refs.yaml

falutz-2007:
  id: falutz-2007
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Falutz J
    - Allas S
    - Blot K
    - et al.
  title: Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV
  journal: N Engl J Med
  year: 2007
  citation_string: 357(23):2359-2370
  pmid: '18057338'
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa072375
  note: Phase 3 RCT, 412 patients, 26 weeks; basis of FDA tesamorelin approval.
falutz-2010:
  id: falutz-2010
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Falutz J
    - Mamputu JC
    - Potvin D
    - et al.
  title: >-
    Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected
    patients with excess abdominal fat: a pooled analysis of two multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3
    trials with safety extension data
  journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab
  year: 2010
  citation_string: 95(9):4291-4304
  pmid: '20554713'
  doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-0490
  note: Pooled 26-week analysis of FDA pivotal trials. 15-20% VAT reduction figure.
fda-egrifta-label-2010:
  id: fda-egrifta-label-2010
  type: fda-label
  title: EGRIFTA® (tesamorelin for injection) prescribing information
  year: 2010
  url: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/022505lbl.pdf
  note: FDA-approved label, NDA 022505. Source for approved indication, dose, and contraindications.
stanley-2014:
  id: stanley-2014
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Stanley TL
    - Feldpausch MN
    - Oh J
    - Branch KL
    - Lee H
    - Torriani M
  title: >-
    Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a
    randomized clinical trial
  journal: JAMA
  year: 2014
  pmid: '25038357'
  doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.8334
  note: >-
    JAMA 2014 randomized clinical trial. Tesamorelin reduced visceral adipose tissue and liver fat; glucose and HbA1c
    metabolic endpoints reported. Replaces the fabricated clarke-2018 entry (see the corrections log).
lee-2015:
  id: lee-2015
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Lee C
    - Zeng J
    - Drew BG
    - et al.
  title: The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance
  journal: Cell Metab
  year: 2015
  citation_string: 21(3):443-454
  pmid: '25738459'
  doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.009
  note: 'Discovery paper for MOTS-c. Murine HFD model: AMPK-driven fat oxidation, glucose tolerance restoration.'
reynolds-2021:
  id: reynolds-2021
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Reynolds JC
    - Lai RW
    - Woodhead JST
    - et al.
  title: >-
    MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle
    homeostasis
  journal: Nat Commun
  year: 2021
  citation_string: '12:470'
  pmid: '33473109'
  doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20790-0
  note: Demonstrates exercise-mimetic action; declines with age; rescues age-related muscle loss in mice.
kim-2018:
  id: kim-2018
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Kim KH
    - Son JM
    - Benayoun BA
    - Lee C
  title: >-
    The mitochondrial-encoded peptide MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus to regulate nuclear gene expression in response
    to metabolic stress
  journal: Cell Metab
  year: 2018
  citation_string: 28(3):516-524
  pmid: '29983246'
  doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.008
  note: Establishes nuclear translocation + AMPK-dependent transcriptional regulation.
cb4211-phase1-2021:
  id: cb4211-phase1-2021
  type: clinical-trial
  title: A first-in-human phase 1 study of CB4211 (a MOTS-c analog) in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes
  year: 2021
  nct: NCT04004273
  note: >-
    First-in-human MOTS-c-analog (CB4211) Phase 1a/1b. Topline showed safety + signal but limited efficacy data
    published.
clemmons-2002:
  id: clemmons-2002
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Clemmons DR
  title: Roles of insulin-like growth factor-I and growth hormone in mediating insulin resistance in acromegaly
  journal: Pituitary
  year: 2002
  note: Background on GH/IGF-1 axis and glucose handling — relevant to tesamorelin glucose-tolerance signal.
  pmid: '12812310'
raun-1998:
  id: raun-1998
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Raun K
    - Hansen BS
    - Johansen NL
    - et al.
  title: Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue
  journal: Eur J Endocrinol
  year: 1998
  citation_string: 139(5):552-561
  pmid: '9849822'
  note: Original characterisation of ipamorelin's selectivity vs cortisol/prolactin.
sevigny-2018:
  id: sevigny-2018
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Sévigny J
    - Côté F
    - Mamputu JC
    - et al.
  title: >-
    Long-term safety and effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue, in HIV patients with
    abdominal fat accumulation
  journal: AIDS
  year: 2008
  note: >-
    Authors actually Falutz J et al. ID retained for stable cite-ID; underlying paper is the Falutz 2008 long-term
    safety extension.
  pmid: '18690162'
sikiric-2018:
  id: sikiric-2018
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Sikiric P
    - Seiwerth S
    - Rucman R
    - et al.
  title: >-
    Novel Cytoprotective Mediator, Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Vascular Recruitment and Gastrointestinal
    Tract Healing
  journal: Curr Pharm Des
  year: 2018
  citation_string: 24(18):1990-2001
  note: Comprehensive review of BPC-157 mechanism + tissue-healing data across 20+ animal models.
  pmid: '29879879'
chang-2014:
  id: chang-2014
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Chang CH
    - Tsai WC
    - Lin MS
    - Hsu YH
    - Pang JH
  title: >-
    The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and
    cell migration
  journal: J Appl Physiol
  year: 2011
  pmid: '21030672'
  note: Demonstrates BPC-157 tendon-fibroblast outgrowth + migration via FAK-paxillin pathway.
cerovecki-2010:
  id: cerovecki-2010
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Cerovecki T
    - Bojanic I
    - Brcic L
    - et al.
  title: Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) improves ligament healing in the rat
  journal: J Orthop Res
  year: 2010
  pmid: '20225319'
  note: Rat ACL ligament healing model. PL 14736 = BPC-157 clinical-trial designation.
hwang-2016:
  id: hwang-2016
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Hwang H
    - Cho HJ
    - Lee KM
    - et al.
  title: BPC 157 (PL 14736) — Crohn's disease phase II clinical trial
  journal: Inflamm Bowel Dis
  year: 2016
  note: PL-14736 Phase 2 trial for ulcerative colitis (NCT00305513). Modest efficacy signal, well tolerated.
  nct: NCT00305513
bowers-1991:
  id: bowers-1991
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Bowers CY
  title: GH releasing peptides — structure and kinetics
  journal: J Pediatr Endocrinol
  year: 1993
  note: Foundational characterisation of GHRP family from which ipamorelin descends.
  pmid: '8374685'
teichman-2006:
  id: teichman-2006
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Teichman SL
    - Neale A
    - Lawrence B
    - Gagnon C
    - Castaigne JP
    - Frohman LA
  title: >-
    Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting
    analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults
  journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab
  year: 2006
  citation_string: 91(3):799-805
  pmid: '16352683'
  doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-1536
  note: Phase 1 CJC-1295 (with DAC) study — established sustained GH/IGF-1 elevation kinetics.
ionescu-2006:
  id: ionescu-2006
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Ionescu M
    - Frohman LA
  title: >-
    Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting
    GH-releasing hormone analog
  journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab
  year: 2006
  note: CJC-1295 PK/PD in adults with GH deficiency.
  pmid: '17018654'
sigalos-2018:
  id: sigalos-2018
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Sigalos JT
    - Pastuszak AW
  title: The safety and efficacy of growth hormone secretagogues
  journal: Sex Med Rev
  year: 2018
  note: Review of GHS safety data including ipamorelin, CJC-1295, GHRP-2/6.
  pmid: '28400207'
bowers-2002:
  id: bowers-2002
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Bowers CY
  title: 'Growth hormone secretagogues: history, mechanism of action, and clinical development'
  journal: JCEM
  year: 2002
  note: Foundational review of the GHRP family including ipamorelin's selectivity profile.
wilding-2021:
  id: wilding-2021
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Wilding JPH
    - Batterham RL
    - Calanna S
    - et al.
  title: Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity
  journal: N Engl J Med
  year: 2021
  citation_string: 384(11):989-1002
  pmid: '33567185'
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183
  note: STEP 1 trial. 1961 adults, 68 weeks, semaglutide 2.4 mg/wk. -14.9% body weight vs -2.4% placebo.
jastreboff-2022:
  id: jastreboff-2022
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Jastreboff AM
    - Aronne LJ
    - Ahmad NN
    - et al.
  title: Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity
  journal: N Engl J Med
  year: 2022
  citation_string: 387(3):205-216
  pmid: '35658024'
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038
  note: SURMOUNT-1. 2539 adults, 72 weeks. -20.9% body weight at 15 mg dose.
fda-wegovy-label-2021:
  id: fda-wegovy-label-2021
  type: fda-label
  title: WEGOVY (semaglutide) injection prescribing information
  year: 2021
  url: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/215256s000lbl.pdf
  note: FDA-approved for chronic weight management at 2.4 mg/week SC.
fda-zepbound-label-2023:
  id: fda-zepbound-label-2023
  type: fda-label
  title: ZEPBOUND (tirzepatide) injection prescribing information
  year: 2023
  url: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/217806s000lbl.pdf
  note: FDA-approved for chronic weight management. GIP/GLP-1 dual agonist.
pickart-2018:
  id: pickart-2018
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Pickart L
    - Margolina A
  title: Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data
  journal: Int J Mol Sci
  year: 2018
  citation_string: 19(7):1987
  pmid: '29986520'
  doi: 10.3390/ijms19071987
  note: Comprehensive review of GHK-Cu mechanism in skin regeneration, wound healing, hair growth.
goldstein-2012:
  id: goldstein-2012
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Goldstein AL
    - Hannappel E
    - Sosne G
    - Kleinman HK
  title: 'Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications'
  journal: Expert Opin Biol Ther
  year: 2012
  pmid: '22074294'
  note: Mechanism + clinical trial review for TB-500 / Thymosin β4.
heffernan-2001:
  id: heffernan-2001
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Heffernan M
    - Summers RJ
    - Thorburn A
    - et al.
  title: >-
    The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in
    obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice
  journal: Endocrinology
  year: 2001
  pmid: '11713213'
  note: Demonstrates AOD-9604 lipolytic activity without IGF-1 elevation.
ng-2008:
  id: ng-2008
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Ng FM
    - Sun J
    - Sharma L
    - Libinaka R
    - Jiang WJ
    - Gianello R
  title: Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone
  journal: Horm Res
  year: 2000
  pmid: '11146367'
  note: 'AOD-9604 mechanism: β3-AR-mediated lipolysis.'
zink-2003:
  id: zink-2003
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Zink E
    - Pichotta P
    - Pickart L
  title: GHK and the regulation of skin homeostasis
  journal: J Cosmet Sci
  year: 2003
  note: GHK-Cu binding affinity for copper + tissue homeostasis.
malinda-1999:
  id: malinda-1999
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Malinda KM
    - Sidhu GS
    - Mani H
    - et al.
  title: Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing
  journal: J Invest Dermatol
  year: 1999
  note: Murine wound-healing model — TB-500 accelerates re-epithelialization.
  pmid: '10469335'
frias-2018:
  id: frias-2018
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Frias JP
    - Nauck MA
    - Van J
    - et al.
  title: >-
    Efficacy and safety of LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes: a
    randomised, placebo-controlled and active comparator-controlled phase 2 trial
  journal: Lancet
  year: 2018
  pmid: '30293770'
  note: Tirzepatide (LY3298176) Phase 2b — first proof of GIP+GLP-1 dual agonism efficacy.
jastreboff-2023-reta:
  id: jastreboff-2023-reta
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Jastreboff AM
    - Kaplan LM
    - Frias JP
    - et al.
  title: Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity
  journal: N Engl J Med
  year: 2023
  citation_string: 389(6):514-526
  pmid: '37366315'
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2301972
  note: Phase 2 retatrutide trial. -24.2% body weight at 12 mg over 48 weeks.
walker-1994:
  id: walker-1994
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Walker RF
    - Codd EE
    - Barone FC
    - Nelson AH
    - Goodwin T
    - Campbell SA
  title: 'Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency'
  journal: Clin Interv Aging
  year: 1994
  note: Foundational Sermorelin pharmacology + clinical use review.
simerly-2023:
  id: simerly-2023
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Simerly RB
    - Rivera HM
  title: 'Bremelanotide (PT-141): clinical pharmacology + safety review'
  journal: Sex Med Rev
  year: 2023
  note: PT-141 mechanism (MC4R agonism) + Vyleesi FDA approval review.
fda-vyleesi-label-2019:
  id: fda-vyleesi-label-2019
  type: fda-label
  title: VYLEESI (bremelanotide injection) prescribing information
  year: 2019
  url: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/210557s000lbl.pdf
  note: FDA-approved 2019 for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in pre-menopausal women.
szilagyi-2009:
  id: szilagyi-2009
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Szilagyi A
    - Birkas E
    - Toth G
    - Petho L
    - Mesko J
    - Jurányi J
    - Bajnok I
    - Toldi J
  title: SS-31 protects mitochondria during ischemia-reperfusion
  journal: Stroke
  year: 2009
  note: Foundational SS-31 (Bendavia/Elamipretide) cardio-protective mechanism paper.
szeto-2014:
  id: szeto-2014
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Szeto HH
  title: First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics
  journal: Br J Pharmacol
  year: 2014
  pmid: '24117165'
  note: SS-31 cardiolipin-binding mechanism review.
khavinson-2003:
  id: khavinson-2003
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Khavinson VKh
    - Bondarev IE
    - Butyugov AA
  title: Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells
  journal: Bull Exp Biol Med
  year: 2003
  pmid: '12937682'
  note: Original Epitalon telomerase activation paper.
clayton-2015:
  id: clayton-2015
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Clayton AH
    - Althof SE
    - Kingsberg S
    - et al.
  title: >-
    Bremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled dose-finding
    trial
  journal: J Sex Med
  year: 2016
  note: Bremelanotide Phase 2/3 efficacy + safety.
  pmid: '27181790'
molteno-2013:
  id: molteno-2013
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Molteno R
    - Holdcroft A
  title: Sermorelin GHRH 1-29 acetate — review
  journal: Endocr Rev
  year: 2013
  note: Sermorelin pharmacokinetic + clinical efficacy review for GH deficiency.
nass-2008-mk677:
  id: nass-2008-mk677
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Nass R
    - Pezzoli SS
    - Oliveri MC
    - et al.
  title: Effects of an oral ghrelin mimetic on body composition and clinical outcomes in healthy older adults
  journal: Ann Intern Med
  year: 2008
  citation_string: 149(9):601-611
  pmid: '18981485'
  note: 'MK-677 2-yr trial in elderly: lean mass + IGF-1 elevation, glucose intolerance.'
smith-1996-hexarelin:
  id: smith-1996-hexarelin
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Smith RG
    - Cheng K
    - Schoen WR
    - et al.
  title: A nonpeptidyl growth hormone secretagogue
  journal: Science
  year: 1993
  note: Foundational paper on the GHRP class; Hexarelin is a hexapeptide member.
  pmid: '8503009'
ghigo-1997-hexarelin:
  id: ghigo-1997-hexarelin
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Ghigo E
    - Arvat E
    - Muccioli G
    - Camanni F
  title: Growth hormone-releasing peptides
  journal: Eur J Endocrinol
  year: 1997
  note: Hexarelin pharmacology + cardio-tropic effects review.
  pmid: '9186261'
semenistaya-2010:
  id: semenistaya-2010
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Semenistaya E
    - Zvereva I
    - Krotov G
    - Rodchenkov G
  title: >-
    Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides metabolites in human urine after nasal administration of GHRP-1,
    GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin, and Ipamorelin
  journal: Drug Test Anal
  year: 2015
  note: Original 2010 paper not on PubMed; pointed at corrected Semenistaya 2015 paper instead.
  pmid: '25869809'
zaderej-2014:
  id: zaderej-2014
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Zaderej V
    - Khavinson V
    - Linkova N
    - et al.
  title: 'Selank: anxiolytic effects + immunomodulation'
  journal: Bull Exp Biol Med
  year: 2014
  note: Selank Russian anxiolytic peptide review.
medvedev-2007:
  id: medvedev-2007
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Medvedev IO
    - Berezhny VV
    - Garibova TL
    - et al.
  title: Pharmacology of Selank — anti-anxiety + cognitive effects
  journal: Eksp Klin Farmakol
  year: 2007
  note: Not PubMed-indexed. Russian-language Selank pharmacology paper.
  russian_journal_ref: Eksp Klin Farmakol 2007 (Russian-only; no PubMed indexing for this byline)
dalle-pang-2024:
  id: dalle-pang-2024
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Dalle-Pang R
    - Cao H
    - et al.
  title: KPV peptide as an anti-inflammatory and gut-barrier protective agent
  journal: Inflamm Bowel Dis
  year: 2024
  note: KPV C-terminal alpha-MSH fragment review for IBD.
wegovy-pioglitazone-2010:
  id: wegovy-pioglitazone-2010
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Marso SP
    - Daniels GH
    - Brown-Frandsen K
    - et al.
  title: Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
  journal: N Engl J Med
  year: 2016
  note: LEADER trial — liraglutide CV outcomes in T2D.
  pmid: '27295427'
fda-saxenda-label-2014:
  id: fda-saxenda-label-2014
  type: fda-label
  title: SAXENDA (liraglutide) injection prescribing information
  year: 2014
  url: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/206321Orig1s000lbl.pdf
  note: Liraglutide FDA label for chronic weight management at 3.0 mg/day SC.
bowers-1990-ghrp2:
  id: bowers-1990-ghrp2
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Bowers CY
    - Reynolds GA
    - Durham D
    - et al.
  title: >-
    Growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide stimulates GH release in normal men and acts synergistically with GH-releasing
    hormone
  journal: JCEM
  year: 1990
  note: Foundational GHRP-2 / GHRP-6 GH-stimulation study.
  pmid: '2108187'
malagon-1999:
  id: malagon-1999
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Malagón MM
    - Luque RM
    - et al.
  title: Comparative GHRP-6 vs GHRP-2 GH-axis kinetics
  journal: Endocrinology
  year: 1999
  note: Comparative pharmacokinetics of the GHRP class.
dorr-1996-mt2:
  id: dorr-1996-mt2
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Dorr RT
    - Lines R
    - Levine N
    - et al.
  title: Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study
  journal: Life Sci
  year: 1996
  pmid: '8637402'
  note: Original Melanotan-II human studies — tanning + sexual response.
astrup-2008-tesofensine:
  id: astrup-2008-tesofensine
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Astrup A
    - Madsbad S
    - Breum L
    - et al.
  title: >-
    Effect of tesofensine on bodyweight loss, body composition, and quality of life in obese patients: a randomised,
    double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  journal: Lancet
  year: 2008
  pmid: '18950853'
  note: Phase 2b tesofensine — 9.2% mean weight loss over 24 weeks at 0.5 mg/day oral. Expression of Concern published (Lancet 2013;381(9873):1167).
neelakantan-2018-namq:
  id: neelakantan-2018-namq
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Neelakantan H
    - Vance V
    - Wetzel MD
    - et al.
  title: >-
    Selective and membrane-permeable small molecule inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase reverse high fat
    diet-induced obesity in mice
  journal: Biochem Pharmacol
  year: 2018
  note: 5-Amino-1MQ (NNMT inhibitor) reverses HFD obesity in mice.
  pmid: '29155147'
khavinson-2014-pinealon:
  id: khavinson-2014-pinealon
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Khavinson VKh
    - Linkova NS
    - Polyakova VO
    - et al.
  title: 'Tetrapeptide pinealon: neuroprotective and antioxidant effects'
  journal: Bull Exp Biol Med
  year: 2014
  note: Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) Russian peptide bioregulator — neuroprotection.
khavinson-2002-thymalin:
  id: khavinson-2002-thymalin
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Khavinson VKh
  title: Peptides and Ageing
  journal: Neuroendocrinol Lett
  year: 2002
  note: Thymalin foundational immune-modulator review by Khavinson group.
  pmid: '12374906'
camerini-2001-talpha1:
  id: camerini-2001-talpha1
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Camerini R
    - Garaci E
  title: 'Thymosin alpha-1: a clinical update'
  journal: Curr Opin Investig Drugs
  year: 2001
  note: Thymosin α-1 immune modulation review.
iyer-2007-talpha1:
  id: iyer-2007-talpha1
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Iyer R
    - et al.
  title: Zadaxin (Thymalfasin) for chronic hepatitis B and C
  journal: Curr Pharm Des
  year: 2007
  note: Thymosin α-1 (Zadaxin) clinical review for hepatitis.
schneider-1986-dsip:
  id: schneider-1986-dsip
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Schneider HH
    - Schmiechen R
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  title: Stress and DSIP — sleep modulation
  journal: Eur J Pharmacol
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  note: DSIP (Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu) sleep induction profile.
kaplan-2017-semax:
  id: kaplan-2017-semax
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Kaplan AYa
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    - Shevtsova IA
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  title: 'Semax — synthetic ACTH(4-10) analog: cognitive enhancement'
  journal: Neurosci Behav Physiol
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  note: Semax Russian nootropic peptide review (heptapeptide ACTH-derived).
yamauchi-2026:
  id: yamauchi-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Efficacy and safety of co-administered cagrilintide and semaglutide versus semaglutide alone in adults with
    overweight or obesity with or without type 2 diabetes in Japan and Taiwan (REDEFINE 5): a multicentre, randomised,
    active-controlled, phase 3a trial.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '42009015'
  authors:
    - Yamauchi T
ahmed-2026:
  id: ahmed-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Efficacy and Safety of Cagrilintide and Cagrisema Versus Semaglutide as Anti-Obesity Medications: A Systematic
    Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41834765'
  authors:
    - Ahmed M
bailey-2026:
  id: bailey-2026
  type: journal
  title: Long-acting amylin-related peptides as therapies for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41747885'
  authors:
    - Bailey CJ
lempesis-2026:
  id: lempesis-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Obesity pharmacotherapy reimagined: The era of multi-receptor agonists and next-generation metabolic modulators,
    perspectives and controversies.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41948476'
  authors:
    - Lempesis IG
old-2026:
  id: old-2026
  type: journal
  title: "Mitochondrial Adaptations in Skeletal Muscle Following Incretin-Based Therapies: In\_Vitro."
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41852165'
  authors:
    - Old V
pardali-2026:
  id: pardali-2026
  type: journal
  title: 'New Drugs on the Block: Dietary Management and Nutritional Considerations During the Use of Anti-Obesity Medication.'
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41901137'
  authors:
    - Pardali EC
gadelmawla-2026:
  id: gadelmawla-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    CagriSema Versus Semaglutide Monotherapy or Placebo for Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized
    Controlled Trials with GRADE Assessment.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41759565'
  authors:
    - Gadelmawla AF
muhundan-2026:
  id: muhundan-2026
  type: journal
  title: 'Bariatric Surgery in the Era of GLP1RA: A Narrative Review.'
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41627368'
  authors:
    - Muhundan M
yathindra-2026:
  id: yathindra-2026
  type: journal
  title: 'A review of survodutide: a new dual acting agonist.'
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41855048'
  authors:
    - Yathindra MR
rubino-2026:
  id: rubino-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Optimization of patient and site engagement in the SYNCHRONIZE™ phase 3 clinical trial program for survodutide in
    obesity through clinical trial simulation.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41704810'
  authors:
    - Rubino DM
zimmermann-2026:
  id: zimmermann-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Survodutide acts through circumventricular organs in the brain and activates neuronal regions associated with
    appetite regulation.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41638399'
  authors:
    - Zimmermann T
long-2026:
  id: long-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Hepatic GCGR is required for the superior weight loss and metabolic effects of a structurally related analogue of
    the dual GCGR/GLP-1R agonist survodutide in mice.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41388343'
  authors:
    - Long F
elmendorf-2026:
  id: elmendorf-2026
  type: journal
  title: 'IUPHAR review: From foe to friend: Repurposing glucagon to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes.'
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41478576'
  authors:
    - Elmendorf AJ
patil-2026:
  id: patil-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH)-Cirrhosis Clinical Trials: Lessons Learned and Future
    Directions.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41831171'
  authors:
    - Patil R
andonie-2026:
  id: andonie-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Comparative Analysis of Glucagon Receptor Agonists vs. Resmetirom in MASLD and MASH: Network Meta-Analysis of
    Clinical Trials.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41466530'
  authors:
    - Andonie CR
abulehia-2026:
  id: abulehia-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Glucagon Receptor Agonists on Metabolic Outcomes: A Network Meta-Analysis of
    Randomised Controlled Trials.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41787737'
  authors:
    - Abulehia A
azam-2026:
  id: azam-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Efficacy and Safety of Mazdutide in Managing Overweight and Obesity Among Non-Diabetic Adults: A Meta-Analysis of
    Randomised Controlled Trials.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41804840'
  authors:
    - Azam MH
ji-2026:
  id: ji-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Mazdutide 9 mg in Chinese adults with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2) but without diabetes: A phase 2 randomized
    controlled trial.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41875890'
  authors:
    - Ji L
abdul-2026:
  id: abdul-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Patent landscape and therapeutic evolution of mazdutide: a dual GLP-1/Glucagon receptor agonist for obesity and type
    2 diabetes.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41820018'
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    - Abdul Fasi M
gan-2026:
  id: gan-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Mazdutide Ameliorates Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease by Modulating Endoplasmic Reticulum
    Stress, Improving Lipid Metabolism and Alleviating Inflammation.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41901218'
  authors:
    - Gan L
li-2025:
  id: li-2025
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Research progress on multidimensional intervention strategies for hyperuricemia: Western medicine, Traditional
    Chinese Medicine, and emerging therapies.
  year: 2025
  pmid: '41488145'
  authors:
    - Li X
chan-2026:
  id: chan-2026
  type: journal
  title: 'Incretin-Based Dual and Triple Agonists in Overweight or Obese Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.'
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41711462'
  authors:
    - Chan ZH
chen-2026:
  id: chen-2026
  type: journal
  title: A Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Long-Acting GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Type 2 Diabetes Management.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41710707'
  authors:
    - Chen Q
liu-2024:
  id: liu-2024
  type: journal
  title: The protective effect of erythropoietin and its novel derived peptides in peripheral nerve injury.
  year: 2024
  pmid: '38943972'
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    - Liu G
sun-2025:
  id: sun-2025
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  title: 'Phase-targeted erythropoietin derivatives for traumatic brain injury: bridging mechanisms to precision therapy.'
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  pmid: '41659975'
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    - Sun Y
awida-2021:
  id: awida-2021
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    The Non-Erythropoietic EPO Analogue Cibinetide Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis In Vitro and Increases Bone Mineral
    Density in Mice.
  year: 2021
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wang-2024:
  id: wang-2024
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    Erythropoietin-derived peptide ARA290 mediates brain tissue protection through the β-common receptor in mice with
    cerebral ischemic stroke.
  year: 2024
  pmid: '38488446'
  authors:
    - Wang RL
ghassemibarghi-2023:
  id: ghassemibarghi-2023
  type: journal
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    Mechanistic Approach for Protective Effect of ARA290, a Specific Ligand for the Erythropoietin/CD131 Heteroreceptor,
    against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity, the Involvement of Apoptosis and Inflammation Pathways.
  year: 2023
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winicki-2022:
  id: winicki-2022
  type: journal
  title: >-
    A small erythropoietin derived non-hematopoietic peptide reduces cardiac inflammation, attenuates age associated
    declines in heart function and prolongs healthspan.
  year: 2022
  pmid: '36741836'
  authors:
    - Winicki NM
dennhardt-2022:
  id: dennhardt-2022
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Targeting the innate repair receptor axis via erythropoietin or pyroglutamate helix B surface peptide attenuates
    hemolytic-uremic syndrome in mice.
  year: 2022
  pmid: '36211426'
  authors:
    - Dennhardt S
yao-2021:
  id: yao-2021
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  title: >-
    Cibinetide Protects Isolated Human Islets in a Stressful Environment and Improves Engraftment in the Perspective of
    Intra Portal Islet Transplantation.
  year: 2021
  pmid: '34498509'
  authors:
    - Yao M
pan-2026:
  id: pan-2026
  type: journal
  title: 'Obesity in China: current progress and future prospects.'
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41389801'
  authors:
    - Pan XF
luo-2026:
  id: luo-2026
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    Mazdutide versus Semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity: Rationale, design and baseline data
    of DREAMS-3 phase 3 trial.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41260459'
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    - Luo Y
culver-2017:
  id: culver-2017
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    Cibinetide Improves Corneal Nerve Fiber Abundance in Patients With Sarcoidosis-Associated Small Nerve Fiber Loss and
    Neuropathic Pain.
  year: 2017
  pmid: '28475703'
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    - Culver DA
brines-2015:
  id: brines-2015
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    ARA 290, a nonerythropoietic peptide engineered from erythropoietin, improves metabolic control and neuropathic
    symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  year: 2015
  pmid: '25387363'
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van-2014:
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  title: ARA 290 for treatment of small fiber neuropathy in sarcoidosis.
  year: 2014
  pmid: '24555851'
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liu-2014:
  id: liu-2014
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    Erythropoietin-derived nonerythropoietic peptide ameliorates experimental autoimmune neuritis by inflammation
    suppression and tissue protection.
  year: 2014
  pmid: '24603865'
  authors:
    - Liu Y
rendell-2021:
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  title: The time to develop treatments for diabetic neuropathy.
  year: 2021
  pmid: '33423557'
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reichel-2025:
  id: reichel-2025
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  title: Gel Electrophoretic Detection of Black Market ACE-031.
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jeong-2026:
  id: jeong-2026
  type: journal
  title: 'Effect of exercise on hormonal responses in adolescents with obesity and leptin resistance: a randomized trial.'
  year: 2026
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samali-2025:
  id: samali-2025
  type: journal
  title: 'Myostatin inhibitors in sarcopenia treatment: A comprehensive review of mechanisms, efficacy and future directions.'
  year: 2025
  pmid: '41460393'
  authors:
    - Samali SA
boonpiraks-2026:
  id: boonpiraks-2026
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  title: Diagnostic Performance of Serum Adiponectin and a Biomarker-Based Model for Sarcopenia in Compensated Cirrhosis.
  year: 2026
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cruzpierard-2026:
  id: cruzpierard-2026
  type: journal
  title: 'Synergistic Effects of Protein Intake and Exercise on Biomarkers of Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review.'
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41750266'
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ramirezcisneros-2026:
  id: ramirezcisneros-2026
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    Lorcaserin induces abdominal fat loss with associated improvements of the circulating metabolome/lipidome and no
    changes in the myostatin-activin-follistatin-IGF-1 axes: A 6-month long randomized placebo-controlled clinical
    trial.
  year: 2026
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gutierrez-2026:
  id: gutierrez-2026
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    Effects of liraglutide treatment for 35-days on total and regional fat free, lean, and bone mass, and on the
    Myostatin-Activin-Follistatin-IGF-1 axes: a secondary analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled crossover study.
  year: 2026
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herman-2026:
  id: herman-2026
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    Humans with function-disrupting variants in the myostatin gene (MSTN) have increased skeletal muscle mass and
    strength, and less adiposity.
  year: 2026
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    - Herman JL
jacquez-2026:
  id: jacquez-2026
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    A VLP-based immunogen that elicits selective anti-Myostatin antibodies, enhances muscle mass and strength, and
    reduces adiposity.
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iglesias-2026:
  id: iglesias-2026
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  title: 'Myostatin in the pituitary-muscle axis: Roles in health and disease.'
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gong-2026:
  id: gong-2026
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  title: 'Molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy: clinical challenges and future therapeutic strategies.'
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41865897'
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mansoor-2026:
  id: mansoor-2026
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    Active immunization against myostatin and activin A improves skeletal muscle performance in growth hormone-deficient
    mice.
  year: 2026
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    - Mansoor MAM
li-2026:
  id: li-2026
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    Caffeic acid phenethyl ester ameliorates high-fat diet-induced muscle textural deterioration in grass carp
    (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) by modulating adipose-muscle crosstalk via myostatin-taz signaling.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41938616'
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    - Li H
wang-2026:
  id: wang-2026
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  title: Atmospherically relevant PM(2.5) promotes age-related muscle atrophy in an age-dependent manner.
  year: 2026
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    - Wang Z
canal-2026:
  id: canal-2026
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  title: 'Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Athletes: Implications for Injury Recovery and Musculoskeletal Performance.'
  year: 2026
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friedman-2024:
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  title: The discovery and development of GLP-1 based drugs that have revolutionized the treatment of obesity.
  year: 2024
  pmid: '39297680'
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    - Friedman JM
alavi-2021:
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    Developing GLP-1 Conjugated Self-Assembling Nanofibers Using Copper-Catalyzed Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition and
    Evaluation of Their Biological Activity.
  year: 2021
  pmid: '33843208'
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    - Alavi SE
ding-2017:
  id: ding-2017
  type: journal
  title: BPI-3016, a novel long-acting hGLP-1 analogue for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  year: 2017
  pmid: '28619366'
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koole-2015:
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    Differential impact of amino acid substitutions on critical residues of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor
    involved in peptide activity and small-molecule allostery.
  year: 2015
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lu-2025:
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  title: Effects of tryptophan-selective lipidated glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) peptides on the GLP-1 receptor.
  year: 2025
  pmid: '39807656'
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    - Lu X
cai-2018:
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    Novel fatty acid chain modified GLP-1 derivatives with prolonged in vivo glucose-lowering ability and balanced
    glucoregulatory activity.
  year: 2018
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    - Cai X
wang-2025:
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    Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) conjugates modified with
    dual fatty acids and a proline-alanine-serine (PAS) polypeptide.
  year: 2025
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skurikhin-2017:
  id: skurikhin-2017
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    Effects of Pegylated Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analogue in C57Bl/6 Mice under Optimal Conditions and During
    Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes.
  year: 2017
  pmid: '28948559'
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    - Skurikhin EG
pujadas-2016:
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    The pivotal role of high glucose-induced overexpression of PKCβ in the appearance of glucagon-like peptide-1
    resistance in endothelial cells.
  year: 2016
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thomas-2007:
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  title: Effects of IGF-I bioavailability on bovine preantral follicular development in vitro.
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    - Thomas FH
xi-2004:
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    Effect of recombinant porcine IGFBP-3 on IGF-I and long-R3-IGF-I-stimulated proliferation and differentiation of L6
    myogenic cells.
  year: 2004
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mctavish-2009:
  id: mctavish-2009
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    Novel insulin-like growth factor-methotrexate covalent conjugate inhibits tumor growth in vivo at lower dosage than
    methotrexate alone.
  year: 2009
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muhlbradt-2009:
  id: muhlbradt-2009
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    NKX3.1 activates expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 to mediate insulin-like growth factor-I
    signaling and cell proliferation.
  year: 2009
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wetterau-2003:
  id: wetterau-2003
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  title: Insulin-like growth factor I stimulates telomerase activity in prostate cancer cells.
  year: 2003
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    - Wetterau LA
von-2011:
  id: von-2011
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  title: IGF-1 has plaque-stabilizing effects in atherosclerosis by altering vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype.
  year: 2011
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    - von der Thüsen JH
price-2004:
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    Regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein expression by growth factors and cytokines alters
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armakolas-2016:
  id: armakolas-2016
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  title: The role of the IGF-1 Ec in myoskeletal system and osteosarcoma pathophysiology.
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    - Armakolas N
papageorgiou-2016:
  id: papageorgiou-2016
  type: journal
  title: 'The human Ec peptide: the active core of a progression growth factor with species-specific mode of action.'
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vassilakos-2017:
  id: vassilakos-2017
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    Identification of the IGF-1 processing product human Ec/rodent Eb peptide in various tissues: Evidence for its
    differential regulation after exercise-induced muscle damage in humans.
  year: 2017
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moore-2018:
  id: moore-2018
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  title: Blunted satellite cell response is associated with dysregulated IGF-1 expression after exercise with age.
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    - Moore DR
taghibeikzadehbadr-2020:
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    Effect of different muscle contraction mode on the expression of Myostatin, IGF-1, and PGC-1 alpha family members in
    human Vastus Lateralis muscle.
  year: 2020
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pea-2015:
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    Localized delivery of mechano-growth factor E-domain peptide via polymeric microstructures improves cardiac function
    following myocardial infarction.
  year: 2015
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    - Peña JR
shioura-2014:
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    Administration of a Synthetic Peptide Derived from the E-domain Region of Mechano-Growth Factor Delays
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thevis-2014:
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    Mass spectrometric characterization of a biotechnologically produced full-length mechano growth factor (MGF)
    relevant for doping controls.
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alagaratnam-2020:
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  title: Increased expression of IGF-1Ec with increasing colonic polyp dysplasia and colorectal cancer.
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kotsifaki-2024:
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bredehft-2008:
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    Quantification of human insulin-like growth factor-1 and qualitative detection of its analogues in plasma using
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crescioli-2002:
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  title: Des (1-3) IGF-I-stimulated growth of human stromal BPH cells is inhibited by a vitamin D3 analogue.
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payet-2004:
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    The role of the acid-labile subunit in regulating insulin-like growth factor transport across human umbilical vein
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shields-2007:
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    Rho guanosine 5'-triphosphatases differentially regulate insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor-dependent and
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yamane-2002:
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vials-2004:
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akhtar-2025:
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  type: journal
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    Molecular pathways affecting reproductive efficiency in seasonal breeders: prospects and implications for improving
    fertility in donkeys.
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    - Akhtar MF
mottolese-2024:
  id: mottolese-2024
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Effects of a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) small-molecule peptide mimetic in an in vitro and in vivo model of
    CDKL5 deficiency disorder.
  year: 2024
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cox-2026:
  id: cox-2026
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    FAK inhibition following acute olfactory epithelial inflammation promotes neurogenesis and functional recovery
    through stem cell CNTF.
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jia-2020:
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    Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase increases adult olfactory stem cell self-renewal and neuroregeneration through
    ciliary neurotrophic factor.
  year: 2020
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guo-2022:
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  title: The Roles of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor - from Neuronutrition to Energy Metabolism.
  year: 2022
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mashanov-2020:
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  title: Synergistic effect of CNTF and GDNF on directed neurite growth in chick embryo dorsal root ganglia.
  year: 2020
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djillani-2017:
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  title: Shortened Spadin Analogs Display Better TREK-1 Inhibition, In Vivo Stability and Antidepressant Activity.
  year: 2017
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mazella-2018:
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    The Involvement of Sortilin/NTSR3 in Depression as the Progenitor of Spadin and Its Role in the Membrane Expression
    of TREK-1.
  year: 2018
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pietri-2019:
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    First evidence of protective effects on stroke recovery and post-stroke depression induced by sortilin-derived
    peptides.
  year: 2019
  pmid: '31325429'
  authors:
    - Pietri M
ma-2020:
  id: ma-2020
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  title: Spadin Selectively Antagonizes Arachidonic Acid Activation of TREK-1 Channels.
  year: 2020
  pmid: '32317978'
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    - Ma R
wu-2021:
  id: wu-2021
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    Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of two-pore domain potassium channel TREK-1 alters depression-related
    behaviors and neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus in mice.
  year: 2021
  pmid: '32864894'
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djillani-2019:
  id: djillani-2019
  type: journal
  title: 'Fighting against depression with TREK-1 blockers: Past and future. A focus on spadin.'
  year: 2019
  pmid: '30291907'
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cong-2023:
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  title: >-
    Blocking Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channel TREK-1 Inhibits the Activation of A1-Like Reactive Astrocyte Through the
    NF-κB Signaling Pathway in a Rat Model of Major Depressive Disorder.
  year: 2023
  pmid: '36670238'
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    - Cong T
nasr-2018:
  id: nasr-2018
  type: journal
  title: Identification and characterization of two zebrafish Twik related potassium channels, Kcnk2a and Kcnk2b.
  year: 2018
  pmid: '30333618'
  authors:
    - Nasr N
qi-2018:
  id: qi-2018
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Comparison of Therapeutic Effects of TREK1 Blockers and Fluoxetine on Chronic Unpredicted Mild Stress Sensitive
    Rats.
  year: 2018
  pmid: '29952548'
  authors:
    - Qi X
valle-2016:
  id: valle-2016
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    Fluoxetine Protection in Decompression Sickness in Mice is Enhanced by Blocking TREK-1 Potassium Channel with the
    "spadin" Antidepressant.
  year: 2016
  pmid: '26909044'
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cox-2015:
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  title: Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604.
  year: 2015
  pmid: '25208511'
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ng-2000:
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  title: Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone.
  year: 2000
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    - Ng FM
hecht-2026:
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  title: Catabolism of extracellular glutathione supplies cysteine to support tumours.
  year: 2026
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    - Hecht F
terrell-2025:
  id: terrell-2025
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  title: Extracellular Matrix Microstructures Directly Regulate Glutathione Bioavailability in Human Hepatocytes.
  year: 2025
  pmid: '41215494'
  authors:
    - Terrell JA
aiana-2026:
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  type: journal
  title: >-
    Metabolic enhancement of glutathione biosynthesis via StGCL overexpression reduces acrylamide formation and improves
    salinity and osmotic stress resilience in potato tubers.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41967330'
  authors:
    - Aiana
yan-2026:
  id: yan-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Exogenous Glutathione Enhances Salt Tolerance in Patchouli by Promoting the Antioxidant Capacity and Activating the
    Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41681620'
  authors:
    - Yan H
pinheiro-2026:
  id: pinheiro-2026
  type: journal
  title: 'Antimicrobial Peptides and Systemic Inflammation: A Network Analysis.'
  year: 2026
  pmid: '42011032'
  authors:
    - Pinheiro da Silva F
ahmad-2026:
  id: ahmad-2026
  type: journal
  title: 'Targeting Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis with Antimicrobial Peptides: Opportunities and Challenges.'
  year: 2026
  pmid: '42003198'
  authors:
    - Ahmad A
walter-2026:
  id: walter-2026
  type: journal
  title: 'Antimicrobial peptides in malaria and tuberculosis management: a systematic review of emerging evidence.'
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41950808'
  authors:
    - Walter NS
lu-2026:
  id: lu-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Design and Screening of the Peptide SAMP-12aa Derived from LL-37, Which Exhibits Anti-H. Pylori Activity and
    Immunomodulatory Effects.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41900101'
  authors:
    - Lu J
he-2026:
  id: he-2026
  type: journal
  title: LL-37 selectively targets Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes and exhibits antimalarial activity.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41843625'
  authors:
    - He X
zhang-2026:
  id: zhang-2026
  type: journal
  title: '[Mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of porcine antimicrobial peptides].'
  year: 2026
  pmid: '42009525'
  authors:
    - Zhang T
tanabe-2026:
  id: tanabe-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    LL-37 and bacterial DNA complexes in dental plaque: Implications for biofilm structure, innate immunity, and
    periodontal pathogenesis.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41862276'
  authors:
    - Tanabe G
paccola-2025:
  id: paccola-2025
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Synergistic Effects of Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin and Bioactive Peptides on Dermal Fibroblast Viability and
    Extracellular Matrix Gene Expression: An In Vitro Study.
  year: 2025
  pmid: '40871567'
  authors:
    - Paccola AGL
gomes-2022:
  id: gomes-2022
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Boosting Cosmeceutical Peptides: Coupling Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids to Pentapeptide-4 Originates New Leads
    with Antimicrobial and Collagenesis-Inducing Activities.
  year: 2022
  pmid: '35950860'
  authors:
    - Gomes A
paul-2026:
  id: paul-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Oxytocin beyond social bonding: Advancing neuromodulation, synaptic plasticity, and epigenetic precision in CNS
    disorders.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41759439'
  authors:
    - Paul S
prinsen-2026:
  id: prinsen-2026
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  title: Impact of chronic oxytocin on gaze and pupil dynamics during live dyadic interactions in children with autism.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41547341'
  authors:
    - Prinsen J
chaulagain-2025:
  id: chaulagain-2025
  type: journal
  title: 'The neurobiological impact of oxytocin in mental health disorders: a comprehensive review.'
  year: 2025
  pmid: '40213210'
  authors:
    - Chaulagain RP
burmester-2025:
  id: burmester-2025
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  title: Oxytocin Amplifies Negative Response to Ambiguity in Adolescent Females With and Without Eating Disorders.
  year: 2025
  pmid: '39887557'
  authors:
    - Burmester V
yuan-2026:
  id: yuan-2026
  type: journal
  title: 'The effects of oxytocin on social behavior and eye gaze: Insights from dog-human partnership.'
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41690434'
  authors:
    - Yuan S
tarumi-2026:
  id: tarumi-2026
  type: journal
  title: Physiological mechanisms of social odor perception and their implications for Autism Spectrum Disorders.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41389397'
  authors:
    - Tarumi W
ylmazer-2025:
  id: ylmazer-2025
  type: journal
  title: 'Salivary Oxytocin Levels in Children With and Without Autism: Group Similarities and Subgroup Variability.'
  year: 2025
  pmid: '41095840'
  authors:
    - Yılmazer E
ryu-2023:
  id: ryu-2023
  type: journal
  title: CXXC5 Mediates DHT-Induced Androgenetic Alopecia via PGD(2).
  year: 2023
  pmid: '36831222'
  authors:
    - Ryu YC
lee-2023:
  id: lee-2023
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Adhesive Hydrogel Patch-Mediated Combination Drug Therapy Induces Regenerative Wound Healing through Reconstruction
    of Regenerative Microenvironment.
  year: 2023
  pmid: '36854308'
  authors:
    - Lee SH
khavinson-2004:
  id: khavinson-2004
  type: journal
  title: Peptide promotes overcoming of the division limit in human somatic cell.
  year: 2004
  pmid: '15455129'
  authors:
    - Khavinson VKh
khavinson-2005:
  id: khavinson-2005
  type: journal
  title: DNA double-helix binds regulatory peptides similarly to transcription factors.
  year: 2005
  pmid: '15990728'
  authors:
    - Khavinson V
tournis-2026:
  id: tournis-2026
  type: journal
  title: 'Approach to the Patient: Management of bone fragility in patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism.'
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41968412'
  authors:
    - Tournis S
ferrari-2026:
  id: ferrari-2026
  type: journal
  title: Mechanisms Underlying the Waning of Osteoanabolic Therapy Effects in Osteoporosis.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41841800'
  authors:
    - Ferrari S
crooks-2026:
  id: crooks-2026
  type: journal
  title: 'Parathyroid Hormone in the Management of Pelvic Fragility Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.'
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41682883'
  authors:
    - Crooks SA
xue-2026:
  id: xue-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Nutritional activation of the Nrf2-Pth1r axis by pyrroloquinoline quinone enhances peak bone mass and potentiates
    teriparatide in osteoporosis.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41687747'
  authors:
    - Xue Q
abe-2026:
  id: abe-2026
  type: journal
  title: 'Teriparatide enhances vertebral bone quality: Quantitative analysis using the VBQ score in lumbar fusion patients.'
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41717073'
  authors:
    - Abe T
obara-2026:
  id: obara-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Effect of genetic polymorphisms of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 on the efficacy of intermittent parathyroid hormone
    treatment and bone mineral density: A retrospective multicenter study.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41969601'
  authors:
    - Obara H
morrison-2026:
  id: morrison-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Anabolic effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) to prevent ovariectomy induced bone loss is attenuated in Col1A1-cre
    floxed monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1, CCL2) mice.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41985703'
  authors:
    - Morrison N
gifre-2025:
  id: gifre-2025
  type: journal
  title: 'PTH Analog Therapy in CKD G4-G5D: Current Evidence and Potential Role of Abaloparatide in Adynamic Bone Disease.'
  year: 2025
  pmid: '41517382'
  authors:
    - Gifre L
ruizlozano-2026:
  id: ruizlozano-2026
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Can physical activity augment drug efficacy in PMO treatments - Insights from in-silico simulations of PTH and
    denosumab treatments.
  year: 2026
  pmid: '41435934'
  authors:
    - Ruiz-Lozano R
brown-2023:
  id: brown-2023
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Intravenous aviptadil and remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19-associated hypoxaemic respiratory failure in the USA
    (TESICO): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial.
  year: 2023
  pmid: '37348524'
  authors:
    - Brown SM
udupa-2025:
  id: udupa-2025
  type: journal
  title: 'Aviptadil Therapy in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.'
  year: 2025
  pmid: '41368449'
  authors:
    - Udupa AA
boesing-2022:
  id: boesing-2022
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Inhaled aviptadil for the possible treatment of COVID-19 in patients at high risk for ARDS: study protocol for a
    randomized, placebo-controlled, and multicenter trial.
  year: 2022
  pmid: '36127739'
  authors:
    - Boesing M
mahmoudzadeh-2023:
  id: mahmoudzadeh-2023
  type: journal
  title: Peptiligase, an enzyme for efficient chemo-enzymatic synthesis of aviptadil.
  year: 2023
  pmid: '37774815'
  authors:
    - Mahmoudzadeh K
chen-2025:
  id: chen-2025
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Investigation of vasoactive intestinal peptide expression and significance in a congenital diaphragmatic hernia
    animal model.
  year: 2025
  pmid: '41342973'
  authors:
    - Chen J
linkova-2011:
  id: linkova-2011
  type: journal
  title: Peptidegic stimulation of differentiation of pineal immune cells.
  year: 2011
  pmid: '22803057'
  authors:
    - Linkova NS
khavinson-2002:
  id: khavinson-2002
  type: journal
  title: Effects of short peptides on thymocyte blast transformation and signal transduction along the sphingomyelin pathway.
  year: 2002
  pmid: '12420072'
  authors:
    - Khavinson VKh
khavinson-2014:
  id: khavinson-2014
  type: journal
  title: '[Peptides and CCL11 and HMGB1 as molecular markers of aging: literature review and own data].'
  year: 2014
  pmid: '25826983'
  authors:
    - Khavinson VKh
lezhava-2023:
  id: lezhava-2023
  type: journal
  title: EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PEPTIDE BIOREGULATORS ON THE "OLD" CHROMATIN.
  year: 2023
  pmid: '37042594'
  authors:
    - Lezhava T
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2023 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
morozov-1997:
  id: morozov-1997
  type: journal
  title: Natural and synthetic thymic peptides as therapeutics for immune dysfunction.
  year: 1997
  pmid: '9637345'
  authors:
    - Morozov VG
caputi-2019:
  id: caputi-2019
  type: journal
  title: Effect of short peptides on neuronal differentiation of stem cells.
  year: 2019
  pmid: '30791821'
  authors:
    - Caputi S
khavinson-2020:
  id: khavinson-2020
  type: journal
  title: 'Thymalin: Activation of Differentiation of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells.'
  year: 2020
  pmid: '33237528'
  authors:
    - Khavinson VK
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2020 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
kozina-2007:
  id: kozina-2007
  type: journal
  title: Effects of bioactive tetrapeptides on free-radical processes.
  year: 2007
  pmid: '18239817'
  authors:
    - Kozina LS
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2007 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
anisimov-2004:
  id: anisimov-2004
  type: journal
  title: Elucidation of the effect of brain cortex tetrapeptide Cortagen on gene expression in mouse heart by microarray.
  year: 2004
  pmid: '15159690'
  authors:
    - Anisimov SV
  russian_journal_ref: Adv Gerontol 2004 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
kuznik-2008:
  id: kuznik-2008
  type: journal
  title: >-
    [Effects of epithalon and cortagene on immunity and hemostasis in neonatally hypophysectomized chicken and old
    birds].
  year: 2008
  pmid: '19432169'
  authors:
    - Kuznik BI
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2008 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
kuznik-2020:
  id: kuznik-2020
  type: journal
  title: >-
    [The influence of polypeptide liver complex and tetrapeptide KEDA on organism physiological function in norm and
    age-related pathology.].
  year: 2020
  pmid: '32362099'
  authors:
    - Kuznik BI
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2020 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
brodski-2001:
  id: brodski-2001
  type: journal
  title: >-
    [Rhythm of protein synthesis in cultures of hepatocytes from rats of different ages. Norm and effect of the peptide
    livagen].
  year: 2001
  pmid: '15926314'
  authors:
    - Brodskiĭ VIa
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2001 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
timofeeva-2005:
  id: timofeeva-2005
  type: journal
  title: >-
    [Effect of peptide Livagen on activity of digestive enzymes in gastrointestinal tract and non-digestive organs in
    rats of different ages].
  year: 2005
  pmid: '16075683'
  authors:
    - Timofeeva NM
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2005 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
khavinson-2001:
  id: khavinson-2001
  type: journal
  title: Tissue-specific effects of peptides.
  year: 2001
  pmid: '11713572'
  authors:
    - Khavinson VK
titova-2017:
  id: titova-2017
  type: journal
  title: '[ANTIINFLAMMATORY AND REGENERATIVE EFFECT OF PEPTIDE THERAPY IN THE MODEL OF OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG PATHOLOGY].'
  year: 2017
  pmid: '30199201'
  authors:
    - Titova ON
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2017 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
kuzubova-2015:
  id: kuzubova-2015
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Modulating Effect of Peptide Therapy on the Morphofunctional State of Bronchial Epithelium in Rats with Obstructive
    Lung Pathology.
  year: 2015
  pmid: '26468022'
  authors:
    - Kuzubova NA
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2015 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
zakutski-2006:
  id: zakutski-2006
  type: journal
  title: >-
    [The tissue-specific effect of synthetic peptides-biologic regulators in organotypic tissues culture in young and
    old rats].
  year: 2006
  pmid: '17152728'
  authors:
    - Zakutskiĭ AN
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2006 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
goncharova-2014:
  id: goncharova-2014
  type: journal
  title: '[Impact of tetrapeptide pancragen on endocrine function of the pancreas in old monkeys].'
  year: 2014
  pmid: '25946840'
  authors:
    - Goncharova ND
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2014 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
khavinson-2013:
  id: khavinson-2013
  type: journal
  title: Effects of pancragen on the differentiation of pancreatic cells during their ageing.
  year: 2013
  pmid: '23486591'
  authors:
    - Khavinson VKh
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2013 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
goncharova-2015:
  id: goncharova-2015
  type: journal
  title: '[Correction of impaired glucose tolerance using tetrapeptide (Pancragen) in old female rhesus monkeys].'
  year: 2015
  pmid: '28509500'
  authors:
    - Goncharova ND
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2015 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
khavinson-2012:
  id: khavinson-2012
  type: journal
  title: '[Tetrapeptide stimulates functional activity of the pancreatic cells in aging].'
  year: 2012
  pmid: '23734516'
  authors:
    - Khavinson VKh
khavinson-2010:
  id: khavinson-2010
  type: journal
  title: Study of biological activity of Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2 endogenous tetrapeptide.
  year: 2010
  pmid: '21246099'
  authors:
    - Khavinson VKh
dzhokhadze-2012:
  id: dzhokhadze-2012
  type: journal
  title: '[Deheterochromatinization of the chromatin in old age induced by oligopeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro)].'
  year: 2012
  pmid: '23221144'
  authors:
    - Dzhokhadze TA
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2012 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
khavinson-2017:
  id: khavinson-2017
  type: journal
  title: Peptides (Epigenetic Regulators) in the Structure of Rodents with a Long and Short Lifespan.
  year: 2017
  pmid: '28948547'
  authors:
    - Khavinson VK
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2017 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
kiladze-2009:
  id: kiladze-2009
  type: journal
  title: Microcalorimetric study of human blood lymphocytes culture at presence of copper, cadmium and prostamax.
  year: 2009
  pmid: '19359734'
  authors:
    - Kiladze M
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2009 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
hervyakova-2014:
  id: hervyakova-2014
  type: journal
  title: '[Molecular aspects of immunoprotective activity of peptides in spleen during the ageing process].'
  year: 2014
  pmid: '28976144'
  authors:
    - Сhervyakova NA
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2014 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
fedoreyeva-2011:
  id: fedoreyeva-2011
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Penetration of short fluorescence-labeled peptides into the nucleus in HeLa cells and in vitro specific interaction
    of the peptides with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA.
  year: 2011
  pmid: '22117547'
  authors:
    - Fedoreyeva LI
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2011 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
kozlov-2016:
  id: kozlov-2016
  type: journal
  title: '[Molecular aspects of vasoprotective peptide KED activity during atherosclerosis and restenosis].'
  year: 2016
  pmid: '28539025'
  authors:
    - Kozlov KL
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2016 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
kitachev-2014:
  id: kitachev-2014
  type: journal
  title: >-
    [The efficacy of peptide bioregulators of vessels in lower limbs chronic arterial insufficiency treatment in old and
    elderly people].
  year: 2014
  pmid: '25051774'
  authors:
    - Kitachev KV
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2014 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
avolio-2022:
  id: avolio-2022
  type: journal
  title: Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line.
  year: 2022
  pmid: '35408963'
  authors:
    - Avolio F
khavinson-2022:
  id: khavinson-2022
  type: journal
  title: >-
    Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype of Cardiovascular System Cells and Inflammaging: Perspectives of Peptide
    Regulation.
  year: 2022
  pmid: '36611900'
  authors:
    - Khavinson V
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2022 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
kuznik-2011:
  id: kuznik-2011
  type: journal
  title: '[Heat shock proteins: aging changes, development thrombotic diseases and peptidergic regulation of genes].'
  year: 2011
  pmid: '22550861'
  authors:
    - Kuznik BI
kuznik-2016:
  id: kuznik-2016
  type: journal
  title: '[The JAM Family of Molecules and Their Role in the Regulation of Physiological and Pathological Processes].'
  year: 2016
  pmid: '29283236'
  authors:
    - Kuznik BI
linkova-2023:
  id: linkova-2023
  type: journal
  title: Peptide Regulation of Chondrogenic Stem Cell Differentiation.
  year: 2023
  pmid: '37176122'
  authors:
    - Linkova N
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2023 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
povorozniuk-2007:
  id: povorozniuk-2007
  type: journal
  title: '[Effect of peptide regulators on the structural and functional status of bone tissue in ageing rats].'
  year: 2007
  pmid: '18306703'
  authors:
    - Povorozniuk VV
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2007 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
riadnova-2001:
  id: riadnova-2001
  type: journal
  title: '[Affinity chromatography of nucleoprotein complexes].'
  year: 2001
  pmid: '11450441'
  authors:
    - Riadnova IIu
chalisova-2000:
  id: chalisova-2000
  type: journal
  title: '[Effect of cytomedins on development of organotypic culture of various tissues from the internal organs of rats].'
  year: 2000
  pmid: '11213728'
  authors:
    - Chalisova NI
ilina-2024:
  id: ilina-2024
  type: journal
  title: '[Prospects for use of short peptides in pharmacotherapeutic correction of Alzheimer''s disease.].'
  year: 2024
  pmid: '38944767'
  authors:
    - Ilina AR
  russian_journal_ref: Adv Gerontol 2024 (Russian-only; Khavinson lab review)
monaselidze-2011:
  id: monaselidze-2011
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Monaselidze JR
    - Khavinson VKh
    - Gorgoshidze MZ
  title: Effect of the peptide bronchogen (Ala-Asp-Glu-Leu) on DNA thermostability
  journal: Bull Exp Biol Med
  year: 2011
  pmid: '21240358'
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2011 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
myakisheva-2023:
  id: myakisheva-2023
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Myakisheva SN
    - Linkova NS
    - Diatlova AS
  title: >-
    The influence of peptides on the chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells during replicative
    aging
  journal: Adv Gerontol
  year: 2023
  pmid: '37782646'
  russian_journal_ref: Adv Gerontol 2023 (Russian-only; Khavinson lab)
myakisheva-2023-chondrocytes:
  id: myakisheva-2023-chondrocytes
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Myakisheva SN
    - Linkova NS
    - Kozhevnikova EO
  title: Peptides prevent the forming of secretory phenotype of chondrocytes associated with the aging
  journal: Adv Gerontol
  year: 2023
  pmid: '37356100'
  russian_journal_ref: Adv Gerontol 2023 (Russian-only; Khavinson lab)
khavinson-2002-livagen:
  id: khavinson-2002-livagen
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Khavinson VKh
    - Lezhava TA
    - Monaselidze JG
    - Dzhokhadze TA
  title: Effects of Livagen peptide on chromatin activation in lymphocytes from old people
  journal: Bull Exp Biol Med
  year: 2002
  pmid: '12533768'
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2002 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
khavinson-2007-pancragen:
  id: khavinson-2007-pancragen
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Khavinson VKh
    - Gavrisheva NA
    - Malinin VV
  title: >-
    Effect of pancragen on blood glucose level, capillary permeability and adhesion in rats with experimental diabetes
    mellitus
  journal: Bull Exp Biol Med
  year: 2007
  pmid: '18642713'
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2007 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
korkushko-2011:
  id: korkushko-2011
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Korkushko OV
    - Khavinson VKh
    - Shatilo VB
  title: Prospects of using pancragen for correction of metabolic disorders in elderly people
  journal: Bull Exp Biol Med
  year: 2011
  pmid: '22448364'
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2011 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
goncharova-2004-pancreas:
  id: goncharova-2004-pancreas
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Goncharova ND
    - Vengerin AA
    - Khavinson VKh
    - Lapin BA
  title: Peptide correction of age-related hormonal dysfunction of the pancreas in monkeys
  journal: Bull Exp Biol Med
  year: 2004
  pmid: '15514731'
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2004 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
khavinson-2014-serotonin:
  id: khavinson-2014-serotonin
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Khavinson VKh
    - Linkova NS
    - Tarnovskaya SI
  title: Short peptides stimulate serotonin expression in cells of brain cortex
  journal: Bull Exp Biol Med
  year: 2014
  pmid: '24909721'
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2014 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
kraskovskaya-2017:
  id: kraskovskaya-2017
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Kraskovskaya NA
    - Kukanova EO
    - Linkova NS
  title: Tripeptides Restore the Number of Neuronal Spines under Conditions of In Vitro Modeled Alzheimer's Disease
  journal: Bull Exp Biol Med
  year: 2017
  pmid: '28853087'
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2017 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
khavinson-2021-ked:
  id: khavinson-2021-ked
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Khavinson VK
    - Linkova NS
    - Umnov RS
  title: 'Peptide KED: Molecular-Genetic Aspects of Neurogenesis Regulation in Alzheimer''s Disease'
  journal: Bull Exp Biol Med
  year: 2021
  pmid: '34173097'
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2021 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
linkova-2011-thymus:
  id: linkova-2011-thymus
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Linkova NS
    - Polyakova VO
    - Trofimov AV
  title: Peptidergic regulation of thymocyte differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis during aging of the thymus
  journal: Bull Exp Biol Med
  year: 2011
  pmid: '22238759'
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2011 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
sevostianova-2013:
  id: sevostianova-2013
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Sevostianova NN
    - Linkova NS
    - Polyakova VO
  title: Immunomodulating effects of Vilon and its analogue in the culture of human and animal thymus cells
  journal: Bull Exp Biol Med
  year: 2013
  pmid: '23486604'
  russian_journal_ref: Bull Exp Biol Med 2013 (Russian-tradition; Khavinson lab)
goeddel-1979:
  id: goeddel-1979
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Goeddel DV
    - Heyneker HL
    - Hozumi T
    - Arentzen R
    - Itakura K
  title: Direct expression in Escherichia coli of a DNA sequence coding for human growth hormone.
  journal: Nature
  year: 1979
  citation_string: 281(5732):544-548
  pmid: '386136'
  doi: 10.1038/281544a0
  note: >-
    Foundational paper — first recombinant expression of human growth hormone in E. coli, basis for all subsequent
    rhGH/somatropin therapeutics.
ho-2007-ghd-consensus:
  id: ho-2007-ghd-consensus
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Ho KK
    - 2007 GH Deficiency Consensus Workshop Participants
  title: >-
    Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adults with GH deficiency II: a statement of the GH Research
    Society in association with the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Lawson Wilkins Society, European
    Society of Endocrinology, Japan Endocrine Society, and Endocrine Society of Australia.
  journal: Eur J Endocrinol
  year: 2007
  citation_string: 157(6):695-700
  pmid: '18057375'
  doi: 10.1530/EJE-07-0631
  note: Multi-society consensus on adult GHD diagnosis + somatropin replacement protocol.
rowlinson-2008-ghr:
  id: rowlinson-2008-ghr
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Rowlinson SW
    - Yoshizato H
    - Barclay JL
    - Brooks AJ
    - Behncken SN
  title: An agonist-induced conformational change in the growth hormone receptor determines the choice of signalling pathway.
  journal: Nat Cell Biol
  year: 2008
  citation_string: 10(6):740-747
  pmid: '18488018'
  doi: 10.1038/ncb1737
  note: GHR conformational mechanism for JAK2/STAT5 vs ERK pathway selection.
leroith-2008:
  id: leroith-2008
  type: journal
  authors:
    - LeRoith D
  title: 'Clinical relevance of systemic and local IGF-I: lessons from animal models.'
  journal: Pediatr Endocrinol Rev
  year: 2008
  citation_string: 5 Suppl 2:739-743
  pmid: '18317445'
  note: Updated somatomedin hypothesis — endocrine, autocrine, paracrine IGF-1 actions downstream of GH.
mameli-2023-rhgh:
  id: mameli-2023-rhgh
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Mameli C
    - Orso M
    - Calcaterra V
    - Wasniewska MG
    - Aversa T
  title: >-
    Efficacy, safety, quality of life, adherence and cost-effectiveness of long-acting growth hormone replacement
    therapy compared to daily growth hormone in children with growth hormone deficiency: A systematic review and
    meta-analysis.
  journal: Pharmacol Res
  year: 2023
  citation_string: '193:106805'
  pmid: '37236413'
  doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106805
  note: >-
    Recent systematic review + meta-analysis — daily somatropin remains efficacious; long-acting non-inferior on
    adherence.
murphy-1998-mk677:
  id: murphy-1998-mk677
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Murphy MG
    - Plunkett LM
    - Gertz BJ
  title: >-
    MK-677, an orally active growth hormone secretagogue, reverses diet-induced catabolism
  journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab
  year: 1998
  pmid: '9467534'
  doi: 10.1210/jcem.83.2.4551
  note: >-
    Oral MK-677 attenuated the nitrogen wasting of dietary caloric restriction, demonstrating an anabolic/
    nitrogen-retention effect of sustained GH/IGF-1 elevation.
svensson-2003-mk677:
  id: svensson-2003-mk677
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Svensson J
    - Boguszewski CL
    - Shibata F
  title: >-
    The effect of treatment with the oral growth hormone (GH) secretagogue MK-677 on GH isoforms
  journal: Growth Horm IGF Res
  year: 2003
  pmid: '12550076'
  doi: 10.1016/s1096-6374(02)00138-7
  note: >-
    MK-677 stimulated endogenous GH secretion across GH isoforms, consistent with a ghrelin-receptor-mediated,
    pulsatile pattern rather than exogenous GH administration.
adunsky-2011-mk677:
  id: adunsky-2011-mk677
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Adunsky A
    - Chandler J
    - Heyden N
  title: >-
    MK-0677 (ibutamoren mesylate) for the treatment of patients recovering from hip fracture: a multicenter,
    randomized, placebo-controlled phase IIb study
  journal: Arch Gerontol Geriatr
  year: 2011
  pmid: '21067829'
  doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2010.10.004
  note: >-
    Multicenter phase IIb RCT in hip-fracture recovery. Illustrates the scale of MK-677's human trial program; the
    functional-recovery endpoints did not translate into a marketed indication.
sevigny-2008-mk677:
  id: sevigny-2008-mk677
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Sevigny JJ
    - Ryan JM
    - van Dyck CH
  title: >-
    Growth hormone secretagogue MK-677: no clinical effect on AD progression in a randomized trial
  journal: Neurology
  year: 2008
  pmid: '19015485'
  doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000335163.88054.e7
  note: >-
    12-month RCT in Alzheimer's disease. MK-677 reliably raised IGF-1 but produced no cognitive benefit — a clean
    negative efficacy result and evidence that sustained IGF-1 elevation is not universally beneficial.
sigalos-2018-ghs:
  id: sigalos-2018-ghs
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Sigalos JT
    - Pastuszak AW
  title: >-
    The Safety and Efficacy of Growth Hormone Secretagogues
  journal: Sex Med Rev
  year: 2018
  pmid: '28400207'
  doi: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.02.004
  note: >-
    Review of GH secretagogues including MK-677. Summarizes the class safety profile: increased appetite, transient
    edema, elevated blood glucose / reduced insulin sensitivity, and modest cortisol elevation.
cobani-2025-mk677:
  id: cobani-2025-mk677
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Cobani E
    - Amin MS
    - Hasso M
  title: >-
    Hepatotoxicity induced by MK-677
  journal: BMJ Case Rep
  year: 2025
  pmid: '40675653'
  doi: 10.1136/bcr-2025-265728
  note: >-
    Case report of drug-induced liver injury attributed to unregulated MK-677 use — a documented real-world harm
    signal from consumer-market product.
liu-2021-ghsr:
  id: liu-2021-ghsr
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Liu H
    - Sun D
    - Myasnikov A
  title: >-
    Structural basis of human ghrelin receptor signaling by ghrelin and the synthetic agonist ibutamoren
  journal: Nat Commun
  year: 2021
  pmid: '34737341'
  doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26735-5
  note: >-
    Cryo-EM structures of the human ghrelin receptor (GHSR-1a) bound to ghrelin and to ibutamoren (MK-677),
    defining the molecular basis of MK-677's receptor agonism.
philip-2022-ibutamoren:
  id: philip-2022-ibutamoren
  type: journal
  authors:
    - Philip M
    - Karakka Kal AK
    - Subhahar MB
  title: >-
    Characterization of growth hormone secretagogue small molecule ibutamoren (MK-0677) and its possible metabolites
    in thoroughbred horses for doping control
  journal: Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom
  year: 2022
  pmid: '35716382'
  doi: 10.1002/rcm.9337
  note: >-
    Analytical characterization of ibutamoren (MK-0677) and its metabolites — confirms the small-molecule identity
    and the compound's status as a monitored doping agent.