Add PyType_GetModuleByDef to the public & limited API

[encukou]

BPO	46613
Nosy	@encukou, @shihai1991
PRs	bpo-46613: Add PyType_GetModuleByDef to the public & limited API #31081

^{Note: these values reflect the state of the issue at the time it was migrated and might not reflect the current state.}

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GitHub fields:

assignee = None
closed_at = None
created_at = <Date 2022-02-02.16:55:22.816>
labels = ['expert-C-API', '3.11']
title = 'Add PyType_GetModuleByDef to the public & limited API'
updated_at = <Date 2022-02-11.16:23:15.131>
user = 'https://github.com/encukou'

bugs.python.org fields:

activity = <Date 2022-02-11.16:23:15.131>
actor = 'petr.viktorin'
assignee = 'none'
closed = False
closed_date = None
closer = None
components = ['C API']
creation = <Date 2022-02-02.16:55:22.816>
creator = 'petr.viktorin'
dependencies = []
files = []
hgrepos = []
issue_num = 46613
keywords = ['patch']
message_count = 3.0
messages = ['412378', '413082', '413083']
nosy_count = 2.0
nosy_names = ['petr.viktorin', 'shihai1991']
pr_nums = ['31081']
priority = 'normal'
resolution = None
stage = 'patch review'
status = 'open'
superseder = None
type = None
url = 'https://bugs.python.org/issue46613'
versions = ['Python 3.11']

[encukou]

_PyType_GetModuleByDef (added in bpo-42100)allows module state access
from slot methods (like tp_init or nb_add),
the main thing missing from PEP-573 (Module State Access from C
Extension Methods).
It's time to make it public.

The function itself can be implemented using only limited API, though
it's a bit tricky to do so correctly (and our implementation uses
private speedups), so it's better if extension authors can use it as a
pre-made building block.

Discussed in: https://mail.python.org/archives/list/capi-sig@python.org/thread/WMSDNMQ7A6LE6X4MQW4QAQUKDDL7MJ72/
Note that a bug was found in the CPython optimization recently: bpo-46433

[encukou]

New changeset 2049469 by Petr Viktorin in branch 'main':
bpo-46613: Add PyType_GetModuleByDef to the public API (GH-31081)
2049469

[encukou]

It's in public API, adding it to limited is still pending.