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embed.pod
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embed.pod
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# Copyright (C) 2001-2010, Parrot Foundation.
=head1 NAME
embed.pod - Parrot embedding system
=head1 NOTE
Parrot's embedding API is being replaced with a newer version. This document
is for the old embedding API and will be phased out over time. Documentation
for the newer API is located at F<docs/embed_new.pod>.
=head1 SYNOPSIS
#include "parrot/parrot.h"
#include "parrot/extend.h"
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
Parrot_Interp interp;
Parrot_PackFile pf;
interp = Parrot_new(NULL);
if (!interp) {
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot create Parrot interpreter!\n");
return 1;
}
pf = Parrot_pbc_read(interp, "foo.pbc", 0);
Parrot_pbc_load(interp, pf);
Parrot_runcode(interp, argc, argv);
Parrot_destroy(interp);
return 0;
}
=head1 FILES
=over 4
=item F<include/parrot/extend.h>
=back
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This is the documentation for Parrot's embedding API.
=head2 Data structures
=over 4
=item C<Parrot_Interp>
The topmost data structure in Parrot is C<Parrot_Interp>, which represents
a Parrot interpreter. It is a required argument to almost every Parrot API
function. The structure is opaque in an embedded environment, so you cannot
directly access any of its members.
=item C<Parrot_PackFile>
A Parrot packfile, the internal structure containing Parrot bytecode.
=item C<Parrot_String>
Parrot's internal string type, which contains character encoding information.
=item C<Parrot_PMC>
A Polymorphic Container. This is the opaque external type for (PMC *). Note
that this is a macro, so there can be only one C<Parrot_PMC> declaration per
line.
=item C<Parrot_Int>
Parrot's integer numeric type.
=item C<Parrot_Float>
Parrot's floating point numeric type.
=item C<Parrot_UInt>
Parrot's unsigned integer numeric type.
=back
=head2 Function signatures
What is a function signature? It is a string which represents the calling and
return conventions of a function. It is a very succinct representation of the
answer to the question "How do I call this function and what does it
return?".
All function signatures follow the form of:
Foo->Bar
where C<Foo> and C<Bar> are a list of zero or more Parrot datatypes. C<Foo>
and C<Bar> are individually called 'type signatures'. The datatypes on the
left of the arrow are function arguments being passed in and the datatypes on
the right are the datatype being returned. No spaces are allowed in a
function signature.
There are four datatypes that can be used in Parrot function signatures:
I <=> Parrot_Int
N <=> Parrot_Float (Numeric)
S <=> Parrot_String
P <=> Parrot_PMC
Here are some example function signatures and what they mean:
INN->N In: Integer, two Numerics Out: Numeric
SIN->S In: String, Integer, Numeric Out: String
P->S In: PMC Out: String
PiP->S In: PMC (method call) Out: String
NN->N In: Two Numerics Out: Numeric
I->I In: Integer Out: Integer
I->N In: Integer Out: Numeric
N->P In: Numeric Out: PMC
Pi-> In: none (method call) Out: none
->I In: none Out: Integer
-> In: none Out: none
TODO: Multiple return values?
There is also the C<Pi> datatype, which may only appear at the beginning of a
function signature. It stands for "PMC invocant" and basically means SELF. C<Pi>
will only be used if calling a method on an object.
Parrot function signature are mostly used when calling C<Parrot_ext_call>.
=head2 Interpreter initialization and destruction
=over 4
=item C<Parrot_Interp Parrot_new(Parrot_Interp parent)>
Creates a new interpreter, inheriting some data structures from a parent
interpreter, if supplied. The first interpreter in any process should be
created with a NULL parent, and all subsequent interpreters in the same
process should use the first interpreter as their parent. Failure to do so
may result in unpredictable errors.
=item C<Parrot_set_flag(PARROT_INTERP, Parrot_int flags)>
Sets or unsets interpreter flags. Flags should be OR'd together. Valid
flags include:
=over 4
=item PARROT_NO_FLAGS
The default. No flags.
=item PARROT_BOUNDS_FLAG
True if bytecode bounds should be tracked.
=item PARROT_GC_DEBUG_FLAG
True if debugging memory management.
=item PARROT_EXTERN_CODE_FLAG
True if reusing another interpreters code.
=item PARROT_DESTROY_FLAG
True if the last interpreter shall cleanup.
=item PARROT_IS_THREAD
True if interpreter is a thread.
=item PARROT_THR_COPY_INTERP
True if thread start copies interpreter state.
=item PARROT_THR_THREAD_POOL
True if type3 threads are being used.
=back
These are defined in F<interpreter.h>.
=item C<void Parrot_set_run_core(PARROT_INTERP, Parrot_Run_core_t core)>
Sets the runcore for the interpreter. Must be called before executing any
bytecode. Valid runcores include:
=over 4
=item PARROT_SLOW_CORE
=item PARROT_FUNCTION_CORE
=item PARROT_FAST_CORE
=item PARROT_EXEC_CORE
=item PARROT_GC_DEBUG_CORE
=back
See F<interpreter.h> for the definitive list. If you're not sure which runcore
to use, don't call this function. The default will be fine for most cases.
(TODO: document runcores here).
=item C<Parrot_set_trace(Parrot_Interp, Parrot_UInt flags)>
Sets the interpreter's trace flags. Flags should be OR'd together. Valid
flags are:
=over 4
=item PARROT_NO_TRACE
=item PARROT_TRACE_OPS_FLAG
=item PARROT_TRACE_FIND_METH_FLAG
=item PARROT_TRACE_SUB_CALL_FLAG
=item PARROT_ALL_TRACE_FLAGS
Z<>
=back
=item C<void Parrot_set_executable_name(PARROT_INTERP, Parrot_string name)>
Sets the executable name of the calling process. Note that the name is a
Parrot string, not a C string.
=item C<void Parrot_destroy(PARROT_INTERP)>
Destroys an interpreter. At the time of this writing, this is a no-op.
See <Parrot_really_destroy()>.
=item C<void Parrot_really_destroy(PARROT_INTERP, int exit_code)>
Destroys an interpreter, regardless of the environment. The exit code is
currently unused.
=item C<void Parrot_x_exit(PARROT_INTERP, int status)>
Destroys the interpreter and exits with an exit code of C<status>. Before
exiting, the function calls all registered exit handlers in LIFO order.
C<Parrot_really_destroy()> is usually called as the last exit handler.
=item C<void Parrot_x_on_exit(PARROT_INTERP,
void (*handler)(Parrot_Interp, int, void *), void *arg)>
Registers an exit handler to be called from C<Parrot_x_exit()> in LIFO order.
The handler function should accept as arguments an interpreter, an integer
exit code, and an argument (which can be NULL).
=back
=head2 Loading and running bytecode
=over 4
=item C<Parrot_PackFile Parrot_pbc_read(PARROT_INTERP, const char *path, const int debug)>
Reads Parrot bytecode or PIR from the file referenced by C<path>. Returns
a packfile structure for use by C<Parrot_pbc_load()>. C<debug> should be 0.
=item C<void Parrot_pbc_load(PARROT_INTERP, Parrot_PackFile pf)>
Loads a packfile into the interpreter. After this operation the interpreter
is ready to run the bytecode in the packfile.
=item C<void Parrot_runcode(PARROT_INTERP, int argc, char *argv[])>
Runs the bytecode associated with the interpreter. Use C<argc> and C<argv[]>
to pass arguments to the bytecode.
=item C<Parrot_PackFile PackFile_new_dummy(PARROT_INTERP, char *name)>
Creates a "dummy" packfile in lieu of actually creating one from a bytecode
file on disk.
=item C<void Parrot_load_bytecode(PARROT_INTERP, STRING *path)>
Reads and load Parrot bytecode or PIR from the file referenced by C<path>.
You should create a dummy packfile beforehand; see C<PackFile_new_dummy> for
details. Due to the void return type, the behavior of this function on error
is unclear.
=back
=head2 Data manipulation
=head3 Native types
=over 4
=item C<int Parrot_PMC_typenum(PARROT_INTERP, const char *type)>
Returns the internal type number corresponding to C<type>. Useful for
instantiating various Parrot data types.
=item C<char *Parrot_str_to_cstring(PARROT_INTERP, const STRING *s)>
XXX needs to be a formal Parrot_* API.
Returns the C string representation of a Parrot string.
=item C<STRING *Parrot_str_new(PARROT_INTERP, const char *string, int len)>
XXX needs to be a formal Parrot_* API.
Returns the Parrot string representation of a C string.
=item C<string_from_literal(PARROT_INTERP, const char *string)>
XXX needs to be a formal Parrot_* API.
A macro for simplifying calls to C<Parrot_str_new>.
=back
=head3 PMCs
=over 4
=item C<Parrot_PMC Parrot_PMC_new(PARROT_INTERP, int typenum)>
Creates a new PMC of the type identified by C<typenum>. Use
C<Parrot_PMC_typenum> to obtain the correct type number.
=item C<void Parrot_register_pmc(Parrot_PMC pmc)>
Registers an externally created PMC with the garbage collector. You MUST call
this for any PMCs you create outside of Parrot bytecode, otherwise your PMC
may be garbage collected before you are finished using it.
=item C<void Parrot_unregister_pmc(Parrot_PMC pmc)>
Unregisters an externally created PMC from the garbage collector. You MUST call
this after you are finished using PMCs you create outside of Parrot bytecode,
or risk memory leaks.
=back
=head3 Globals
=over 4
=item C<Parrot_PMC Parrot_ns_find_current_namespace_global(PARROT_INTERP, Parrot_String name)>
Find and return a global called C<name> in the current namespace. Returns
C<PMCNULL> if not found.
=item C<Parrot_PMC Parrot_ns_find_namespace_global(PARROT_INTERP, PMC namespace, Parrot_String name)>
Search the namespace PMC C<namespace> for an object with name C<globalname>.
Return the object, or NULL if not found.
=item C<void Parrot_ns_store_global(PARROT_INTERP, PMC namespace, Parrot_String name, Parrot_PMC val)>
Store the PMC C<val> into the namespace PMC C<namespace> with name C<globalname>.
=back
=head3 Lexicals
Not documented yet.
=head2 Calling subroutines
=over 4
=item C<void Parrot_ext_call(PARROT_INTERP, Parrot_PMC sub, const_char *signature, varargs ...)>
Call a Parrot subroutine using the supplied function signature. Variables to be filled
with return values are passed as references in the varargs list, after all
arguments.
=back
=head2 Objects
=head3 Creating and destroying objects
=over 4
=item C<Parrot_PMC Parrot_oo_get_class(PARROT_INTERP, Parrot_PMC namespace)>
Returns the class corresponding to the supplied namespace.
=item C<Parrot_PMC Parrot_PMC_instantiate(PARROT_INTERP, Parrot_PMC the_class, Parrot_PMC arg)>
Instantiates a new object of class C<the_class>, which can be obtained from
C<Parrot_oo_get_class()>. Passes an optional PMC argument C<arg> to the
constructor (see init versus init_pmc). Use C<PMCNULL> if you are not
supplying an argument.
=back
=head3 Calling methods
=over 4
=item C<void Parrot_ext_call(PARROT_INTERP, Parrot_PMC method, const_char *signature, varargs ...)>
Methods are called using the same API function as calling a subroutine. The
first argument should be the object that the method will be invoked on, and it
should have the signature "Pi", which stands for "PMC invocant".
=back
=head1 COMPILING
Note: This section is aimed at you if you are writing an application
external to parrot which links against an installed parrot library.
=head2 Caveats
Several API functions are missing prototypes in Parrot's header files. This
means you may receive type warnings during compilation even though the types
of your arguments and return variables are correct. In this case it is safe
to cast to the correct type; not doing so may cause undesired behavior.
=head2 Compiler and linker flags
Your application will need to include the appropriate header files and
link against parrot and its dependencies.
Because the location of these files can vary from platform to platform, and
build to build, a general method is provided to find out the necessary flags to
use.
C<parrot_config> is the helper tool for determining anything related to parrot
configuration, determining compiler and linker flags to build against parrot is
no different.
To start, you should find C<parrot_config> in the path or allow your user to
provide this location for you. You can check this by running C<parrot_config> with
C<VERSION> as the argument to determine the version of parrot you are working with.
To determine the necessary C compiler flags, use C<embed-cflags>:
parrot_config embed-cflags
... and to find the necessary linker flags, use C<embed-ldflags>:
parrot_config embed-ldflags
The C<parrot_config> command can be incorporated with a compile as shown here
performing both compiling and linking in one step.
cc src/disassemble.c `parrot_config embed-cflags` `parrot_config embed-ldflags`
=head1 EXAMPLES
=head2 Load bytecode as a library and run a single subroutine
#include <parrot/parrot.h>
#include <parrot/extend.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Parrot_Interp interp;
Parrot_PackFile pf;
Parrot_PMC sub;
Parrot_String pstr;
interp = Parrot_new(NULL);
imcc_init(interp);
/* create a new packfile -- any name will do */
pf = PackFile_new_dummy(interp, "my-parrot-code");
pstr = string_from_literal(interp, "foo.pir");
Parrot_load_bytecode(interp, pstr);
/* find the subroutine named "foo" in the global namespace */
pstr = string_from_literal(interp, "foo");
sub = Parrot_ns_find_current_namespace_global(interp, pstr);
/* run foo(), which returns nothing */
Parrot_ext_call(interp, sub, "->");
Parrot_destroy(interp);
return(0);
}
=head1 EXPORTED FUNCTIONS
The Parrot embedding API is not finalized, and it will go through several
deprecation cycles before stabilizing. Below is the comprehensive list of
candidates for inclusion in the Parrot embedding API. It includes the
following types of functions:
=over 4
=item * The core functions documented above
=item * Functions required by macros
=item * Parrot_PMC_* VTABLE wrappers
=item * Miscellaneous functions whose utility outside of the core is
uncertain. This includes functions used by HLLs.
=item * Functions that should be removed in a future deprecation cycle. A
good example of this is most of the internal string_* functions, which now
have formal Parrot_str_* wrappers.
=back
The list may also be augmented if additional functionality is required.
=over 4
=item C<disable_event_checking>
=item C<enable_event_checking>
=item C<interpinfo>
=item C<interpinfo_p>
=item C<interpinfo_s>
=item C<mem_allocate_n_typed>
=item C<mem_allocate_n_zeroed_typed>
=item C<mem_allocate_zeroed_typed>
=item C<mem_sys_allocate>
=item C<mem_sys_allocate_zeroed>
=item C<mem_sys_free>
=item C<mem_sys_realloc>
=item C<mem_sys_realloc_zeroed>
=item C<PackFile_Constant_pack>
=item C<PackFile_ConstTable_pack>
=item C<PackFile_ConstTable_pack_size>
=item C<PackFile_destroy>
=item C<PackFile_fixup_subs>
=item C<PackFile_new>
=item C<PackFile_new_dummy>
=item C<PackFile_pack>
=item C<PackFile_pack_size>
=item C<Parrot_assert>
=item C<Parrot_block_GC_mark>
=item C<Parrot_block_GC_sweep>
=item C<Parrot_util_byte_index>
=item C<Parrot_util_byte_rindex>
=item C<Parrot_callback_C>
=item C<Parrot_callback_D>
=item C<Parrot_ext_call>
=item C<Parrot_char_digit_value>
=item C<Parrot_clear_debug>
=item C<Parrot_clear_flag>
=item C<Parrot_clear_trace>
=item C<Parrot_clone>
=item C<Parrot_compile_file>
=item C<Parrot_compile_string>
=item C<Parrot_ComposeRole>
=item C<Parrot_compreg>
=item C<Parrot_ComputeMRO_C3>
=item C<Parrot_confess>
=item C<Parrot_context_ref_trace>
=item C<Parrot_cx_add_handler>
=item C<Parrot_cx_add_handler_local>
=item C<Parrot_cx_broadcast_message>
=item C<Parrot_cx_count_handlers_local>
=item C<Parrot_cx_count_handlers_typed>
=item C<Parrot_cx_delete_handler_local>
=item C<Parrot_cx_delete_handler_typed>
=item C<Parrot_cx_delete_suspend_for_gc>
=item C<Parrot_cx_delete_task>
=item C<Parrot_cx_find_handler_for_task>
=item C<Parrot_cx_find_handler_local>
=item C<Parrot_cx_handle_tasks>
=item C<Parrot_cx_peek_task>
=item C<Parrot_cx_request_suspend_for_gc>
=item C<Parrot_cx_runloop_end>
=item C<Parrot_cx_schedule_callback>
=item C<Parrot_cx_schedule_repeat>
=item C<Parrot_cx_schedule_sleep>
=item C<Parrot_cx_schedule_task>
=item C<Parrot_cx_schedule_timer>
=item C<Parrot_cx_send_message>
=item C<Parrot_default_encoding>
=item C<Parrot_del_timer_event>
=item C<Parrot_destroy>
=item C<Parrot_disassemble>
=item C<Parrot_do_check_events>
=item C<Parrot_do_handle_events>
=item C<Parrot_dump_dynamic_environment>
=item C<Parrot_encoding_c_name>
=item C<Parrot_encoding_name>
=item C<Parrot_encoding_number>
=item C<Parrot_encoding_number_of_str>
=item C<Parrot_eprintf>
=item C<Parrot_event_add_io_event>
=item C<Parrot_ex_add_c_handler>
=item C<Parrot_ex_build_exception>
=item C<Parrot_x_exit>
=item C<Parrot_ex_mark_unhandled>
=item C<Parrot_ex_rethrow_from_c>
=item C<Parrot_ex_rethrow_from_op>
=item C<Parrot_ex_throw_from_c>
=item C<Parrot_ex_throw_from_c_args>
=item C<Parrot_ex_throw_from_op>
=item C<Parrot_ex_throw_from_op_args>
=item C<Parrot_find_encoding>
=item C<Parrot_ns_find_current_namespace_global>
=item C<Parrot_find_global_k>
=item C<Parrot_ns_find_namespace_global>
=item C<Parrot_ns_find_global_from_op>
=item C<Parrot_find_language>
=item C<Parrot_find_method_direct>
=item C<Parrot_find_method_with_cache>
=item C<Parrot_ns_find_named_item>
=item C<Parrot_util_float_rand>
=item C<Parrot_fprintf>
=item C<Parrot_free_context>
=item C<Parrot_freeze>
=item C<Parrot_freeze_at_destruct>
=item C<Parrot_sub_full_sub_name>
=item C<parrot_gc_context>
=item C<Parrot_gc_gms_init>
=item C<parrot_gc_gms_Parrot_gc_mark_PObj_alive>
=item C<Parrot_gc_mark_PObj_alive>
=item C<Parrot_hll_get_ctx_HLL_namespace>
=item C<Parrot_hll_get_ctx_HLL_type>
=item C<Parrot_dt_get_datatype_enum>
=item C<Parrot_dt_get_datatype_name>
=item C<Parrot_get_encoding>
=item C<Parrot_ns_get_global>
=item C<Parrot_hll_get_HLL_id>
=item C<Parrot_hll_get_HLL_name>
=item C<Parrot_hll_get_HLL_namespace>
=item C<Parrot_hll_get_HLL_type>
=item C<Parrot_get_intreg>
=item C<Parrot_get_namespace_autobase>
=item C<Parrot_ns_get_namespace_keyed>
=item C<Parrot_ns_get_namespace_keyed_str>
=item C<Parrot_get_numreg>
=item C<Parrot_get_pmcreg>
=item C<Parrot_get_root_namespace>
=item C<Parrot_get_runtime_path>
=item C<Parrot_get_strreg>
=item C<Parrot_get_vtable>
=item C<Parrot_get_vtable_index>
=item C<Parrot_get_vtable_name>
=item C<Parrot_init_events>
=item C<Parrot_init_signals>
=item C<Parrot_init_stacktop>
=item C<Parrot_util_int_rand>
=item C<Parrot_invalidate_method_cache>
=item C<Parrot_io_accept>
=item C<Parrot_io_bind>
=item C<Parrot_io_close>
=item C<Parrot_io_close_filehandle>
=item C<Parrot_io_close_piohandle>
=item C<Parrot_io_connect>
=item C<Parrot_IOData_mark>
=item C<Parrot_io_eof>
=item C<Parrot_io_eprintf>
=item C<Parrot_io_fdopen>
=item C<Parrot_io_finish>
=item C<Parrot_io_flush>
=item C<Parrot_io_flush_filehandle>
=item C<Parrot_io_fprintf>
=item C<Parrot_io_get_buffer_end>
=item C<Parrot_io_get_buffer_next>
=item C<Parrot_io_get_buffer_start>
=item C<Parrot_io_getfd>
=item C<Parrot_io_get_file_position>
=item C<Parrot_io_get_file_size>
=item C<Parrot_io_get_flags>
=item C<Parrot_io_get_os_handle>
=item C<Parrot_io_init>
=item C<Parrot_io_is_closed>
=item C<Parrot_io_is_closed_filehandle>
=item C<Parrot_io_is_encoding>
=item C<Parrot_io_is_tty>
=item C<Parrot_io_listen>
=item C<Parrot_io_make_offset>
=item C<Parrot_io_new_pmc>
=item C<Parrot_io_new_socket_pmc>
=item C<Parrot_io_open>
=item C<Parrot_io_parse_open_flags>
=item C<Parrot_io_peek>
=item C<Parrot_io_poll>
=item C<Parrot_io_printf>
=item C<Parrot_io_putps>
=item C<Parrot_io_puts>
=item C<Parrot_io_readline>
=item C<Parrot_io_reads>
=item C<Parrot_io_recv>
=item C<Parrot_io_seek>
=item C<Parrot_io_send>
=item C<Parrot_io_set_file_position>
=item C<Parrot_io_set_file_size>
=item C<Parrot_io_set_flags>
=item C<Parrot_io_set_os_handle>
=item C<Parrot_io_socket>
=item C<Parrot_io_socket_is_closed>
=item C<Parrot_io_STDERR>
=item C<Parrot_io_stdhandle>
=item C<Parrot_io_STDIN>
=item C<Parrot_io_STDOUT>
=item C<Parrot_io_tell>
=item C<Parrot_io_write>
=item C<Parrot_is_blocked_GC_mark>
=item C<Parrot_is_blocked_GC_sweep>
=item C<Parrot_kill_event_loop>
=item C<Parrot_lib_add_path>
=item C<Parrot_lib_add_path_from_cstring>
=item C<Parrot_load_bytecode>
=item C<Parrot_load_encoding>
=item C<Parrot_load_language>
=item C<Parrot_dyn_load_lib>
=item C<Parrot_locate_runtime_file>
=item C<Parrot_locate_runtime_file_str>
=item C<Parrot_make_cb>
=item C<Parrot_make_default_encoding>
=item C<Parrot_ns_make_namespace_autobase>
=item C<Parrot_ns_make_namespace_keyed>
=item C<Parrot_ns_make_namespace_keyed_str>
=item C<Parrot_mmd_cache_create>
=item C<Parrot_mmd_cache_destroy>
=item C<Parrot_mmd_cache_lookup_by_values>
=item C<Parrot_mmd_cache_mark>
=item C<Parrot_mmd_cache_store_by_values>
=item C<Parrot_new>
=item C<Parrot_new_cb_event>
=item C<Parrot_new_encoding>
=item C<Parrot_new_string>
=item C<Parrot_new_suspend_for_gc_event>
=item C<Parrot_new_terminate_event>
=item C<Parrot_new_timer_event>
=item C<Parrot_ns_get_name>
=item C<Parrot_x_on_exit>
=item C<Parrot_oo_get_class>
=item C<Parrot_oo_get_class_str>
=item C<Parrot_pbc_load>
=item C<Parrot_pbc_read>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_absolute>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_add>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_add_attribute>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_add_float>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_add_int>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_add_method>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_add_parent>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_add_role>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_add_vtable_override>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_assign_pmc>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_assign_string_native>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_can>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_clone>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_clone_pmc>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_cmp>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_cmp_num>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_cmp_pmc>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_cmp_string>
=item C<Parrot_PMC_concatenate>