bz2.BZ2File should accept other file-like objects. (issue4274045)

[MizardX]

BPO	5863
Nosy	@rhettinger, @jcea, @pitrou, @merwok, @asvetlov, @IIIIllllIIIIllllIIIIllllIIIIllllIIIIll
Files	bz2module-v1.diff: BZ2File rewrite + tests bz2module-v2.diff: Python implementation of BZ2File rewrite + tests bz2-v3.diff: Cleaned-up Python implementation with more tests bz2-doc.diff: Documentation update bz2-v3b.diff: bz2-v3.diff + tidied-up docstrings bz2-v4.diff bz2-v4-doc.diff bz2-v5.diff: Add read1() and clean up _read_block() bz2-v5-doc.diff bz2-v6.diff bz2-v6-doc.diff

^{Note: these values reflect the state of the issue at the time it was migrated and might not reflect the current state.}

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GitHub fields:

assignee = None
closed_at = <Date 2011-04-03.15:11:33.898>
created_at = <Date 2009-04-28.05:57:39.848>
labels = ['extension-modules', 'type-feature']
title = 'bz2.BZ2File should accept other file-like objects. (issue4274045)'
updated_at = <Date 2011-04-07.13:20:27.021>
user = 'https://bugs.python.org/MizardX'

bugs.python.org fields:

activity = <Date 2011-04-07.13:20:27.021>
actor = 'jcea'
assignee = 'none'
closed = True
closed_date = <Date 2011-04-03.15:11:33.898>
closer = 'pitrou'
components = ['Extension Modules']
creation = <Date 2009-04-28.05:57:39.848>
creator = 'MizardX'
dependencies = []
files = ['20510', '20521', '20621', '20692', '20721', '21314', '21315', '21502', '21503', '21507', '21508']
hgrepos = []
issue_num = 5863
keywords = ['patch']
message_count = 54.0
messages = ['86716', '122630', '122790', '122797', '122845', '122849', '123362', '123929', '123937', '126194', '126195', '126196', '126807', '126983', '126984', '126985', '127006', '127008', '127009', '127010', '127074', '127115', '127120', '127551', '128038', '128203', '128204', '130626', '130750', '130751', '130759', '130811', '130824', '130828', '130837', '130908', '131440', '131593', '131596', '131666', '131667', '132606', '132609', '132795', '132796', '132807', '132819', '132820', '132821', '132822', '132840', '132841', '132865', '132866']
nosy_count = 14.0
nosy_names = ['rhettinger', 'niemeyer', 'jcea', 'mdehoon', 'pitrou', 'wrobell', 'nadeem.vawda', 'eric.araujo', 'asvetlov', 'MizardX', 'antlong', 'Kontr-Olli', 'xuanji', 'python-dev']
pr_nums = []
priority = 'normal'
resolution = 'fixed'
stage = 'resolved'
status = 'closed'
superseder = None
type = 'enhancement'
url = 'https://bugs.python.org/issue5863'
versions = ['Python 3.3']

[MizardX]

bz2.BZ2File should, like gzip.GzipFile, accept a fileobj argument.

If implemented, you could much more easily pipe BZ2-data from other
sources, such as stdin or a socket.

[merwok]

Do you want to work on patch?

[MizardX]

Would if I could. But, No.

[merwok]

That’s a perfectly fine reply. Someone will see this feature request and propose a patch eventually. Another way to help is to write tests, since those are in Python.

[pitrou]

For the record, this will need a comprehensive rewrite of bz2module, since it uses FILE pointers right now.

[rhettinger]

Without a patch and compelling use cases, this has no chance. Recommend closing.

[IIIIllllIIIIllllIIIIllllIIIIllllIIIIll]

I'll try working on a patch.

[IIIIllllIIIIllllIIIIllllIIIIllllIIIIll]

Sorry, I'm giving up.

The copyright notice for bz2module.c lists "Gustavo Niemeyer" as one of the holders, is he the maintainer? Maybe he should be notified of this bug.

[pitrou]

Sorry, I'm giving up.

Indeed, I think only an extensive rewrite could fulfill the feature
request here.

The copyright notice for bz2module.c lists "Gustavo Niemeyer" as one
of the holders, is he the maintainer? Maybe he should be notified of
this bug.

He hasn't been active for years, so I don't think he can still be
considered the maintainer.

[wrobell]

A use case

wget -O http://planet.openstreetmap.org/planet-110112.osm.bz2 | tee planet.bz2 | osm2sql | psql osm

planet-*osm.bz2 files are 14GB at the moment. it would be great to read them from stdin while downloading from a server and uploading to a database at the same time.

Of course, you can insert "bzip2 -d" into the pipe... but then why to bother with bz2 module in Python? ;)

[merwok]

We’ve already agreed the feature is desirable; what’s missing is a patch, not user stories :)

[wrobell]

OK! :)

[nadeemvawda]

I have been working on a patch for this issue. I've implemented everything except for readline(), readlines() and the iterator protocol.

In the existing implementation, the reading methods seem to interact weirdly - iternext() uses a readahead buffer, while none of the other methods do. Does anyone know if there's a reason for this? I was planning on having all the reading methods use a common buffer, which should allow free mixing of read methods and iteration.

Looking at bpo-8397, I'm guessing it would be fine, but I wanted to double-check in case there's a quirk of the iteration protocol that I've overlooked, or something like that.

[nadeemvawda]

Here is a patch that rewrites BZ2File to implement the requested feature, and adds some tests using BytesIO objects.

Some notes:

• iteration and the read*() method now use the same buffering machinery, so they can be mixed freely. The test for bpo-8397 has been updated accordingly.
• readlines() now respects its size argument. The existing implementation appears to effectively ignore it.
• writelines() no longer uses the (deprecated) old buffer protocol, and is now much simpler.
• Currently, calling next() on a writable BZ2File results in a rather unhelpful error message; the patched version checks that the file is readable before trying to actually read.
• The docstrings have been rewritten to clarify that all of the methods deal with bytes and not text strings.

One thing I was unsure of is how to handle exceptions that occur in BZ2File_dealloc(). Does the error status need to be cleared before it returns?

The documentation for the bz2 module appears to be quite out of date; I will upload a patch in the next day or so.

On a related note, the 'buffering' argument to __init__() is ignored, and I was wondering whether this should be documented explicitly? The current documentation claims that it allows the caller to specify a buffer size, or request unbuffered I/O.

[antlong]

Are there tests for this?

[nadeemvawda]

Yes, see bz2module-v1.diff.

[pitrou]

Interesting! If you are motivated, a further approach would be to expose the compressor and decompressor objects from the C extension, and write the file object in Python (as in Lib/gzip.py).

One thing I was unsure of is how to handle exceptions that occur in
BZ2File_dealloc(). Does the error status need to be cleared before it
returns?

Yes, it should. Actually, it would be better to write out the exception using PyErr_WriteUnraisable().

On a related note, the 'buffering' argument to __init__() is ignored,
and I was wondering whether this should be documented explicitly?

Yes, it should probably be deprecated if it's not useful anymore.

By the way, the current patch produces reference leaks:

$ ./python -m test -R 3:2 test_bz2
[1/1] test_bz2
beginning 5 repetitions
12345
.....
test_bz2 leaked [44, 44] references, sum=88

[nadeemvawda]

Interesting! If you are motivated, a further approach would be to expose
the compressor and decompressor objects from the C extension, and write
the file object in Python (as in Lib/gzip.py).
I had initially considered doing something that, but I decided not to for reasons that I can't quite remember. However, in hindsight it seems like it would have been a better approach than doing everything in C. I'll start on it ASAP.

> On a related note, the 'buffering' argument to __init__() is ignored,
> and I was wondering whether this should be documented explicitly?
Yes, it should probably be deprecated if it's not useful anymore.
How would I go about doing this? Would it be sufficient to raise a DeprecationWarning if the argument is provided by the caller, and add a note to the docstring and documentation?

[nadeemvawda]

• I had initially considered doing something *like* that

[pitrou]

How would I go about doing this? Would it be sufficient to raise a
DeprecationWarning if the argument is provided by the caller, and add
a note to the docstring and documentation?

Yes, totally.

[nadeemvawda]

Here is a quick-and-dirty reimplementation of BZ2File in Python, on top of the existing C implementation of BZ2Compressor and BZ2Decompressor.

There are a couple of issues with this code that need to be fixed:

• BZ2Decompressor doesn't signal when it reaches the EOS marker, so doesn't seem possible to detect a premature end-of-file. This was easy in the C implementation, when using bzDecompress() directly.
• The read*() methods are implemented very inefficiently. Since they have to deal with the bytes objects returned by BZ2Decompressor.decompress(), a large read results in lots of allocations that weren't necessary in the C implementation.

I hope to resolve both of these issues (and do a general code cleanup), by writing a C extension module that provides a thin wrapper around bzCompress()/bzDecompress(), and reimplementing the module's public interface in Python on top of it. This should reduce the size of the code by close to half, and make it easier to read and maintain. I'm not sure when I'll be able to get around to it, though, so I thought I should post what I've done so far.

Other changes in the patch:

• write(), writelines() and seek() now return meaningful values instead of None, in line with the behaviour of other file-like objects.
• Fixed a typo in test_bz2's testReadChunk10() that caused the test to pass regardless of whether the data read was correct (self.assertEqual(text, text) -> self.assertEqual(text, self.TEXT)). This one might be worth committing now, since it isn't dependent on the rewrite.

[pitrou]

• The read*() methods are implemented very inefficiently. Since they
  have to deal with the bytes objects returned by
  BZ2Decompressor.decompress(), a large read results in lots of
  allocations that weren't necessary in the C implementation.

It probably depends on the buffer size. Trying to fix this /might/ be
premature optimization.

Also, as with GzipFile one goal should be for BZFile to be wrappable in
a io.BufferedReader, which has its own very fast buffering layer (and
also a fast readline() if you implement peek() in BZFile).

• Fixed a typo in test_bz2's testReadChunk10() that caused the test to
  pass regardless of whether the data read was correct
  (self.assertEqual(text, text) -> self.assertEqual(text, self.TEXT)).
  This one might be worth committing now, since it isn't dependent on
  the rewrite.

Ah, thank you. Will take a look.

[nadeemvawda]

> * The read*() methods are implemented very inefficiently. Since they
> have to deal with the bytes objects returned by
> BZ2Decompressor.decompress(), a large read results in lots of
> allocations that weren't necessary in the C implementation.

It probably depends on the buffer size. Trying to fix this /might/ be
premature optimization.

Actually, looking at the code again (and not being half-asleep this time), I
think readline() and readlines() are fine. My worry is about read(), where the
problem isn't the size of the buffer but rather the fact that every byte that is
read gets copied around more than necessary:

• Read into the readahead buffer in _fill_readahead().
• Copy into 'data' in _read_block()
• Copy into newly-allocated bytes object for read()'s return value

But you're right; this is probably premature optimization. I'll do some proper
performance measurements before I jump into rewriting. In the meanwhile, FWIW,
I noticed that with the Python implementation, test_bz2 took 20% longer than
with my C implementation (~1.5s up from ~1.25s). I don't think this is a very
reliable indicator of real-world performance, though.

Also, as with GzipFile one goal should be for BZFile to be wrappable in
a io.BufferedReader, which has its own very fast buffering layer (and
also a fast readline() if you implement peek() in BZFile).

Ah, OK. I suppose that is a sensible way of using it. peek() will be quite easy
to implement. How should it interpret its argument, though? PEP-3116 (New I/O)
makes no mention of the function. BufferedReader appears to ignore it and
return however much data is convenient.

[nadeemvawda]

OK, I've rewritten the whole bz2 module (patch attached), and I think it is now ready for review. The BZ2File implementation is a cleaned-up version of the one from my previous patch, with some further additions. I've factored out the common compressor/decompressor stuff into classes Compressor and Decompressor in the _bz2 extension module; with these, BZ2Compressor, BZ2Decompressor, compress() and decompress() are trivial to implement in Python.

My earlier efficiency concerns seem to have been unfounded; I ran some quick tests with a 4MB bz2 file, and there wasn't any measurable performance difference from the existing all-C implementation.

I have added a peek() method to BZ2File, in accordance with Antoine's suggestion, but it's not clear how it should interpret its argument. I followed the lead of io.BufferedReader, and simply ignored the arg, returning whatever data as is already buffered. The patch also includes tests for peek() in test_bz2, based on test_io's BufferedRWPairTest.

Also, while looking at io.BufferedReader's implementation, I noticed that it doesn't actually seem to use raw.peek() at all. If this is correct, then perhaps peek() is unnecessary, and shouldn't be added.

The patch also adds a property 'eof' to BZ2Decompressor, so that the user can test whether EOF has been reached on the compressed stream.

For the new files (Modules/_bz2module.c and Lib/bz2.py), I'm guessing there should be some license boilerplate stuff added at the top of each. I wasn't sure exactly what this should look like, though - some advice would be helpful here.

[pitrou]

Patch posted for review at http://codereview.appspot.com/4274045/. Still have to do a review though :)

[pitrou]

Review posted at http://codereview.appspot.com/4274045/

[pitrou]

Reviewers: nadeem vawda <nadeem.vawda_gmail.com>,

http://codereview.appspot.com/4274045/diff/1/Lib/bz2.py
File Lib/bz2.py (right):

http://codereview.appspot.com/4274045/diff/1/Lib/bz2.py#newcode25
Lib/bz2.py:25: class BZ2File:
Is there any reason it doesn't inherit io.BufferedIOBase?
(it should also bring you a couple of methods implemented for free:
readlines, writelines, __iter__, __next__, __enter__, __exit__)

You should probably also implement fileno() (simply return
self.fp.fileno()) and the closed property.

http://codereview.appspot.com/4274045/diff/1/Lib/bz2.py#newcode386
Lib/bz2.py:386: class BZ2Compressor:
I don't think there's a point in a Python wrapper, since the wrapper is
so trivial. Just do the lock operations in C.
Same for BZ2Decompressor.

http://codereview.appspot.com/4274045/diff/1/Modules/_bz2module.c
File Modules/_bz2module.c (left):

http://codereview.appspot.com/4274045/diff/1/Modules/_bz2module.c#oldcode123
Modules/_bz2module.c:123: #ifdef WITH_THREAD
As mentioned in Lib/bz2.py, I would keep the lock on the C side since it
isn't significantly more complicated, and it avoids having to write a
Python wrapper around the compressor and decompressor types.

http://codereview.appspot.com/4274045/diff/1/Modules/_bz2module.c
File Modules/_bz2module.c (right):

http://codereview.appspot.com/4274045/diff/1/Modules/_bz2module.c#newcode3
Modules/_bz2module.c:3: #include "Python.h"
Since this is a new start, perhaps we should add
   #define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
before including "Python.h"?
This will ensure no code in the module will rely on the old behaviour.

http://codereview.appspot.com/4274045/diff/1/Modules/_bz2module.c#newcode48
Modules/_bz2module.c:48: "libbzip2 was not compiled correctly");
Just a nit, but I'm not sure there's any point in renaming "the bz2
library" to "libbzip2"?
(also, under Windows I'm not sure the library naming convention is the
same as under Unix)

http://codereview.appspot.com/4274045/diff/1/Modules/_bz2module.c#newcode78
Modules/_bz2module.c:78: "Unrecognized error from libbzip2: %d",
bzerror);
Out of curiousity, did you encounter this condition?

http://codereview.appspot.com/4274045/diff/1/Modules/_bz2module.c#newcode122
Modules/_bz2module.c:122: c->bzs.avail_out = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(result);
Do note that avail_in and avail_out are 32-bit ints, and therefore this
is not 64-bit clean. I guess you're just copying the old code here, but
that would deserve a separate patch later. Perhaps add a comment in the
meantime.

http://codereview.appspot.com/4274045/diff/1/Modules/_bz2module.c#newcode209
Modules/_bz2module.c:209: "Provide a block of data to the compressor."},
You could instead re-use the old, more precise docstrings. Also, using
PyDoc_STRVAR is preferred so as to make it easier to modify multi-line
docstrings.

http://codereview.appspot.com/4274045/diff/1/setup.py
File setup.py (right):

http://codereview.appspot.com/4274045/diff/1/setup.py#newcode1236
setup.py:1236: exts.append( Extension('_bz2', ['_bz2module.c'],
The Windows build files probably need updating as well. Can you do it?
Otherwise I'll have a try.

Please review this at http://codereview.appspot.com/4274045/

Affected files:
A Lib/bz2.py
M Lib/test/test_bz2.py
M Modules/_bz2module.c
M setup.py

[nadeemvawda]

Thanks for the review. I'll try and have an updated patch ready by next weekend.

Regarding your comments:

Is there any reason it doesn't inherit io.BufferedIOBase?
No, there isn't; I'll fix that in my revised patch.

Since this is a new start, perhaps we should add
#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
before including "Python.h"?
Sounds like a good idea.

Just a nit, but I'm not sure there's any point in renaming "the bz2 library"
to "libbzip2"?
(also, under Windows I'm not sure the library naming convention is the same
as under Unix)
Well, the official name for the library is "libbzip2" <bzip.org>. I thought that
the "lib" prefix would make it clearer that the error is referring to the that
library and not _bz2module.c. But if you think it would be better not to make
this change, I'll leave it out.

> Modules/_bz2module.c:78: "Unrecognized error from libbzip2: %d", bzerror);
Out of curiousity, did you encounter this condition?
No, I was just programming defensively (in case the underlying library adds
more error codes in future). Unlikely, but I would think it's better than
taking the risk of silently ignoring an error.

Do note that avail_in and avail_out are 32-bit ints, and therefore this is
not 64-bit clean. I guess you're just copying the old code here, but that
would deserve a separate patch later. Perhaps add a comment in the meantime.
Good catch. I'll make a note of it. This would only be a problem for avail_in,
though. The output buffer never grows by more than BIGCHUNK (512KiB) at a time
(see grow_buffer()) so there is no risk of overflowing in avail_out.

The Windows build files probably need updating as well. Can you do it?
Otherwise I'll have a try.
I'll give it a try, and let you know if I can't get it to work.

[mdehoon]

Would it be possible to add an open() function to the bz2 module? Currently gzip has such a function, but bz2 does not:

>>> import gzip
>>> gzip.open
<function open at 0x781f0>
>>> import bz2
>>> bz2.open
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'open'
>>>

[pitrou]

Would it be possible to add an open() function to the bz2 module?
Currently gzip has such a function, but bz2 does not:

Well, it could be a topic for a separate issue.

[nadeemvawda]

Would it be possible to add an open() function to the bz2 module?

Yes, it would be quite trivial, though I don't think it would be worthwhile -
all it would do is provide a direct alias for the BZ2File constructor. But as
Antoine said, that is a topic for a separate issue.

@antoine:

Regarding the use of PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN, I assume that Py_ssize_t is to be
preferred over plain ssize_t. Is this correct?

Also, I was wondering whether I need to add some sort of license boilerplate to
the beginning of bz2.py? With _bz2module.c, I presume I should retain the
copyright information from the old bz2module.c. Would something like this be ok?

/* _bz2 - Low-level Python interface to libbzip2.
*
* Copyright (c) 2011 Nadeem Vawda <nadeem.vawda@gmail.com>
*
* Based on bz2module.c:
*
* Copyright (c) 2002 Gustavo Niemeyer <niemeyer@conectiva.com>
* Copyright (c) 2002 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved
*/

(Browsing through the source files in Lib/ and Modules/, there doesn't seem to
be a clear convention for this sort of thing...)

[pitrou]

Regarding the use of PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN, I assume that Py_ssize_t is to be
preferred over plain ssize_t. Is this correct?

Yes, ssize_t doesn't exist everywhere AFAIK.
(size_t does, or at least we assume it does)

Also, I was wondering whether I need to add some sort of license boilerplate to
the beginning of bz2.py? With _bz2module.c, I presume I should retain the
copyright information from the old bz2module.c. Would something like this be ok?

Well, I would personally advocate not re-adding a license boilerplate,
since it doesn't serve a purpose (nearly all of Python is freely usable
under the PSF License, and the authors are documented by version
control).
You could ask on python-dev to get other opinions, though.

[nadeemvawda]

Well, I would personally advocate not re-adding a license boilerplate,
since it doesn't serve a purpose (nearly all of Python is freely usable
under the PSF License, and the authors are documented by version control).

That sounds sensible to me. I'll see what the rest of python-dev thinks, though.

[pitrou]

Given the absence of response on python-dev, I'd say simply remove the obsolete copyright notice.

[nadeemvawda]

Here is an updated patch, incorporating the feedback from your review.

The new patch no longer checks for errors in bz2CompressEnd()/bz2DecompressEnd()
in the dealloc functions for BZ2Compressor/BZ2Decompressor. I found that calling
PyErr_WriteUnraisable() results in spurious error messages if an exception is
raised by the init function, and in any case, the output would not be of much
use if a genuine error were to occur.

The patch adds implementations of most of the io.BufferedIOBase methods
(everything except detach(), read1() and truncate()), and includes unit tests
for fileno() and readinto().

[nadeemvawda]

Corresponding patch for the module docs.

[nadeemvawda]

From the discussion on python-dev, it seems that I will need to submit a
Contributor Agreement to the PSF. Can I ask that you not commit this
patch until the CA has been submitted? I will need to clear it with my
employer, and it might complicate things if the code in question has
already been committed.

[pitrou]

>From the discussion on python-dev, it seems that I will need to submit a
Contributor Agreement to the PSF. Can I ask that you not commit this
patch until the CA has been submitted? I will need to clear it with my
employer, and it might complicate things if the code in question has
already been committed.

Ok, I was planning to do another review anyway.

[pitrou]

Nadeem,

Can I ask that you not commit this
patch until the CA has been submitted? I will need to clear it with my
employer, and it might complicate things if the code in question has
already been committed.

Apparently the PSF has received your contributor agreement. Does it mean the situation is cleared? I plan to do a review of your latest patch.

[nadeemvawda]

Apparently the PSF has received your contributor agreement.

Great; I was just about to send them an email to check.

Does it mean the situation is cleared? I plan to do a review of your latest patch.

Yes, everything's sorted out. Go ahead :)

[nadeemvawda]

Here is an updated patch that adds read1() to BZ2File. This should fix things
for bpo-10791 from the bz2 side. I also took the opportunity to clean up
_read_block() to be more readable. As per Martin's suggestion on python-dev, I
put the copyright notice in the patch header, rather than in the code itself.

[nadeemvawda]

Updated documentation.

[pitrou]

Here is an updated patch that adds read1() to BZ2File. This should fix things
for bpo-10791 from the bz2 side. I also took the opportunity to clean up
_read_block() to be more readable. As per Martin's suggestion on python-dev, I
put the copyright notice in the patch header, rather than in the code itself.

Thank you! A couple of comments:

• please avoid C++-style comments ("// ..."), some compilers don't like
  them
• BZ2Decompressor.eof would be better as a T_BOOL than a T_INT, IMO
• BZ2Decompressor.eof should be documented as new in 3.3
• instead of using PyObject_GetBuffer(), I think it's better to call
  PyArg_ParseTuple with the "y*" typecode: it makes sure it does the right
  thing
• instead of "int(size)", use "size = size.__index__()" so as to forbid
  floats

[nadeemvawda]

Thanks for the review. I've made most of the changes you suggested, but there's
one thing I wanted to check about:

• instead of "int(size)", use "size = size.__index__()" so as to forbid floats

The tests for readline() and readlines() expect a TypeError if size is None.
Calling size.__index__() in this case raises an AttributeError instead. Should I
change the tests to expect an AttributeError? Alternatively, something like this
would more closely match the behaviour of the old code:

try:
    size = size.__index__()
except AttributeError:
    raise TypeError("Integer argument expected")

[pitrou]

The tests for readline() and readlines() expect a TypeError if size is None.
Calling size.__index__() in this case raises an AttributeError instead. Should I
change the tests to expect an AttributeError? Alternatively, something like this
would more closely match the behaviour of the old code:

try:
    size = size.\_\_index__()
except AttributeError:
    raise TypeError("Integer argument expected")

Ah, you're right, TypeError should be raised.

[nadeemvawda]

Here's the updated patch.

[nadeemvawda]

... and the corresponding updated documentation patch.

[python-dev]

New changeset 2cb07a46f4b5 by Antoine Pitrou in branch 'default':
Issue bpo-5863: Rewrite BZ2File in pure Python, and allow it to accept
http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/2cb07a46f4b5

[pitrou]

Thank you very much, Nadeem. The patch is now in.

[Kontr-Olli]

Hi,

thanks for the patch. Could you also publish a version for older python 2.x ?

regards,
Olli

[merwok]

As a new feature, this can’t go into older versions.