", "opentelemetry_sdk/spec_unstable_logs_enabled"]
 
 [dependencies]
-async-trait = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 chrono = { version = "0.4.34", default-features = false, features = ["now"] }
-thiserror = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 futures-util = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 opentelemetry = { version = "0.28", path = "../opentelemetry" }
 opentelemetry_sdk = { version = "0.28", path = "../opentelemetry-sdk" }
-serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 opentelemetry = { path = "../opentelemetry", features = ["metrics"] }
 opentelemetry_sdk = { path = "../opentelemetry-sdk", features = ["rt-tokio", "metrics"] }
 opentelemetry-appender-tracing = { path = "../opentelemetry-appender-tracing"}
-opentelemetry-semantic-conventions = { path = "../opentelemetry-semantic-conventions" }
 tracing = { workspace = true, features = ["std"]}
 tracing-subscriber = { workspace = true, features = ["registry", "std"] }
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
diff --git a/opentelemetry-stdout/src/metrics/exporter.rs b/opentelemetry-stdout/src/metrics/exporter.rs
index 005be41d61..daa975c783 100644
--- a/opentelemetry-stdout/src/metrics/exporter.rs
+++ b/opentelemetry-stdout/src/metrics/exporter.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use async_trait::async_trait;
 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
 use core::{f64, fmt};
 use opentelemetry_sdk::metrics::Temporality;
@@ -39,7 +38,6 @@ impl fmt::Debug for MetricExporter {
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait]
 impl PushMetricExporter for MetricExporter {
     /// Write Metrics to stdout
     async fn export(&self, metrics: &mut ResourceMetrics) -> OTelSdkResult {