diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 6bbfa153f..dadbcfc26 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ repos:
         files: ^(.*\.toml)$
 
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.1.11
+    rev: v0.1.14
     hooks:
       - id: ruff
         args: [ --exit-non-zero-on-fix, --fix ]
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/psf/black
     hooks:
       - id: black
-    rev: 23.12.1
+    rev: 24.1.1
 
   - repo: https://github.com/LilSpazJoekp/docstrfmt
     hooks:
diff --git a/praw/__init__.py b/praw/__init__.py
index 8d6c7f37e..422aa8e11 100644
--- a/praw/__init__.py
+++ b/praw/__init__.py
@@ -8,5 +8,6 @@
 More information about PRAW can be found at https://github.com/praw-dev/praw.
 
 """
+
 from .const import __version__
 from .reddit import Reddit
diff --git a/praw/config.py b/praw/config.py
index a89f66d1c..a1f856753 100644
--- a/praw/config.py
+++ b/praw/config.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provides the code to load PRAW's configuration file ``praw.ini``."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import configparser
diff --git a/praw/const.py b/praw/const.py
index bb057b1d1..bd1634eb8 100644
--- a/praw/const.py
+++ b/praw/const.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """PRAW constants."""
+
 from .endpoints import API_PATH  # noqa: F401
 
 __version__ = "7.7.2.dev0"
diff --git a/praw/endpoints.py b/praw/endpoints.py
index 1c4f12df1..d72fddc55 100644
--- a/praw/endpoints.py
+++ b/praw/endpoints.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """List of API endpoints PRAW knows about."""
+
 # fmt: off
 API_PATH = {
     "about_edited":            "r/{subreddit}/about/edited/",
diff --git a/praw/exceptions.py b/praw/exceptions.py
index 98b7dec02..96e174d1b 100644
--- a/praw/exceptions.py
+++ b/praw/exceptions.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 All other exceptions are subclassed from :class:`.ClientException`.
 
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Any
@@ -216,12 +217,14 @@ def parse_exception_list(
     ) -> list[RedditErrorItem]:
         """Covert an exception list into a :class:`.RedditErrorItem` list."""
         return [
-            exception
-            if isinstance(exception, RedditErrorItem)
-            else RedditErrorItem(
-                error_type=exception[0],
-                field=exception[2] if bool(exception[2]) else "",
-                message=exception[1] if bool(exception[1]) else "",
+            (
+                exception
+                if isinstance(exception, RedditErrorItem)
+                else RedditErrorItem(
+                    error_type=exception[0],
+                    field=exception[2] if bool(exception[2]) else "",
+                    message=exception[1] if bool(exception[1]) else "",
+                )
             )
             for exception in exceptions
         ]
diff --git a/praw/models/__init__.py b/praw/models/__init__.py
index 648cc644b..d363c3da2 100644
--- a/praw/models/__init__.py
+++ b/praw/models/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the PRAW models."""
+
 from .auth import Auth
 from .front import Front
 from .helpers import DraftHelper, LiveHelper, MultiredditHelper, SubredditHelper
diff --git a/praw/models/auth.py b/praw/models/auth.py
index 9385a051c..ab593cd04 100644
--- a/praw/models/auth.py
+++ b/praw/models/auth.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Auth class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from prawcore import Authorizer, ImplicitAuthorizer, UntrustedAuthenticator, session
diff --git a/praw/models/base.py b/praw/models/base.py
index 8e78698d0..2c0fa3ee1 100644
--- a/praw/models/base.py
+++ b/praw/models/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the PRAWBase superclass."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from copy import deepcopy
diff --git a/praw/models/comment_forest.py b/praw/models/comment_forest.py
index e55334b6a..93a917798 100644
--- a/praw/models/comment_forest.py
+++ b/praw/models/comment_forest.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide CommentForest for submission comments."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from heapq import heappop, heappush
diff --git a/praw/models/front.py b/praw/models/front.py
index dedbd2818..9155991ba 100644
--- a/praw/models/front.py
+++ b/praw/models/front.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Front class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterator
diff --git a/praw/models/helpers.py b/praw/models/helpers.py
index 9770119c4..a00c2ebbf 100644
--- a/praw/models/helpers.py
+++ b/praw/models/helpers.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the helper classes."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from json import dumps
@@ -73,10 +74,9 @@ def create(
         selftext: str | None = None,
         send_replies: bool = True,
         spoiler: bool = False,
-        subreddit: str
-        | praw.models.Subreddit
-        | praw.models.UserSubreddit
-        | None = None,
+        subreddit: (
+            str | praw.models.Subreddit | praw.models.UserSubreddit | None
+        ) = None,
         title: str | None = None,
         url: str | None = None,
         **draft_kwargs: Any,
diff --git a/praw/models/inbox.py b/praw/models/inbox.py
index 84b922f79..6047944ff 100644
--- a/praw/models/inbox.py
+++ b/praw/models/inbox.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Front class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterator
diff --git a/praw/models/list/base.py b/praw/models/list/base.py
index 0d52d61ac..691935f45 100644
--- a/praw/models/list/base.py
+++ b/praw/models/list/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the BaseList class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterator
diff --git a/praw/models/list/draft.py b/praw/models/list/draft.py
index b54ee2118..1bdc6bada 100644
--- a/praw/models/list/draft.py
+++ b/praw/models/list/draft.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the DraftList class."""
+
 from .base import BaseList
 
 
diff --git a/praw/models/list/moderated.py b/praw/models/list/moderated.py
index d4c2884d2..d33960f41 100644
--- a/praw/models/list/moderated.py
+++ b/praw/models/list/moderated.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the ModeratedList class."""
+
 from .base import BaseList
 
 
diff --git a/praw/models/list/redditor.py b/praw/models/list/redditor.py
index 457eaade2..a94e9b003 100644
--- a/praw/models/list/redditor.py
+++ b/praw/models/list/redditor.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the RedditorList class."""
+
 from .base import BaseList
 
 
diff --git a/praw/models/list/trophy.py b/praw/models/list/trophy.py
index cd0ee236c..ff6a734c0 100644
--- a/praw/models/list/trophy.py
+++ b/praw/models/list/trophy.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the TrophyList class."""
+
 from .base import BaseList
 
 
diff --git a/praw/models/listing/domain.py b/praw/models/listing/domain.py
index 975aaa52f..ea1aaef9c 100644
--- a/praw/models/listing/domain.py
+++ b/praw/models/listing/domain.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the DomainListing class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
diff --git a/praw/models/listing/generator.py b/praw/models/listing/generator.py
index 2e2365bb3..e8ce73065 100644
--- a/praw/models/listing/generator.py
+++ b/praw/models/listing/generator.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the ListingGenerator class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from copy import deepcopy
diff --git a/praw/models/listing/listing.py b/praw/models/listing/listing.py
index 01c0f7fde..2b7bc6efb 100644
--- a/praw/models/listing/listing.py
+++ b/praw/models/listing/listing.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Listing class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Any
diff --git a/praw/models/listing/mixins/__init__.py b/praw/models/listing/mixins/__init__.py
index e04676b6a..06fb5b385 100644
--- a/praw/models/listing/mixins/__init__.py
+++ b/praw/models/listing/mixins/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Package providing models that pertain to listing mixins."""
+
 from .base import BaseListingMixin
 from .redditor import RedditorListingMixin
 from .rising import RisingListingMixin
diff --git a/praw/models/listing/mixins/base.py b/praw/models/listing/mixins/base.py
index bba3f8fb0..5b5a62691 100644
--- a/praw/models/listing/mixins/base.py
+++ b/praw/models/listing/mixins/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the BaseListingMixin class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Any, Iterator
diff --git a/praw/models/listing/mixins/gilded.py b/praw/models/listing/mixins/gilded.py
index 1b7a21df0..096825880 100644
--- a/praw/models/listing/mixins/gilded.py
+++ b/praw/models/listing/mixins/gilded.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the GildedListingMixin class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Any, Iterator
diff --git a/praw/models/listing/mixins/redditor.py b/praw/models/listing/mixins/redditor.py
index acbf4fca3..c5d3c3c4d 100644
--- a/praw/models/listing/mixins/redditor.py
+++ b/praw/models/listing/mixins/redditor.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the RedditorListingMixin class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterator
diff --git a/praw/models/listing/mixins/rising.py b/praw/models/listing/mixins/rising.py
index b326cea23..ed9debf4c 100644
--- a/praw/models/listing/mixins/rising.py
+++ b/praw/models/listing/mixins/rising.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the RisingListingMixin class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterator
diff --git a/praw/models/listing/mixins/submission.py b/praw/models/listing/mixins/submission.py
index 8c7cbdef0..9dcf64ea4 100644
--- a/praw/models/listing/mixins/submission.py
+++ b/praw/models/listing/mixins/submission.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the SubmissionListingMixin class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterator
diff --git a/praw/models/listing/mixins/subreddit.py b/praw/models/listing/mixins/subreddit.py
index b6014f9c8..e03f5c474 100644
--- a/praw/models/listing/mixins/subreddit.py
+++ b/praw/models/listing/mixins/subreddit.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the SubredditListingMixin class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterator
diff --git a/praw/models/mod_action.py b/praw/models/mod_action.py
index 0a02b8ed2..9730445bd 100644
--- a/praw/models/mod_action.py
+++ b/praw/models/mod_action.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the ModAction class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
diff --git a/praw/models/mod_note.py b/praw/models/mod_note.py
index e26153f22..2cf9cf9ba 100644
--- a/praw/models/mod_note.py
+++ b/praw/models/mod_note.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the ModNote class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from ..endpoints import API_PATH
diff --git a/praw/models/mod_notes.py b/praw/models/mod_notes.py
index 28662611b..012b0e766 100644
--- a/praw/models/mod_notes.py
+++ b/praw/models/mod_notes.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provides classes for interacting with moderator notes."""
+
 from itertools import islice
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Generator, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
diff --git a/praw/models/preferences.py b/praw/models/preferences.py
index 955dad70a..bf67dacc7 100644
--- a/praw/models/preferences.py
+++ b/praw/models/preferences.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Preferences class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from json import dumps
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/base.py b/praw/models/reddit/base.py
index 316fee279..289a19471 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/base.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the RedditBase class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/collections.py b/praw/models/reddit/collections.py
index cb5b33e5c..fd4f20b05 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/collections.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/collections.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide Collections functionality."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Generator
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/comment.py b/praw/models/reddit/comment.py
index 57251be0c..6e7b3cbde 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/comment.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/comment.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Comment class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/draft.py b/praw/models/reddit/draft.py
index 28320c6bb..65d614945 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/draft.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/draft.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the draft class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
@@ -76,9 +77,11 @@ def _prepare_data(
             data.update(
                 {
                     "subreddit": subreddit.fullname,
-                    "target": "profile"
-                    if subreddit.display_name.startswith("u_")
-                    else "subreddit",
+                    "target": (
+                        "profile"
+                        if subreddit.display_name.startswith("u_")
+                        else "subreddit"
+                    ),
                 }
             )
         data.update(draft_kwargs)
@@ -144,10 +147,9 @@ def submit(
         nsfw: bool | None = None,
         selftext: str | None = None,
         spoiler: bool | None = None,
-        subreddit: str
-        | praw.models.Subreddit
-        | praw.models.UserSubreddit
-        | None = None,
+        subreddit: (
+            str | praw.models.Subreddit | praw.models.UserSubreddit | None
+        ) = None,
         title: str | None = None,
         url: str | None = None,
         **submit_kwargs: Any,
@@ -238,10 +240,9 @@ def update(
         selftext: str | None = None,
         send_replies: bool | None = None,
         spoiler: bool | None = None,
-        subreddit: str
-        | praw.models.Subreddit
-        | praw.models.UserSubreddit
-        | None = None,
+        subreddit: (
+            str | praw.models.Subreddit | praw.models.UserSubreddit | None
+        ) = None,
         title: str | None = None,
         url: str | None = None,
         **draft_kwargs: Any,
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/emoji.py b/praw/models/reddit/emoji.py
index 791fb1d63..576212573 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/emoji.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/emoji.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Emoji class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from pathlib import Path
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/inline_media.py b/praw/models/reddit/inline_media.py
index 0b3f90b75..ec55a1a6f 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/inline_media.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/inline_media.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide classes related to inline media."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from ..util import _deprecate_args
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/live.py b/praw/models/reddit/live.py
index 1f97fea42..e20d9a439 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/live.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/live.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the LiveThread class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterable, Iterator
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/message.py b/praw/models/reddit/message.py
index f379025e4..bf62ff007 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/message.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/message.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Message class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/__init__.py b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/__init__.py
index dea1a280b..d6413ed28 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/__init__.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Package providing reddit class mixins."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from json import dumps
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/editable.py b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/editable.py
index 55fb2a80a..b87ff0c0e 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/editable.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/editable.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the EditableMixin class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/gildable.py b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/gildable.py
index 11d3e38b2..9f814a27d 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/gildable.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/gildable.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the GildableMixin class."""
+
 from warnings import warn
 
 from ....const import API_PATH
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/inboxable.py b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/inboxable.py
index 95de5458e..23c99975d 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/inboxable.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/inboxable.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the InboxableMixin class."""
+
 from ....const import API_PATH
 
 
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/inboxtoggleable.py b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/inboxtoggleable.py
index 04111098b..177d6c907 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/inboxtoggleable.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/inboxtoggleable.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the InboxToggleableMixin class."""
+
 from ....const import API_PATH
 
 
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/messageable.py b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/messageable.py
index b54a37b8c..fafb3427a 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/messageable.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/messageable.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the MessageableMixin class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/modnote.py b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/modnote.py
index 505b31d00..df5224103 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/modnote.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/modnote.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the ModNoteMixin class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Generator
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/replyable.py b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/replyable.py
index 9f4753371..2b48d2c54 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/replyable.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/replyable.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the ReplyableMixin class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/reportable.py b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/reportable.py
index a06fa75aa..3029ecaa0 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/reportable.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/reportable.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the ReportableMixin class."""
+
 from ....const import API_PATH
 
 
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/savable.py b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/savable.py
index f3d263b64..9a4a15570 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/savable.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/savable.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the SavableMixin class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from ....const import API_PATH
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/votable.py b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/votable.py
index 1deb3b323..5ac3a0744 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/mixins/votable.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/mixins/votable.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the VotableMixin class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from ....const import API_PATH
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/modmail.py b/praw/models/reddit/modmail.py
index 932762771..b544bb775 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/modmail.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/modmail.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide models for new modmail."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/more.py b/praw/models/reddit/more.py
index f932e9735..3967a1a6b 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/more.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/more.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the MoreComments class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/multi.py b/praw/models/reddit/multi.py
index 19bb06205..3fbc264ad 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/multi.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/multi.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Multireddit class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import re
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/poll.py b/praw/models/reddit/poll.py
index 91a327621..222363d40 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/poll.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/poll.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide poll-related classes."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Any
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/redditor.py b/praw/models/reddit/redditor.py
index 38cddec29..8a971a5cd 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/redditor.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/redditor.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Redditor class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from json import dumps
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/removal_reasons.py b/praw/models/reddit/removal_reasons.py
index 55c0af8ce..d7bdd2634 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/removal_reasons.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/removal_reasons.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Removal Reason class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterator
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/rules.py b/praw/models/reddit/rules.py
index bdb3794b6..5afdb2554 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/rules.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/rules.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Rule class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterator
@@ -406,9 +407,9 @@ def add(
             "description": description,
             "kind": kind,
             "short_name": short_name,
-            "violation_reason": short_name
-            if violation_reason is None
-            else violation_reason,
+            "violation_reason": (
+                short_name if violation_reason is None else violation_reason
+            ),
         }
         new_rule = self.subreddit_rules._reddit.post(
             API_PATH["add_subreddit_rule"], data=data
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/submission.py b/praw/models/reddit/submission.py
index dc324e36f..8f9289db7 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/submission.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/submission.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Submission class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import re
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/subreddit.py b/praw/models/reddit/subreddit.py
index 88f2faf57..643e809d6 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/subreddit.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/subreddit.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Subreddit class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import contextlib
@@ -2173,9 +2174,7 @@ def create(
         new.edit(content=content, reason=reason, **other_settings)
         return new
 
-    def revisions(
-        self, **generator_kwargs: Any
-    ) -> Generator[
+    def revisions(self, **generator_kwargs: Any) -> Generator[
         dict[str, praw.models.Redditor | WikiPage | str | int | bool | None],
         None,
         None,
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/user_subreddit.py b/praw/models/reddit/user_subreddit.py
index 9c0ce5af4..2942bc63a 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/user_subreddit.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/user_subreddit.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the :class:`.UserSubreddit` class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import inspect
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/widgets.py b/praw/models/reddit/widgets.py
index 0f5f5fe55..43d775564 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/widgets.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/widgets.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide classes related to widgets."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from json import JSONEncoder, dumps
diff --git a/praw/models/reddit/wikipage.py b/praw/models/reddit/wikipage.py
index 7e1b69779..7dfa67b4b 100644
--- a/praw/models/reddit/wikipage.py
+++ b/praw/models/reddit/wikipage.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the WikiPage class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Generator, Iterator
diff --git a/praw/models/redditors.py b/praw/models/redditors.py
index 63fe77b80..4a606d915 100644
--- a/praw/models/redditors.py
+++ b/praw/models/redditors.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Redditors class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from itertools import islice
diff --git a/praw/models/stylesheet.py b/praw/models/stylesheet.py
index e42fe567f..12fd5ff8b 100644
--- a/praw/models/stylesheet.py
+++ b/praw/models/stylesheet.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Stylesheet class."""
+
 from .base import PRAWBase
 
 
diff --git a/praw/models/subreddits.py b/praw/models/subreddits.py
index bd58d3055..4dd21783f 100644
--- a/praw/models/subreddits.py
+++ b/praw/models/subreddits.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Subreddits class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterator
diff --git a/praw/models/trophy.py b/praw/models/trophy.py
index fc86671b0..1d4aff0ea 100644
--- a/praw/models/trophy.py
+++ b/praw/models/trophy.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Represent the :class:`.Trophy` class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
diff --git a/praw/models/user.py b/praw/models/user.py
index 46dfdb7f6..d86b71f32 100644
--- a/praw/models/user.py
+++ b/praw/models/user.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provides the User class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterator
diff --git a/praw/models/util.py b/praw/models/util.py
index d10020712..fdd6ea38b 100644
--- a/praw/models/util.py
+++ b/praw/models/util.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide helper classes used by other models."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import random
diff --git a/praw/objector.py b/praw/objector.py
index 8a642fb9c..6599acce6 100644
--- a/praw/objector.py
+++ b/praw/objector.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provides the Objector class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from datetime import datetime
@@ -178,9 +179,11 @@ def _objectify_dict(  # noqa: PLR0912,PLR0915
             subreddit_parser = self.parsers[self._reddit.config.kinds["subreddit"]]
             user_subreddit_parser = self.parsers["UserSubreddit"]
             subreddits = {
-                subreddit["name"]: user_subreddit_parser.parse(subreddit, self._reddit)
-                if subreddit["display_name_prefixed"].startswith("u/")
-                else subreddit_parser.parse(subreddit, self._reddit)
+                subreddit["name"]: (
+                    user_subreddit_parser.parse(subreddit, self._reddit)
+                    if subreddit["display_name_prefixed"].startswith("u/")
+                    else subreddit_parser.parse(subreddit, self._reddit)
+                )
                 for subreddit in data.pop("subreddits")
             }
             for draft in data["drafts"]:
diff --git a/praw/reddit.py b/praw/reddit.py
index 56812e9e3..e3024ea2b 100644
--- a/praw/reddit.py
+++ b/praw/reddit.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Provide the Reddit class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
diff --git a/praw/util/cache.py b/praw/util/cache.py
index acd777617..8a49f8654 100644
--- a/praw/util/cache.py
+++ b/praw/util/cache.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Caching utilities."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Any, Callable
diff --git a/praw/util/deprecate_args.py b/praw/util/deprecate_args.py
index 283991d09..78f306a71 100644
--- a/praw/util/deprecate_args.py
+++ b/praw/util/deprecate_args.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Positional argument deprecation decorator."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import inspect
diff --git a/praw/util/snake.py b/praw/util/snake.py
index 778a33e81..fa04accc2 100644
--- a/praw/util/snake.py
+++ b/praw/util/snake.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Contains functions dealing with snake case conversions."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import re
diff --git a/praw/util/token_manager.py b/praw/util/token_manager.py
index 843b06892..88f17e386 100644
--- a/praw/util/token_manager.py
+++ b/praw/util/token_manager.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
     Tokens managers have been deprecated and will be removed in the near future.
 
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index 134f98842..7e003b831 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Prepare py.test."""
+
 import os
 import socket
 import time
diff --git a/tests/integration/__init__.py b/tests/integration/__init__.py
index 9f4d8710c..f0f68eb2d 100644
--- a/tests/integration/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/integration/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """PRAW Integration test suite."""
+
 import os
 from urllib.parse import quote_plus
 
diff --git a/tests/integration/models/listing/test_generator.py b/tests/integration/models/listing/test_generator.py
index df124369e..6ebb449a6 100644
--- a/tests/integration/models/listing/test_generator.py
+++ b/tests/integration/models/listing/test_generator.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.models.listing.generator."""
+
 from ... import IntegrationTest
 
 
diff --git a/tests/integration/models/reddit/test_collections.py b/tests/integration/models/reddit/test_collections.py
index c2dea958a..2789d0d88 100644
--- a/tests/integration/models/reddit/test_collections.py
+++ b/tests/integration/models/reddit/test_collections.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test classes from collections.py."""
+
 import pytest
 
 from praw.exceptions import ClientException, RedditAPIException
diff --git a/tests/integration/models/reddit/test_poll.py b/tests/integration/models/reddit/test_poll.py
index d5a4942c2..27db2ea36 100644
--- a/tests/integration/models/reddit/test_poll.py
+++ b/tests/integration/models/reddit/test_poll.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.models.poll."""
 
-
 import pytest
 
 from praw.models import PollData, PollOption
diff --git a/tests/integration/models/reddit/test_subreddit.py b/tests/integration/models/reddit/test_subreddit.py
index af59c3ef5..f916d0409 100644
--- a/tests/integration/models/reddit/test_subreddit.py
+++ b/tests/integration/models/reddit/test_subreddit.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.models.subreddit."""
+
 import socket
 from json import dumps
 from unittest import mock
diff --git a/tests/integration/models/test_auth.py b/tests/integration/models/test_auth.py
index 9775206cc..0be7d21ed 100644
--- a/tests/integration/models/test_auth.py
+++ b/tests/integration/models/test_auth.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.models.auth."""
+
 import pytest
 from prawcore import InvalidToken
 
diff --git a/tests/integration/models/test_front.py b/tests/integration/models/test_front.py
index 4f5f4b2cd..7a6014a02 100644
--- a/tests/integration/models/test_front.py
+++ b/tests/integration/models/test_front.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.models.front."""
+
 from .. import IntegrationTest
 
 
diff --git a/tests/integration/models/test_subreddits.py b/tests/integration/models/test_subreddits.py
index f51ae34d4..582e88848 100644
--- a/tests/integration/models/test_subreddits.py
+++ b/tests/integration/models/test_subreddits.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.models.subreddits."""
+
 import pytest
 
 from praw.models import Subreddit
diff --git a/tests/integration/test_github_actions.py b/tests/integration/test_github_actions.py
index 8b8d35894..5a7c1c814 100644
--- a/tests/integration/test_github_actions.py
+++ b/tests/integration/test_github_actions.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 GitHub Actions.
 
 """
+
 import os
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/integration/test_objector.py b/tests/integration/test_objector.py
index 3e6a94297..5f3a52822 100644
--- a/tests/integration/test_objector.py
+++ b/tests/integration/test_objector.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.objector."""
+
 import pytest
 
 from praw.exceptions import RedditAPIException
diff --git a/tests/integration/test_reddit.py b/tests/integration/test_reddit.py
index faed15e46..0b639d8bc 100644
--- a/tests/integration/test_reddit.py
+++ b/tests/integration/test_reddit.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.reddit."""
+
 from base64 import urlsafe_b64encode
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/unit/conftest.py b/tests/unit/conftest.py
index 7eb6dd7b0..a7286035a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/unit/conftest.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Prepare pytest for unit tests."""
+
 import pytest
 
 from praw import Reddit
diff --git a/tests/unit/models/list/test_base.py b/tests/unit/models/list/test_base.py
index 50c0a087e..d178624b3 100644
--- a/tests/unit/models/list/test_base.py
+++ b/tests/unit/models/list/test_base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.models.list.base."""
+
 import pytest
 
 from praw.models.list.base import BaseList
diff --git a/tests/unit/models/listing/test_generator.py b/tests/unit/models/listing/test_generator.py
index eedfd2a69..6b742cd28 100644
--- a/tests/unit/models/listing/test_generator.py
+++ b/tests/unit/models/listing/test_generator.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.models.listing.generator."""
+
 import pytest
 
 from praw.models.listing.generator import ListingGenerator
diff --git a/tests/unit/models/reddit/test_collections.py b/tests/unit/models/reddit/test_collections.py
index 987e8e04b..da68cd410 100644
--- a/tests/unit/models/reddit/test_collections.py
+++ b/tests/unit/models/reddit/test_collections.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test classes from collections.py."""
+
 import pytest
 
 from praw.models import Collection
diff --git a/tests/unit/models/test_auth.py b/tests/unit/models/test_auth.py
index 742b42a17..2f8926246 100644
--- a/tests/unit/models/test_auth.py
+++ b/tests/unit/models/test_auth.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.models.auth."""
+
 import pytest
 
 from praw import Reddit
diff --git a/tests/unit/models/test_front.py b/tests/unit/models/test_front.py
index 9b5c7a80a..fcf71c3e2 100644
--- a/tests/unit/models/test_front.py
+++ b/tests/unit/models/test_front.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.models.front."""
+
 import pytest
 
 from .. import UnitTest
diff --git a/tests/unit/models/test_mod_note.py b/tests/unit/models/test_mod_note.py
index a02c14cc2..c7a3da7fe 100644
--- a/tests/unit/models/test_mod_note.py
+++ b/tests/unit/models/test_mod_note.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.models.ModNote."""
+
 from praw.models.mod_note import ModNote
 
 from .. import UnitTest
diff --git a/tests/unit/models/test_preferences.py b/tests/unit/models/test_preferences.py
index 34d0c8619..3adc0c57c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/models/test_preferences.py
+++ b/tests/unit/models/test_preferences.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.models.preferences."""
+
 from praw.models import Preferences
 
 from .. import UnitTest
diff --git a/tests/unit/models/test_subreddits.py b/tests/unit/models/test_subreddits.py
index 6070df73d..1cc0545bb 100644
--- a/tests/unit/models/test_subreddits.py
+++ b/tests/unit/models/test_subreddits.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.models.subreddits."""
+
 import pytest
 
 from .. import UnitTest
diff --git a/tests/unit/models/test_trophy.py b/tests/unit/models/test_trophy.py
index 347313f89..d2ace2b8b 100644
--- a/tests/unit/models/test_trophy.py
+++ b/tests/unit/models/test_trophy.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.models.Trophy."""
+
 import pytest
 
 from praw.models.trophy import Trophy
diff --git a/tests/unit/models/test_util.py b/tests/unit/models/test_util.py
index cd75f4baf..6d6716c26 100644
--- a/tests/unit/models/test_util.py
+++ b/tests/unit/models/test_util.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.models.util."""
+
 from collections import namedtuple
 
 from praw.models.util import (
diff --git a/tests/unit/util/test_deprecate_args.py b/tests/unit/util/test_deprecate_args.py
index e30280f56..134ceaf2b 100644
--- a/tests/unit/util/test_deprecate_args.py
+++ b/tests/unit/util/test_deprecate_args.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """This file should be updated as files/classes/functions are deprecated."""
+
 import inspect
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/util/test_token_manager.py b/tests/unit/util/test_token_manager.py
index 35c5088a3..d879393ee 100644
--- a/tests/unit/util/test_token_manager.py
+++ b/tests/unit/util/test_token_manager.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test praw.util.refresh_token_manager."""
+
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile