diff --git a/main.go b/main.go
index 3eb05a8..7908b33 100644
--- a/main.go
+++ b/main.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package main
 import (
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"log"
 	"os"
 
@@ -19,17 +20,17 @@ import (
 var (
 	Version = "dev"
 
-	inline  = flag.Bool("inline", false, "parse rule inlining")
-	_switch = flag.Bool("switch", false, "replace if-else if-else like blocks with switch blocks")
-	// Avoid redefinition of built-in function print.
+	inline      = flag.Bool("inline", false, "parse rule inlining")
+	switchFlag  = flag.Bool("switch", false, "replace if-else if-else like blocks with switch blocks")
 	printFlag   = flag.Bool("print", false, "directly dump the syntax tree")
 	syntax      = flag.Bool("syntax", false, "print out the syntax tree")
 	noast       = flag.Bool("noast", false, "disable AST")
 	strict      = flag.Bool("strict", false, "treat compiler warnings as errors")
-	filename    = flag.String("output", "", "specify name of output file")
+	outputFile  = flag.String("output", "", "output to `FILE` (\"-\" for stdout)")
 	showVersion = flag.Bool("version", false, "print the version and exit")
 )
 
+// main is the entry point for the PEG compiler.
 func main() {
 	flag.Parse()
 
@@ -38,49 +39,84 @@ func main() {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if flag.NArg() != 1 {
-		flag.Usage()
-		log.Fatalf("FILE: the peg file to compile")
-	}
-	file := flag.Arg(0)
+	err := parse(
+		func(p *Peg[uint32], out io.Writer) error {
+			if *printFlag {
+				p.Print()
+			}
+			if *syntax {
+				p.PrintSyntaxTree()
+			}
 
-	buffer, err := os.ReadFile(file)
+			p.Strict = *strict
+			if err := p.Compile(*outputFile, os.Args, out); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return nil
+		},
+	)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	p := &Peg[uint32]{Tree: tree.New(*inline, *_switch, *noast), Buffer: string(buffer)}
-	_ = p.Init(Pretty[uint32](true), Size[uint32](1<<15))
-	if err := p.Parse(); err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
+		if *strict {
+			log.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "warning:", err)
 	}
+}
 
-	p.Execute()
+// getIO returns input and output streams based on command-line flags.
+func getIO() (in io.ReadCloser, out io.WriteCloser, err error) {
+	in, out = os.Stdin, os.Stdout
 
-	if *printFlag {
-		p.Print()
-	}
-	if *syntax {
-		p.PrintSyntaxTree()
+	if flag.NArg() > 0 && flag.Arg(0) != "-" {
+		in, err = os.Open(flag.Arg(0))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		if *outputFile == "" {
+			*outputFile = flag.Arg(0) + ".go"
+		}
 	}
 
-	if *filename == "" {
-		*filename = file + ".go"
+	if *outputFile != "" && *outputFile != "-" {
+		out, err = os.OpenFile(*outputFile, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0o644)
+		if err != nil {
+			if in != nil && in != os.Stdin {
+				in.Close()
+			}
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
 	}
-	out, err := os.OpenFile(*filename, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0o644)
+
+	return in, out, nil
+}
+
+// parse reads input, parses, executes, and compiles the PEG grammar.
+func parse(compile func(*Peg[uint32], io.Writer) error) error {
+	in, out, err := getIO()
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("%v: %v\n", *filename, err)
-		return
+		return err
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		err := out.Close()
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Fatal(err)
+		if in != nil && in != os.Stdin {
+			in.Close()
+		}
+		if out != nil && out != os.Stdout {
+			out.Close()
 		}
 	}()
 
-	p.Strict = *strict
-	if err = p.Compile(*filename, os.Args, out); err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
+	buffer, err := io.ReadAll(in)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	p := &Peg[uint32]{Tree: tree.New(*inline, *switchFlag, *noast), Buffer: string(buffer)}
+	_ = p.Init(Pretty[uint32](true), Size[uint32](1<<15))
+	if err = p.Parse(); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
+
+	p.Execute()
+
+	return compile(p, out)
 }