diff --git a/backend/src/composite/mod.rs b/backend/src/composite/mod.rs
index aca2b98a8..e8eb63b25 100644
--- a/backend/src/composite/mod.rs
+++ b/backend/src/composite/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::{collections::BTreeMap, io, marker::PhantomData, path::PathBuf};
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, io, marker::PhantomData, path::PathBuf, sync::Arc};
 
 use powdr_ast::analyzed::Analyzed;
 use powdr_executor::witgen::WitgenCallback;
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ impl<F: FieldElement, B: BackendFactory<F>> CompositeBackendFactory<F, B> {
 impl<F: FieldElement, B: BackendFactory<F>> BackendFactory<F> for CompositeBackendFactory<F, B> {
     fn create<'a>(
         &self,
-        pil: &'a Analyzed<F>,
-        fixed: &'a [(String, Vec<F>)],
+        pil: Arc<Analyzed<F>>,
+        fixed: Arc<Vec<(String, Vec<F>)>>,
         output_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
         setup: Option<&mut dyn std::io::Read>,
         verification_key: Option<&mut dyn std::io::Read>,
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ impl<F: FieldElement, B: BackendFactory<F>> BackendFactory<F> for CompositeBacke
                     std::fs::create_dir_all(output_dir)?;
                 }
                 let backend = self.factory.create(
-                    pil,
-                    fixed,
+                    pil.clone(),
+                    fixed.clone(),
                     output_dir,
                     // TODO: Handle setup, verification_key, verification_app_key
                     None,
diff --git a/backend/src/estark/mod.rs b/backend/src/estark/mod.rs
index 420373b67..a638866dc 100644
--- a/backend/src/estark/mod.rs
+++ b/backend/src/estark/mod.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use std::{
     fs::{hard_link, remove_file},
     iter::{once, repeat},
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    sync::Arc,
 };
 
 use crate::{Backend, BackendFactory, BackendOptions, Error, Proof};
@@ -214,8 +215,8 @@ pub struct DumpFactory;
 impl<F: FieldElement> BackendFactory<F> for DumpFactory {
     fn create<'a>(
         &self,
-        analyzed: &'a Analyzed<F>,
-        fixed: &'a [(String, Vec<F>)],
+        analyzed: Arc<Analyzed<F>>,
+        fixed: Arc<Vec<(String, Vec<F>)>>,
         output_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
         setup: Option<&mut dyn std::io::Read>,
         verification_key: Option<&mut dyn std::io::Read>,
@@ -223,8 +224,8 @@ impl<F: FieldElement> BackendFactory<F> for DumpFactory {
         options: BackendOptions,
     ) -> Result<Box<dyn crate::Backend<'a, F> + 'a>, Error> {
         Ok(Box::new(DumpBackend(EStarkFilesCommon::create(
-            analyzed,
-            fixed,
+            &analyzed,
+            &fixed,
             output_dir,
             setup,
             verification_key,
diff --git a/backend/src/estark/starky_wrapper.rs b/backend/src/estark/starky_wrapper.rs
index 4ca379229..c94c9908c 100644
--- a/backend/src/estark/starky_wrapper.rs
+++ b/backend/src/estark/starky_wrapper.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+use std::io;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Instant;
-use std::{borrow::Cow, io};
 
 use crate::{Backend, BackendFactory, BackendOptions, Error};
 use powdr_ast::analyzed::Analyzed;
@@ -25,8 +26,8 @@ pub struct Factory;
 impl<F: FieldElement> BackendFactory<F> for Factory {
     fn create<'a>(
         &self,
-        pil: &'a Analyzed<F>,
-        fixed: &'a [(String, Vec<F>)],
+        pil: Arc<Analyzed<F>>,
+        fixed: Arc<Vec<(String, Vec<F>)>>,
         _output_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
         setup: Option<&mut dyn std::io::Read>,
         verification_key: Option<&mut dyn std::io::Read>,
@@ -50,9 +51,9 @@ impl<F: FieldElement> BackendFactory<F> for Factory {
 
         let params = create_stark_struct(pil.degree(), proof_type.hash_type());
 
-        let (pil_json, patched_fixed) = first_step_fixup(pil, fixed);
+        let (pil_json, patched_fixed) = first_step_fixup(&pil, &fixed);
 
-        let fixed = patched_fixed.map_or_else(|| Cow::Borrowed(fixed), Cow::Owned);
+        let fixed = patched_fixed.map_or_else(|| fixed.clone(), Arc::new);
 
         let const_pols = to_starky_pols_array(&fixed, &pil_json, PolKind::Constant);
 
@@ -86,8 +87,8 @@ fn create_stark_setup(
     .unwrap()
 }
 
-pub struct EStark<'a, F: FieldElement> {
-    fixed: Cow<'a, [(String, Vec<F>)]>,
+pub struct EStark<F: FieldElement> {
+    fixed: Arc<Vec<(String, Vec<F>)>>,
     pil_json: PIL,
     params: StarkStruct,
     // eSTARK calls it setup, but it works similarly to a verification key and depends only on the
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ pub struct EStark<'a, F: FieldElement> {
     proof_type: ProofType,
 }
 
-impl<'a, F: FieldElement> EStark<'a, F> {
+impl<F: FieldElement> EStark<F> {
     fn verify_stark_gl_with_publics(
         &self,
         proof: &StarkProof<MerkleTreeGL>,
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ impl<'a, F: FieldElement> EStark<'a, F> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, F: FieldElement> Backend<'a, F> for EStark<'a, F> {
+impl<'a, F: FieldElement> Backend<'a, F> for EStark<F> {
     fn verify(&self, proof: &[u8], instances: &[Vec<F>]) -> Result<(), Error> {
         match self.proof_type {
             ProofType::StarkGL => {
diff --git a/backend/src/halo2/circuit_builder.rs b/backend/src/halo2/circuit_builder.rs
index f5023feed..bad2785ef 100644
--- a/backend/src/halo2/circuit_builder.rs
+++ b/backend/src/halo2/circuit_builder.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::{cmp::max, collections::BTreeMap, iter};
+use std::{cmp::max, collections::BTreeMap, iter, sync::Arc};
 
 use halo2_curves::ff::PrimeField;
 use halo2_proofs::{
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ impl PowdrCircuitConfig {
 #[derive(Clone)]
 /// Wraps an Analyzed<T>. This is used as the PowdrCircuit::Params type, which required
 /// a type that implements Default.
-pub(crate) struct AnalyzedWrapper<T: FieldElement>(Analyzed<T>);
+pub(crate) struct AnalyzedWrapper<T: FieldElement>(Arc<Analyzed<T>>);
 
 impl<T> Default for AnalyzedWrapper<T>
 where
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: FieldElement> From<Analyzed<T>> for AnalyzedWrapper<T> {
-    fn from(analyzed: Analyzed<T>) -> Self {
+impl<T: FieldElement> From<Arc<Analyzed<T>>> for AnalyzedWrapper<T> {
+    fn from(analyzed: Arc<Analyzed<T>>) -> Self {
         Self(analyzed)
     }
 }
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ impl<T: FieldElement> From<Analyzed<T>> for AnalyzedWrapper<T> {
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct PowdrCircuit<'a, T> {
     /// The analyzed PIL
-    analyzed: &'a Analyzed<T>,
+    analyzed: Arc<Analyzed<T>>,
     /// The value of the fixed columns
     fixed: &'a [(String, Vec<T>)],
     /// The value of the witness columns, if set
@@ -102,17 +102,19 @@ fn get_publics<T: FieldElement>(analyzed: &Analyzed<T>) -> Vec<(String, usize)>
 }
 
 impl<'a, T: FieldElement> PowdrCircuit<'a, T> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(analyzed: &'a Analyzed<T>, fixed: &'a [(String, Vec<T>)]) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(analyzed: Arc<Analyzed<T>>, fixed: &'a [(String, Vec<T>)]) -> Self {
         for (fixed_name, _) in fixed {
             assert!(fixed_name != FIRST_STEP_NAME);
             assert!(fixed_name != ENABLE_NAME);
         }
 
+        let publics = get_publics(&analyzed);
+
         Self {
             analyzed,
             fixed,
             witness: None,
-            publics: get_publics(analyzed),
+            publics,
             witgen_callback: None,
         }
     }
diff --git a/backend/src/halo2/mock_prover.rs b/backend/src/halo2/mock_prover.rs
index 65e2e206d..3e6f41ffb 100644
--- a/backend/src/halo2/mock_prover.rs
+++ b/backend/src/halo2/mock_prover.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use powdr_ast::analyzed::Analyzed;
 use powdr_executor::witgen::WitgenCallback;
 
@@ -8,7 +10,7 @@ use powdr_number::{FieldElement, KnownField};
 
 // Can't depend on compiler::pipeline::GeneratedWitness because of circular dependencies...
 pub fn mock_prove<T: FieldElement>(
-    pil: &Analyzed<T>,
+    pil: Arc<Analyzed<T>>,
     constants: &[(String, Vec<T>)],
     witness: &[(String, Vec<T>)],
     witgen_callback: WitgenCallback<T>,
diff --git a/backend/src/halo2/mod.rs b/backend/src/halo2/mod.rs
index bc30c2e6c..b548112c9 100644
--- a/backend/src/halo2/mod.rs
+++ b/backend/src/halo2/mod.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 use std::io;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::{Backend, BackendFactory, BackendOptions, Error, Proof};
 use powdr_ast::analyzed::Analyzed;
@@ -74,8 +75,8 @@ where
 impl<F: FieldElement> BackendFactory<F> for Halo2ProverFactory {
     fn create<'a>(
         &self,
-        pil: &'a Analyzed<F>,
-        fixed: &'a [(String, Vec<F>)],
+        pil: Arc<Analyzed<F>>,
+        fixed: Arc<Vec<(String, Vec<F>)>>,
         _output_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
         setup: Option<&mut dyn io::Read>,
         verification_key: Option<&mut dyn io::Read>,
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ fn fe_slice_to_string<F: FieldElement>(fe: &[F]) -> Vec<String> {
     fe.iter().map(|x| x.to_string()).collect()
 }
 
-impl<'a, T: FieldElement> Backend<'a, T> for Halo2Prover<'a, T> {
+impl<'a, T: FieldElement> Backend<'a, T> for Halo2Prover<T> {
     fn verify(&self, proof: &[u8], instances: &[Vec<T>]) -> Result<(), Error> {
         let proof: Halo2Proof = serde_json::from_slice(proof).unwrap();
         // TODO should do a verification refactoring making it a 1d vec
@@ -180,8 +181,8 @@ pub(crate) struct Halo2MockFactory;
 impl<F: FieldElement> BackendFactory<F> for Halo2MockFactory {
     fn create<'a>(
         &self,
-        pil: &'a Analyzed<F>,
-        fixed: &'a [(String, Vec<F>)],
+        pil: Arc<Analyzed<F>>,
+        fixed: Arc<Vec<(String, Vec<F>)>>,
         _output_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
         setup: Option<&mut dyn io::Read>,
         verification_key: Option<&mut dyn io::Read>,
@@ -202,12 +203,12 @@ impl<F: FieldElement> BackendFactory<F> for Halo2MockFactory {
     }
 }
 
-pub struct Halo2Mock<'a, F: FieldElement> {
-    pil: &'a Analyzed<F>,
-    fixed: &'a [(String, Vec<F>)],
+pub struct Halo2Mock<F: FieldElement> {
+    pil: Arc<Analyzed<F>>,
+    fixed: Arc<Vec<(String, Vec<F>)>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, T: FieldElement> Backend<'a, T> for Halo2Mock<'a, T> {
+impl<'a, T: FieldElement> Backend<'a, T> for Halo2Mock<T> {
     fn prove(
         &self,
         witness: &[(String, Vec<T>)],
@@ -218,7 +219,7 @@ impl<'a, T: FieldElement> Backend<'a, T> for Halo2Mock<'a, T> {
             return Err(Error::NoAggregationAvailable);
         }
 
-        mock_prover::mock_prove(self.pil, self.fixed, witness, witgen_callback)
+        mock_prover::mock_prove(self.pil.clone(), &self.fixed, witness, witgen_callback)
             .map_err(Error::BackendError)?;
 
         Ok(vec![])
diff --git a/backend/src/halo2/prover.rs b/backend/src/halo2/prover.rs
index 2830c3f62..153888040 100644
--- a/backend/src/halo2/prover.rs
+++ b/backend/src/halo2/prover.rs
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ use itertools::Itertools;
 use rand::rngs::OsRng;
 use std::{
     io::{self, Cursor},
+    sync::Arc,
     time::Instant,
 };
 
@@ -58,9 +59,9 @@ use std::{
 /// This only works with Bn254, so it really shouldn't be generic over the field
 /// element, but without RFC #1210, the only alternative I found is a very ugly
 /// "unsafe" code, and unsafe code is harder to explain and maintain.
-pub struct Halo2Prover<'a, F> {
-    analyzed: &'a Analyzed<F>,
-    fixed: &'a [(String, Vec<F>)],
+pub struct Halo2Prover<F> {
+    analyzed: Arc<Analyzed<F>>,
+    fixed: Arc<Vec<(String, Vec<F>)>>,
     params: ParamsKZG<Bn256>,
     // Verification key of the proof type we're generating
     vkey: Option<VerifyingKey<G1Affine>>,
@@ -82,10 +83,10 @@ pub fn generate_setup(size: DegreeType) -> ParamsKZG<Bn256> {
     ParamsKZG::<Bn256>::new(std::cmp::max(4, degree_bits(size)))
 }
 
-impl<'a, F: FieldElement> Halo2Prover<'a, F> {
+impl<F: FieldElement> Halo2Prover<F> {
     pub fn new(
-        analyzed: &'a Analyzed<F>,
-        fixed: &'a [(String, Vec<F>)],
+        analyzed: Arc<Analyzed<F>>,
+        fixed: Arc<Vec<(String, Vec<F>)>>,
         setup: Option<&mut dyn io::Read>,
         proof_type: ProofType,
     ) -> Result<Self, io::Error> {
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ impl<'a, F: FieldElement> Halo2Prover<'a, F> {
     ) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, Vec<Vec<Fr>>), String> {
         log::info!("Starting proof generation...");
 
-        let circuit = PowdrCircuit::new(self.analyzed, self.fixed)
+        let circuit = PowdrCircuit::new(self.analyzed.clone(), &self.fixed)
             .with_witgen_callback(witgen_callback)
             .with_witness(witness);
         let publics = vec![circuit.instance_column()];
@@ -238,7 +239,7 @@ impl<'a, F: FieldElement> Halo2Prover<'a, F> {
 
         log::info!("Generating circuit for app snark...");
 
-        let circuit_app = PowdrCircuit::new(self.analyzed, self.fixed)
+        let circuit_app = PowdrCircuit::new(self.analyzed.clone(), &self.fixed)
             .with_witgen_callback(witgen_callback)
             .with_witness(witness);
 
@@ -362,7 +363,7 @@ impl<'a, F: FieldElement> Halo2Prover<'a, F> {
     }
 
     fn generate_verification_key_single(&self) -> Result<VerifyingKey<G1Affine>, String> {
-        let circuit = PowdrCircuit::new(self.analyzed, self.fixed);
+        let circuit = PowdrCircuit::new(self.analyzed.clone(), &self.fixed);
         keygen_vk(&self.params, &circuit).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
     }
 
diff --git a/backend/src/lib.rs b/backend/src/lib.rs
index 09d1f7dc8..9901fd438 100644
--- a/backend/src/lib.rs
+++ b/backend/src/lib.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ mod composite;
 use powdr_ast::analyzed::Analyzed;
 use powdr_executor::witgen::WitgenCallback;
 use powdr_number::{DegreeType, FieldElement};
-use std::{io, path::PathBuf};
+use std::{io, path::PathBuf, sync::Arc};
 use strum::{Display, EnumString, EnumVariantNames};
 
 #[derive(Clone, EnumString, EnumVariantNames, Display, Copy)]
@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ pub trait BackendFactory<F: FieldElement> {
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     fn create<'a>(
         &self,
-        pil: &'a Analyzed<F>,
-        fixed: &'a [(String, Vec<F>)],
+        pil: Arc<Analyzed<F>>,
+        fixed: Arc<Vec<(String, Vec<F>)>>,
         output_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
         setup: Option<&mut dyn io::Read>,
         verification_key: Option<&mut dyn io::Read>,
diff --git a/pipeline/src/pipeline.rs b/pipeline/src/pipeline.rs
index a079f6a98..509ac6cb6 100644
--- a/pipeline/src/pipeline.rs
+++ b/pipeline/src/pipeline.rs
@@ -911,8 +911,8 @@ impl<T: FieldElement> Pipeline<T> {
         /* Create the backend */
         let backend = factory
             .create(
-                pil.borrow(),
-                &fixed_cols[..],
+                pil.clone(),
+                fixed_cols.clone(),
                 self.output_dir.clone(),
                 setup.as_io_read(),
                 vkey.as_io_read(),
@@ -993,8 +993,8 @@ impl<T: FieldElement> Pipeline<T> {
 
         let backend = factory
             .create(
-                pil.borrow(),
-                &fixed_cols[..],
+                pil.clone(),
+                fixed_cols.clone(),
                 self.output_dir.clone(),
                 setup_file
                     .as_mut()
@@ -1047,8 +1047,8 @@ impl<T: FieldElement> Pipeline<T> {
 
         let backend = factory
             .create(
-                pil.borrow(),
-                &fixed_cols[..],
+                pil.clone(),
+                fixed_cols.clone(),
                 self.output_dir.clone(),
                 setup_file
                     .as_mut()
@@ -1095,8 +1095,8 @@ impl<T: FieldElement> Pipeline<T> {
 
         let backend = factory
             .create(
-                pil.borrow(),
-                &fixed_cols[..],
+                pil.clone(),
+                fixed_cols.clone(),
                 self.output_dir.clone(),
                 setup_file
                     .as_mut()