diff --git a/Lib/test/test_typing.py b/Lib/test/test_typing.py
index 106ffdede6fd4ef..c85a2a96ccea09e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_typing.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_typing.py
@@ -6567,6 +6567,90 @@ def test_lazy_import(self):
             "annotationlib",
         })
 
+    def make_tp_cached(self, func, *, typed=False):
+        # Wrap *func* with typing._tp_cache, undoing the module-global
+        # registration afterwards so the test stays reference-leak clean.
+        before = len(typing._cleanups)
+        wrapped = typing._tp_cache(func, typed=typed)
+        self.addCleanup(typing._caches.__delitem__, func)
+        self.addCleanup(typing._cleanups.__delitem__, slice(before, None))
+        return wrapped
+
+    def test_tp_cache_does_not_swallow_type_error(self):
+        # gh-154115: A TypeError raised by the wrapped function itself used
+        # to be mistaken for an unhashable-argument error, causing the
+        # function to run a second time before the error propagated.
+        calls = []
+
+        @self.make_tp_cached
+        def func(*args, **kwds):
+            calls.append((args, kwds))
+            raise TypeError("boom")
+
+        for args, kwds in [(("hashable",), {}), ((), {"kwd": "hashable"})]:
+            with self.subTest(args=args, kwds=kwds):
+                calls.clear()
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "boom"):
+                    func(*args, **kwds)
+                self.assertEqual(calls, [(args, kwds)])
+
+    def test_tp_cache_unhashable_fallback(self):
+        # Unhashable arguments cannot be cached, so the wrapped function is
+        # still used directly as a fallback and runs exactly once.
+        calls = []
+
+        @self.make_tp_cached
+        def func(*args, **kwds):
+            calls.append((args, kwds))
+            return "result"
+
+        unhashable = [1, 2, 3]
+        for args, kwds in [((unhashable,), {}), ((), {"kwd": unhashable})]:
+            with self.subTest(args=args, kwds=kwds):
+                calls.clear()
+                self.assertEqual(func(*args, **kwds), "result")
+                self.assertEqual(calls, [(args, kwds)])
+
+    def test_tp_cache_caches_repeated_calls(self):
+        # A successful call with hashable arguments is cached: calling again
+        # with the same arguments returns the same object without running
+        # the wrapped function a second time.
+        calls = []
+
+        @self.make_tp_cached
+        def func(arg):
+            calls.append(arg)
+            return object()
+
+        first = func(42)
+        second = func(42)
+        self.assertIs(first, second)
+        self.assertEqual(calls, [42])
+
+    def test_tp_cache_typed_falls_back_for_unhashable_type(self):
+        # gh-154115: with typed=True the cache key also includes the type of
+        # each argument, so a hashable value whose type is unhashable cannot
+        # be cached.  Such a call must fall back to the wrapped function
+        # rather than being mistaken for a function-raised TypeError.
+        class Meta(type):
+            __hash__ = None
+
+        class C(metaclass=Meta):
+            def __hash__(self):
+                return 0
+
+        calls = []
+
+        def func(arg):
+            calls.append(arg)
+            return "result"
+
+        func = self.make_tp_cached(func, typed=True)
+        obj = C()
+        self.assertEqual(func(obj), "result")
+        self.assertEqual(len(calls), 1)
+        self.assertIs(calls[0], obj)
+
 
 @lru_cache()
 def cached_func(x, y):
diff --git a/Lib/typing.py b/Lib/typing.py
index 054420865d7fb50..2b831233b18b064 100644
--- a/Lib/typing.py
+++ b/Lib/typing.py
@@ -413,7 +413,19 @@ def inner(*args, **kwds):
             try:
                 return _caches[func](*args, **kwds)
             except TypeError:
-                pass  # All real errors (not unhashable args) are raised below.
+                # A TypeError here may mean the arguments are unhashable
+                # (so they cannot be cached and the original function is
+                # used as a fallback), or that the wrapped function itself
+                # raised TypeError.  Rebuild the same key lru_cache uses to
+                # tell the two apart: only fall back when the key really is
+                # unhashable, otherwise re-raise so the function is not run
+                # a second time.
+                try:
+                    hash(functools._make_key(args, kwds, typed))
+                except TypeError:
+                    pass  # Unhashable arguments: fall back below.
+                else:
+                    raise
             return func(*args, **kwds)
         return inner
 
diff --git a/Misc/ACKS b/Misc/ACKS
index fec00c1b272f4ea..5fe1d8cd1121ee4 100644
--- a/Misc/ACKS
+++ b/Misc/ACKS
@@ -2008,6 +2008,7 @@ Wm. Keith van der Meulen
 Eric N. Vander Weele
 Andrew Vant
 Atul Varma
+Vyron Vasileiadis
 Dmitry Vasiliev
 Sebastian Ortiz Vasquez
 Alexandre Vassalotti
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-07-19-12-06-30.gh-issue-154115.RpeFgs.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-07-19-12-06-30.gh-issue-154115.RpeFgs.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000000..05d4f448a5a791c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-07-19-12-06-30.gh-issue-154115.RpeFgs.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Subscripting a :mod:`typing` special form or generic alias with arguments that
+are rejected with a :exc:`TypeError` (such as ``typing.List[int, str]``) no
+longer evaluates the subscription twice before raising the error.