ceval.c

/* Execute compiled code */

/* XXX TO DO:
   XXX speed up searching for keywords by using a dictionary
   XXX document it!
   */

/* enable more aggressive intra-module optimizations, where available */
#define PY_LOCAL_AGGRESSIVE

#include "Python.h"
#include "pycore_abstract.h"      // _PyIndex_Check()
#include "pycore_call.h"
#include "pycore_ceval.h"
#include "pycore_code.h"
#include "pycore_initconfig.h"
#include "pycore_object.h"
#include "pycore_pyerrors.h"
#include "pycore_pylifecycle.h"
#include "pycore_pymem.h"         // _PyMem_IsPtrFreed()
#include "pycore_pystate.h"       // _PyInterpreterState_GET()
#include "pycore_sysmodule.h"
#include "pycore_tupleobject.h"

#include "code.h"
#include "dictobject.h"
#include "frameobject.h"
#include "opcode.h"
#include "pydtrace.h"
#include "setobject.h"

#include <ctype.h>

#ifdef Py_DEBUG
/* For debugging the interpreter: */
#define LLTRACE  1      /* Low-level trace feature */
#define CHECKEXC 1      /* Double-check exception checking */
#endif

#if !defined(Py_BUILD_CORE)
#  error "ceval.c must be build with Py_BUILD_CORE define for best performance"
#endif

_Py_IDENTIFIER(__name__);

/* Forward declarations */
Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *) call_function(
    PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject ***pp_stack,
    Py_ssize_t oparg, PyObject *kwnames);
static PyObject * do_call_core(
    PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *func,
    PyObject *callargs, PyObject *kwdict);

#ifdef LLTRACE
static int lltrace;
static int prtrace(PyThreadState *, PyObject *, const char *);
#endif
static int call_trace(Py_tracefunc, PyObject *,
                      PyThreadState *, PyFrameObject *,
                      int, PyObject *);
static int call_trace_protected(Py_tracefunc, PyObject *,
                                PyThreadState *, PyFrameObject *,
                                int, PyObject *);
static void call_exc_trace(Py_tracefunc, PyObject *,
                           PyThreadState *, PyFrameObject *);
static int maybe_call_line_trace(Py_tracefunc, PyObject *,
                                 PyThreadState *, PyFrameObject *,
                                 int *, int *, int *);
static void maybe_dtrace_line(PyFrameObject *, int *, int *, int *);
static void dtrace_function_entry(PyFrameObject *);
static void dtrace_function_return(PyFrameObject *);

static PyObject * import_name(PyThreadState *, PyFrameObject *,
                              PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *);
static PyObject * import_from(PyThreadState *, PyObject *, PyObject *);
static int import_all_from(PyThreadState *, PyObject *, PyObject *);
static void format_exc_check_arg(PyThreadState *, PyObject *, const char *, PyObject *);
static void format_exc_unbound(PyThreadState *tstate, PyCodeObject *co, int oparg);
static PyObject * unicode_concatenate(PyThreadState *, PyObject *, PyObject *,
                                      PyFrameObject *, const _Py_CODEUNIT *);
static PyObject * special_lookup(PyThreadState *, PyObject *, _Py_Identifier *);
static int check_args_iterable(PyThreadState *, PyObject *func, PyObject *vararg);
static void format_kwargs_error(PyThreadState *, PyObject *func, PyObject *kwargs);
static void format_awaitable_error(PyThreadState *, PyTypeObject *, int, int);

#define NAME_ERROR_MSG \
    "name '%.200s' is not defined"
#define UNBOUNDLOCAL_ERROR_MSG \
    "local variable '%.200s' referenced before assignment"
#define UNBOUNDFREE_ERROR_MSG \
    "free variable '%.200s' referenced before assignment" \
    " in enclosing scope"

/* Dynamic execution profile */
#ifdef DYNAMIC_EXECUTION_PROFILE
#ifdef DXPAIRS
static long dxpairs[257][256];
#define dxp dxpairs[256]
#else
static long dxp[256];
#endif
#endif

/* per opcode cache */
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
// --with-pydebug is used to find memory leak.  opcache makes it harder.
// So we disable opcache when Py_DEBUG is defined.
// See bpo-37146
#define OPCACHE_MIN_RUNS 0  /* disable opcache */
#else
#define OPCACHE_MIN_RUNS 1024  /* create opcache when code executed this time */
#endif
#define OPCACHE_STATS 0  /* Enable stats */

#if OPCACHE_STATS
static size_t opcache_code_objects = 0;
static size_t opcache_code_objects_extra_mem = 0;

static size_t opcache_global_opts = 0;
static size_t opcache_global_hits = 0;
static size_t opcache_global_misses = 0;
#endif


#ifndef NDEBUG
/* Ensure that tstate is valid: sanity check for PyEval_AcquireThread() and
   PyEval_RestoreThread(). Detect if tstate memory was freed. It can happen
   when a thread continues to run after Python finalization, especially
   daemon threads. */
static int
is_tstate_valid(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    assert(!_PyMem_IsPtrFreed(tstate));
    assert(!_PyMem_IsPtrFreed(tstate->interp));
    return 1;
}
#endif


/* This can set eval_breaker to 0 even though gil_drop_request became
   1.  We believe this is all right because the eval loop will release
   the GIL eventually anyway. */
static inline void
COMPUTE_EVAL_BREAKER(PyInterpreterState *interp,
                     struct _ceval_runtime_state *ceval,
                     struct _ceval_state *ceval2)
{
    _Py_atomic_store_relaxed(&ceval2->eval_breaker,
        _Py_atomic_load_relaxed(&ceval2->gil_drop_request)
        | (_Py_atomic_load_relaxed(&ceval->signals_pending)
           && _Py_ThreadCanHandleSignals(interp))
        | (_Py_atomic_load_relaxed(&ceval2->pending.calls_to_do)
           && _Py_ThreadCanHandlePendingCalls())
        | ceval2->pending.async_exc);
}


static inline void
SET_GIL_DROP_REQUEST(PyInterpreterState *interp)
{
    struct _ceval_state *ceval2 = &interp->ceval;
    _Py_atomic_store_relaxed(&ceval2->gil_drop_request, 1);
    _Py_atomic_store_relaxed(&ceval2->eval_breaker, 1);
}


static inline void
RESET_GIL_DROP_REQUEST(PyInterpreterState *interp)
{
    struct _ceval_runtime_state *ceval = &interp->runtime->ceval;
    struct _ceval_state *ceval2 = &interp->ceval;
    _Py_atomic_store_relaxed(&ceval2->gil_drop_request, 0);
    COMPUTE_EVAL_BREAKER(interp, ceval, ceval2);
}


static inline void
SIGNAL_PENDING_CALLS(PyInterpreterState *interp)
{
    struct _ceval_runtime_state *ceval = &interp->runtime->ceval;
    struct _ceval_state *ceval2 = &interp->ceval;
    _Py_atomic_store_relaxed(&ceval2->pending.calls_to_do, 1);
    COMPUTE_EVAL_BREAKER(interp, ceval, ceval2);
}


static inline void
UNSIGNAL_PENDING_CALLS(PyInterpreterState *interp)
{
    struct _ceval_runtime_state *ceval = &interp->runtime->ceval;
    struct _ceval_state *ceval2 = &interp->ceval;
    _Py_atomic_store_relaxed(&ceval2->pending.calls_to_do, 0);
    COMPUTE_EVAL_BREAKER(interp, ceval, ceval2);
}


static inline void
SIGNAL_PENDING_SIGNALS(PyInterpreterState *interp, int force)
{
    struct _ceval_runtime_state *ceval = &interp->runtime->ceval;
    struct _ceval_state *ceval2 = &interp->ceval;
    _Py_atomic_store_relaxed(&ceval->signals_pending, 1);
    if (force) {
        _Py_atomic_store_relaxed(&ceval2->eval_breaker, 1);
    }
    else {
        /* eval_breaker is not set to 1 if thread_can_handle_signals() is false */
        COMPUTE_EVAL_BREAKER(interp, ceval, ceval2);
    }
}


static inline void
UNSIGNAL_PENDING_SIGNALS(PyInterpreterState *interp)
{
    struct _ceval_runtime_state *ceval = &interp->runtime->ceval;
    struct _ceval_state *ceval2 = &interp->ceval;
    _Py_atomic_store_relaxed(&ceval->signals_pending, 0);
    COMPUTE_EVAL_BREAKER(interp, ceval, ceval2);
}


static inline void
SIGNAL_ASYNC_EXC(PyInterpreterState *interp)
{
    struct _ceval_state *ceval2 = &interp->ceval;
    ceval2->pending.async_exc = 1;
    _Py_atomic_store_relaxed(&ceval2->eval_breaker, 1);
}


static inline void
UNSIGNAL_ASYNC_EXC(PyInterpreterState *interp)
{
    struct _ceval_runtime_state *ceval = &interp->runtime->ceval;
    struct _ceval_state *ceval2 = &interp->ceval;
    ceval2->pending.async_exc = 0;
    COMPUTE_EVAL_BREAKER(interp, ceval, ceval2);
}


#ifdef HAVE_ERRNO_H
#include <errno.h>
#endif
#include "ceval_gil.h"

void _Py_NO_RETURN
_Py_FatalError_TstateNULL(const char *func)
{
    _Py_FatalErrorFunc(func,
                       "the function must be called with the GIL held, "
                       "but the GIL is released "
                       "(the current Python thread state is NULL)");
}


int
_PyEval_ThreadsInitialized(_PyRuntimeState *runtime)
{
    return gil_created(&runtime->ceval.gil);
}

int
PyEval_ThreadsInitialized(void)
{
    _PyRuntimeState *runtime = &_PyRuntime;
    return _PyEval_ThreadsInitialized(runtime);
}

PyStatus
_PyEval_InitGIL(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    if (!_Py_IsMainInterpreter(tstate)) {
        /* Currently, the GIL is shared by all interpreters,
           and only the main interpreter is responsible to create
           and destroy it. */
        return _PyStatus_OK();
    }

    struct _gil_runtime_state *gil = &tstate->interp->runtime->ceval.gil;
    assert(!gil_created(gil));

    PyThread_init_thread();
    create_gil(gil);

    take_gil(tstate);

    assert(gil_created(gil));
    return _PyStatus_OK();
}

void
_PyEval_FiniGIL(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    if (!_Py_IsMainInterpreter(tstate)) {
        /* Currently, the GIL is shared by all interpreters,
           and only the main interpreter is responsible to create
           and destroy it. */
        return;
    }

    struct _gil_runtime_state *gil = &tstate->interp->runtime->ceval.gil;
    if (!gil_created(gil)) {
        /* First Py_InitializeFromConfig() call: the GIL doesn't exist
           yet: do nothing. */
        return;
    }

    destroy_gil(gil);
    assert(!gil_created(gil));
}

void
PyEval_InitThreads(void)
{
    /* Do nothing: kept for backward compatibility */
}

void
_PyEval_Fini(void)
{
#if OPCACHE_STATS
    fprintf(stderr, "-- Opcode cache number of objects  = %zd\n",
            opcache_code_objects);

    fprintf(stderr, "-- Opcode cache total extra mem    = %zd\n",
            opcache_code_objects_extra_mem);

    fprintf(stderr, "\n");

    fprintf(stderr, "-- Opcode cache LOAD_GLOBAL hits   = %zd (%d%%)\n",
            opcache_global_hits,
            (int) (100.0 * opcache_global_hits /
                (opcache_global_hits + opcache_global_misses)));

    fprintf(stderr, "-- Opcode cache LOAD_GLOBAL misses = %zd (%d%%)\n",
            opcache_global_misses,
            (int) (100.0 * opcache_global_misses /
                (opcache_global_hits + opcache_global_misses)));

    fprintf(stderr, "-- Opcode cache LOAD_GLOBAL opts   = %zd\n",
            opcache_global_opts);

    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
#endif
}

void
PyEval_AcquireLock(void)
{
    _PyRuntimeState *runtime = &_PyRuntime;
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyRuntimeState_GetThreadState(runtime);
    _Py_EnsureTstateNotNULL(tstate);

    take_gil(tstate);
}

void
PyEval_ReleaseLock(void)
{
    _PyRuntimeState *runtime = &_PyRuntime;
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyRuntimeState_GetThreadState(runtime);
    /* This function must succeed when the current thread state is NULL.
       We therefore avoid PyThreadState_Get() which dumps a fatal error
       in debug mode. */
    struct _ceval_runtime_state *ceval = &runtime->ceval;
    struct _ceval_state *ceval2 = &tstate->interp->ceval;
    drop_gil(ceval, ceval2, tstate);
}

void
_PyEval_ReleaseLock(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    struct _ceval_runtime_state *ceval = &tstate->interp->runtime->ceval;
    struct _ceval_state *ceval2 = &tstate->interp->ceval;
    drop_gil(ceval, ceval2, tstate);
}

void
PyEval_AcquireThread(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    _Py_EnsureTstateNotNULL(tstate);

    take_gil(tstate);

    struct _gilstate_runtime_state *gilstate = &tstate->interp->runtime->gilstate;
    if (_PyThreadState_Swap(gilstate, tstate) != NULL) {
        Py_FatalError("non-NULL old thread state");
    }
}

void
PyEval_ReleaseThread(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    assert(is_tstate_valid(tstate));

    _PyRuntimeState *runtime = tstate->interp->runtime;
    PyThreadState *new_tstate = _PyThreadState_Swap(&runtime->gilstate, NULL);
    if (new_tstate != tstate) {
        Py_FatalError("wrong thread state");
    }
    struct _ceval_runtime_state *ceval = &runtime->ceval;
    struct _ceval_state *ceval2 = &tstate->interp->ceval;
    drop_gil(ceval, ceval2, tstate);
}

#ifdef HAVE_FORK
/* This function is called from PyOS_AfterFork_Child to destroy all threads
 * which are not running in the child process, and clear internal locks
 * which might be held by those threads.
 */

void
_PyEval_ReInitThreads(_PyRuntimeState *runtime)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyRuntimeState_GetThreadState(runtime);
    _Py_EnsureTstateNotNULL(tstate);

    struct _gil_runtime_state *gil = &runtime->ceval.gil;
    if (!gil_created(gil)) {
        return;
    }
    recreate_gil(gil);

    take_gil(tstate);

    struct _pending_calls *pending = &tstate->interp->ceval.pending;
    if (_PyThread_at_fork_reinit(&pending->lock) < 0) {
        Py_FatalError("Can't initialize threads for pending calls");
    }

    /* Destroy all threads except the current one */
    _PyThreadState_DeleteExcept(runtime, tstate);
}
#endif

/* This function is used to signal that async exceptions are waiting to be
   raised. */

void
_PyEval_SignalAsyncExc(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    assert(is_tstate_valid(tstate));
    SIGNAL_ASYNC_EXC(tstate->interp);
}

PyThreadState *
PyEval_SaveThread(void)
{
    _PyRuntimeState *runtime = &_PyRuntime;
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_Swap(&runtime->gilstate, NULL);
    _Py_EnsureTstateNotNULL(tstate);

    struct _ceval_runtime_state *ceval = &runtime->ceval;
    struct _ceval_state *ceval2 = &tstate->interp->ceval;
    assert(gil_created(&ceval->gil));
    drop_gil(ceval, ceval2, tstate);
    return tstate;
}

void
PyEval_RestoreThread(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    _Py_EnsureTstateNotNULL(tstate);

    take_gil(tstate);

    struct _gilstate_runtime_state *gilstate = &tstate->interp->runtime->gilstate;
    _PyThreadState_Swap(gilstate, tstate);
}


/* Mechanism whereby asynchronously executing callbacks (e.g. UNIX
   signal handlers or Mac I/O completion routines) can schedule calls
   to a function to be called synchronously.
   The synchronous function is called with one void* argument.
   It should return 0 for success or -1 for failure -- failure should
   be accompanied by an exception.

   If registry succeeds, the registry function returns 0; if it fails
   (e.g. due to too many pending calls) it returns -1 (without setting
   an exception condition).

   Note that because registry may occur from within signal handlers,
   or other asynchronous events, calling malloc() is unsafe!

   Any thread can schedule pending calls, but only the main thread
   will execute them.
   There is no facility to schedule calls to a particular thread, but
   that should be easy to change, should that ever be required.  In
   that case, the static variables here should go into the python
   threadstate.
*/

void
_PyEval_SignalReceived(PyInterpreterState *interp)
{
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    // bpo-42296: On Windows, _PyEval_SignalReceived() is called from a signal
    // handler which can run in a thread different than the Python thread, in
    // which case _Py_ThreadCanHandleSignals() is wrong. Ignore
    // _Py_ThreadCanHandleSignals() and always set eval_breaker to 1.
    //
    // The next eval_frame_handle_pending() call will call
    // _Py_ThreadCanHandleSignals() to recompute eval_breaker.
    int force = 1;
#else
    int force = 0;
#endif
    /* bpo-30703: Function called when the C signal handler of Python gets a
       signal. We cannot queue a callback using _PyEval_AddPendingCall() since
       that function is not async-signal-safe. */
    SIGNAL_PENDING_SIGNALS(interp, force);
}

/* Push one item onto the queue while holding the lock. */
static int
_push_pending_call(struct _pending_calls *pending,
                   int (*func)(void *), void *arg)
{
    int i = pending->last;
    int j = (i + 1) % NPENDINGCALLS;
    if (j == pending->first) {
        return -1; /* Queue full */
    }
    pending->calls[i].func = func;
    pending->calls[i].arg = arg;
    pending->last = j;
    return 0;
}

/* Pop one item off the queue while holding the lock. */
static void
_pop_pending_call(struct _pending_calls *pending,
                  int (**func)(void *), void **arg)
{
    int i = pending->first;
    if (i == pending->last) {
        return; /* Queue empty */
    }

    *func = pending->calls[i].func;
    *arg = pending->calls[i].arg;
    pending->first = (i + 1) % NPENDINGCALLS;
}

/* This implementation is thread-safe.  It allows
   scheduling to be made from any thread, and even from an executing
   callback.
 */

int
_PyEval_AddPendingCall(PyInterpreterState *interp,
                       int (*func)(void *), void *arg)
{
    struct _pending_calls *pending = &interp->ceval.pending;

    /* Ensure that _PyEval_InitPendingCalls() was called
       and that _PyEval_FiniPendingCalls() is not called yet. */
    assert(pending->lock != NULL);

    PyThread_acquire_lock(pending->lock, WAIT_LOCK);
    int result = _push_pending_call(pending, func, arg);
    PyThread_release_lock(pending->lock);

    /* signal main loop */
    SIGNAL_PENDING_CALLS(interp);
    return result;
}

int
Py_AddPendingCall(int (*func)(void *), void *arg)
{
    /* Best-effort to support subinterpreters and calls with the GIL released.

       First attempt _PyThreadState_GET() since it supports subinterpreters.

       If the GIL is released, _PyThreadState_GET() returns NULL . In this
       case, use PyGILState_GetThisThreadState() which works even if the GIL
       is released.

       Sadly, PyGILState_GetThisThreadState() doesn't support subinterpreters:
       see bpo-10915 and bpo-15751.

       Py_AddPendingCall() doesn't require the caller to hold the GIL. */
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    if (tstate == NULL) {
        tstate = PyGILState_GetThisThreadState();
    }

    PyInterpreterState *interp;
    if (tstate != NULL) {
        interp = tstate->interp;
    }
    else {
        /* Last resort: use the main interpreter */
        interp = _PyRuntime.interpreters.main;
    }
    return _PyEval_AddPendingCall(interp, func, arg);
}

static int
handle_signals(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    assert(is_tstate_valid(tstate));
    if (!_Py_ThreadCanHandleSignals(tstate->interp)) {
        return 0;
    }

    UNSIGNAL_PENDING_SIGNALS(tstate->interp);
    if (_PyErr_CheckSignalsTstate(tstate) < 0) {
        /* On failure, re-schedule a call to handle_signals(). */
        SIGNAL_PENDING_SIGNALS(tstate->interp, 0);
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
make_pending_calls(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    assert(is_tstate_valid(tstate));

    /* only execute pending calls on main thread */
    if (!_Py_ThreadCanHandlePendingCalls()) {
        return 0;
    }

    /* don't perform recursive pending calls */
    static int busy = 0;
    if (busy) {
        return 0;
    }
    busy = 1;

    /* unsignal before starting to call callbacks, so that any callback
       added in-between re-signals */
    UNSIGNAL_PENDING_CALLS(tstate->interp);
    int res = 0;

    /* perform a bounded number of calls, in case of recursion */
    struct _pending_calls *pending = &tstate->interp->ceval.pending;
    for (int i=0; i<NPENDINGCALLS; i++) {
        int (*func)(void *) = NULL;
        void *arg = NULL;

        /* pop one item off the queue while holding the lock */
        PyThread_acquire_lock(pending->lock, WAIT_LOCK);
        _pop_pending_call(pending, &func, &arg);
        PyThread_release_lock(pending->lock);

        /* having released the lock, perform the callback */
        if (func == NULL) {
            break;
        }
        res = func(arg);
        if (res) {
            goto error;
        }
    }

    busy = 0;
    return res;

error:
    busy = 0;
    SIGNAL_PENDING_CALLS(tstate->interp);
    return res;
}

void
_Py_FinishPendingCalls(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    assert(PyGILState_Check());

    struct _pending_calls *pending = &tstate->interp->ceval.pending;

    if (!_Py_atomic_load_relaxed(&(pending->calls_to_do))) {
        return;
    }

    if (make_pending_calls(tstate) < 0) {
        PyObject *exc, *val, *tb;
        _PyErr_Fetch(tstate, &exc, &val, &tb);
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        _PyErr_ChainExceptions(exc, val, tb);
        _PyErr_Print(tstate);
    }
}

/* Py_MakePendingCalls() is a simple wrapper for the sake
   of backward-compatibility. */
int
Py_MakePendingCalls(void)
{
    assert(PyGILState_Check());

    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();

    /* Python signal handler doesn't really queue a callback: it only signals
       that a signal was received, see _PyEval_SignalReceived(). */
    int res = handle_signals(tstate);
    if (res != 0) {
        return res;
    }

    res = make_pending_calls(tstate);
    if (res != 0) {
        return res;
    }

    return 0;
}

/* The interpreter's recursion limit */

#ifndef Py_DEFAULT_RECURSION_LIMIT
#define Py_DEFAULT_RECURSION_LIMIT 1000
#endif

int _Py_CheckRecursionLimit = Py_DEFAULT_RECURSION_LIMIT;

void
_PyEval_InitRuntimeState(struct _ceval_runtime_state *ceval)
{
    _Py_CheckRecursionLimit = Py_DEFAULT_RECURSION_LIMIT;
    _gil_initialize(&ceval->gil);
}

int
_PyEval_InitState(struct _ceval_state *ceval)
{
    ceval->recursion_limit = Py_DEFAULT_RECURSION_LIMIT;

    struct _pending_calls *pending = &ceval->pending;
    assert(pending->lock == NULL);

    pending->lock = PyThread_allocate_lock();
    if (pending->lock == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

void
_PyEval_FiniState(struct _ceval_state *ceval)
{
    struct _pending_calls *pending = &ceval->pending;
    if (pending->lock != NULL) {
        PyThread_free_lock(pending->lock);
        pending->lock = NULL;
    }
}

int
Py_GetRecursionLimit(void)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    return tstate->interp->ceval.recursion_limit;
}

void
Py_SetRecursionLimit(int new_limit)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    tstate->interp->ceval.recursion_limit = new_limit;
    if (_Py_IsMainInterpreter(tstate)) {
        _Py_CheckRecursionLimit = new_limit;
    }
}

/* The function _Py_EnterRecursiveCall() only calls _Py_CheckRecursiveCall()
   if the recursion_depth reaches _Py_CheckRecursionLimit.
   If USE_STACKCHECK, the macro decrements _Py_CheckRecursionLimit
   to guarantee that _Py_CheckRecursiveCall() is regularly called.
   Without USE_STACKCHECK, there is no need for this. */
int
_Py_CheckRecursiveCall(PyThreadState *tstate, const char *where)
{
    int recursion_limit = tstate->interp->ceval.recursion_limit;

#ifdef USE_STACKCHECK
    tstate->stackcheck_counter = 0;
    if (PyOS_CheckStack()) {
        --tstate->recursion_depth;
        _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_MemoryError, "Stack overflow");
        return -1;
    }
    if (_Py_IsMainInterpreter(tstate)) {
        /* Needed for ABI backwards-compatibility (see bpo-31857) */
        _Py_CheckRecursionLimit = recursion_limit;
    }
#endif
    if (tstate->recursion_critical)
        /* Somebody asked that we don't check for recursion. */
        return 0;
    if (tstate->overflowed) {
        if (tstate->recursion_depth > recursion_limit + 50 || tstate->overflowed > 50) {
            /* Overflowing while handling an overflow. Give up. */
            Py_FatalError("Cannot recover from stack overflow.");
        }
    }
    else {
        if (tstate->recursion_depth > recursion_limit) {
            tstate->overflowed++;
            _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_RecursionError,
                        "maximum recursion depth exceeded%s",
                        where);
            tstate->overflowed--;
            --tstate->recursion_depth;
            return -1;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

static int do_raise(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *exc, PyObject *cause);
static int unpack_iterable(PyThreadState *, PyObject *, int, int, PyObject **);

#define _Py_TracingPossible(ceval) ((ceval)->tracing_possible)


PyObject *
PyEval_EvalCode(PyObject *co, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)
{
    return PyEval_EvalCodeEx(co,
                      globals, locals,
                      (PyObject **)NULL, 0,
                      (PyObject **)NULL, 0,
                      (PyObject **)NULL, 0,
                      NULL, NULL);
}


/* Interpreter main loop */

PyObject *
PyEval_EvalFrame(PyFrameObject *f)
{
    /* Function kept for backward compatibility */
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    return _PyEval_EvalFrame(tstate, f, 0);
}

PyObject *
PyEval_EvalFrameEx(PyFrameObject *f, int throwflag)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    return _PyEval_EvalFrame(tstate, f, throwflag);
}


/* Handle signals, pending calls, GIL drop request
   and asynchronous exception */
static int
eval_frame_handle_pending(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    _PyRuntimeState * const runtime = &_PyRuntime;
    struct _ceval_runtime_state *ceval = &runtime->ceval;

    /* Pending signals */
    if (_Py_atomic_load_relaxed(&ceval->signals_pending)) {
        if (handle_signals(tstate) != 0) {
            return -1;
        }
    }

    /* Pending calls */
    struct _ceval_state *ceval2 = &tstate->interp->ceval;
    if (_Py_atomic_load_relaxed(&ceval2->pending.calls_to_do)) {
        if (make_pending_calls(tstate) != 0) {
            return -1;
        }
    }

    /* GIL drop request */
    if (_Py_atomic_load_relaxed(&ceval2->gil_drop_request)) {
        /* Give another thread a chance */
        if (_PyThreadState_Swap(&runtime->gilstate, NULL) != tstate) {
            Py_FatalError("tstate mix-up");
        }
        drop_gil(ceval, ceval2, tstate);

        /* Other threads may run now */

        take_gil(tstate);

        if (_PyThreadState_Swap(&runtime->gilstate, tstate) != NULL) {
            Py_FatalError("orphan tstate");
        }
    }

    /* Check for asynchronous exception. */
    if (tstate->async_exc != NULL) {
        PyObject *exc = tstate->async_exc;
        tstate->async_exc = NULL;
        UNSIGNAL_ASYNC_EXC(tstate->interp);
        _PyErr_SetNone(tstate, exc);
        Py_DECREF(exc);
        return -1;
    }

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    // bpo-42296: On Windows, _PyEval_SignalReceived() can be called in a
    // different thread than the Python thread, in which case
    // _Py_ThreadCanHandleSignals() is wrong. Recompute eval_breaker in the
    // current Python thread with the correct _Py_ThreadCanHandleSignals()
    // value. It prevents to interrupt the eval loop at every instruction if
    // the current Python thread cannot handle signals (if
    // _Py_ThreadCanHandleSignals() is false).
    COMPUTE_EVAL_BREAKER(tstate->interp, ceval, ceval2);
#endif

    return 0;
}

PyObject* _Py_HOT_FUNCTION
_PyEval_EvalFrameDefault(PyThreadState *tstate, PyFrameObject *f, int throwflag)
{
    _Py_EnsureTstateNotNULL(tstate);

#ifdef DXPAIRS
    int lastopcode = 0;
#endif
    PyObject **stack_pointer;  /* Next free slot in value stack */
    const _Py_CODEUNIT *next_instr;
    int opcode;        /* Current opcode */
    int oparg;         /* Current opcode argument, if any */
    PyObject **fastlocals, **freevars;
    PyObject *retval = NULL;            /* Return value */
    struct _ceval_state * const ceval2 = &tstate->interp->ceval;
    _Py_atomic_int * const eval_breaker = &ceval2->eval_breaker;
    PyCodeObject *co;

    /* when tracing we set things up so that

           not (instr_lb <= current_bytecode_offset < instr_ub)

       is true when the line being executed has changed.  The
       initial values are such as to make this false the first
       time it is tested. */
    int instr_ub = -1, instr_lb = 0, instr_prev = -1;

    const _Py_CODEUNIT *first_instr;
    PyObject *names;
    PyObject *consts;
    _PyOpcache *co_opcache;

#ifdef LLTRACE
    _Py_IDENTIFIER(__ltrace__);
#endif

/* Computed GOTOs, or
       the-optimization-commonly-but-improperly-known-as-"threaded code"
   using gcc's labels-as-values extension
   (http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Labels-as-Values.html).

   The traditional bytecode evaluation loop uses a "switch" statement, which
   decent compilers will optimize as a single indirect branch instruction
   combined with a lookup table of jump addresses. However, since the
   indirect jump instruction is shared by all opcodes, the CPU will have a
   hard time making the right prediction for where to jump next (actually,
   it will be always wrong except in the uncommon case of a sequence of
   several identical opcodes).

   "Threaded code" in contrast, uses an explicit jump table and an explicit
   indirect jump instruction at the end of each opcode. Since the jump
   instruction is at a different address for each opcode, the CPU will make a
   separate prediction for each of these instructions, which is equivalent to
   predicting the second opcode of each opcode pair. These predictions have
   a much better chance to turn out valid, especially in small bytecode loops.

   A mispredicted branch on a modern CPU flushes the whole pipeline and
   can cost several CPU cycles (depending on the pipeline depth),
   and potentially many more instructions (depending on the pipeline width).
   A correctly predicted branch, however, is nearly free.

   At the time of this writing, the "threaded code" version is up to 15-20%
   faster than the normal "switch" version, depending on the compiler and the
   CPU architecture.

   We disable the optimization if DYNAMIC_EXECUTION_PROFILE is defined,
   because it would render the measurements invalid.


   NOTE: care must be taken that the compiler doesn't try to "optimize" the
   indirect jumps by sharing them between all opcodes. Such optimizations
   can be disabled on gcc by using the -fno-gcse flag (or possibly
   -fno-crossjumping).
*/

#ifdef DYNAMIC_EXECUTION_PROFILE
#undef USE_COMPUTED_GOTOS
#define USE_COMPUTED_GOTOS 0
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_COMPUTED_GOTOS
    #ifndef USE_COMPUTED_GOTOS
    #define USE_COMPUTED_GOTOS 1
    #endif
#else
    #if defined(USE_COMPUTED_GOTOS) && USE_COMPUTED_GOTOS
    #error "Computed gotos are not supported on this compiler."
    #endif
    #undef USE_COMPUTED_GOTOS
    #define USE_COMPUTED_GOTOS 0
#endif

#if USE_COMPUTED_GOTOS
/* Import the static jump table */
#include "opcode_targets.h"

#define TARGET(op) \
    op: \
    TARGET_##op

#ifdef LLTRACE
#define FAST_DISPATCH() \
    { \
        if (!lltrace && !_Py_TracingPossible(ceval2) && !PyDTrace_LINE_ENABLED()) { \
            f->f_lasti = INSTR_OFFSET(); \
            NEXTOPARG(); \
            goto *opcode_targets[opcode]; \
        } \
        goto fast_next_opcode; \
    }
#else
#define FAST_DISPATCH() \
    { \
        if (!_Py_TracingPossible(ceval2) && !PyDTrace_LINE_ENABLED()) { \
            f->f_lasti = INSTR_OFFSET(); \
            NEXTOPARG(); \
            goto *opcode_targets[opcode]; \
        } \
        goto fast_next_opcode; \
    }
#endif

#define DISPATCH() \
    { \
        if (!_Py_atomic_load_relaxed(eval_breaker)) { \
            FAST_DISPATCH(); \
        } \
        continue; \
    }

#else
#define TARGET(op) op
#define FAST_DISPATCH() goto fast_next_opcode
#define DISPATCH() continue
#endif


/* Tuple access macros */

#ifndef Py_DEBUG
#define GETITEM(v, i) PyTuple_GET_ITEM((PyTupleObject *)(v), (i))
#else
#define GETITEM(v, i) PyTuple_GetItem((v), (i))
#endif

/* Code access macros */

/* The integer overflow is checked by an assertion below. */
#define INSTR_OFFSET()  \
    (sizeof(_Py_CODEUNIT) * (int)(next_instr - first_instr))
#define NEXTOPARG()  do { \
        _Py_CODEUNIT word = *next_instr; \
        opcode = _Py_OPCODE(word); \
        oparg = _Py_OPARG(word); \
        next_instr++; \
    } while (0)
#define JUMPTO(x)       (next_instr = first_instr + (x) / sizeof(_Py_CODEUNIT))
#define JUMPBY(x)       (next_instr += (x) / sizeof(_Py_CODEUNIT))

/* OpCode prediction macros
    Some opcodes tend to come in pairs thus making it possible to
    predict the second code when the first is run.  For example,
    COMPARE_OP is often followed by POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE or POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE.

    Verifying the prediction costs a single high-speed test of a register
    variable against a constant.  If the pairing was good, then the
    processor's own internal branch predication has a high likelihood of
    success, resulting in a nearly zero-overhead transition to the
    next opcode.  A successful prediction saves a trip through the eval-loop
    including its unpredictable switch-case branch.  Combined with the
    processor's internal branch prediction, a successful PREDICT has the
    effect of making the two opcodes run as if they were a single new opcode
    with the bodies combined.

    If collecting opcode statistics, your choices are to either keep the
    predictions turned-on and interpret the results as if some opcodes
    had been combined or turn-off predictions so that the opcode frequency
    counter updates for both opcodes.

    Opcode prediction is disabled with threaded code, since the latter allows
    the CPU to record separate branch prediction information for each
    opcode.

*/

#define PREDICT_ID(op)          PRED_##op

#if defined(DYNAMIC_EXECUTION_PROFILE) || USE_COMPUTED_GOTOS
#define PREDICT(op)             if (0) goto PREDICT_ID(op)
#else
#define PREDICT(op) \
    do { \
        _Py_CODEUNIT word = *next_instr; \
        opcode = _Py_OPCODE(word); \
        if (opcode == op) { \
            oparg = _Py_OPARG(word); \
            next_instr++; \
            goto PREDICT_ID(op); \
        } \
    } while(0)
#endif
#define PREDICTED(op)           PREDICT_ID(op):


/* Stack manipulation macros */

/* The stack can grow at most MAXINT deep, as co_nlocals and
   co_stacksize are ints. */
#define STACK_LEVEL()     ((int)(stack_pointer - f->f_valuestack))
#define EMPTY()           (STACK_LEVEL() == 0)
#define TOP()             (stack_pointer[-1])
#define SECOND()          (stack_pointer[-2])
#define THIRD()           (stack_pointer[-3])
#define FOURTH()          (stack_pointer[-4])
#define PEEK(n)           (stack_pointer[-(n)])
#define SET_TOP(v)        (stack_pointer[-1] = (v))
#define SET_SECOND(v)     (stack_pointer[-2] = (v))
#define SET_THIRD(v)      (stack_pointer[-3] = (v))
#define SET_FOURTH(v)     (stack_pointer[-4] = (v))
#define SET_VALUE(n, v)   (stack_pointer[-(n)] = (v))
#define BASIC_STACKADJ(n) (stack_pointer += n)
#define BASIC_PUSH(v)     (*stack_pointer++ = (v))
#define BASIC_POP()       (*--stack_pointer)

#ifdef LLTRACE
#define PUSH(v)         { (void)(BASIC_PUSH(v), \
                          lltrace && prtrace(tstate, TOP(), "push")); \
                          assert(STACK_LEVEL() <= co->co_stacksize); }
#define POP()           ((void)(lltrace && prtrace(tstate, TOP(), "pop")), \
                         BASIC_POP())
#define STACK_GROW(n)   do { \
                          assert(n >= 0); \
                          (void)(BASIC_STACKADJ(n), \
                          lltrace && prtrace(tstate, TOP(), "stackadj")); \
                          assert(STACK_LEVEL() <= co->co_stacksize); \
                        } while (0)
#define STACK_SHRINK(n) do { \
                            assert(n >= 0); \
                            (void)(lltrace && prtrace(tstate, TOP(), "stackadj")); \
                            (void)(BASIC_STACKADJ(-n)); \
                            assert(STACK_LEVEL() <= co->co_stacksize); \
                        } while (0)
#define EXT_POP(STACK_POINTER) ((void)(lltrace && \
                                prtrace(tstate, (STACK_POINTER)[-1], "ext_pop")), \
                                *--(STACK_POINTER))
#else
#define PUSH(v)                BASIC_PUSH(v)
#define POP()                  BASIC_POP()
#define STACK_GROW(n)          BASIC_STACKADJ(n)
#define STACK_SHRINK(n)        BASIC_STACKADJ(-n)
#define EXT_POP(STACK_POINTER) (*--(STACK_POINTER))
#endif

/* Local variable macros */

#define GETLOCAL(i)     (fastlocals[i])

/* The SETLOCAL() macro must not DECREF the local variable in-place and
   then store the new value; it must copy the old value to a temporary
   value, then store the new value, and then DECREF the temporary value.
   This is because it is possible that during the DECREF the frame is
   accessed by other code (e.g. a __del__ method or gc.collect()) and the
   variable would be pointing to already-freed memory. */
#define SETLOCAL(i, value)      do { PyObject *tmp = GETLOCAL(i); \
                                     GETLOCAL(i) = value; \
                                     Py_XDECREF(tmp); } while (0)


#define UNWIND_BLOCK(b) \
    while (STACK_LEVEL() > (b)->b_level) { \
        PyObject *v = POP(); \
        Py_XDECREF(v); \
    }

#define UNWIND_EXCEPT_HANDLER(b) \
    do { \
        PyObject *type, *value, *traceback; \
        _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info; \
        assert(STACK_LEVEL() >= (b)->b_level + 3); \
        while (STACK_LEVEL() > (b)->b_level + 3) { \
            value = POP(); \
            Py_XDECREF(value); \
        } \
        exc_info = tstate->exc_info; \
        type = exc_info->exc_type; \
        value = exc_info->exc_value; \
        traceback = exc_info->exc_traceback; \
        exc_info->exc_type = POP(); \
        exc_info->exc_value = POP(); \
        exc_info->exc_traceback = POP(); \
        Py_XDECREF(type); \
        Py_XDECREF(value); \
        Py_XDECREF(traceback); \
    } while(0)

    /* macros for opcode cache */
#define OPCACHE_CHECK() \
    do { \
        co_opcache = NULL; \
        if (co->co_opcache != NULL) { \
            unsigned char co_opt_offset = \
                co->co_opcache_map[next_instr - first_instr]; \
            if (co_opt_offset > 0) { \
                assert(co_opt_offset <= co->co_opcache_size); \
                co_opcache = &co->co_opcache[co_opt_offset - 1]; \
                assert(co_opcache != NULL); \
            } \
        } \
    } while (0)

#if OPCACHE_STATS

#define OPCACHE_STAT_GLOBAL_HIT() \
    do { \
        if (co->co_opcache != NULL) opcache_global_hits++; \
    } while (0)

#define OPCACHE_STAT_GLOBAL_MISS() \
    do { \
        if (co->co_opcache != NULL) opcache_global_misses++; \
    } while (0)

#define OPCACHE_STAT_GLOBAL_OPT() \
    do { \
        if (co->co_opcache != NULL) opcache_global_opts++; \
    } while (0)

#else /* OPCACHE_STATS */

#define OPCACHE_STAT_GLOBAL_HIT()
#define OPCACHE_STAT_GLOBAL_MISS()
#define OPCACHE_STAT_GLOBAL_OPT()

#endif

/* Start of code */

    /* push frame */
    if (_Py_EnterRecursiveCall(tstate, "")) {
        return NULL;
    }

    tstate->frame = f;

    if (tstate->use_tracing) {
        if (tstate->c_tracefunc != NULL) {
            /* tstate->c_tracefunc, if defined, is a
               function that will be called on *every* entry
               to a code block.  Its return value, if not
               None, is a function that will be called at
               the start of each executed line of code.
               (Actually, the function must return itself
               in order to continue tracing.)  The trace
               functions are called with three arguments:
               a pointer to the current frame, a string
               indicating why the function is called, and
               an argument which depends on the situation.
               The global trace function is also called
               whenever an exception is detected. */
            if (call_trace_protected(tstate->c_tracefunc,
                                     tstate->c_traceobj,
                                     tstate, f, PyTrace_CALL, Py_None)) {
                /* Trace function raised an error */
                goto exit_eval_frame;
            }
        }
        if (tstate->c_profilefunc != NULL) {
            /* Similar for c_profilefunc, except it needn't
               return itself and isn't called for "line" events */
            if (call_trace_protected(tstate->c_profilefunc,
                                     tstate->c_profileobj,
                                     tstate, f, PyTrace_CALL, Py_None)) {
                /* Profile function raised an error */
                goto exit_eval_frame;
            }
        }
    }

    if (PyDTrace_FUNCTION_ENTRY_ENABLED())
        dtrace_function_entry(f);

    co = f->f_code;
    names = co->co_names;
    consts = co->co_consts;
    fastlocals = f->f_localsplus;
    freevars = f->f_localsplus + co->co_nlocals;
    assert(PyBytes_Check(co->co_code));
    assert(PyBytes_GET_SIZE(co->co_code) <= INT_MAX);
    assert(PyBytes_GET_SIZE(co->co_code) % sizeof(_Py_CODEUNIT) == 0);
    assert(_Py_IS_ALIGNED(PyBytes_AS_STRING(co->co_code), sizeof(_Py_CODEUNIT)));
    first_instr = (_Py_CODEUNIT *) PyBytes_AS_STRING(co->co_code);
    /*
       f->f_lasti refers to the index of the last instruction,
       unless it's -1 in which case next_instr should be first_instr.

       YIELD_FROM sets f_lasti to itself, in order to repeatedly yield
       multiple values.

       When the PREDICT() macros are enabled, some opcode pairs follow in
       direct succession without updating f->f_lasti.  A successful
       prediction effectively links the two codes together as if they
       were a single new opcode; accordingly,f->f_lasti will point to
       the first code in the pair (for instance, GET_ITER followed by
       FOR_ITER is effectively a single opcode and f->f_lasti will point
       to the beginning of the combined pair.)
    */
    assert(f->f_lasti >= -1);
    next_instr = first_instr;
    if (f->f_lasti >= 0) {
        assert(f->f_lasti % sizeof(_Py_CODEUNIT) == 0);
        next_instr += f->f_lasti / sizeof(_Py_CODEUNIT) + 1;
    }
    stack_pointer = f->f_stacktop;
    assert(stack_pointer != NULL);
    f->f_stacktop = NULL;       /* remains NULL unless yield suspends frame */
    f->f_executing = 1;

    if (co->co_opcache_flag < OPCACHE_MIN_RUNS) {
        co->co_opcache_flag++;
        if (co->co_opcache_flag == OPCACHE_MIN_RUNS) {
            if (_PyCode_InitOpcache(co) < 0) {
                goto exit_eval_frame;
            }
#if OPCACHE_STATS
            opcache_code_objects_extra_mem +=
                PyBytes_Size(co->co_code) / sizeof(_Py_CODEUNIT) +
                sizeof(_PyOpcache) * co->co_opcache_size;
            opcache_code_objects++;
#endif
        }
    }

#ifdef LLTRACE
    lltrace = _PyDict_GetItemId(f->f_globals, &PyId___ltrace__) != NULL;
#endif

    if (throwflag) /* support for generator.throw() */
        goto error;

#ifdef Py_DEBUG
    /* _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault() must not be called with an exception set,
       because it can clear it (directly or indirectly) and so the
       caller loses its exception */
    assert(!_PyErr_Occurred(tstate));
#endif

main_loop:
    for (;;) {
        assert(stack_pointer >= f->f_valuestack); /* else underflow */
        assert(STACK_LEVEL() <= co->co_stacksize);  /* else overflow */
        assert(!_PyErr_Occurred(tstate));

        /* Do periodic things.  Doing this every time through
           the loop would add too much overhead, so we do it
           only every Nth instruction.  We also do it if
           ``pending.calls_to_do'' is set, i.e. when an asynchronous
           event needs attention (e.g. a signal handler or
           async I/O handler); see Py_AddPendingCall() and
           Py_MakePendingCalls() above. */

        if (_Py_atomic_load_relaxed(eval_breaker)) {
            opcode = _Py_OPCODE(*next_instr);
            if (opcode == SETUP_FINALLY ||
                opcode == SETUP_WITH ||
                opcode == BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH ||
                opcode == YIELD_FROM) {
                /* Few cases where we skip running signal handlers and other
                   pending calls:
                   - If we're about to enter the 'with:'. It will prevent
                     emitting a resource warning in the common idiom
                     'with open(path) as file:'.
                   - If we're about to enter the 'async with:'.
                   - If we're about to enter the 'try:' of a try/finally (not
                     *very* useful, but might help in some cases and it's
                     traditional)
                   - If we're resuming a chain of nested 'yield from' or
                     'await' calls, then each frame is parked with YIELD_FROM
                     as its next opcode. If the user hit control-C we want to
                     wait until we've reached the innermost frame before
                     running the signal handler and raising KeyboardInterrupt
                     (see bpo-30039).
                */
                goto fast_next_opcode;
            }

            if (eval_frame_handle_pending(tstate) != 0) {
                goto error;
            }
        }

    fast_next_opcode:
        f->f_lasti = INSTR_OFFSET();

        if (PyDTrace_LINE_ENABLED())
            maybe_dtrace_line(f, &instr_lb, &instr_ub, &instr_prev);

        /* line-by-line tracing support */

        if (_Py_TracingPossible(ceval2) &&
            tstate->c_tracefunc != NULL && !tstate->tracing) {
            int err;
            /* see maybe_call_line_trace
               for expository comments */
            f->f_stacktop = stack_pointer;

            err = maybe_call_line_trace(tstate->c_tracefunc,
                                        tstate->c_traceobj,
                                        tstate, f,
                                        &instr_lb, &instr_ub, &instr_prev);
            /* Reload possibly changed frame fields */
            JUMPTO(f->f_lasti);
            if (f->f_stacktop != NULL) {
                stack_pointer = f->f_stacktop;
                f->f_stacktop = NULL;
            }
            if (err)
                /* trace function raised an exception */
                goto error;
        }

        /* Extract opcode and argument */

        NEXTOPARG();
    dispatch_opcode:
#ifdef DYNAMIC_EXECUTION_PROFILE
#ifdef DXPAIRS
        dxpairs[lastopcode][opcode]++;
        lastopcode = opcode;
#endif
        dxp[opcode]++;
#endif

#ifdef LLTRACE
        /* Instruction tracing */

        if (lltrace) {
            if (HAS_ARG(opcode)) {
                printf("%d: %d, %d\n",
                       f->f_lasti, opcode, oparg);
            }
            else {
                printf("%d: %d\n",
                       f->f_lasti, opcode);
            }
        }
#endif

        switch (opcode) {

        /* BEWARE!
           It is essential that any operation that fails must goto error
           and that all operation that succeed call [FAST_]DISPATCH() ! */

        case TARGET(NOP): {
            FAST_DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(LOAD_FAST): {
            PyObject *value = GETLOCAL(oparg);
            if (value == NULL) {
                format_exc_check_arg(tstate, PyExc_UnboundLocalError,
                                     UNBOUNDLOCAL_ERROR_MSG,
                                     PyTuple_GetItem(co->co_varnames, oparg));
                goto error;
            }
            Py_INCREF(value);
            PUSH(value);
            FAST_DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(LOAD_CONST): {
            PREDICTED(LOAD_CONST);
            PyObject *value = GETITEM(consts, oparg);
            Py_INCREF(value);
            PUSH(value);
            FAST_DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(STORE_FAST): {
            PREDICTED(STORE_FAST);
            PyObject *value = POP();
            SETLOCAL(oparg, value);
            FAST_DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(POP_TOP): {
            PyObject *value = POP();
            Py_DECREF(value);
            FAST_DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(ROT_TWO): {
            PyObject *top = TOP();
            PyObject *second = SECOND();
            SET_TOP(second);
            SET_SECOND(top);
            FAST_DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(ROT_THREE): {
            PyObject *top = TOP();
            PyObject *second = SECOND();
            PyObject *third = THIRD();
            SET_TOP(second);
            SET_SECOND(third);
            SET_THIRD(top);
            FAST_DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(ROT_FOUR): {
            PyObject *top = TOP();
            PyObject *second = SECOND();
            PyObject *third = THIRD();
            PyObject *fourth = FOURTH();
            SET_TOP(second);
            SET_SECOND(third);
            SET_THIRD(fourth);
            SET_FOURTH(top);
            FAST_DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(DUP_TOP): {
            PyObject *top = TOP();
            Py_INCREF(top);
            PUSH(top);
            FAST_DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(DUP_TOP_TWO): {
            PyObject *top = TOP();
            PyObject *second = SECOND();
            Py_INCREF(top);
            Py_INCREF(second);
            STACK_GROW(2);
            SET_TOP(top);
            SET_SECOND(second);
            FAST_DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(UNARY_POSITIVE): {
            PyObject *value = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_Positive(value);
            Py_DECREF(value);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(UNARY_NEGATIVE): {
            PyObject *value = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_Negative(value);
            Py_DECREF(value);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(UNARY_NOT): {
            PyObject *value = TOP();
            int err = PyObject_IsTrue(value);
            Py_DECREF(value);
            if (err == 0) {
                Py_INCREF(Py_True);
                SET_TOP(Py_True);
                DISPATCH();
            }
            else if (err > 0) {
                Py_INCREF(Py_False);
                SET_TOP(Py_False);
                DISPATCH();
            }
            STACK_SHRINK(1);
            goto error;
        }

        case TARGET(UNARY_INVERT): {
            PyObject *value = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_Invert(value);
            Py_DECREF(value);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BINARY_POWER): {
            PyObject *exp = POP();
            PyObject *base = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_Power(base, exp, Py_None);
            Py_DECREF(base);
            Py_DECREF(exp);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BINARY_MULTIPLY): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_Multiply(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BINARY_MATRIX_MULTIPLY): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_MatrixMultiply(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE): {
            PyObject *divisor = POP();
            PyObject *dividend = TOP();
            PyObject *quotient = PyNumber_TrueDivide(dividend, divisor);
            Py_DECREF(dividend);
            Py_DECREF(divisor);
            SET_TOP(quotient);
            if (quotient == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE): {
            PyObject *divisor = POP();
            PyObject *dividend = TOP();
            PyObject *quotient = PyNumber_FloorDivide(dividend, divisor);
            Py_DECREF(dividend);
            Py_DECREF(divisor);
            SET_TOP(quotient);
            if (quotient == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BINARY_MODULO): {
            PyObject *divisor = POP();
            PyObject *dividend = TOP();
            PyObject *res;
            if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(dividend) && (
                  !PyUnicode_Check(divisor) || PyUnicode_CheckExact(divisor))) {
              // fast path; string formatting, but not if the RHS is a str subclass
              // (see issue28598)
              res = PyUnicode_Format(dividend, divisor);
            } else {
              res = PyNumber_Remainder(dividend, divisor);
            }
            Py_DECREF(divisor);
            Py_DECREF(dividend);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BINARY_ADD): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *sum;
            /* NOTE(haypo): Please don't try to micro-optimize int+int on
               CPython using bytecode, it is simply worthless.
               See http://bugs.python.org/issue21955 and
               http://bugs.python.org/issue10044 for the discussion. In short,
               no patch shown any impact on a realistic benchmark, only a minor
               speedup on microbenchmarks. */
            if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(left) &&
                     PyUnicode_CheckExact(right)) {
                sum = unicode_concatenate(tstate, left, right, f, next_instr);
                /* unicode_concatenate consumed the ref to left */
            }
            else {
                sum = PyNumber_Add(left, right);
                Py_DECREF(left);
            }
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(sum);
            if (sum == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BINARY_SUBTRACT): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *diff = PyNumber_Subtract(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            SET_TOP(diff);
            if (diff == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BINARY_SUBSCR): {
            PyObject *sub = POP();
            PyObject *container = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyObject_GetItem(container, sub);
            Py_DECREF(container);
            Py_DECREF(sub);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BINARY_LSHIFT): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_Lshift(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BINARY_RSHIFT): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_Rshift(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BINARY_AND): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_And(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BINARY_XOR): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_Xor(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BINARY_OR): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_Or(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(LIST_APPEND): {
            PyObject *v = POP();
            PyObject *list = PEEK(oparg);
            int err;
            err = PyList_Append(list, v);
            Py_DECREF(v);
            if (err != 0)
                goto error;
            PREDICT(JUMP_ABSOLUTE);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(SET_ADD): {
            PyObject *v = POP();
            PyObject *set = PEEK(oparg);
            int err;
            err = PySet_Add(set, v);
            Py_DECREF(v);
            if (err != 0)
                goto error;
            PREDICT(JUMP_ABSOLUTE);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(INPLACE_POWER): {
            PyObject *exp = POP();
            PyObject *base = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_InPlacePower(base, exp, Py_None);
            Py_DECREF(base);
            Py_DECREF(exp);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(INPLACE_MULTIPLY): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_InPlaceMultiply(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(INPLACE_MATRIX_MULTIPLY): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_InPlaceMatrixMultiply(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE): {
            PyObject *divisor = POP();
            PyObject *dividend = TOP();
            PyObject *quotient = PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide(dividend, divisor);
            Py_DECREF(dividend);
            Py_DECREF(divisor);
            SET_TOP(quotient);
            if (quotient == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE): {
            PyObject *divisor = POP();
            PyObject *dividend = TOP();
            PyObject *quotient = PyNumber_InPlaceFloorDivide(dividend, divisor);
            Py_DECREF(dividend);
            Py_DECREF(divisor);
            SET_TOP(quotient);
            if (quotient == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(INPLACE_MODULO): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *mod = PyNumber_InPlaceRemainder(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(mod);
            if (mod == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(INPLACE_ADD): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *sum;
            if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(left) && PyUnicode_CheckExact(right)) {
                sum = unicode_concatenate(tstate, left, right, f, next_instr);
                /* unicode_concatenate consumed the ref to left */
            }
            else {
                sum = PyNumber_InPlaceAdd(left, right);
                Py_DECREF(left);
            }
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(sum);
            if (sum == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(INPLACE_SUBTRACT): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *diff = PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(diff);
            if (diff == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(INPLACE_LSHIFT): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_InPlaceLshift(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(INPLACE_RSHIFT): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_InPlaceRshift(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(INPLACE_AND): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_InPlaceAnd(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(INPLACE_XOR): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_InPlaceXor(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(INPLACE_OR): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyNumber_InPlaceOr(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(STORE_SUBSCR): {
            PyObject *sub = TOP();
            PyObject *container = SECOND();
            PyObject *v = THIRD();
            int err;
            STACK_SHRINK(3);
            /* container[sub] = v */
            err = PyObject_SetItem(container, sub, v);
            Py_DECREF(v);
            Py_DECREF(container);
            Py_DECREF(sub);
            if (err != 0)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(DELETE_SUBSCR): {
            PyObject *sub = TOP();
            PyObject *container = SECOND();
            int err;
            STACK_SHRINK(2);
            /* del container[sub] */
            err = PyObject_DelItem(container, sub);
            Py_DECREF(container);
            Py_DECREF(sub);
            if (err != 0)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(PRINT_EXPR): {
            _Py_IDENTIFIER(displayhook);
            PyObject *value = POP();
            PyObject *hook = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_displayhook);
            PyObject *res;
            if (hook == NULL) {
                _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_RuntimeError,
                                 "lost sys.displayhook");
                Py_DECREF(value);
                goto error;
            }
            res = PyObject_CallOneArg(hook, value);
            Py_DECREF(value);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            Py_DECREF(res);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(RAISE_VARARGS): {
            PyObject *cause = NULL, *exc = NULL;
            switch (oparg) {
            case 2:
                cause = POP(); /* cause */
                /* fall through */
            case 1:
                exc = POP(); /* exc */
                /* fall through */
            case 0:
                if (do_raise(tstate, exc, cause)) {
                    goto exception_unwind;
                }
                break;
            default:
                _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_SystemError,
                                 "bad RAISE_VARARGS oparg");
                break;
            }
            goto error;
        }

        case TARGET(RETURN_VALUE): {
            retval = POP();
            assert(f->f_iblock == 0);
            assert(EMPTY());
            goto exiting;
        }

        case TARGET(GET_AITER): {
            unaryfunc getter = NULL;
            PyObject *iter = NULL;
            PyObject *obj = TOP();
            PyTypeObject *type = Py_TYPE(obj);

            if (type->tp_as_async != NULL) {
                getter = type->tp_as_async->am_aiter;
            }

            if (getter != NULL) {
                iter = (*getter)(obj);
                Py_DECREF(obj);
                if (iter == NULL) {
                    SET_TOP(NULL);
                    goto error;
                }
            }
            else {
                SET_TOP(NULL);
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                              "'async for' requires an object with "
                              "__aiter__ method, got %.100s",
                              type->tp_name);
                Py_DECREF(obj);
                goto error;
            }

            if (Py_TYPE(iter)->tp_as_async == NULL ||
                    Py_TYPE(iter)->tp_as_async->am_anext == NULL) {

                SET_TOP(NULL);
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                              "'async for' received an object from __aiter__ "
                              "that does not implement __anext__: %.100s",
                              Py_TYPE(iter)->tp_name);
                Py_DECREF(iter);
                goto error;
            }

            SET_TOP(iter);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(GET_ANEXT): {
            unaryfunc getter = NULL;
            PyObject *next_iter = NULL;
            PyObject *awaitable = NULL;
            PyObject *aiter = TOP();
            PyTypeObject *type = Py_TYPE(aiter);

            if (PyAsyncGen_CheckExact(aiter)) {
                awaitable = type->tp_as_async->am_anext(aiter);
                if (awaitable == NULL) {
                    goto error;
                }
            } else {
                if (type->tp_as_async != NULL){
                    getter = type->tp_as_async->am_anext;
                }

                if (getter != NULL) {
                    next_iter = (*getter)(aiter);
                    if (next_iter == NULL) {
                        goto error;
                    }
                }
                else {
                    _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                                  "'async for' requires an iterator with "
                                  "__anext__ method, got %.100s",
                                  type->tp_name);
                    goto error;
                }

                awaitable = _PyCoro_GetAwaitableIter(next_iter);
                if (awaitable == NULL) {
                    _PyErr_FormatFromCause(
                        PyExc_TypeError,
                        "'async for' received an invalid object "
                        "from __anext__: %.100s",
                        Py_TYPE(next_iter)->tp_name);

                    Py_DECREF(next_iter);
                    goto error;
                } else {
                    Py_DECREF(next_iter);
                }
            }

            PUSH(awaitable);
            PREDICT(LOAD_CONST);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(GET_AWAITABLE): {
            PREDICTED(GET_AWAITABLE);
            PyObject *iterable = TOP();
            PyObject *iter = _PyCoro_GetAwaitableIter(iterable);

            if (iter == NULL) {
                int opcode_at_minus_3 = 0;
                if ((next_instr - first_instr) > 2) {
                    opcode_at_minus_3 = _Py_OPCODE(next_instr[-3]);
                }
                format_awaitable_error(tstate, Py_TYPE(iterable),
                                       opcode_at_minus_3,
                                       _Py_OPCODE(next_instr[-2]));
            }

            Py_DECREF(iterable);

            if (iter != NULL && PyCoro_CheckExact(iter)) {
                PyObject *yf = _PyGen_yf((PyGenObject*)iter);
                if (yf != NULL) {
                    /* `iter` is a coroutine object that is being
                       awaited, `yf` is a pointer to the current awaitable
                       being awaited on. */
                    Py_DECREF(yf);
                    Py_CLEAR(iter);
                    _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_RuntimeError,
                                     "coroutine is being awaited already");
                    /* The code below jumps to `error` if `iter` is NULL. */
                }
            }

            SET_TOP(iter); /* Even if it's NULL */

            if (iter == NULL) {
                goto error;
            }

            PREDICT(LOAD_CONST);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(YIELD_FROM): {
            PyObject *v = POP();
            PyObject *receiver = TOP();
            int err;
            if (PyGen_CheckExact(receiver) || PyCoro_CheckExact(receiver)) {
                retval = _PyGen_Send((PyGenObject *)receiver, v);
            } else {
                _Py_IDENTIFIER(send);
                if (v == Py_None)
                    retval = Py_TYPE(receiver)->tp_iternext(receiver);
                else
                    retval = _PyObject_CallMethodIdOneArg(receiver, &PyId_send, v);
            }
            Py_DECREF(v);
            if (retval == NULL) {
                PyObject *val;
                if (tstate->c_tracefunc != NULL
                        && _PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_StopIteration))
                    call_exc_trace(tstate->c_tracefunc, tstate->c_traceobj, tstate, f);
                err = _PyGen_FetchStopIterationValue(&val);
                if (err < 0)
                    goto error;
                Py_DECREF(receiver);
                SET_TOP(val);
                DISPATCH();
            }
            /* receiver remains on stack, retval is value to be yielded */
            f->f_stacktop = stack_pointer;
            /* and repeat... */
            assert(f->f_lasti >= (int)sizeof(_Py_CODEUNIT));
            f->f_lasti -= sizeof(_Py_CODEUNIT);
            goto exiting;
        }

        case TARGET(YIELD_VALUE): {
            retval = POP();

            if (co->co_flags & CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR) {
                PyObject *w = _PyAsyncGenValueWrapperNew(retval);
                Py_DECREF(retval);
                if (w == NULL) {
                    retval = NULL;
                    goto error;
                }
                retval = w;
            }

            f->f_stacktop = stack_pointer;
            goto exiting;
        }

        case TARGET(POP_EXCEPT): {
            PyObject *type, *value, *traceback;
            _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info;
            PyTryBlock *b = PyFrame_BlockPop(f);
            if (b->b_type != EXCEPT_HANDLER) {
                _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_SystemError,
                                 "popped block is not an except handler");
                goto error;
            }
            assert(STACK_LEVEL() >= (b)->b_level + 3 &&
                   STACK_LEVEL() <= (b)->b_level + 4);
            exc_info = tstate->exc_info;
            type = exc_info->exc_type;
            value = exc_info->exc_value;
            traceback = exc_info->exc_traceback;
            exc_info->exc_type = POP();
            exc_info->exc_value = POP();
            exc_info->exc_traceback = POP();
            Py_XDECREF(type);
            Py_XDECREF(value);
            Py_XDECREF(traceback);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(POP_BLOCK): {
            PREDICTED(POP_BLOCK);
            PyFrame_BlockPop(f);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(RERAISE): {
            PyObject *exc = POP();
            PyObject *val = POP();
            PyObject *tb = POP();
            assert(PyExceptionClass_Check(exc));
            _PyErr_Restore(tstate, exc, val, tb);
            goto exception_unwind;
        }

        case TARGET(END_ASYNC_FOR): {
            PyObject *exc = POP();
            assert(PyExceptionClass_Check(exc));
            if (PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(exc, PyExc_StopAsyncIteration)) {
                PyTryBlock *b = PyFrame_BlockPop(f);
                assert(b->b_type == EXCEPT_HANDLER);
                Py_DECREF(exc);
                UNWIND_EXCEPT_HANDLER(b);
                Py_DECREF(POP());
                JUMPBY(oparg);
                FAST_DISPATCH();
            }
            else {
                PyObject *val = POP();
                PyObject *tb = POP();
                _PyErr_Restore(tstate, exc, val, tb);
                goto exception_unwind;
            }
        }

        case TARGET(LOAD_ASSERTION_ERROR): {
            PyObject *value = PyExc_AssertionError;
            Py_INCREF(value);
            PUSH(value);
            FAST_DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(LOAD_BUILD_CLASS): {
            _Py_IDENTIFIER(__build_class__);

            PyObject *bc;
            if (PyDict_CheckExact(f->f_builtins)) {
                bc = _PyDict_GetItemIdWithError(f->f_builtins, &PyId___build_class__);
                if (bc == NULL) {
                    if (!_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
                        _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_NameError,
                                         "__build_class__ not found");
                    }
                    goto error;
                }
                Py_INCREF(bc);
            }
            else {
                PyObject *build_class_str = _PyUnicode_FromId(&PyId___build_class__);
                if (build_class_str == NULL)
                    goto error;
                bc = PyObject_GetItem(f->f_builtins, build_class_str);
                if (bc == NULL) {
                    if (_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_KeyError))
                        _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_NameError,
                                         "__build_class__ not found");
                    goto error;
                }
            }
            PUSH(bc);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(STORE_NAME): {
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(names, oparg);
            PyObject *v = POP();
            PyObject *ns = f->f_locals;
            int err;
            if (ns == NULL) {
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_SystemError,
                              "no locals found when storing %R", name);
                Py_DECREF(v);
                goto error;
            }
            if (PyDict_CheckExact(ns))
                err = PyDict_SetItem(ns, name, v);
            else
                err = PyObject_SetItem(ns, name, v);
            Py_DECREF(v);
            if (err != 0)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(DELETE_NAME): {
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(names, oparg);
            PyObject *ns = f->f_locals;
            int err;
            if (ns == NULL) {
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_SystemError,
                              "no locals when deleting %R", name);
                goto error;
            }
            err = PyObject_DelItem(ns, name);
            if (err != 0) {
                format_exc_check_arg(tstate, PyExc_NameError,
                                     NAME_ERROR_MSG,
                                     name);
                goto error;
            }
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(UNPACK_SEQUENCE): {
            PREDICTED(UNPACK_SEQUENCE);
            PyObject *seq = POP(), *item, **items;
            if (PyTuple_CheckExact(seq) &&
                PyTuple_GET_SIZE(seq) == oparg) {
                items = ((PyTupleObject *)seq)->ob_item;
                while (oparg--) {
                    item = items[oparg];
                    Py_INCREF(item);
                    PUSH(item);
                }
            } else if (PyList_CheckExact(seq) &&
                       PyList_GET_SIZE(seq) == oparg) {
                items = ((PyListObject *)seq)->ob_item;
                while (oparg--) {
                    item = items[oparg];
                    Py_INCREF(item);
                    PUSH(item);
                }
            } else if (unpack_iterable(tstate, seq, oparg, -1,
                                       stack_pointer + oparg)) {
                STACK_GROW(oparg);
            } else {
                /* unpack_iterable() raised an exception */
                Py_DECREF(seq);
                goto error;
            }
            Py_DECREF(seq);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(UNPACK_EX): {
            int totalargs = 1 + (oparg & 0xFF) + (oparg >> 8);
            PyObject *seq = POP();

            if (unpack_iterable(tstate, seq, oparg & 0xFF, oparg >> 8,
                                stack_pointer + totalargs)) {
                stack_pointer += totalargs;
            } else {
                Py_DECREF(seq);
                goto error;
            }
            Py_DECREF(seq);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(STORE_ATTR): {
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(names, oparg);
            PyObject *owner = TOP();
            PyObject *v = SECOND();
            int err;
            STACK_SHRINK(2);
            err = PyObject_SetAttr(owner, name, v);
            Py_DECREF(v);
            Py_DECREF(owner);
            if (err != 0)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(DELETE_ATTR): {
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(names, oparg);
            PyObject *owner = POP();
            int err;
            err = PyObject_SetAttr(owner, name, (PyObject *)NULL);
            Py_DECREF(owner);
            if (err != 0)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(STORE_GLOBAL): {
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(names, oparg);
            PyObject *v = POP();
            int err;
            err = PyDict_SetItem(f->f_globals, name, v);
            Py_DECREF(v);
            if (err != 0)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(DELETE_GLOBAL): {
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(names, oparg);
            int err;
            err = PyDict_DelItem(f->f_globals, name);
            if (err != 0) {
                if (_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_KeyError)) {
                    format_exc_check_arg(tstate, PyExc_NameError,
                                         NAME_ERROR_MSG, name);
                }
                goto error;
            }
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(LOAD_NAME): {
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(names, oparg);
            PyObject *locals = f->f_locals;
            PyObject *v;
            if (locals == NULL) {
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_SystemError,
                              "no locals when loading %R", name);
                goto error;
            }
            if (PyDict_CheckExact(locals)) {
                v = PyDict_GetItemWithError(locals, name);
                if (v != NULL) {
                    Py_INCREF(v);
                }
                else if (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
                    goto error;
                }
            }
            else {
                v = PyObject_GetItem(locals, name);
                if (v == NULL) {
                    if (!_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_KeyError))
                        goto error;
                    _PyErr_Clear(tstate);
                }
            }
            if (v == NULL) {
                v = PyDict_GetItemWithError(f->f_globals, name);
                if (v != NULL) {
                    Py_INCREF(v);
                }
                else if (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
                    goto error;
                }
                else {
                    if (PyDict_CheckExact(f->f_builtins)) {
                        v = PyDict_GetItemWithError(f->f_builtins, name);
                        if (v == NULL) {
                            if (!_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
                                format_exc_check_arg(
                                        tstate, PyExc_NameError,
                                        NAME_ERROR_MSG, name);
                            }
                            goto error;
                        }
                        Py_INCREF(v);
                    }
                    else {
                        v = PyObject_GetItem(f->f_builtins, name);
                        if (v == NULL) {
                            if (_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_KeyError)) {
                                format_exc_check_arg(
                                            tstate, PyExc_NameError,
                                            NAME_ERROR_MSG, name);
                            }
                            goto error;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            PUSH(v);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(LOAD_GLOBAL): {
            PyObject *name;
            PyObject *v;
            if (PyDict_CheckExact(f->f_globals)
                && PyDict_CheckExact(f->f_builtins))
            {
                OPCACHE_CHECK();
                if (co_opcache != NULL && co_opcache->optimized > 0) {
                    _PyOpcache_LoadGlobal *lg = &co_opcache->u.lg;

                    if (lg->globals_ver ==
                            ((PyDictObject *)f->f_globals)->ma_version_tag
                        && lg->builtins_ver ==
                           ((PyDictObject *)f->f_builtins)->ma_version_tag)
                    {
                        PyObject *ptr = lg->ptr;
                        OPCACHE_STAT_GLOBAL_HIT();
                        assert(ptr != NULL);
                        Py_INCREF(ptr);
                        PUSH(ptr);
                        DISPATCH();
                    }
                }

                name = GETITEM(names, oparg);
                v = _PyDict_LoadGlobal((PyDictObject *)f->f_globals,
                                       (PyDictObject *)f->f_builtins,
                                       name);
                if (v == NULL) {
                    if (!_PyErr_OCCURRED()) {
                        /* _PyDict_LoadGlobal() returns NULL without raising
                         * an exception if the key doesn't exist */
                        format_exc_check_arg(tstate, PyExc_NameError,
                                             NAME_ERROR_MSG, name);
                    }
                    goto error;
                }

                if (co_opcache != NULL) {
                    _PyOpcache_LoadGlobal *lg = &co_opcache->u.lg;

                    if (co_opcache->optimized == 0) {
                        /* Wasn't optimized before. */
                        OPCACHE_STAT_GLOBAL_OPT();
                    } else {
                        OPCACHE_STAT_GLOBAL_MISS();
                    }

                    co_opcache->optimized = 1;
                    lg->globals_ver =
                        ((PyDictObject *)f->f_globals)->ma_version_tag;
                    lg->builtins_ver =
                        ((PyDictObject *)f->f_builtins)->ma_version_tag;
                    lg->ptr = v; /* borrowed */
                }

                Py_INCREF(v);
            }
            else {
                /* Slow-path if globals or builtins is not a dict */

                /* namespace 1: globals */
                name = GETITEM(names, oparg);
                v = PyObject_GetItem(f->f_globals, name);
                if (v == NULL) {
                    if (!_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_KeyError)) {
                        goto error;
                    }
                    _PyErr_Clear(tstate);

                    /* namespace 2: builtins */
                    v = PyObject_GetItem(f->f_builtins, name);
                    if (v == NULL) {
                        if (_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_KeyError)) {
                            format_exc_check_arg(
                                        tstate, PyExc_NameError,
                                        NAME_ERROR_MSG, name);
                        }
                        goto error;
                    }
                }
            }
            PUSH(v);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(DELETE_FAST): {
            PyObject *v = GETLOCAL(oparg);
            if (v != NULL) {
                SETLOCAL(oparg, NULL);
                DISPATCH();
            }
            format_exc_check_arg(
                tstate, PyExc_UnboundLocalError,
                UNBOUNDLOCAL_ERROR_MSG,
                PyTuple_GetItem(co->co_varnames, oparg)
                );
            goto error;
        }

        case TARGET(DELETE_DEREF): {
            PyObject *cell = freevars[oparg];
            PyObject *oldobj = PyCell_GET(cell);
            if (oldobj != NULL) {
                PyCell_SET(cell, NULL);
                Py_DECREF(oldobj);
                DISPATCH();
            }
            format_exc_unbound(tstate, co, oparg);
            goto error;
        }

        case TARGET(LOAD_CLOSURE): {
            PyObject *cell = freevars[oparg];
            Py_INCREF(cell);
            PUSH(cell);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(LOAD_CLASSDEREF): {
            PyObject *name, *value, *locals = f->f_locals;
            Py_ssize_t idx;
            assert(locals);
            assert(oparg >= PyTuple_GET_SIZE(co->co_cellvars));
            idx = oparg - PyTuple_GET_SIZE(co->co_cellvars);
            assert(idx >= 0 && idx < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(co->co_freevars));
            name = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(co->co_freevars, idx);
            if (PyDict_CheckExact(locals)) {
                value = PyDict_GetItemWithError(locals, name);
                if (value != NULL) {
                    Py_INCREF(value);
                }
                else if (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
                    goto error;
                }
            }
            else {
                value = PyObject_GetItem(locals, name);
                if (value == NULL) {
                    if (!_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_KeyError)) {
                        goto error;
                    }
                    _PyErr_Clear(tstate);
                }
            }
            if (!value) {
                PyObject *cell = freevars[oparg];
                value = PyCell_GET(cell);
                if (value == NULL) {
                    format_exc_unbound(tstate, co, oparg);
                    goto error;
                }
                Py_INCREF(value);
            }
            PUSH(value);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(LOAD_DEREF): {
            PyObject *cell = freevars[oparg];
            PyObject *value = PyCell_GET(cell);
            if (value == NULL) {
                format_exc_unbound(tstate, co, oparg);
                goto error;
            }
            Py_INCREF(value);
            PUSH(value);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(STORE_DEREF): {
            PyObject *v = POP();
            PyObject *cell = freevars[oparg];
            PyObject *oldobj = PyCell_GET(cell);
            PyCell_SET(cell, v);
            Py_XDECREF(oldobj);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BUILD_STRING): {
            PyObject *str;
            PyObject *empty = PyUnicode_New(0, 0);
            if (empty == NULL) {
                goto error;
            }
            str = _PyUnicode_JoinArray(empty, stack_pointer - oparg, oparg);
            Py_DECREF(empty);
            if (str == NULL)
                goto error;
            while (--oparg >= 0) {
                PyObject *item = POP();
                Py_DECREF(item);
            }
            PUSH(str);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BUILD_TUPLE): {
            PyObject *tup = PyTuple_New(oparg);
            if (tup == NULL)
                goto error;
            while (--oparg >= 0) {
                PyObject *item = POP();
                PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tup, oparg, item);
            }
            PUSH(tup);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BUILD_LIST): {
            PyObject *list =  PyList_New(oparg);
            if (list == NULL)
                goto error;
            while (--oparg >= 0) {
                PyObject *item = POP();
                PyList_SET_ITEM(list, oparg, item);
            }
            PUSH(list);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(LIST_TO_TUPLE): {
            PyObject *list = POP();
            PyObject *tuple = PyList_AsTuple(list);
            Py_DECREF(list);
            if (tuple == NULL) {
                goto error;
            }
            PUSH(tuple);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(LIST_EXTEND): {
            PyObject *iterable = POP();
            PyObject *list = PEEK(oparg);
            PyObject *none_val = _PyList_Extend((PyListObject *)list, iterable);
            if (none_val == NULL) {
                if (_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_TypeError) &&
                   (Py_TYPE(iterable)->tp_iter == NULL && !PySequence_Check(iterable)))
                {
                    _PyErr_Clear(tstate);
                    _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                          "Value after * must be an iterable, not %.200s",
                          Py_TYPE(iterable)->tp_name);
                }
                Py_DECREF(iterable);
                goto error;
            }
            Py_DECREF(none_val);
            Py_DECREF(iterable);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(SET_UPDATE): {
            PyObject *iterable = POP();
            PyObject *set = PEEK(oparg);
            int err = _PySet_Update(set, iterable);
            Py_DECREF(iterable);
            if (err < 0) {
                goto error;
            }
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BUILD_SET): {
            PyObject *set = PySet_New(NULL);
            int err = 0;
            int i;
            if (set == NULL)
                goto error;
            for (i = oparg; i > 0; i--) {
                PyObject *item = PEEK(i);
                if (err == 0)
                    err = PySet_Add(set, item);
                Py_DECREF(item);
            }
            STACK_SHRINK(oparg);
            if (err != 0) {
                Py_DECREF(set);
                goto error;
            }
            PUSH(set);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BUILD_MAP): {
            Py_ssize_t i;
            PyObject *map = _PyDict_NewPresized((Py_ssize_t)oparg);
            if (map == NULL)
                goto error;
            for (i = oparg; i > 0; i--) {
                int err;
                PyObject *key = PEEK(2*i);
                PyObject *value = PEEK(2*i - 1);
                err = PyDict_SetItem(map, key, value);
                if (err != 0) {
                    Py_DECREF(map);
                    goto error;
                }
            }

            while (oparg--) {
                Py_DECREF(POP());
                Py_DECREF(POP());
            }
            PUSH(map);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(SETUP_ANNOTATIONS): {
            _Py_IDENTIFIER(__annotations__);
            int err;
            PyObject *ann_dict;
            if (f->f_locals == NULL) {
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_SystemError,
                              "no locals found when setting up annotations");
                goto error;
            }
            /* check if __annotations__ in locals()... */
            if (PyDict_CheckExact(f->f_locals)) {
                ann_dict = _PyDict_GetItemIdWithError(f->f_locals,
                                             &PyId___annotations__);
                if (ann_dict == NULL) {
                    if (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
                        goto error;
                    }
                    /* ...if not, create a new one */
                    ann_dict = PyDict_New();
                    if (ann_dict == NULL) {
                        goto error;
                    }
                    err = _PyDict_SetItemId(f->f_locals,
                                            &PyId___annotations__, ann_dict);
                    Py_DECREF(ann_dict);
                    if (err != 0) {
                        goto error;
                    }
                }
            }
            else {
                /* do the same if locals() is not a dict */
                PyObject *ann_str = _PyUnicode_FromId(&PyId___annotations__);
                if (ann_str == NULL) {
                    goto error;
                }
                ann_dict = PyObject_GetItem(f->f_locals, ann_str);
                if (ann_dict == NULL) {
                    if (!_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_KeyError)) {
                        goto error;
                    }
                    _PyErr_Clear(tstate);
                    ann_dict = PyDict_New();
                    if (ann_dict == NULL) {
                        goto error;
                    }
                    err = PyObject_SetItem(f->f_locals, ann_str, ann_dict);
                    Py_DECREF(ann_dict);
                    if (err != 0) {
                        goto error;
                    }
                }
                else {
                    Py_DECREF(ann_dict);
                }
            }
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP): {
            Py_ssize_t i;
            PyObject *map;
            PyObject *keys = TOP();
            if (!PyTuple_CheckExact(keys) ||
                PyTuple_GET_SIZE(keys) != (Py_ssize_t)oparg) {
                _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_SystemError,
                                 "bad BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP keys argument");
                goto error;
            }
            map = _PyDict_NewPresized((Py_ssize_t)oparg);
            if (map == NULL) {
                goto error;
            }
            for (i = oparg; i > 0; i--) {
                int err;
                PyObject *key = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(keys, oparg - i);
                PyObject *value = PEEK(i + 1);
                err = PyDict_SetItem(map, key, value);
                if (err != 0) {
                    Py_DECREF(map);
                    goto error;
                }
            }

            Py_DECREF(POP());
            while (oparg--) {
                Py_DECREF(POP());
            }
            PUSH(map);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(DICT_UPDATE): {
            PyObject *update = POP();
            PyObject *dict = PEEK(oparg);
            if (PyDict_Update(dict, update) < 0) {
                if (_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_AttributeError)) {
                    _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                                    "'%.200s' object is not a mapping",
                                    Py_TYPE(update)->tp_name);
                }
                Py_DECREF(update);
                goto error;
            }
            Py_DECREF(update);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(DICT_MERGE): {
            PyObject *update = POP();
            PyObject *dict = PEEK(oparg);

            if (_PyDict_MergeEx(dict, update, 2) < 0) {
                format_kwargs_error(tstate, PEEK(2 + oparg), update);
                Py_DECREF(update);
                goto error;
            }
            Py_DECREF(update);
            PREDICT(CALL_FUNCTION_EX);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(MAP_ADD): {
            PyObject *value = TOP();
            PyObject *key = SECOND();
            PyObject *map;
            int err;
            STACK_SHRINK(2);
            map = PEEK(oparg);                      /* dict */
            assert(PyDict_CheckExact(map));
            err = PyDict_SetItem(map, key, value);  /* map[key] = value */
            Py_DECREF(value);
            Py_DECREF(key);
            if (err != 0)
                goto error;
            PREDICT(JUMP_ABSOLUTE);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(LOAD_ATTR): {
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(names, oparg);
            PyObject *owner = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyObject_GetAttr(owner, name);
            Py_DECREF(owner);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(COMPARE_OP): {
            assert(oparg <= Py_GE);
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            PyObject *res = PyObject_RichCompare(left, right, oparg);
            SET_TOP(res);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            PREDICT(POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE);
            PREDICT(POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(IS_OP): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = TOP();
            int res = (left == right)^oparg;
            PyObject *b = res ? Py_True : Py_False;
            Py_INCREF(b);
            SET_TOP(b);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            PREDICT(POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE);
            PREDICT(POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE);
            FAST_DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(CONTAINS_OP): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = POP();
            int res = PySequence_Contains(right, left);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            if (res < 0) {
                goto error;
            }
            PyObject *b = (res^oparg) ? Py_True : Py_False;
            Py_INCREF(b);
            PUSH(b);
            PREDICT(POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE);
            PREDICT(POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE);
            FAST_DISPATCH();
        }

#define CANNOT_CATCH_MSG "catching classes that do not inherit from "\
                         "BaseException is not allowed"

        case TARGET(JUMP_IF_NOT_EXC_MATCH): {
            PyObject *right = POP();
            PyObject *left = POP();
            if (PyTuple_Check(right)) {
                Py_ssize_t i, length;
                length = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(right);
                for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                    PyObject *exc = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(right, i);
                    if (!PyExceptionClass_Check(exc)) {
                        _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                                        CANNOT_CATCH_MSG);
                        Py_DECREF(left);
                        Py_DECREF(right);
                        goto error;
                    }
                }
            }
            else {
                if (!PyExceptionClass_Check(right)) {
                    _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                                    CANNOT_CATCH_MSG);
                    Py_DECREF(left);
                    Py_DECREF(right);
                    goto error;
                }
            }
            int res = PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(left, right);
            Py_DECREF(left);
            Py_DECREF(right);
            if (res > 0) {
                /* Exception matches -- Do nothing */;
            }
            else if (res == 0) {
                JUMPTO(oparg);
            }
            else {
                goto error;
            }
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(IMPORT_NAME): {
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(names, oparg);
            PyObject *fromlist = POP();
            PyObject *level = TOP();
            PyObject *res;
            res = import_name(tstate, f, name, fromlist, level);
            Py_DECREF(level);
            Py_DECREF(fromlist);
            SET_TOP(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(IMPORT_STAR): {
            PyObject *from = POP(), *locals;
            int err;
            if (PyFrame_FastToLocalsWithError(f) < 0) {
                Py_DECREF(from);
                goto error;
            }

            locals = f->f_locals;
            if (locals == NULL) {
                _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_SystemError,
                                 "no locals found during 'import *'");
                Py_DECREF(from);
                goto error;
            }
            err = import_all_from(tstate, locals, from);
            PyFrame_LocalsToFast(f, 0);
            Py_DECREF(from);
            if (err != 0)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(IMPORT_FROM): {
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(names, oparg);
            PyObject *from = TOP();
            PyObject *res;
            res = import_from(tstate, from, name);
            PUSH(res);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(JUMP_FORWARD): {
            JUMPBY(oparg);
            FAST_DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE): {
            PREDICTED(POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE);
            PyObject *cond = POP();
            int err;
            if (cond == Py_True) {
                Py_DECREF(cond);
                FAST_DISPATCH();
            }
            if (cond == Py_False) {
                Py_DECREF(cond);
                JUMPTO(oparg);
                FAST_DISPATCH();
            }
            err = PyObject_IsTrue(cond);
            Py_DECREF(cond);
            if (err > 0)
                ;
            else if (err == 0)
                JUMPTO(oparg);
            else
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE): {
            PREDICTED(POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE);
            PyObject *cond = POP();
            int err;
            if (cond == Py_False) {
                Py_DECREF(cond);
                FAST_DISPATCH();
            }
            if (cond == Py_True) {
                Py_DECREF(cond);
                JUMPTO(oparg);
                FAST_DISPATCH();
            }
            err = PyObject_IsTrue(cond);
            Py_DECREF(cond);
            if (err > 0) {
                JUMPTO(oparg);
            }
            else if (err == 0)
                ;
            else
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP): {
            PyObject *cond = TOP();
            int err;
            if (cond == Py_True) {
                STACK_SHRINK(1);
                Py_DECREF(cond);
                FAST_DISPATCH();
            }
            if (cond == Py_False) {
                JUMPTO(oparg);
                FAST_DISPATCH();
            }
            err = PyObject_IsTrue(cond);
            if (err > 0) {
                STACK_SHRINK(1);
                Py_DECREF(cond);
            }
            else if (err == 0)
                JUMPTO(oparg);
            else
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP): {
            PyObject *cond = TOP();
            int err;
            if (cond == Py_False) {
                STACK_SHRINK(1);
                Py_DECREF(cond);
                FAST_DISPATCH();
            }
            if (cond == Py_True) {
                JUMPTO(oparg);
                FAST_DISPATCH();
            }
            err = PyObject_IsTrue(cond);
            if (err > 0) {
                JUMPTO(oparg);
            }
            else if (err == 0) {
                STACK_SHRINK(1);
                Py_DECREF(cond);
            }
            else
                goto error;
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(JUMP_ABSOLUTE): {
            PREDICTED(JUMP_ABSOLUTE);
            JUMPTO(oparg);
#if FAST_LOOPS
            /* Enabling this path speeds-up all while and for-loops by bypassing
               the per-loop checks for signals.  By default, this should be turned-off
               because it prevents detection of a control-break in tight loops like
               "while 1: pass".  Compile with this option turned-on when you need
               the speed-up and do not need break checking inside tight loops (ones
               that contain only instructions ending with FAST_DISPATCH).
            */
            FAST_DISPATCH();
#else
            DISPATCH();
#endif
        }

        case TARGET(GET_ITER): {
            /* before: [obj]; after [getiter(obj)] */
            PyObject *iterable = TOP();
            PyObject *iter = PyObject_GetIter(iterable);
            Py_DECREF(iterable);
            SET_TOP(iter);
            if (iter == NULL)
                goto error;
            PREDICT(FOR_ITER);
            PREDICT(CALL_FUNCTION);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER): {
            /* before: [obj]; after [getiter(obj)] */
            PyObject *iterable = TOP();
            PyObject *iter;
            if (PyCoro_CheckExact(iterable)) {
                /* `iterable` is a coroutine */
                if (!(co->co_flags & (CO_COROUTINE | CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE))) {
                    /* and it is used in a 'yield from' expression of a
                       regular generator. */
                    Py_DECREF(iterable);
                    SET_TOP(NULL);
                    _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                                     "cannot 'yield from' a coroutine object "
                                     "in a non-coroutine generator");
                    goto error;
                }
            }
            else if (!PyGen_CheckExact(iterable)) {
                /* `iterable` is not a generator. */
                iter = PyObject_GetIter(iterable);
                Py_DECREF(iterable);
                SET_TOP(iter);
                if (iter == NULL)
                    goto error;
            }
            PREDICT(LOAD_CONST);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(FOR_ITER): {
            PREDICTED(FOR_ITER);
            /* before: [iter]; after: [iter, iter()] *or* [] */
            PyObject *iter = TOP();
            PyObject *next = (*Py_TYPE(iter)->tp_iternext)(iter);
            if (next != NULL) {
                PUSH(next);
                PREDICT(STORE_FAST);
                PREDICT(UNPACK_SEQUENCE);
                DISPATCH();
            }
            if (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
                if (!_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_StopIteration)) {
                    goto error;
                }
                else if (tstate->c_tracefunc != NULL) {
                    call_exc_trace(tstate->c_tracefunc, tstate->c_traceobj, tstate, f);
                }
                _PyErr_Clear(tstate);
            }
            /* iterator ended normally */
            STACK_SHRINK(1);
            Py_DECREF(iter);
            JUMPBY(oparg);
            PREDICT(POP_BLOCK);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(SETUP_FINALLY): {
            PyFrame_BlockSetup(f, SETUP_FINALLY, INSTR_OFFSET() + oparg,
                               STACK_LEVEL());
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH): {
            _Py_IDENTIFIER(__aenter__);
            _Py_IDENTIFIER(__aexit__);
            PyObject *mgr = TOP();
            PyObject *enter = special_lookup(tstate, mgr, &PyId___aenter__);
            PyObject *res;
            if (enter == NULL) {
                goto error;
            }
            PyObject *exit = special_lookup(tstate, mgr, &PyId___aexit__);
            if (exit == NULL) {
                Py_DECREF(enter);
                goto error;
            }
            SET_TOP(exit);
            Py_DECREF(mgr);
            res = _PyObject_CallNoArg(enter);
            Py_DECREF(enter);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            PUSH(res);
            PREDICT(GET_AWAITABLE);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(SETUP_ASYNC_WITH): {
            PyObject *res = POP();
            /* Setup the finally block before pushing the result
               of __aenter__ on the stack. */
            PyFrame_BlockSetup(f, SETUP_FINALLY, INSTR_OFFSET() + oparg,
                               STACK_LEVEL());
            PUSH(res);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(SETUP_WITH): {
            _Py_IDENTIFIER(__enter__);
            _Py_IDENTIFIER(__exit__);
            PyObject *mgr = TOP();
            PyObject *enter = special_lookup(tstate, mgr, &PyId___enter__);
            PyObject *res;
            if (enter == NULL) {
                goto error;
            }
            PyObject *exit = special_lookup(tstate, mgr, &PyId___exit__);
            if (exit == NULL) {
                Py_DECREF(enter);
                goto error;
            }
            SET_TOP(exit);
            Py_DECREF(mgr);
            res = _PyObject_CallNoArg(enter);
            Py_DECREF(enter);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            /* Setup the finally block before pushing the result
               of __enter__ on the stack. */
            PyFrame_BlockSetup(f, SETUP_FINALLY, INSTR_OFFSET() + oparg,
                               STACK_LEVEL());

            PUSH(res);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(WITH_EXCEPT_START): {
            /* At the top of the stack are 7 values:
               - (TOP, SECOND, THIRD) = exc_info()
               - (FOURTH, FIFTH, SIXTH) = previous exception for EXCEPT_HANDLER
               - SEVENTH: the context.__exit__ bound method
               We call SEVENTH(TOP, SECOND, THIRD).
               Then we push again the TOP exception and the __exit__
               return value.
            */
            PyObject *exit_func;
            PyObject *exc, *val, *tb, *res;

            exc = TOP();
            val = SECOND();
            tb = THIRD();
            assert(exc != Py_None);
            assert(!PyLong_Check(exc));
            exit_func = PEEK(7);
            PyObject *stack[4] = {NULL, exc, val, tb};
            res = PyObject_Vectorcall(exit_func, stack + 1,
                    3 | PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET, NULL);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;

            PUSH(res);
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(LOAD_METHOD): {
            /* Designed to work in tandem with CALL_METHOD. */
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(names, oparg);
            PyObject *obj = TOP();
            PyObject *meth = NULL;

            int meth_found = _PyObject_GetMethod(obj, name, &meth);

            if (meth == NULL) {
                /* Most likely attribute wasn't found. */
                goto error;
            }

            if (meth_found) {
                /* We can bypass temporary bound method object.
                   meth is unbound method and obj is self.

                   meth | self | arg1 | ... | argN
                 */
                SET_TOP(meth);
                PUSH(obj);  // self
            }
            else {
                /* meth is not an unbound method (but a regular attr, or
                   something was returned by a descriptor protocol).  Set
                   the second element of the stack to NULL, to signal
                   CALL_METHOD that it's not a method call.

                   NULL | meth | arg1 | ... | argN
                */
                SET_TOP(NULL);
                Py_DECREF(obj);
                PUSH(meth);
            }
            DISPATCH();
        }

        case TARGET(CALL_METHOD): {
            /* Designed to work in tamdem with LOAD_METHOD. */
            PyObject **sp, *res, *meth;

            sp = stack_pointer;

            meth = PEEK(oparg + 2);
            if (meth == NULL) {
                /* `meth` is NULL when LOAD_METHOD thinks that it's not
                   a method call.

                   Stack layout:

                       ... | NULL | callable | arg1 | ... | argN
                                                            ^- TOP()
                                               ^- (-oparg)
                                    ^- (-oparg-1)
                             ^- (-oparg-2)

                   `callable` will be POPed by call_function.
                   NULL will will be POPed manually later.
                */
                res = call_function(tstate, &sp, oparg, NULL);
                stack_pointer = sp;
                (void)POP(); /* POP the NULL. */
            }
            else {
                /* This is a method call.  Stack layout:

                     ... | method | self | arg1 | ... | argN
                                                        ^- TOP()
                                           ^- (-oparg)
                                    ^- (-oparg-1)
                           ^- (-oparg-2)