gh-120950: Fix overflow in math.log() with large int-like argument

[serhiy-storchaka]

Handling of arbitrary large int-like argument is now consistent with handling arbitrary large int arguments.

• Issue: math.log handles int but not 3rd party integer types #120950

[serhiy-storchaka]

This is not optimal, because for large int-like argument __index__ is called twice and OverflowError is raised and silenced twice.

[mdickinson]

This LGTM.

[skirpichev]

Now this pr has conflicts (which seems to be easy to fix, however).

Lets merge this; it has approval from Mark. LGTM with one cleanup, as _PyLong_Frexp() now not raises.