diff --git a/src/agents/strict_schema.py b/src/agents/strict_schema.py
index 3f37660a0..650c17308 100644
--- a/src/agents/strict_schema.py
+++ b/src/agents/strict_schema.py
@@ -87,6 +87,20 @@ def _ensure_strict_json_schema(
             for i, variant in enumerate(any_of)
         ]
 
+    # oneOf is not supported by OpenAI's structured outputs in nested contexts,
+    # so we convert it to anyOf which provides equivalent functionality for
+    # discriminated unions
+    one_of = json_schema.get("oneOf")
+    if is_list(one_of):
+        existing_any_of = json_schema.get("anyOf", [])
+        if not is_list(existing_any_of):
+            existing_any_of = []
+        json_schema["anyOf"] = existing_any_of + [
+            _ensure_strict_json_schema(variant, path=(*path, "oneOf", str(i)), root=root)
+            for i, variant in enumerate(one_of)
+        ]
+        json_schema.pop("oneOf")
+
     # intersections
     all_of = json_schema.get("allOf")
     if is_list(all_of):
diff --git a/tests/test_strict_schema_oneof.py b/tests/test_strict_schema_oneof.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6a145b57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_strict_schema_oneof.py
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+from typing import Annotated, Literal, Union
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+from agents.agent_output import AgentOutputSchema
+from agents.strict_schema import ensure_strict_json_schema
+
+
+def test_oneof_converted_to_anyof():
+    schema = {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {"value": {"oneOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "integer"}]}},
+    }
+
+    result = ensure_strict_json_schema(schema)
+
+    expected = {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {"value": {"anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "integer"}]}},
+        "additionalProperties": False,
+        "required": ["value"],
+    }
+    assert result == expected
+
+
+def test_nested_oneof_in_array_items():
+    schema = {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+            "steps": {
+                "type": "array",
+                "items": {
+                    "oneOf": [
+                        {
+                            "type": "object",
+                            "properties": {
+                                "action": {"type": "string", "const": "buy_fruit"},
+                                "color": {"type": "string"},
+                            },
+                            "required": ["action", "color"],
+                        },
+                        {
+                            "type": "object",
+                            "properties": {
+                                "action": {"type": "string", "const": "buy_food"},
+                                "price": {"type": "integer"},
+                            },
+                            "required": ["action", "price"],
+                        },
+                    ],
+                    "discriminator": {
+                        "propertyName": "action",
+                        "mapping": {
+                            "buy_fruit": "#/components/schemas/BuyFruitStep",
+                            "buy_food": "#/components/schemas/BuyFoodStep",
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+        },
+    }
+
+    result = ensure_strict_json_schema(schema)
+
+    expected = {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+            "steps": {
+                "type": "array",
+                "items": {
+                    "anyOf": [
+                        {
+                            "type": "object",
+                            "properties": {
+                                "action": {"type": "string", "const": "buy_fruit"},
+                                "color": {"type": "string"},
+                            },
+                            "required": ["action", "color"],
+                            "additionalProperties": False,
+                        },
+                        {
+                            "type": "object",
+                            "properties": {
+                                "action": {"type": "string", "const": "buy_food"},
+                                "price": {"type": "integer"},
+                            },
+                            "required": ["action", "price"],
+                            "additionalProperties": False,
+                        },
+                    ],
+                    "discriminator": {
+                        "propertyName": "action",
+                        "mapping": {
+                            "buy_fruit": "#/components/schemas/BuyFruitStep",
+                            "buy_food": "#/components/schemas/BuyFoodStep",
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+        },
+        "additionalProperties": False,
+        "required": ["steps"],
+    }
+    assert result == expected
+
+
+def test_discriminated_union_with_pydantic():
+    class FruitArgs(BaseModel):
+        color: str
+
+    class FoodArgs(BaseModel):
+        price: int
+
+    class BuyFruitStep(BaseModel):
+        action: Literal["buy_fruit"]
+        args: FruitArgs
+
+    class BuyFoodStep(BaseModel):
+        action: Literal["buy_food"]
+        args: FoodArgs
+
+    Step = Annotated[Union[BuyFruitStep, BuyFoodStep], Field(discriminator="action")]
+
+    class Actions(BaseModel):
+        steps: list[Step]
+
+    output_schema = AgentOutputSchema(Actions)
+    schema = output_schema.json_schema()
+
+    items_schema = schema["properties"]["steps"]["items"]
+    assert "oneOf" not in items_schema
+    assert "anyOf" in items_schema
+    assert len(items_schema["anyOf"]) == 2
+    assert "discriminator" in items_schema
+
+
+def test_oneof_merged_with_existing_anyof():
+    schema = {
+        "type": "object",
+        "anyOf": [{"type": "string"}],
+        "oneOf": [{"type": "integer"}, {"type": "boolean"}],
+    }
+
+    result = ensure_strict_json_schema(schema)
+
+    expected = {
+        "type": "object",
+        "anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "integer"}, {"type": "boolean"}],
+        "additionalProperties": False,
+    }
+    assert result == expected
+
+
+def test_discriminator_preserved():
+    schema = {
+        "oneOf": [{"$ref": "#/$defs/TypeA"}, {"$ref": "#/$defs/TypeB"}],
+        "discriminator": {
+            "propertyName": "type",
+            "mapping": {"a": "#/$defs/TypeA", "b": "#/$defs/TypeB"},
+        },
+        "$defs": {
+            "TypeA": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {"type": {"const": "a"}, "value_a": {"type": "string"}},
+            },
+            "TypeB": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {"type": {"const": "b"}, "value_b": {"type": "integer"}},
+            },
+        },
+    }
+
+    result = ensure_strict_json_schema(schema)
+
+    expected = {
+        "anyOf": [{"$ref": "#/$defs/TypeA"}, {"$ref": "#/$defs/TypeB"}],
+        "discriminator": {
+            "propertyName": "type",
+            "mapping": {"a": "#/$defs/TypeA", "b": "#/$defs/TypeB"},
+        },
+        "$defs": {
+            "TypeA": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {"type": {"const": "a"}, "value_a": {"type": "string"}},
+                "additionalProperties": False,
+                "required": ["type", "value_a"],
+            },
+            "TypeB": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {"type": {"const": "b"}, "value_b": {"type": "integer"}},
+                "additionalProperties": False,
+                "required": ["type", "value_b"],
+            },
+        },
+    }
+    assert result == expected
+
+
+def test_deeply_nested_oneof():
+    schema = {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+            "level1": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "level2": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"oneOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "number"}]},
+                    }
+                },
+            }
+        },
+    }
+
+    result = ensure_strict_json_schema(schema)
+
+    expected = {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+            "level1": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "level2": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "number"}]},
+                    }
+                },
+                "additionalProperties": False,
+                "required": ["level2"],
+            }
+        },
+        "additionalProperties": False,
+        "required": ["level1"],
+    }
+    assert result == expected
+
+
+def test_oneof_with_refs():
+    schema = {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+            "value": {
+                "oneOf": [{"$ref": "#/$defs/StringType"}, {"$ref": "#/$defs/IntType"}]
+            }
+        },
+        "$defs": {
+            "StringType": {"type": "string"},
+            "IntType": {"type": "integer"},
+        },
+    }
+
+    result = ensure_strict_json_schema(schema)
+
+    expected = {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+            "value": {
+                "anyOf": [{"$ref": "#/$defs/StringType"}, {"$ref": "#/$defs/IntType"}]
+            }
+        },
+        "$defs": {
+            "StringType": {"type": "string"},
+            "IntType": {"type": "integer"},
+        },
+        "additionalProperties": False,
+        "required": ["value"],
+    }
+    assert result == expected