Support context being passed to TypeAdapter's dump_json/dump_python

[alexcouper]

Change Summary

Support passing in of context to TypeAdapter's dump_python and dump_json functions, allowing context to be present during TypeAdapter serialization.

Related issue number

No related issue, but I can create one if required. Seems like this change fits into "trivial change", but I may be missing some context of my own.

Issue I'm solving for is that I want to be able to serialize an object in different contexts (using fastapi), so this piece is needed to support context based serialization of type adapters.

The upstream problem this solves (in fastapi) is illustrated here: tiangolo/fastapi#11634

Checklist

• The pull request title is a good summary of the changes - it will be used in the changelog
• Unit tests for the changes exist
• Tests pass on CI
• Documentation reflects the changes where applicable
• My PR is ready to review, please add a comment including the phrase "please review" to assign reviewers

[codspeed-hq]

CodSpeed Performance Report

Merging #9495 will not alter performance

_{Comparing alexcouper:typeadapter-context (245ac01) with main (87adc65)}

Summary

✅ 13 untouched benchmarks

[sydney-runkle]

Amazing, thanks!

This looks great.

[alexcouper]

@sydney-runkle if I recreate this PR against 2.7 would it be accepted? Not sure the rules on if something should be in 2.8 or 2.7...

Created here: #9553 in case it's allowed

[sydney-runkle]

@alexcouper,

We generally just do bug fixes in patch releases, so we'll keep this in 2.8!