diff --git a/TOC.md b/TOC.md
index 3aba0440ea012..44a57aab36ef7 100644
--- a/TOC.md
+++ b/TOC.md
@@ -864,6 +864,7 @@
- [`PREPARE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-prepare.md)
- [`QUERY WATCH`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-query-watch.md)
- [`RECOVER TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-recover-table.md)
+ - [`REFRESH STATS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-refresh-stats.md)
- [`RENAME USER`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-rename-user.md)
- [`RENAME TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-rename-table.md)
- [`REPLACE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-replace.md)
diff --git a/sql-statements/sql-statement-overview.md b/sql-statements/sql-statement-overview.md
index c76059777c72d..bf80964376d5f 100644
--- a/sql-statements/sql-statement-overview.md
+++ b/sql-statements/sql-statement-overview.md
@@ -9,222 +9,222 @@ TiDB uses SQL statements that aim to follow ISO/IEC SQL standards, with extensio
## Schema management / Data definition statements (DDL)
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`ALTER DATABASE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-database.md) | Modifies a database. |
-| [`ALTER SEQUENCE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-sequence.md) | Modifies a sequence. |
-| [`ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-add-column.md) | Adds a column to an existing table. |
-| [`ALTER TABLE ... ADD INDEX`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-add-index.md) | Adds an index to an existing table. |
-| [`ALTER TABLE ... ALTER INDEX`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-index.md) | Changes an index definition. |
-| [`ALTER TABLE ... CHANGE COLUMN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-change-column.md) | Changes a column definition. |
-| [`ALTER TABLE ... COMPACT`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-table-compact.md) | Compacts a table. |
-| [`ALTER TABLE ... DROP COLUMN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-column.md) | Drops a column from a table. |
-| [`ALTER TABLE ... MODIFY COLUMN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-modify-column.md) | Modifies a column definition. |
-| [`ALTER TABLE ... RENAME INDEX`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-rename-index.md) | Renames an index. |
-| [`ALTER TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-table.md) | Changes a table definition. |
-| [`CREATE DATABASE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-database.md) | Creates a new database. |
-| [`CREATE INDEX`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-index.md) | Creates a new index on a table. |
-| [`CREATE SEQUENCE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-sequence.md) | Creates a new sequence object. |
-| [`CREATE TABLE LIKE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-table-like.md) | Copies the definition of an existing table, without copying any data. |
-| [`CREATE TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-table.md) | Creates a new table. |
-| [`CREATE VIEW`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-view.md) | Creates a new view. |
-| [`DROP DATABASE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-database.md) | Drops an existing database. |
-| [`DROP INDEX`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-index.md) | Drops an index from a table. |
-| [`DROP SEQUENCE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-sequence.md) | Drops a sequence object. |
-| [`DROP TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-table.md) | Drops an existing table. |
-| [`DROP VIEW`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-view.md) | Drops an existing view. |
-| [`RENAME TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-rename-table.md) | Renames a table. |
-| [`SHOW COLUMNS FROM`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-columns-from.md) | Shows the columns from a table. |
-| [`SHOW CREATE DATABASE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-create-database.md) | Shows the CREATE statement for a database. |
-| [`SHOW CREATE SEQUENCE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-create-sequence.md) | Shows the CREATE statement for a sequence. |
-| [`SHOW CREATE TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-create-table.md) | Shows the CREATE statement for a table. |
-| [`SHOW DATABASES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-databases.md) | Shows a list of databases that the current user has privileges to. |
-| [`SHOW FIELDS FROM`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-fields-from.md) | Shows columns of a table. |
-| [`SHOW INDEXES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-indexes.md) | Shows indexes of a table. |
-| [`SHOW SCHEMAS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-schemas.md) | An alias to `SHOW DATABASES`, which shows a list of databases that the current user has privileges to. |
-| [`SHOW TABLE NEXT_ROW_ID`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-table-next-rowid.md) | Shows the next row ID for a table. |
-| [`SHOW TABLE REGIONS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-table-regions.md) | Shows the Region information of a table in TiDB. |
-| [`SHOW TABLE STATUS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-table-status.md) | Shows various statistics about tables in TiDB. |
-| [`SHOW TABLES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-tables.md) | Shows tables in a database. |
-| [`TRUNCATE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-truncate.md) | Truncates all data from a table. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| [`ALTER DATABASE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-database.md) | Modifies a database. |
+| [`ALTER SEQUENCE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-sequence.md) | Modifies a sequence. |
+| [`ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-add-column.md) | Adds a column to an existing table. |
+| [`ALTER TABLE ... ADD INDEX`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-add-index.md) | Adds an index to an existing table. |
+| [`ALTER TABLE ... ALTER INDEX`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-index.md) | Changes an index definition. |
+| [`ALTER TABLE ... CHANGE COLUMN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-change-column.md) | Changes a column definition. |
+| [`ALTER TABLE ... COMPACT`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-table-compact.md) | Compacts a table. |
+| [`ALTER TABLE ... DROP COLUMN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-column.md) | Drops a column from a table. |
+| [`ALTER TABLE ... MODIFY COLUMN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-modify-column.md) | Modifies a column definition. |
+| [`ALTER TABLE ... RENAME INDEX`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-rename-index.md) | Renames an index. |
+| [`ALTER TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-table.md) | Changes a table definition. |
+| [`CREATE DATABASE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-database.md) | Creates a new database. |
+| [`CREATE INDEX`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-index.md) | Creates a new index on a table. |
+| [`CREATE SEQUENCE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-sequence.md) | Creates a new sequence object. |
+| [`CREATE TABLE LIKE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-table-like.md) | Copies the definition of an existing table, without copying any data. |
+| [`CREATE TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-table.md) | Creates a new table. |
+| [`CREATE VIEW`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-view.md) | Creates a new view. |
+| [`DROP DATABASE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-database.md) | Drops an existing database. |
+| [`DROP INDEX`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-index.md) | Drops an index from a table. |
+| [`DROP SEQUENCE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-sequence.md) | Drops a sequence object. |
+| [`DROP TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-table.md) | Drops an existing table. |
+| [`DROP VIEW`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-view.md) | Drops an existing view. |
+| [`RENAME TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-rename-table.md) | Renames a table. |
+| [`SHOW COLUMNS FROM`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-columns-from.md) | Shows the columns from a table. |
+| [`SHOW CREATE DATABASE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-create-database.md) | Shows the CREATE statement for a database. |
+| [`SHOW CREATE SEQUENCE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-create-sequence.md) | Shows the CREATE statement for a sequence. |
+| [`SHOW CREATE TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-create-table.md) | Shows the CREATE statement for a table. |
+| [`SHOW DATABASES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-databases.md) | Shows a list of databases that the current user has privileges to. |
+| [`SHOW FIELDS FROM`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-fields-from.md) | Shows columns of a table. |
+| [`SHOW INDEXES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-indexes.md) | Shows indexes of a table. |
+| [`SHOW SCHEMAS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-schemas.md) | An alias to `SHOW DATABASES`, which shows a list of databases that the current user has privileges to. |
+| [`SHOW TABLE NEXT_ROW_ID`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-table-next-rowid.md) | Shows the next row ID for a table. |
+| [`SHOW TABLE REGIONS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-table-regions.md) | Shows the Region information of a table in TiDB. |
+| [`SHOW TABLE STATUS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-table-status.md) | Shows various statistics about tables in TiDB. |
+| [`SHOW TABLES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-tables.md) | Shows tables in a database. |
+| [`TRUNCATE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-truncate.md) | Truncates all data from a table. |
## Data manipulation statements (DML)
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`BATCH`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-batch.md) | Splits a DML statement into multiple statements in TiDB for execution. |
-| [`DELETE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-delete.md) | Deletes rows from a table. |
-| [`INSERT`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-insert.md) | Inserts new rows into a table. |
-| [`REPLACE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-replace.md) | Replaces existing rows or inserts new rows. |
-| [`SELECT`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-select.md) | Reads data from a table. |
-| [`TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-table.md) | Retrieves rows from a table. |
-| [`UPDATE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-update.md) | Updates existing rows in a table. |
-| [`WITH`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-with.md) | Defines common table expressions. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| ----------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`BATCH`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-batch.md) | Splits a DML statement into multiple statements in TiDB for execution. |
+| [`DELETE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-delete.md) | Deletes rows from a table. |
+| [`INSERT`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-insert.md) | Inserts new rows into a table. |
+| [`REPLACE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-replace.md) | Replaces existing rows or inserts new rows. |
+| [`SELECT`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-select.md) | Reads data from a table. |
+| [`TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-table.md) | Retrieves rows from a table. |
+| [`UPDATE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-update.md) | Updates existing rows in a table. |
+| [`WITH`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-with.md) | Defines common table expressions. |
## Transaction statements
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`BEGIN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-begin.md) | Begins a new transaction. |
-| [`COMMIT`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-commit.md) | Commits the current transaction. |
-| [`ROLLBACK`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-rollback.md) | Rolls back the current transaction. |
-| [`SAVEPOINT`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-savepoint.md) | Sets a savepoint within a transaction. |
-| [`SET TRANSACTION`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-transaction.md) | Changes the current isolation level on a `GLOBAL` or `SESSION` basis. |
-| [`START TRANSACTION`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-start-transaction.md) | Starts a new transaction. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`BEGIN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-begin.md) | Begins a new transaction. |
+| [`COMMIT`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-commit.md) | Commits the current transaction. |
+| [`ROLLBACK`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-rollback.md) | Rolls back the current transaction. |
+| [`SAVEPOINT`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-savepoint.md) | Sets a savepoint within a transaction. |
+| [`SET TRANSACTION`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-transaction.md) | Changes the current isolation level on a `GLOBAL` or `SESSION` basis. |
+| [`START TRANSACTION`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-start-transaction.md) | Starts a new transaction. |
## Prepared statements
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| ----------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------- |
| [`DEALLOCATE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-deallocate.md) | Deallocates a prepared statement, freeing associated resources. |
-| [`EXECUTE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-execute.md) | Executes a prepared statement with specific parameter values. |
-| [`PREPARE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-prepare.md) | Creates a prepared statement with placeholders. |
+| [`EXECUTE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-execute.md) | Executes a prepared statement with specific parameter values. |
+| [`PREPARE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-prepare.md) | Creates a prepared statement with placeholders. |
## Administrative statements
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`ADMIN ALTER DDL JOBS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-alter-ddl.md) | Modifies the parameter of a single running DDL job. |
-| [`ADMIN CANCEL DDL`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-cancel-ddl.md) | Cancels a DDL job. |
-| [`ADMIN CHECK [TABLE\|INDEX]`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-check-table-index.md) | Checks the integrity of a table or index. |
-| [`ADMIN CHECKSUM TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-checksum-table.md) | Computes the checksum of a table. |
-| [`ADMIN CLEANUP INDEX`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-cleanup.md) | Cleans up indexes from a table. |
-| [`ADMIN PAUSE DDL`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-pause-ddl.md) | Pauses DDL operations. |
-| [`ADMIN RESUME DDL`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-resume-ddl.md) | Resumes DDL operations. |
-| [`ADMIN SHOW DDL [JOBS\|JOB QUERIES]`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-show-ddl.md) | Shows DDL jobs or job queries. |
-| [`ADMIN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin.md) | Performs various administrative tasks. |
-| [`FLUSH TABLES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-flush-tables.md) | Included for [MySQL compatibility](/mysql-compatibility.md). It has no effective usage in TiDB. |
-| [`SET `](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-variable.md) | Modifies a system variable or user variable. |
-| [`SET [NAMES\|CHARACTER SET]`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-names.md) | Set a character set and collation. |
-| [`SPLIT REGION`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-split-region.md) | Splits a Region into smaller Regions. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`ADMIN ALTER DDL JOBS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-alter-ddl.md) | Modifies the parameter of a single running DDL job. |
+| [`ADMIN CANCEL DDL`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-cancel-ddl.md) | Cancels a DDL job. |
+| [`ADMIN CHECK [TABLE\|INDEX]`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-check-table-index.md) | Checks the integrity of a table or index. |
+| [`ADMIN CHECKSUM TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-checksum-table.md) | Computes the checksum of a table. |
+| [`ADMIN CLEANUP INDEX`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-cleanup.md) | Cleans up indexes from a table. |
+| [`ADMIN PAUSE DDL`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-pause-ddl.md) | Pauses DDL operations. |
+| [`ADMIN RESUME DDL`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-resume-ddl.md) | Resumes DDL operations. |
+| [`ADMIN SHOW DDL [JOBS\|JOB QUERIES]`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-show-ddl.md) | Shows DDL jobs or job queries. |
+| [`ADMIN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin.md) | Performs various administrative tasks. |
+| [`FLUSH TABLES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-flush-tables.md) | Included for [MySQL compatibility](/mysql-compatibility.md). It has no effective usage in TiDB. |
+| [`SET `](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-variable.md) | Modifies a system variable or user variable. |
+| [`SET [NAMES\|CHARACTER SET]`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-names.md) | Set a character set and collation. |
+| [`SPLIT REGION`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-split-region.md) | Splits a Region into smaller Regions. |
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`ADMIN ALTER DDL JOBS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-alter-ddl.md) | Modifies the parameter of a single running DDL job. |
-| [`ADMIN CANCEL DDL`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-cancel-ddl.md) | Cancels a DDL job. |
-| [`ADMIN CHECK [TABLE\|INDEX]`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-check-table-index.md) | Checks the integrity of a table or index. |
-| [`ADMIN CHECKSUM TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-checksum-table.md) | Computes the checksum of a table. |
-| [`ADMIN CLEANUP INDEX`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-cleanup.md) | Cleans up indexes from a table. |
-| [`ADMIN PAUSE DDL`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-pause-ddl.md) | Pauses DDL operations. |
-| [`ADMIN RECOVER INDEX`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-recover.md) | Recovers the consistency based on the redundant indexes. |
-| [`ADMIN RESUME DDL`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-resume-ddl.md) | Resumes DDL operations. |
-| [`ADMIN SHOW DDL [JOBS\|JOB QUERIES]`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-show-ddl.md) | Shows DDL jobs or job queries. |
-| [`ADMIN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin.md) | Performs various administrative tasks. |
-| [`FLUSH TABLES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-flush-tables.md) | Included for [MySQL compatibility](/mysql-compatibility.md). It has no effective usage in TiDB. |
-| [`SET `](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-variable.md) | Modifies a system variable or user variable. |
-| [`SET [NAMES\|CHARACTER SET]`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-names.md) | Set a character set and collation. |
-| [`SPLIT REGION`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-split-region.md) | Splits a Region into smaller Regions. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`ADMIN ALTER DDL JOBS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-alter-ddl.md) | Modifies the parameter of a single running DDL job. |
+| [`ADMIN CANCEL DDL`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-cancel-ddl.md) | Cancels a DDL job. |
+| [`ADMIN CHECK [TABLE\|INDEX]`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-check-table-index.md) | Checks the integrity of a table or index. |
+| [`ADMIN CHECKSUM TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-checksum-table.md) | Computes the checksum of a table. |
+| [`ADMIN CLEANUP INDEX`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-cleanup.md) | Cleans up indexes from a table. |
+| [`ADMIN PAUSE DDL`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-pause-ddl.md) | Pauses DDL operations. |
+| [`ADMIN RECOVER INDEX`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-recover.md) | Recovers the consistency based on the redundant indexes. |
+| [`ADMIN RESUME DDL`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-resume-ddl.md) | Resumes DDL operations. |
+| [`ADMIN SHOW DDL [JOBS\|JOB QUERIES]`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-show-ddl.md) | Shows DDL jobs or job queries. |
+| [`ADMIN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin.md) | Performs various administrative tasks. |
+| [`FLUSH TABLES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-flush-tables.md) | Included for [MySQL compatibility](/mysql-compatibility.md). It has no effective usage in TiDB. |
+| [`SET `](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-variable.md) | Modifies a system variable or user variable. |
+| [`SET [NAMES\|CHARACTER SET]`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-names.md) | Set a character set and collation. |
+| [`SPLIT REGION`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-split-region.md) | Splits a Region into smaller Regions. |
## Data import and export
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`CANCEL IMPORT JOB`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-cancel-import-job.md) | Cancels an ongoing import job. |
-| [`IMPORT INTO`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-import-into.md) | Imports data into a table via the [Physical Import Mode](https://docs.pingcap.com/tidb/stable/tidb-lightning-physical-import-mode) of TiDB Lightning. |
-| [`LOAD DATA`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-load-data.md) | Loads data into a table from Amazon S3 or Google Cloud Storage. |
-| [`SHOW IMPORT JOB`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-import-job.md) | Shows the status of an import job. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`CANCEL IMPORT JOB`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-cancel-import-job.md) | Cancels an ongoing import job. |
+| [`IMPORT INTO`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-import-into.md) | Imports data into a table via the [Physical Import Mode](https://docs.pingcap.com/tidb/stable/tidb-lightning-physical-import-mode) of TiDB Lightning. |
+| [`LOAD DATA`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-load-data.md) | Loads data into a table from Amazon S3 or Google Cloud Storage. |
+| [`SHOW IMPORT JOB`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-import-job.md) | Shows the status of an import job. |
## Backup & restore
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`BACKUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-backup.md) | Performs a distributed backup of the TiDB cluster. |
-| [`FLASHBACK CLUSTER`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-flashback-cluster.md) | Restores the cluster to a specific snapshot. |
-| [`FLASHBACK DATABASE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-flashback-database.md) | Restores a database and its data deleted by the `DROP` statement. |
-| [`FLASHBACK TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-flashback-table.md) | Restore the tables and data dropped by the `DROP` or `TRUNCATE` operation. |
-| [`RECOVER TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-recover-table.md) | Recovers a deleted table and the data on it. |
-| [`RESTORE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-restore.md) | Restores a database from a backup. |
-| [`SHOW BACKUPS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-backups.md) | Shows backup tasks. |
-| [`SHOW RESTORES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-backups.md) | Shows restore tasks. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`BACKUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-backup.md) | Performs a distributed backup of the TiDB cluster. |
+| [`FLASHBACK CLUSTER`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-flashback-cluster.md) | Restores the cluster to a specific snapshot. |
+| [`FLASHBACK DATABASE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-flashback-database.md) | Restores a database and its data deleted by the `DROP` statement. |
+| [`FLASHBACK TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-flashback-table.md) | Restore the tables and data dropped by the `DROP` or `TRUNCATE` operation. |
+| [`RECOVER TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-recover-table.md) | Recovers a deleted table and the data on it. |
+| [`RESTORE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-restore.md) | Restores a database from a backup. |
+| [`SHOW BACKUPS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-backups.md) | Shows backup tasks. |
+| [`SHOW RESTORES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-backups.md) | Shows restore tasks. |
## Placement policy
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`ALTER PLACEMENT POLICY`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-placement-policy.md) | Modifies a placement policy. |
-| [`ALTER RANGE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-range.md) | Modifies the range of a placement policy. |
-| [`CREATE PLACEMENT POLICY`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-placement-policy.md) | Creates a new placement policy. |
-| [`DROP PLACEMENT POLICY`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-placement-policy.md) | Drops an existing placement policy. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`ALTER PLACEMENT POLICY`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-placement-policy.md) | Modifies a placement policy. |
+| [`ALTER RANGE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-range.md) | Modifies the range of a placement policy. |
+| [`CREATE PLACEMENT POLICY`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-placement-policy.md) | Creates a new placement policy. |
+| [`DROP PLACEMENT POLICY`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-placement-policy.md) | Drops an existing placement policy. |
| [`SHOW CREATE PLACEMENT POLICY`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-create-placement-policy.md) | Shows the `CREATE` statement for a placement policy. |
-| [`SHOW PLACEMENT FOR`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-placement-for.md) | Shows placement rules for a specific table. |
-| [`SHOW PLACEMENT LABELS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-placement-labels.md) | Shows available placement labels. |
-| [`SHOW PLACEMENT`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-placement.md) | Shows placement rules. |
+| [`SHOW PLACEMENT FOR`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-placement-for.md) | Shows placement rules for a specific table. |
+| [`SHOW PLACEMENT LABELS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-placement-labels.md) | Shows available placement labels. |
+| [`SHOW PLACEMENT`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-placement.md) | Shows placement rules. |
## Resource groups
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`ALTER RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-resource-group.md) | Modifies a resource group. |
-| [`CALIBRATE RESOURCE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-calibrate-resource.md) | Estimates and outputs the [Request Unit (RU)](/tidb-resource-control-ru-groups.md#what-is-request-unit-ru) capacity of the current cluster. |
-| [`CREATE RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-resource-group.md) | Creates a new resource group. |
-| [`DROP RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-resource-group.md) | Drops a resource group. |
-| [`QUERY WATCH`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-query-watch.md) | Manages the runaway query watch list. |
-| [`SET RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-resource-group.md) | Sets a resource group. |
-| [`SHOW CREATE RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-create-resource-group.md) | Shows the `CREATE` statement for a resource group. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`ALTER RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-resource-group.md) | Modifies a resource group. |
+| [`CALIBRATE RESOURCE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-calibrate-resource.md) | Estimates and outputs the [Request Unit (RU)](/tidb-resource-control-ru-groups.md#what-is-request-unit-ru) capacity of the current cluster. |
+| [`CREATE RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-resource-group.md) | Creates a new resource group. |
+| [`DROP RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-resource-group.md) | Drops a resource group. |
+| [`QUERY WATCH`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-query-watch.md) | Manages the runaway query watch list. |
+| [`SET RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-resource-group.md) | Sets a resource group. |
+| [`SHOW CREATE RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-create-resource-group.md) | Shows the `CREATE` statement for a resource group. |
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`ALTER RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-resource-group.md) | Modifies a resource group. |
-| [`CREATE RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-resource-group.md) | Creates a new resource group. |
-| [`DROP RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-resource-group.md) | Drops a resource group. |
-| [`QUERY WATCH`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-query-watch.md) | Manages the runaway query watch list. |
-| [`SET RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-resource-group.md) | Sets a resource group. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`ALTER RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-resource-group.md) | Modifies a resource group. |
+| [`CREATE RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-resource-group.md) | Creates a new resource group. |
+| [`DROP RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-resource-group.md) | Drops a resource group. |
+| [`QUERY WATCH`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-query-watch.md) | Manages the runaway query watch list. |
+| [`SET RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-resource-group.md) | Sets a resource group. |
| [`SHOW CREATE RESOURCE GROUP`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-create-resource-group.md) | Shows the `CREATE` statement for a resource group. |
## Utility statements
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`DESC`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-desc.md) | An alias to `DESCRIBE`, which shows the structure of a table. |
-| [`DESCRIBE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-describe.md) | Shows the structure of a table. |
-| [`DO`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-do.md) | Executes an expression but does not return any results. |
-| [`EXPLAIN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-explain.md) | Shows the execution plan of a query. |
-| [`TRACE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-trace.md) | Provides detailed information about query execution. |
-| [`USE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-use.md) | Sets the current database. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| ------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`DESC`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-desc.md) | An alias to `DESCRIBE`, which shows the structure of a table. |
+| [`DESCRIBE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-describe.md) | Shows the structure of a table. |
+| [`DO`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-do.md) | Executes an expression but does not return any results. |
+| [`EXPLAIN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-explain.md) | Shows the execution plan of a query. |
+| [`TRACE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-trace.md) | Provides detailed information about query execution. |
+| [`USE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-use.md) | Sets the current database. |
## Show statements
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`SHOW BUILTINS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-builtins.md) | Lists builtin functions. |
-| [`SHOW CHARACTER SET`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-character-set.md) | Lists character sets. |
-| [`SHOW COLLATIONS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-collation.md) | Lists collations. |
-| [`SHOW ERRORS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-errors.md) | Shows errors from previously executed statements. |
-| [`SHOW STATUS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-status.md) | Included for [compatibility with MySQL](/mysql-compatibility.md). TiDB uses [Prometheus and Grafana](/tidb-monitoring-framework.md) for centralized metrics collection instead of `SHOW STATUS` for most metrics. |
-| [`SHOW VARIABLES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-variables.md) | Shows system variables. |
-| [`SHOW WARNINGS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-warnings.md) | Shows warnings and notes from previously executed statements. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`SHOW BUILTINS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-builtins.md) | Lists builtin functions. |
+| [`SHOW CHARACTER SET`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-character-set.md) | Lists character sets. |
+| [`SHOW COLLATIONS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-collation.md) | Lists collations. |
+| [`SHOW ERRORS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-errors.md) | Shows errors from previously executed statements. |
+| [`SHOW STATUS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-status.md) | Included for [compatibility with MySQL](/mysql-compatibility.md). TiDB uses [Prometheus and Grafana](/tidb-monitoring-framework.md) for centralized metrics collection instead of `SHOW STATUS` for most metrics. |
+| [`SHOW VARIABLES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-variables.md) | Shows system variables. |
+| [`SHOW WARNINGS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-warnings.md) | Shows warnings and notes from previously executed statements. |
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`SHOW BUILTINS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-builtins.md) | Lists builtin functions. |
-| [`SHOW CHARACTER SET`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-character-set.md) | Lists character sets. |
-| [`SHOW COLLATIONS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-collation.md) | Lists collations. |
-| [`SHOW ERRORS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-errors.md) | Shows errors from previously executed statements. |
-| [`SHOW STATUS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-status.md) | Included for [compatibility with MySQL](/mysql-compatibility.md). TiDB Cloud provides [Monitoring](/tidb-cloud/monitor-tidb-cluster.md) for centralized metrics collection instead of `SHOW STATUS` for most metrics. |
-| [`SHOW VARIABLES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-variables.md) | Shows system variables. |
-| [`SHOW WARNINGS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-warnings.md) | Shows warnings and notes from previously executed statements. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`SHOW BUILTINS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-builtins.md) | Lists builtin functions. |
+| [`SHOW CHARACTER SET`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-character-set.md) | Lists character sets. |
+| [`SHOW COLLATIONS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-collation.md) | Lists collations. |
+| [`SHOW ERRORS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-errors.md) | Shows errors from previously executed statements. |
+| [`SHOW STATUS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-status.md) | Included for [compatibility with MySQL](/mysql-compatibility.md). TiDB Cloud provides [Monitoring](/tidb-cloud/monitor-tidb-cluster.md) for centralized metrics collection instead of `SHOW STATUS` for most metrics. |
+| [`SHOW VARIABLES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-variables.md) | Shows system variables. |
+| [`SHOW WARNINGS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-warnings.md) | Shows warnings and notes from previously executed statements. |
@@ -232,73 +232,73 @@ TiDB uses SQL statements that aim to follow ISO/IEC SQL standards, with extensio
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`ALTER INSTANCE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-instance.md) | Modifies an instance. |
-| [`FLUSH STATUS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-flush-status.md) | Included for [compatibility with MySQL](/mysql-compatibility.md). TiDB uses [Prometheus and Grafana](/tidb-monitoring-framework.md) for centralized metrics collection instead of `SHOW STATUS` for most metrics. |
-| [`KILL`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-kill.md) | Kills a connection in any TiDB instance in the current TiDB cluster. |
-| [`SHOW CONFIG`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-config.md) | Shows the configuration of various components of TiDB. |
-| [`SHOW ENGINES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-engines.md) | Shows available storage engines. |
-| [`SHOW PLUGINS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-plugins.md) | Shows installed plugins. |
-| [`SHOW PROCESSLIST`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-processlist.md) | Shows the current sessions connected to the same TiDB server. |
-| [`SHOW PROFILES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-profiles.md) | Included for [compatibility with MySQL](/mysql-compatibility.md). Currently, it only returns an empty result. |
-| [`SHUTDOWN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-shutdown.md) | Stops the client-connected TiDB instance, not the entire TiDB cluster. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`ALTER INSTANCE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-instance.md) | Modifies an instance. |
+| [`FLUSH STATUS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-flush-status.md) | Included for [compatibility with MySQL](/mysql-compatibility.md). TiDB uses [Prometheus and Grafana](/tidb-monitoring-framework.md) for centralized metrics collection instead of `SHOW STATUS` for most metrics. |
+| [`KILL`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-kill.md) | Kills a connection in any TiDB instance in the current TiDB cluster. |
+| [`SHOW CONFIG`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-config.md) | Shows the configuration of various components of TiDB. |
+| [`SHOW ENGINES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-engines.md) | Shows available storage engines. |
+| [`SHOW PLUGINS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-plugins.md) | Shows installed plugins. |
+| [`SHOW PROCESSLIST`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-processlist.md) | Shows the current sessions connected to the same TiDB server. |
+| [`SHOW PROFILES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-profiles.md) | Included for [compatibility with MySQL](/mysql-compatibility.md). Currently, it only returns an empty result. |
+| [`SHUTDOWN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-shutdown.md) | Stops the client-connected TiDB instance, not the entire TiDB cluster. |
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`ALTER INSTANCE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-instance.md) | Modifies an instance. |
-| [`FLUSH STATUS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-flush-status.md) | Included for [compatibility with MySQL](/mysql-compatibility.md). TiDB Cloud provides [Monitoring](/tidb-cloud/monitor-tidb-cluster.md) for centralized metrics collection instead of `SHOW STATUS` for most metrics. |
-| [`KILL`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-kill.md) | Kills a connection in any TiDB instance in the current TiDB cluster. |
-| [`SHOW ENGINES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-engines.md) | Shows available storage engines. |
-| [`SHOW PLUGINS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-plugins.md) | Shows installed plugins. |
-| [`SHOW PROCESSLIST`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-processlist.md) | Shows the current sessions connected to the same TiDB server. |
-| [`SHOW PROFILES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-profiles.md) | Shows query profiles. Included for [compatibility with MySQL](/mysql-compatibility.md). Currently only returns an empty result. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`ALTER INSTANCE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-instance.md) | Modifies an instance. |
+| [`FLUSH STATUS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-flush-status.md) | Included for [compatibility with MySQL](/mysql-compatibility.md). TiDB Cloud provides [Monitoring](/tidb-cloud/monitor-tidb-cluster.md) for centralized metrics collection instead of `SHOW STATUS` for most metrics. |
+| [`KILL`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-kill.md) | Kills a connection in any TiDB instance in the current TiDB cluster. |
+| [`SHOW ENGINES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-engines.md) | Shows available storage engines. |
+| [`SHOW PLUGINS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-plugins.md) | Shows installed plugins. |
+| [`SHOW PROCESSLIST`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-processlist.md) | Shows the current sessions connected to the same TiDB server. |
+| [`SHOW PROFILES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-profiles.md) | Shows query profiles. Included for [compatibility with MySQL](/mysql-compatibility.md). Currently only returns an empty result. |
## Locking statements
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`LOCK STATS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-lock-stats.md) | Locks statistics of tables or partitions. |
-| [`LOCK TABLES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-lock-tables-and-unlock-tables.md) | Locks tables for the current session. |
-| [`UNLOCK STATS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-unlock-stats.md) | Unlocks statistics of tables or partitions. |
-| [`UNLOCK TABLES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-lock-tables-and-unlock-tables.md) | Unlocks tables. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- |
+| [`LOCK STATS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-lock-stats.md) | Locks statistics of tables or partitions. |
+| [`LOCK TABLES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-lock-tables-and-unlock-tables.md) | Locks tables for the current session. |
+| [`UNLOCK STATS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-unlock-stats.md) | Unlocks statistics of tables or partitions. |
+| [`UNLOCK TABLES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-lock-tables-and-unlock-tables.md) | Unlocks tables. |
## Account management / Data Control Language
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`ALTER USER`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-user.md) | Modifies a user. |
-| [`CREATE ROLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-role.md) | Creates a role. |
-| [`CREATE USER`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-user.md) | Creates a new user. |
-| [`DROP ROLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-role.md) | Drops an existing role. |
-| [`DROP USER`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-user.md) | Drops an existing user. |
-| [`FLUSH PRIVILEGES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-flush-privileges.md) | Reloads the in-memory copy of privileges from the privilege tables. |
-| [`GRANT `](/sql-statements/sql-statement-grant-privileges.md) | Grants privileges. |
-| [`GRANT `](/sql-statements/sql-statement-grant-role.md) | Grants a role. |
-| [`RENAME USER`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-rename-user.md) | Renames an existing user. |
-| [`REVOKE `](/sql-statements/sql-statement-revoke-privileges.md) | Revokes privileges. |
-| [`REVOKE `](/sql-statements/sql-statement-revoke-role.md) | Revokes a role. |
-| [`SET DEFAULT ROLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-default-role.md) | Sets a default role. |
-| [`SET PASSWORD`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-password.md) | Changes a password. |
-| [`SET ROLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-role.md) | Enables roles in the current session. |
-| [`SHOW CREATE USER`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-create-user.md) | Shows the `CREATE` statement for a user. |
-| [`SHOW GRANTS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-grants.md) | Shows privileges associated with a user. |
-| [`SHOW PRIVILEGES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-privileges.md) | Shows available privileges. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`ALTER USER`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-alter-user.md) | Modifies a user. |
+| [`CREATE ROLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-role.md) | Creates a role. |
+| [`CREATE USER`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-user.md) | Creates a new user. |
+| [`DROP ROLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-role.md) | Drops an existing role. |
+| [`DROP USER`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-user.md) | Drops an existing user. |
+| [`FLUSH PRIVILEGES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-flush-privileges.md) | Reloads the in-memory copy of privileges from the privilege tables. |
+| [`GRANT `](/sql-statements/sql-statement-grant-privileges.md) | Grants privileges. |
+| [`GRANT `](/sql-statements/sql-statement-grant-role.md) | Grants a role. |
+| [`RENAME USER`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-rename-user.md) | Renames an existing user. |
+| [`REVOKE `](/sql-statements/sql-statement-revoke-privileges.md) | Revokes privileges. |
+| [`REVOKE `](/sql-statements/sql-statement-revoke-role.md) | Revokes a role. |
+| [`SET DEFAULT ROLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-default-role.md) | Sets a default role. |
+| [`SET PASSWORD`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-password.md) | Changes a password. |
+| [`SET ROLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-set-role.md) | Enables roles in the current session. |
+| [`SHOW CREATE USER`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-create-user.md) | Shows the `CREATE` statement for a user. |
+| [`SHOW GRANTS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-grants.md) | Shows privileges associated with a user. |
+| [`SHOW PRIVILEGES`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-privileges.md) | Shows available privileges. |
## TiCDC
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`ADMIN [SET\|SHOW\|UNSET] BDR ROLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-bdr-role.md) | Manages BDR roles. |
-| [`SHOW MASTER STATUS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-master-status.md) | Shows the latest TSO in the cluster. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
+| [`ADMIN [SET\|SHOW\|UNSET] BDR ROLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-admin-bdr-role.md) | Manages BDR roles. |
+| [`SHOW MASTER STATUS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-master-status.md) | Shows the latest TSO in the cluster. |
@@ -306,30 +306,31 @@ TiDB uses SQL statements that aim to follow ISO/IEC SQL standards, with extensio
> **Note:**
>
-> [TiCDC](https://docs.pingcap.com/tidb/stable/ticdc-overview) & [TiDB Binlog](https://docs.pingcap.com/tidb/v8.3/tidb-binlog-overview) are tools for replicating TiDB data to the upstream for TiDB Self-Managed. Most SQL statements for TiCDC and TiDB Binlog are not applicable to TiDB Cloud. For TiDB Cloud, you can use the [Changefeed](/tidb-cloud/changefeed-overview.md) feature in the [TiDB Cloud console](https://tidbcloud.com) instead to stream data.
+> [TiCDC](https://docs.pingcap.com/tidb/stable/ticdc-overview) & [TiDB Binlog](https://docs-archive.pingcap.com/tidb/v8.3/tidb-binlog-overview) are tools for replicating TiDB data to the upstream for TiDB Self-Managed. Most SQL statements for TiCDC and TiDB Binlog are not applicable to TiDB Cloud. For TiDB Cloud, you can use the [Changefeed](/tidb-cloud/changefeed-overview.md) feature in the [TiDB Cloud console](https://tidbcloud.com) instead to stream data.
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
| [`SHOW MASTER STATUS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-master-status.md) | Shows the latest TSO in the cluster. |
## Statistics and plan management
-| SQL Statement | Description |
-|---------------|-------------|
-| [`ANALYZE TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-analyze-table.md) | Collects statistics about a table. |
-| [`CREATE BINDING`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-binding.md) | Creates an execution plan binding for a SQL statement. |
-| [`DROP BINDING`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-binding.md) | Drops an execution plan binding from a SQL statement. |
-| [`DROP STATS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-stats.md) | Drops statistics from a table. |
-| [`EXPLAIN ANALYZE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-explain-analyze.md) | Works similar to `EXPLAIN`, with the major difference that it will execute the statement. |
-| [`LOAD STATS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-load-stats.md) | Loads statistics into TiDB. |
-| [`SHOW ANALYZE STATUS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-analyze-status.md) | Shows statistics collection tasks. |
-| [`SHOW BINDINGS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-bindings.md) | Shows created SQL bindings. |
-| [`SHOW COLUMN_STATS_USAGE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-column-stats-usage.md) | Shows the last usage time and collection time of column statistics. |
-| [`SHOW STATS_BUCKETS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-stats-buckets.md) | Shows the bucket information in statistics. |
-| [`SHOW STATS_HEALTHY`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-stats-healthy.md) | Shows an estimation of how accurate statistics are believed to be. |
-| [`SHOW STATS_HISTOGRAMS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-stats-histograms.md) | Shows the histogram information in statistics. |
-| [`SHOW STATS_LOCKED`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-stats-locked.md) | Shows the tables whose statistics are locked. |
-| [`SHOW STATS_META`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-stats-meta.md) | Shows how many rows are in a table and how many rows are changed in that table. |
-| [`SHOW STATS_TOPN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-stats-topn.md) | Shows the Top-N information in statistics. |
+| SQL Statement | Description |
+| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`ANALYZE TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-analyze-table.md) | Collects statistics about a table. |
+| [`CREATE BINDING`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-binding.md) | Creates an execution plan binding for a SQL statement. |
+| [`DROP BINDING`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-binding.md) | Drops an execution plan binding from a SQL statement. |
+| [`DROP STATS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-drop-stats.md) | Drops statistics from a table. |
+| [`EXPLAIN ANALYZE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-explain-analyze.md) | Works similar to `EXPLAIN`, with the major difference that it will execute the statement. |
+| [`LOAD STATS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-load-stats.md) | Loads statistics into TiDB. |
+| [`REFRESH STATS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-refresh-stats.md) | Reloads persisted statistics into memory for specific tables or the entire cluster. |
+| [`SHOW ANALYZE STATUS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-analyze-status.md) | Shows statistics collection tasks. |
+| [`SHOW BINDINGS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-bindings.md) | Shows created SQL bindings. |
+| [`SHOW COLUMN_STATS_USAGE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-column-stats-usage.md) | Shows the last usage time and collection time of column statistics. |
+| [`SHOW STATS_BUCKETS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-stats-buckets.md) | Shows the bucket information in statistics. |
+| [`SHOW STATS_HEALTHY`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-stats-healthy.md) | Shows an estimation of how accurate statistics are believed to be. |
+| [`SHOW STATS_HISTOGRAMS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-stats-histograms.md) | Shows the histogram information in statistics. |
+| [`SHOW STATS_LOCKED`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-stats-locked.md) | Shows the tables whose statistics are locked. |
+| [`SHOW STATS_META`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-stats-meta.md) | Shows how many rows are in a table and how many rows are changed in that table. |
+| [`SHOW STATS_TOPN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-show-stats-topn.md) | Shows the Top-N information in statistics. |
diff --git a/sql-statements/sql-statement-refresh-stats.md b/sql-statements/sql-statement-refresh-stats.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..cccda32d9563a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sql-statements/sql-statement-refresh-stats.md
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+---
+title: REFRESH STATS
+summary: Learn how to reload statistics into memory for specific tables or the whole TiDB cluster.
+aliases: ['/docs/dev/sql-statements/sql-statement-refresh-stats/']
+---
+
+# REFRESH STATS
+
+`REFRESH STATS` reloads persisted optimizer statistics from the TiDB system tables into memory. This statement is primarily intended for scenarios where statistics have been restored externally (for example, by BR) or when you need to reconcile in-memory statistics without rerunning `ANALYZE`.
+
+When you run `REFRESH STATS`, TiDB reuses the statistics initialization routines that are automatically triggered at startup. You can reload statistics for individual tables, every table in selected databases, or the entire cluster, and optionally choose whether to perform lightweight (`LITE`) or full (`FULL`) initialization.
+
+> **Warning:**
+>
+> This statement exists primarily for BR workflows that must reload statistics after a physical restore. Outside of BR, only run it when you explicitly debug in-memory statistics, and do not execute it on production clusters during ordinary operations.
+
+## Synopsis
+
+```ebnf+diagram
+RefreshStatsStmt ::=
+ 'REFRESH' 'STATS' RefreshTargetList RefreshMode? ClusterOption?
+
+RefreshTargetList ::=
+ RefreshTarget (',' RefreshTarget)*
+
+RefreshTarget ::=
+ TableName
+ | SchemaWildcard
+ | GlobalWildcard
+
+TableName ::=
+ Identifier ('.' Identifier)?
+
+SchemaWildcard ::=
+ Identifier '.' '*'
+
+GlobalWildcard ::=
+ '*' '.' '*'
+
+RefreshMode ::=
+ 'FULL'
+ | 'LITE'
+
+ClusterOption ::=
+ 'CLUSTER'
+```
+
+## Options
+
+- **Targets (`RefreshTargetList`)**
+ - `table_name` refreshes a table in the current database.
+ - `db_name.table_name` refreshes a fully qualified table.
+ - `db_name.*` refreshes every table in the specified database.
+ - `*.*` refreshes every table in the cluster.
+- **`FULL`** Forces TiDB to load full statistics (histograms, TopN, CMSketches) into memory, equivalent to setting [`lite-init-stats`](/tidb-configuration-file.md#lite-init-stats-new-in-v710) to `false` for this operation. Use this when you need complete statistics immediately after the refresh.
+- **`LITE`** Uses lightweight initialization, equivalent to `lite-init-stats = true`, which skips loading histograms and other heavy structures until they are needed.
+- **`CLUSTER`** Broadcasts the refresh request to every TiDB server. Without this keyword, only the TiDB node that receives the statement reloads its in-memory statistics.
+- **Default mode** If neither `FULL` nor `LITE` is specified, TiDB uses the current value of [`lite-init-stats`](/tidb-configuration-file.md#lite-init-stats-new-in-v710).
+
+## Examples
+
+- Refresh statistics for a single table on the connected TiDB node:
+
+ {{< copyable "sql" >}}
+
+ ```sql
+ REFRESH STATS orders;
+ ```
+
+- Refresh all tables in `sales` with lightweight initialization:
+
+ {{< copyable "sql" >}}
+
+ ```sql
+ REFRESH STATS sales.* LITE;
+ ```
+
+- Force every TiDB node to load full statistics for the entire cluster:
+
+ {{< copyable "sql" >}}
+
+ ```sql
+ REFRESH STATS *.* FULL CLUSTER;
+ ```
+
+## Privileges
+
+To execute `REFRESH STATS`, you must either have the `RESTORE_ADMIN` privilege or hold `SELECT` on every targeted table. If you do not have sufficient privileges, TiDB returns an error and aborts the statement.
+
+## MySQL compatibility
+
+`REFRESH STATS` is a TiDB-specific extension and is not part of MySQL.
+
+## See also
+
+- [Statistics](/statistics.md)
+- [`ANALYZE TABLE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-analyze-table.md)
+- [`LOCK STATS`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-lock-stats.md)