diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 46654cd..5b7bdc3 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -16,14 +16,14 @@ operations from within a Python script.
 
 `pybricksdev` requires Python 3.10 or higher.
 
-- For Windows, use the [official Python installer][py-dl] or the [Windows Store][py38-win].
+- For Windows, use the [official Python installer][py-dl] or the [Windows Store][py312-win].
 - For Mac, use the [official Python installer][py-dl] or Homebrew (`brew install python@3.12`).
 - For Linux, use the distro provided `python3.12` or if not available, use a Python
   runtime version manager such as [asdf][asdf] or [pyenv][pyenv].
 
 
 [py-dl]: https://www.python.org/downloads/
-[py38-win]: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/python-38/9mssztt1n39l
+[py312-win]: https://apps.microsoft.com/detail/9ncvdn91xzqp
 [asdf]: https://asdf-vm.com
 [pyenv]: https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv
 
diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index 46b4455..9e7abab 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@
     ("py:class", "bleak.backends.device.BLEDevice"),
     ("py:exc", "asyncio.TimeoutError"),
     ("py:class", "bleak.BleakClient"),
-    ("py:obj", "typing.Union"),
     ("py:class", "os.PathLike"),
     ("py:obj", "typing.BinaryIO"),
     ("py:class", "BinaryIO"),  # yes, we need both!
diff --git a/pybricksdev/ble/__init__.py b/pybricksdev/ble/__init__.py
index a097fcd..010d4d5 100644
--- a/pybricksdev/ble/__init__.py
+++ b/pybricksdev/ble/__init__.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 import asyncio
 import logging
-from typing import Optional
 
 from bleak import BleakClient, BleakScanner
 from bleak.backends.device import BLEDevice
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@
 
 
 async def find_device(
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     service: str = PYBRICKS_SERVICE_UUID,
     timeout: float = 10,
 ) -> BLEDevice:
diff --git a/pybricksdev/ble/lwp3/bytecodes.py b/pybricksdev/ble/lwp3/bytecodes.py
index f1c0ee2..d7f9228 100644
--- a/pybricksdev/ble/lwp3/bytecodes.py
+++ b/pybricksdev/ble/lwp3/bytecodes.py
@@ -11,10 +11,9 @@
 """
 
 from enum import IntEnum, IntFlag, unique
-from typing import Type, Union
 
 
-def _create_pseudo_member_(cls: Type[IntEnum], value: int) -> IntEnum:
+def _create_pseudo_member_(cls: type[IntEnum], value: int) -> IntEnum:
     """
     Creates a new enum member at runtime for ``IntEnum``s.
     """
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ class BluetoothAddress(bytes):
     identifying individual Bluetooth devices instead of network cards.
     """
 
-    def __new__(cls, value: Union[str, bytes]) -> "BluetoothAddress":
+    def __new__(cls, value: str | bytes) -> "BluetoothAddress":
         if isinstance(value, str):
             # if it is a string, assume the format "XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX"
             value = [int(x, 16) for x in value.split(":")]
diff --git a/pybricksdev/ble/lwp3/messages.py b/pybricksdev/ble/lwp3/messages.py
index a2dcf5f..e8a1ec0 100644
--- a/pybricksdev/ble/lwp3/messages.py
+++ b/pybricksdev/ble/lwp3/messages.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 import abc
 import struct
 from enum import IntEnum
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union, overload
+from typing import Any, NamedTuple, overload
 
 from pybricksdev.ble.lwp3.bytecodes import (
     MAX_NAME_SIZE,
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
 class _HubPropertyType(NamedTuple):
     type: type
     fmt: str
-    max_size: Optional[int] = None
+    max_size: int | None = None
 
 
 # specifies payload type information for each property
@@ -861,7 +861,7 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
 
 
 class PortFormatSetupComboMessage(AbstractPortFormatSetupComboMessage):
-    def __init__(self, port: PortID, modes_and_datasets: List[Tuple[int, int]]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, port: PortID, modes_and_datasets: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             5 + len(modes_and_datasets), port, PortInfoFormatSetupCommand.SET
         )
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ def __init__(self, port: PortID, modes_and_datasets: List[Tuple[int, int]]) -> N
             self._data[i] = ((mode & 0xF) << 4) | (dataset & 0xF)
 
     @property
-    def modes_and_datasets(self) -> List[Tuple[int, int]]:
+    def modes_and_datasets(self) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
         return [(x >> 4, x & 0xF) for x in self._data[5:]]
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
@@ -923,8 +923,8 @@ def __init__(
         port: PortID,
         capabilities: ModeCapabilities,
         num_modes: int,
-        input_modes: List[int],
-        output_modes: List[int],
+        input_modes: list[int],
+        output_modes: list[int],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(11, port, InfoKind.MODE_INFO)
 
@@ -955,12 +955,12 @@ def num_modes(self) -> int:
         return self._data[6]
 
     @property
-    def input_modes(self) -> List[int]:
+    def input_modes(self) -> list[int]:
         (flags,) = struct.unpack_from("<H", self._data, 7)
         return [n for n in range(16) if flags & (1 << n)]
 
     @property
-    def output_modes(self) -> List[int]:
+    def output_modes(self) -> list[int]:
         (flags,) = struct.unpack_from("<H", self._data, 9)
         return [n for n in range(16) if flags & (1 << n)]
 
@@ -972,7 +972,7 @@ class PortInfoCombosMessage(AbstractPortInfoMessage):
     def __init__(
         self,
         port: PortID,
-        combos: List[List[int]],
+        combos: list[list[int]],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(5 + len(combos) * 2, port, InfoKind.COMBOS)
 
@@ -988,7 +988,7 @@ def __init__(
         struct.pack_into(f"<{len(flags)}H", self._data, 5, *flags)
 
     @property
-    def combos(self) -> List[List[int]]:
+    def combos(self) -> list[list[int]]:
         count = (len(self._data) - 5) // 2
         return [
             [m for m in range(16) if flags & (1 << m)]
@@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
 
 
 class PortValueMessage(AbstractMessage):
-    def __init__(self, port: PortID, fmt: str, *values: Union[int, float]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, port: PortID, fmt: str, *values: int | float) -> None:
         super().__init__(4 + struct.calcsize(fmt), MessageKind.PORT_VALUE)
 
         self._data[3] = port
@@ -1221,7 +1221,7 @@ def __init__(self, port: PortID, fmt: str, *values: Union[int, float]) -> None:
     def port(self) -> PortID:
         return PortID(self._data[3])
 
-    def unpack(self, fmt: str) -> Tuple[Union[int, float], ...]:
+    def unpack(self, fmt: str) -> tuple[int | float, ...]:
         return struct.unpack_from(fmt, self._data, 4)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
@@ -1232,7 +1232,7 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
 
 class PortValueComboMessage(AbstractMessage):
     def __init__(
-        self, port: PortID, modes: List[int], fmt: str, *values: Union[int, float]
+        self, port: PortID, modes: list[int], fmt: str, *values: int | float
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(6 + struct.calcsize(fmt), MessageKind.PORT_VALUE_COMBO)
 
@@ -1249,11 +1249,11 @@ def port(self) -> PortID:
         return PortID(self._data[3])
 
     @property
-    def modes(self) -> List[int]:
+    def modes(self) -> list[int]:
         (flags,) = struct.unpack_from("<H", self._data, 4)
         return [m for m in range(16) if flags & (1 << m)]
 
-    def unpack(self, fmt: str) -> Tuple[Union[int, float], ...]:
+    def unpack(self, fmt: str) -> tuple[int | float, ...]:
         return struct.unpack_from(fmt, self._data, 6)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
@@ -1294,7 +1294,7 @@ def __init__(
         port: PortID,
         combo: int,
         multi_update: bool,
-        modes_and_datasets: List[int],
+        modes_and_datasets: list[int],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(7, MessageKind.PORT_INPUT_FMT_COMBO)
 
@@ -1321,7 +1321,7 @@ def multi_update(self) -> bool:
         return bool(self._data[4] & 0x80)
 
     @property
-    def modes_and_datasets(self) -> List[int]:
+    def modes_and_datasets(self) -> list[int]:
         (flags,) = struct.unpack_from("<H", self._data, 5)
         return [m for m in range(16) if flags & (1 << m)]
 
@@ -1450,7 +1450,7 @@ def __init__(
         end: EndInfo,
         mode: int,
         fmt: str,
-        *values: Union[int, float],
+        *values: int | float,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             7 + struct.calcsize(fmt),
@@ -1467,7 +1467,7 @@ def __init__(
     def mode(self) -> int:
         return self._data[6]
 
-    def unpack(self, fmt: str) -> Tuple[Union[int, float], ...]:
+    def unpack(self, fmt: str) -> tuple[int | float, ...]:
         return struct.unpack_from(fmt, self._data, 7)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
@@ -1500,10 +1500,10 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         port1: PortID,
         feedback1: Feedback,
-        port2: Optional[PortID] = None,
-        feedback2: Optional[Feedback] = None,
-        port3: Optional[PortID] = None,
-        feedback3: Optional[Feedback] = None,
+        port2: PortID | None = None,
+        feedback2: Feedback | None = None,
+        port3: PortID | None = None,
+        feedback3: Feedback | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         length = 5
 
@@ -1577,7 +1577,7 @@ class _Lookup(NamedTuple):
     index: int
     """The index of the bytecode that determines the type."""
 
-    value: Union[Dict[IntEnum, Type[AbstractMessage]], Dict[IntEnum, "_Lookup"]]
+    value: dict[IntEnum, type[AbstractMessage]] | dict[IntEnum, "_Lookup"]
     """
     A dictionary mapping a bytecode to the cooresponding Python type if the type can be determined or
     a dictionary mapping a bytecode to another lookup if more discrimination is required.
diff --git a/pybricksdev/ble/pybricks.py b/pybricksdev/ble/pybricks.py
index fcaf5ac..1b0fdc0 100644
--- a/pybricksdev/ble/pybricks.py
+++ b/pybricksdev/ble/pybricks.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 from enum import IntEnum, IntFlag
 from struct import unpack
-from typing import Literal, Tuple
+from typing import Literal
 
 import semver
 
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ class UserProgramId(IntEnum):
     """
 
 
-def unpack_hub_capabilities(data: bytes) -> Tuple[int, HubCapabilityFlag, int, int]:
+def unpack_hub_capabilities(data: bytes) -> tuple[int, HubCapabilityFlag, int, int]:
     """
     Unpacks the value read from the hub capabilities characteristic.
 
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ def unpack_hub_capabilities(data: bytes) -> Tuple[int, HubCapabilityFlag, int, i
     return max_char_size, HubCapabilityFlag(flags), max_user_prog_size, num_of_slots
 
 
-def unpack_hub_capabilities_v15(data: bytes) -> Tuple[int, HubCapabilityFlag, int, int]:
+def unpack_hub_capabilities_v15(data: bytes) -> tuple[int, HubCapabilityFlag, int, int]:
     """
     Unpacks the value read from the hub capabilities characteristic. (Pybricks protocol v1.5)
 
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ def short_uuid(uuid: str) -> int:
 """
 
 
-def unpack_pnp_id(data: bytes) -> Tuple[Literal["BT", "USB"], int, int, int]:
+def unpack_pnp_id(data: bytes) -> tuple[Literal["BT", "USB"], int, int, int]:
     """
     Unpacks raw data from the PnP ID characteristic.
 
diff --git a/pybricksdev/cli/flash.py b/pybricksdev/cli/flash.py
index 0b708a6..ac7e3d8 100644
--- a/pybricksdev/cli/flash.py
+++ b/pybricksdev/cli/flash.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 import sys
 import zlib
 from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
-from typing import BinaryIO, Dict, Optional
+from typing import BinaryIO
 
 from bleak import BleakClient, BleakScanner
 from bleak.backends.device import BLEDevice
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ async def flash_ble(hub_kind: HubKind, firmware: bytes, metadata: dict):
     # as return value from find_device_by_filter()
     # https://github.com/hbldh/bleak/issues/1277
 
-    device_adv_map: Dict[str, AdvertisementData] = {}
+    device_adv_map: dict[str, AdvertisementData] = {}
 
     def map_and_match(device: BLEDevice, adv: AdvertisementData):
         # capture the adv data for later use
@@ -391,17 +391,19 @@ async def tick(callback):
                 callback(CHUNK)
 
         print("Erasing memory and preparing firmware download...")
-        with logging_redirect_tqdm(), tqdm(
-            total=len(firmware), unit="B", unit_scale=True
-        ) as pbar:
+        with (
+            logging_redirect_tqdm(),
+            tqdm(total=len(firmware), unit="B", unit_scale=True) as pbar,
+        ):
             await asyncio.gather(
                 bootloader.erase_and_begin_download(len(firmware)), tick(pbar.update)
             )
 
         print("Downloading firmware...")
-        with logging_redirect_tqdm(), tqdm(
-            total=len(firmware), unit="B", unit_scale=True
-        ) as pbar:
+        with (
+            logging_redirect_tqdm(),
+            tqdm(total=len(firmware), unit="B", unit_scale=True) as pbar,
+        ):
             await bootloader.download(firmware, pbar.update)
 
         print("Verifying...", end="", flush=True)
@@ -419,7 +421,7 @@ async def tick(callback):
         print("Done.")
 
 
-async def flash_firmware(firmware_zip: BinaryIO, new_name: Optional[str]) -> None:
+async def flash_firmware(firmware_zip: BinaryIO, new_name: str | None) -> None:
     """
     Command line tool for flashing firmware.
 
diff --git a/pybricksdev/cli/oad.py b/pybricksdev/cli/oad.py
index c162c97..5dbc5f7 100644
--- a/pybricksdev/cli/oad.py
+++ b/pybricksdev/cli/oad.py
@@ -73,11 +73,12 @@ def on_disconnect(_):
         disconnect_event.set()
 
     # long timeout in case pairing is needed
-    async with asyncio.timeout(60), BleakClient(
-        device, on_disconnect
-    ) as client, OADImageIdentify(client) as image_identify, OADControlPoint(
-        client
-    ) as control_point:
+    async with (
+        asyncio.timeout(60),
+        BleakClient(device, on_disconnect) as client,
+        OADImageIdentify(client) as image_identify,
+        OADControlPoint(client) as control_point,
+    ):
         image_block = OADImageBlock(client)
 
         print(f"Connected to {device.name}")
@@ -107,9 +108,10 @@ def on_disconnect(_):
 
         print("Flashing...")
 
-        with logging_redirect_tqdm(), tqdm(
-            total=header.image_length, unit="B", unit_scale=True
-        ) as pbar:
+        with (
+            logging_redirect_tqdm(),
+            tqdm(total=header.image_length, unit="B", unit_scale=True) as pbar,
+        ):
             async with asyncio.TaskGroup() as group:
                 try:
                     async for (
@@ -161,9 +163,11 @@ async def dump_oad_info():
         return
 
     # long timeout in case pairing is needed
-    async with asyncio.timeout(30), BleakClient(device) as client, OADControlPoint(
-        client
-    ) as control_point:
+    async with (
+        asyncio.timeout(30),
+        BleakClient(device) as client,
+        OADControlPoint(client) as control_point,
+    ):
         sw_ver = await control_point.get_software_version()
         print(
             f"Software version: app={sw_ver.app.major}.{sw_ver.app.minor}, stack={sw_ver.stack.major}.{sw_ver.stack.minor}"
diff --git a/pybricksdev/compile.py b/pybricksdev/compile.py
index 72816cd..75d2ca7 100644
--- a/pybricksdev/compile.py
+++ b/pybricksdev/compile.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 import logging
 import os
 from modulefinder import ModuleFinder
-from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
 import mpy_cross_v5
 import mpy_cross_v6
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ def make_build_dir():
 
 
 async def compile_file(
-    proj_dir: str, proj_path: str, abi: int, compile_args: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    proj_dir: str, proj_path: str, abi: int, compile_args: list[str] | None = None
 ):
     """Compiles a Python file with ``mpy-cross``.
 
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ async def compile_file(
         return mpy
 
 
-async def compile_multi_file(path: str, abi: Union[int, Tuple[int, int]]):
+async def compile_multi_file(path: str, abi: int | tuple[int, int]):
     """Compiles a Python file and its dependencies with ``mpy-cross``.
 
     On the hub, all dependencies behave as independent modules. Any (leading)
@@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ async def compile_multi_file(path: str, abi: Union[int, Tuple[int, int]]):
     logger.debug("missing modules: %r", finder.any_missing())
 
     # Get a data blob with all scripts.
-    parts: List[bytes] = []
+    parts: list[bytes] = []
 
     abi_major, abi_minor = (abi, None) if isinstance(abi, int) else abi
 
diff --git a/pybricksdev/connections/ev3.py b/pybricksdev/connections/ev3.py
index b5a3573..9c4e2ac 100644
--- a/pybricksdev/connections/ev3.py
+++ b/pybricksdev/connections/ev3.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 import enum
 import itertools
 import struct
-from typing import Callable, Optional, Tuple
+from typing import Callable
 
 import hid
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def close(self) -> None:
         """
         self._device.close()
 
-    def _send_command(self, command: Command, payload: Optional[bytes] = None) -> int:
+    def _send_command(self, command: Command, payload: bytes | None = None) -> int:
         length = 4
 
         if payload is not None:
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ def _receive_reply(
     def download_sync(
         self,
         data: bytes,
-        progress: Optional[Callable[[int], None]] = None,
+        progress: Callable[[int], None] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """
         Blocking version of :meth:`download`.
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ def download_sync(
     async def download(
         self,
         data: bytes,
-        progress: Optional[Callable[[int], None]] = None,
+        progress: Callable[[int], None] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """
         Downloads a firmware blob to the EV3.
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ async def get_checksum(self, address: int, size: int) -> int:
             None, self.get_checksum_sync, address, size
         )
 
-    def get_version_sync(self) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+    def get_version_sync(self) -> tuple[int, int]:
         """
         Blocking version of :meth:`get_version`.
         """
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ def get_version_sync(self) -> Tuple[int, int]:
         payload = self._receive_reply(Command.GET_VERSION, num, force_length=13)
         return struct.unpack("<II", payload)
 
-    async def get_version(self) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+    async def get_version(self) -> tuple[int, int]:
         """
         Gets the bootloader firmware version and the hardware version.
 
diff --git a/pybricksdev/connections/pybricks.py b/pybricksdev/connections/pybricks.py
index 709f238..8b76c1d 100644
--- a/pybricksdev/connections/pybricks.py
+++ b/pybricksdev/connections/pybricks.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 import logging
 import os
 import struct
-from typing import Awaitable, Callable, List, Optional, TypeVar
+from typing import Awaitable, Callable, TypeVar
 
 import reactivex.operators as op
 import semver
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class HubPowerButtonPressedError(RuntimeError):
 class PybricksHub:
     EOL = b"\r\n"  # MicroPython EOL
 
-    fw_version: Optional[Version]
+    fw_version: Version | None
     """
     Firmware version of the connected hub or ``None`` if not connected yet.
     """
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ def __init__(self):
         # REVISIT: It would be better to be able to subscribe to output instead
         # of always capturing it even if it is not used. This is currently
         # used in motor test code in pybricks-micropython.
-        self.output: List[bytes] = []
+        self.output: list[bytes] = []
         """
         Contains lines printed to stdout of the hub as a a list of bytes.
 
@@ -473,9 +473,10 @@ async def download_user_program(self, program: bytes) -> None:
         payload_size = self._max_write_size - 5
 
         # write program data with progress bar
-        with logging_redirect_tqdm(), tqdm(
-            total=len(program), unit="B", unit_scale=True
-        ) as pbar:
+        with (
+            logging_redirect_tqdm(),
+            tqdm(total=len(program), unit="B", unit_scale=True) as pbar,
+        ):
             for i, c in enumerate(chunk(program, payload_size)):
                 await self.write_gatt_char(
                     PYBRICKS_COMMAND_EVENT_UUID,
@@ -579,7 +580,7 @@ async def download(self, script_path: str) -> None:
 
     async def run(
         self,
-        py_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        py_path: str | None = None,
         wait: bool = True,
         print_output: bool = True,
         line_handler: bool = True,
@@ -678,9 +679,10 @@ async def send_block(data: bytes) -> None:
             await send_block(length)
 
             # Send the data chunk by chunk
-            with logging_redirect_tqdm(), tqdm(
-                total=len(mpy), unit="B", unit_scale=True
-            ) as pbar:
+            with (
+                logging_redirect_tqdm(),
+                tqdm(total=len(mpy), unit="B", unit_scale=True) as pbar,
+            ):
                 for c in chunk(mpy, 100):
                     await send_block(c)
                     pbar.update(len(c))
diff --git a/pybricksdev/firmware.py b/pybricksdev/firmware.py
index 8a77979..7913afe 100644
--- a/pybricksdev/firmware.py
+++ b/pybricksdev/firmware.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 import struct
 import sys
 import zipfile
-from typing import BinaryIO, List, Literal, Optional, Tuple, TypedDict, Union
+from typing import BinaryIO, Literal, TypedDict
 
 if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
     from typing_extensions import TypeGuard
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class FirmwareMetadataV100(
             "device-id": Literal[0x40, 0x41, 0x80, 0x81],
             "checksum-type": Literal["sum", "crc32"],
             "mpy-abi-version": int,
-            "mpy-cross-options": List[str],
+            "mpy-cross-options": list[str],
             "user-mpy-offset": int,
             "max-firmware-size": int,
         },
@@ -98,17 +98,17 @@ class FirmwareMetadataV210(
     """
 
 
-AnyFirmwareV1Metadata = Union[FirmwareMetadataV100, FirmwareMetadataV110]
+AnyFirmwareV1Metadata = FirmwareMetadataV100 | FirmwareMetadataV110
 """
 Type for data contained in ``firmware.metadata.json`` files of any 1.x version.
 """
 
-AnyFirmwareV2Metadata = Union[FirmwareMetadataV200, FirmwareMetadataV210]
+AnyFirmwareV2Metadata = FirmwareMetadataV200 | FirmwareMetadataV210
 """
 Type for data contained in ``firmware.metadata.json`` files of any 2.x version.
 """
 
-AnyFirmwareMetadata = Union[AnyFirmwareV1Metadata, AnyFirmwareV2Metadata]
+AnyFirmwareMetadata = AnyFirmwareV1Metadata | AnyFirmwareV2Metadata
 """
 Type for data contained in ``firmware.metadata.json`` files of any version.
 """
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ def _firmware_metadata_is_v2(
 
 
 async def _create_firmware_v1(
-    metadata: AnyFirmwareV1Metadata, archive: zipfile.ZipFile, name: Optional[str]
+    metadata: AnyFirmwareV1Metadata, archive: zipfile.ZipFile, name: str | None
 ) -> bytearray:
     base = archive.open("firmware-base.bin").read()
 
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ async def _create_firmware_v1(
 
 
 async def _create_firmware_v2(
-    metadata: AnyFirmwareV2Metadata, archive: zipfile.ZipFile, name: Optional[str]
+    metadata: AnyFirmwareV2Metadata, archive: zipfile.ZipFile, name: str | None
 ) -> bytearray:
     base = archive.open("firmware-base.bin").read()
 
@@ -233,8 +233,8 @@ async def _create_firmware_v2(
 
 
 async def create_firmware_blob(
-    firmware_zip: Union[str, os.PathLike, BinaryIO], name: Optional[str] = None
-) -> Tuple[bytes, AnyFirmwareMetadata, str]:
+    firmware_zip: str | os.PathLike | BinaryIO, name: str | None = None
+) -> tuple[bytes, AnyFirmwareMetadata, str]:
     """Creates a firmware blob from base firmware and an optional custom name.
 
     .. note:: The firmware.zip file must contain the following files::
diff --git a/pybricksdev/flash.py b/pybricksdev/flash.py
index 5371631..9f1f873 100644
--- a/pybricksdev/flash.py
+++ b/pybricksdev/flash.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 import platform
 import struct
 from collections import namedtuple
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
 
 from tqdm.auto import tqdm
 from tqdm.contrib.logging import logging_redirect_tqdm
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@
 
 
 # NAME, PAYLOAD_SIZE requirement
-HUB_INFO: Dict[HubKind, Tuple[str, int]] = {
+HUB_INFO: dict[HubKind, tuple[str, int]] = {
     HubKind.BOOST: ("Move Hub", 14),
     HubKind.CITY: ("City Hub", 32),
     HubKind.TECHNIC: ("Technic Hub", 32),
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         command: BootloaderCommand,
         name: str,
-        request_format: List[str],
+        request_format: list[str],
         data_format: str,
         request_reply: bool = True,
         write_with_response: bool = True,
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ def __init__(
             self.reply_len += 1
         self.write_with_response = write_with_response
 
-    def make_request(self, payload: Optional[bytes] = None) -> bytearray:
+    def make_request(self, payload: bytes | None = None) -> bytearray:
         request = bytearray([self.command])
         if payload is not None:
             request += payload
@@ -220,9 +219,10 @@ async def flash(self, firmware, metadata):
         logger.debug("Begin update.")
 
         # Maintain progress using tqdm
-        with logging_redirect_tqdm(), tqdm(
-            total=firmware_size, unit="B", unit_scale=True
-        ) as pbar:
+        with (
+            logging_redirect_tqdm(),
+            tqdm(total=firmware_size, unit="B", unit_scale=True) as pbar,
+        ):
 
             def reader():
                 while True:
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index ad1b1cf..8898b7d 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ requires = ["poetry-core>=1.0.0"]
 build-backend = "poetry.core.masonry.api"
 
 [tool.black]
-target-version = ['py38']
+target-version = ['py310']
 
 [tool.isort]
 profile = "black"