libpg_query

C library for accessing the PostgreSQL parser outside of the server.

This library uses the actual PostgreSQL server source to parse SQL queries and return the internal PostgreSQL parse tree.

Note that this is mostly intended as a base library for pg_query (Ruby), pg_query.go (Go), pgsql-parser (Node), psqlparse (Python) and pglast (Python 3).

You can find further background to why a query's parse tree is useful here: https://pganalyze.com/blog/parse-postgresql-queries-in-ruby.html

Installation

git clone -b 16-latest git://github.com/pganalyze/libpg_query
cd libpg_query
make

Due to compiling parts of PostgreSQL, running make will take a bit. Expect up to 3 minutes.

For a production build, its best to use a specific git tag (see CHANGELOG).

When compiling on Windows with Visual Studio, instead use nmake with the Makefile.msvc:

nmake /F Makefile.msvc

Usage: Parsing a query

A full example that parses a query looks like this:

#include <pg_query.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
  PgQueryParseResult result;

  result = pg_query_parse("SELECT 1");

  printf("%s\n", result.parse_tree);

  pg_query_free_parse_result(result);
}

Compile it like this:

cc -Ilibpg_query -Llibpg_query example.c -lpg_query

This will output the parse tree (whitespace adjusted here for better readability):

{
    "version": 160001,
    "stmts": [
        {
            "stmt": {
                "SelectStmt": {
                    "targetList": [
                        {
                            "ResTarget": {
                                "val": {
                                    "A_Const": {
                                        "val": {
                                            "Integer": {
                                                "ival": 1
                                            }
                                        },
                                        "location": 7
                                    }
                                },
                                "location": 7
                            }
                        }
                    ],
                    "limitOption": "LIMIT_OPTION_DEFAULT",
                    "op": "SETOP_NONE"
                }
            }
        }
    ]
}

Usage: Scanning a query into its tokens using the PostgreSQL scanner/lexer

pg_query also exposes the underlying scanner of Postgres, which is also used in the very first part in the parsing process. It can be useful on its own for e.g. syntax highlighting, where one is mostly concerned with differentiating keywords from identifiers and other parts of the query:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <pg_query.h>
#include "protobuf/pg_query.pb-c.h"

int main() {
  PgQueryScanResult result;
  PgQuery__ScanResult *scan_result;
  PgQuery__ScanToken *scan_token;
  const ProtobufCEnumValue *token_kind;
  const ProtobufCEnumValue *keyword_kind;
  const char *input = "SELECT update AS left /* comment */ FROM between";

  result = pg_query_scan(input);
  scan_result = pg_query__scan_result__unpack(NULL, result.pbuf.len, (void *) result.pbuf.data);

  printf("  version: %d, tokens: %ld, size: %d\n", scan_result->version, scan_result->n_tokens, result.pbuf.len);
  for (size_t j = 0; j < scan_result->n_tokens; j++) {
    scan_token = scan_result->tokens[j];
    token_kind = protobuf_c_enum_descriptor_get_value(&pg_query__token__descriptor, scan_token->token);
    keyword_kind = protobuf_c_enum_descriptor_get_value(&pg_query__keyword_kind__descriptor, scan_token->keyword_kind);
    printf("  \"%.*s\" = [ %d, %d, %s, %s ]\n", scan_token->end - scan_token->start, &(input[scan_token->start]), scan_token->start, scan_token->end, token_kind->name, keyword_kind->name);
  }

  pg_query__scan_result__free_unpacked(scan_result, NULL);
  pg_query_free_scan_result(result);

  return 0;
}

This will output the following:

  version: 160001, tokens: 7, size: 77
  "SELECT" = [ 0, 6, SELECT, RESERVED_KEYWORD ]
  "update" = [ 7, 13, UPDATE, UNRESERVED_KEYWORD ]
  "AS" = [ 14, 16, AS, RESERVED_KEYWORD ]
  "left" = [ 17, 21, LEFT, TYPE_FUNC_NAME_KEYWORD ]
  "/* comment */" = [ 22, 35, C_COMMENT, NO_KEYWORD ]
  "FROM" = [ 36, 40, FROM, RESERVED_KEYWORD ]
  "between" = [ 41, 48, BETWEEN, COL_NAME_KEYWORD ]

Where the each element in the token list has the following fields:

1. Start location in the source string
2. End location in the source string
3. Token value - see Token type in protobuf/pg_query.proto
4. Keyword type - see KeywordKind type in protobuf/pg_query.proto, possible values: NO_KEYWORD: Not a keyword UNRESERVED_KEYWORD: Unreserved keyword (available for use as any kind of unescaped name) COL_NAME_KEYWORD: Unreserved keyword (can be unescaped column/table/etc names, cannot be unescaped function or type name) TYPE_FUNC_NAME_KEYWORD: Reserved keyword (can be unescaped function or type name, cannot be unescaped column/table/etc names) RESERVED_KEYWORD: Reserved keyword (cannot be unescaped column/table/variable/type/function names)

Note that whitespace does not show as tokens.

Usage: Fingerprinting a query

Fingerprinting allows you to identify similar queries that are different only because of the specific object that is being queried for (i.e. different object ids in the WHERE clause), or because of formatting.

Example:

#include <pg_query.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
  PgQueryFingerprintResult result;

  result = pg_query_fingerprint("SELECT 1");

  printf("%s\n", result.fingerprint_str);

  pg_query_free_fingerprint_result(result);
}

This will output:

50fde20626009aba

See https://github.com/pganalyze/libpg_query/wiki/Fingerprinting for the full fingerprinting rules.

Usage: Parsing a PL/pgSQL function

A full example that parses a PL/pgSQL method looks like this:

#include <pg_query.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
  PgQueryPlpgsqlParseResult result;

  result = pg_query_parse_plpgsql(" \
  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION cs_fmt_browser_version(v_name varchar, \
                                                  v_version varchar) \
RETURNS varchar AS $$ \
BEGIN \
    IF v_version IS NULL THEN \
        RETURN v_name; \
    END IF; \
    RETURN v_name || '/' || v_version; \
END; \
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;");

  if (result.error) {
    printf("error: %s at %d\n", result.error->message, result.error->cursorpos);
  } else {
    printf("%s\n", result.plpgsql_funcs);
  }

  pg_query_free_plpgsql_parse_result(result);

  return 0;
}

This will output:

[
{"PLpgSQL_function":{"datums":[{"PLpgSQL_var":{"refname":"found","datatype":{"PLpgSQL_type":{"typname":"UNKNOWN"}}}}],"action":{"PLpgSQL_stmt_block":{"lineno":1,"body":[{"PLpgSQL_stmt_if":{"lineno":1,"cond":{"PLpgSQL_expr":{"query":"SELECT v_version IS NULL"}},"then_body":[{"PLpgSQL_stmt_return":{"lineno":1,"expr":{"PLpgSQL_expr":{"query":"SELECT v_name"}}}}]}},{"PLpgSQL_stmt_return":{"lineno":1,"expr":{"PLpgSQL_expr":{"query":"SELECT v_name || '/' || v_version"}}}}]}}}}
]

Versions

For stability, it is recommended you use individual tagged git versions, see CHANGELOG.

Each major version is maintained in a dedicated git branch. Only the latest Postgres stable release receives active updates.

PostgreSQL Major Version	Branch	Status
16	16-latest	Active development
15	15-latest	Critical fixes only
14	14-latest	Critical fixes only
13	13-latest	Critical fixes only
12	(n/a)	Not supported
11	(n/a)	Not supported
10	10-latest	No longer supported
9.6	(n/a)	Not supported
9.5	9.5-latest	No longer supported
9.4	9.4-latest	No longer supported

Resources

pg_query wrappers in other languages:

• Ruby: pg_query
• Go: pg_query_go
• Javascript (Node): pgsql-parser
• Javascript (Browser): pg-query-emscripten
• Python: psqlparse, pglast
• OCaml: pg_query-ocaml
• Rust: pg_query.rs

Products, tools and libraries built on pg_query:

• pganalyze
• hsql
• sqlint
• pghero
• dexter
• pgscope
• pg_materialize
• DuckDB (details)
• pgspot
• Postgres Language Server
• and more

Please feel free to open a PR to add yours! :)

Authors

• Lukas Fittl

License

PostgreSQL server source code, used under the PostgreSQL license.
Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2023, The PostgreSQL Global Development Group
Portions Copyright (c) 1994, The Regents of the University of California

All other parts are licensed under the 3-clause BSD license, see LICENSE file for details.
Copyright (c) 2015, Lukas Fittl lukas@fittl.com Copyright (c) 2016-2023, Duboce Labs, Inc. (pganalyze) team@pganalyze.com