diff --git a/crypto/akcipher-gcrypt.c.inc b/crypto/akcipher-gcrypt.c.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..abb1fb272e45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crypto/akcipher-gcrypt.c.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,595 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU Crypto akcipher algorithms
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Bytedance
+ * Author: lei he <helei.sig11@bytedance.com>
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <gcrypt.h>
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "qemu/host-utils.h"
+#include "crypto/akcipher.h"
+#include "crypto/random.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+#include "sysemu/cryptodev.h"
+#include "rsakey.h"
+
+typedef struct QCryptoGcryptRSA {
+    QCryptoAkCipher akcipher;
+    gcry_sexp_t key;
+    QCryptoRSAPaddingAlgorithm padding_alg;
+    QCryptoHashAlgorithm hash_alg;
+} QCryptoGcryptRSA;
+
+static void qcrypto_gcrypt_rsa_free(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher)
+{
+    QCryptoGcryptRSA *rsa = (QCryptoGcryptRSA *)akcipher;
+    if (!rsa) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    gcry_sexp_release(rsa->key);
+    g_free(rsa);
+}
+
+static QCryptoGcryptRSA *qcrypto_gcrypt_rsa_new(
+    const QCryptoAkCipherOptionsRSA *opt,
+    QCryptoAkCipherKeyType type,
+    const uint8_t *key,  size_t keylen,
+    Error **errp);
+
+QCryptoAkCipher *qcrypto_akcipher_new(const QCryptoAkCipherOptions *opts,
+                                      QCryptoAkCipherKeyType type,
+                                      const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen,
+                                      Error **errp)
+{
+    switch (opts->alg) {
+    case QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_ALG_RSA:
+        return (QCryptoAkCipher *)qcrypto_gcrypt_rsa_new(
+            &opts->u.rsa, type, key, keylen, errp);
+
+    default:
+        error_setg(errp, "Unsupported algorithm: %u", opts->alg);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void qcrypto_gcrypt_set_rsa_size(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher, gcry_mpi_t n)
+{
+    size_t key_size = (gcry_mpi_get_nbits(n) + 7) / 8;
+    akcipher->max_plaintext_len = key_size;
+    akcipher->max_ciphertext_len = key_size;
+    akcipher->max_dgst_len = key_size;
+    akcipher->max_signature_len = key_size;
+}
+
+static int qcrypto_gcrypt_parse_rsa_private_key(
+    QCryptoGcryptRSA *rsa,
+    const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen, Error **errp)
+{
+    g_autoptr(QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey) rsa_key = qcrypto_akcipher_rsakey_parse(
+        QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PRIVATE, key, keylen, errp);
+    gcry_mpi_t n = NULL, e = NULL, d = NULL, p = NULL, q = NULL, u = NULL;
+    bool compute_mul_inv = false;
+    int ret = -1;
+    gcry_error_t err;
+
+    if (!rsa_key) {
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_mpi_scan(&n, GCRYMPI_FMT_STD,
+                        rsa_key->n.data, rsa_key->n.len, NULL);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to parse RSA parameter n: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_mpi_scan(&e, GCRYMPI_FMT_STD,
+                        rsa_key->e.data, rsa_key->e.len, NULL);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to parse RSA parameter e: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_mpi_scan(&d, GCRYMPI_FMT_STD,
+                        rsa_key->d.data, rsa_key->d.len, NULL);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to parse RSA parameter d: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_mpi_scan(&p, GCRYMPI_FMT_STD,
+                        rsa_key->p.data, rsa_key->p.len, NULL);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to parse RSA parameter p: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_mpi_scan(&q, GCRYMPI_FMT_STD,
+                        rsa_key->q.data, rsa_key->q.len, NULL);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to parse RSA parameter q: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    if (gcry_mpi_cmp_ui(p, 0) > 0 && gcry_mpi_cmp_ui(q, 0) > 0) {
+        compute_mul_inv = true;
+
+        u = gcry_mpi_new(0);
+        if (gcry_mpi_cmp(p, q) > 0) {
+            gcry_mpi_swap(p, q);
+        }
+        gcry_mpi_invm(u, p, q);
+    }
+
+    if (compute_mul_inv) {
+        err = gcry_sexp_build(&rsa->key, NULL,
+            "(private-key (rsa (n %m) (e %m) (d %m) (p %m) (q %m) (u %m)))",
+            n, e, d, p, q, u);
+    } else {
+        err = gcry_sexp_build(&rsa->key, NULL,
+            "(private-key (rsa (n %m) (e %m) (d %m)))", n, e, d);
+    }
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to build RSA private key: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+    qcrypto_gcrypt_set_rsa_size((QCryptoAkCipher *)rsa,  n);
+    ret = 0;
+
+cleanup:
+    gcry_mpi_release(n);
+    gcry_mpi_release(e);
+    gcry_mpi_release(d);
+    gcry_mpi_release(p);
+    gcry_mpi_release(q);
+    gcry_mpi_release(u);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int qcrypto_gcrypt_parse_rsa_public_key(QCryptoGcryptRSA *rsa,
+                                               const uint8_t *key,
+                                               size_t keylen,
+                                               Error **errp)
+{
+
+    g_autoptr(QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey) rsa_key = qcrypto_akcipher_rsakey_parse(
+        QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC, key, keylen, errp);
+    gcry_mpi_t n = NULL, e = NULL;
+    int ret = -1;
+    gcry_error_t err;
+
+    if (!rsa_key) {
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_mpi_scan(&n, GCRYMPI_FMT_STD,
+                        rsa_key->n.data, rsa_key->n.len, NULL);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to parse RSA parameter n: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_mpi_scan(&e, GCRYMPI_FMT_STD,
+                        rsa_key->e.data, rsa_key->e.len, NULL);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to parse RSA parameter e: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_sexp_build(&rsa->key, NULL,
+                          "(public-key (rsa (n %m) (e %m)))", n, e);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to build RSA public key: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+    qcrypto_gcrypt_set_rsa_size((QCryptoAkCipher *)rsa, n);
+    ret = 0;
+
+cleanup:
+    gcry_mpi_release(n);
+    gcry_mpi_release(e);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int qcrypto_gcrypt_rsa_encrypt(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                                      const void *in, size_t in_len,
+                                      void *out, size_t out_len,
+                                      Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoGcryptRSA *rsa = (QCryptoGcryptRSA *)akcipher;
+    int ret = -1;
+    gcry_sexp_t data_sexp = NULL, cipher_sexp = NULL;
+    gcry_sexp_t cipher_sexp_item = NULL;
+    gcry_mpi_t cipher_mpi = NULL;
+    const char *result;
+    gcry_error_t err;
+    size_t actual_len;
+
+    if (in_len > akcipher->max_plaintext_len) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Plaintext length is greater than key size: %d",
+                   akcipher->max_plaintext_len);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_sexp_build(&data_sexp, NULL,
+                          "(data (flags %s) (value %b))",
+                          QCryptoRSAPaddingAlgorithm_str(rsa->padding_alg),
+                          in_len, in);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to build plaintext: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_pk_encrypt(&cipher_sexp, data_sexp, rsa->key);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to encrypt: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    /* S-expression of cipher: (enc-val (rsa (a a-mpi))) */
+    cipher_sexp_item = gcry_sexp_find_token(cipher_sexp, "a", 0);
+    if (!cipher_sexp_item || gcry_sexp_length(cipher_sexp_item) != 2) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Invalid ciphertext result");
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    if (rsa->padding_alg == QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_RAW) {
+        cipher_mpi = gcry_sexp_nth_mpi(cipher_sexp_item, 1, GCRYMPI_FMT_USG);
+        if (!cipher_mpi) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Invalid ciphertext result");
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+        err = gcry_mpi_print(GCRYMPI_FMT_USG, out, out_len,
+                             &actual_len, cipher_mpi);
+        if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Failed to print MPI: %s/%s",
+                       gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+
+        if (actual_len > out_len) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Ciphertext buffer length is too small");
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+
+        /* We always padding leading-zeros for RSA-RAW */
+        if (actual_len < out_len) {
+            memmove((uint8_t *)out + (out_len - actual_len), out, actual_len);
+            memset(out, 0, out_len - actual_len);
+        }
+        ret = out_len;
+
+    } else {
+        result = gcry_sexp_nth_data(cipher_sexp_item, 1, &actual_len);
+        if (!result) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Invalid ciphertext result");
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+        if (actual_len > out_len) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Ciphertext buffer length is too small");
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+        memcpy(out, result, actual_len);
+        ret = actual_len;
+    }
+
+cleanup:
+    gcry_sexp_release(data_sexp);
+    gcry_sexp_release(cipher_sexp);
+    gcry_sexp_release(cipher_sexp_item);
+    gcry_mpi_release(cipher_mpi);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int qcrypto_gcrypt_rsa_decrypt(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                                      const void *in, size_t in_len,
+                                      void *out, size_t out_len,
+                                      Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoGcryptRSA *rsa = (QCryptoGcryptRSA *)akcipher;
+    int ret = -1;
+    gcry_sexp_t data_sexp = NULL, cipher_sexp = NULL;
+    gcry_mpi_t data_mpi = NULL;
+    gcry_error_t err;
+    size_t actual_len;
+    const char *result;
+
+    if (in_len > akcipher->max_ciphertext_len) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Ciphertext length is greater than key size: %d",
+                   akcipher->max_ciphertext_len);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_sexp_build(&cipher_sexp, NULL,
+                          "(enc-val (flags %s) (rsa (a %b) ))",
+                          QCryptoRSAPaddingAlgorithm_str(rsa->padding_alg),
+                          in_len, in);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to build ciphertext: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_pk_decrypt(&data_sexp, cipher_sexp, rsa->key);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to decrypt: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    /* S-expression of plaintext: (value plaintext) */
+    if (rsa->padding_alg == QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_RAW) {
+        data_mpi = gcry_sexp_nth_mpi(data_sexp, 1, GCRYMPI_FMT_USG);
+        if (!data_mpi) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Invalid plaintext result");
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+        err = gcry_mpi_print(GCRYMPI_FMT_USG, out, out_len,
+                             &actual_len, data_mpi);
+        if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Failed to print MPI: %s/%s",
+                       gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+        if (actual_len > out_len) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Plaintext buffer length is too small");
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+        /* We always padding leading-zeros for RSA-RAW */
+        if (actual_len < out_len) {
+            memmove((uint8_t *)out + (out_len - actual_len), out, actual_len);
+            memset(out, 0, out_len - actual_len);
+        }
+        ret = out_len;
+    } else {
+        result = gcry_sexp_nth_data(data_sexp, 1, &actual_len);
+        if (!result) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Invalid plaintext result");
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+        if (actual_len > out_len) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Plaintext buffer length is too small");
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+        memcpy(out, result, actual_len);
+        ret = actual_len;
+    }
+
+cleanup:
+    gcry_sexp_release(cipher_sexp);
+    gcry_sexp_release(data_sexp);
+    gcry_mpi_release(data_mpi);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int qcrypto_gcrypt_rsa_sign(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                                   const void *in, size_t in_len,
+                                   void *out, size_t out_len, Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoGcryptRSA *rsa = (QCryptoGcryptRSA *)akcipher;
+    int ret = -1;
+    gcry_sexp_t dgst_sexp = NULL, sig_sexp = NULL;
+    gcry_sexp_t sig_sexp_item = NULL;
+    const char *result;
+    gcry_error_t err;
+    size_t actual_len;
+
+    if (in_len > akcipher->max_dgst_len) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Data length is greater than key size: %d",
+                   akcipher->max_dgst_len);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    if (rsa->padding_alg != QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_PKCS1) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Invalid padding %u", rsa->padding_alg);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_sexp_build(&dgst_sexp, NULL,
+                          "(data (flags pkcs1) (hash %s %b))",
+                          QCryptoHashAlgorithm_str(rsa->hash_alg),
+                          in_len, in);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to build dgst: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_pk_sign(&sig_sexp, dgst_sexp, rsa->key);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to make signature: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    /* S-expression of signature: (sig-val (rsa (s s-mpi))) */
+    sig_sexp_item = gcry_sexp_find_token(sig_sexp, "s", 0);
+    if (!sig_sexp_item || gcry_sexp_length(sig_sexp_item) != 2) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Invalid signature result");
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    result = gcry_sexp_nth_data(sig_sexp_item, 1, &actual_len);
+    if (!result) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Invalid signature result");
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    if (actual_len > out_len) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Signature buffer length is too small");
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+    memcpy(out, result, actual_len);
+    ret = actual_len;
+
+cleanup:
+    gcry_sexp_release(dgst_sexp);
+    gcry_sexp_release(sig_sexp);
+    gcry_sexp_release(sig_sexp_item);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int qcrypto_gcrypt_rsa_verify(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                                     const void *in, size_t in_len,
+                                     const void *in2, size_t in2_len,
+                                     Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoGcryptRSA *rsa = (QCryptoGcryptRSA *)akcipher;
+    int ret = -1;
+    gcry_sexp_t sig_sexp = NULL, dgst_sexp = NULL;
+    gcry_error_t err;
+
+    if (in_len > akcipher->max_signature_len) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Signature length is greater than key size: %d",
+                   akcipher->max_signature_len);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    if (in2_len > akcipher->max_dgst_len) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Data length is greater than key size: %d",
+                   akcipher->max_dgst_len);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    if (rsa->padding_alg != QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_PKCS1) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Invalid padding %u", rsa->padding_alg);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_sexp_build(&sig_sexp, NULL,
+                          "(sig-val (rsa (s %b)))", in_len, in);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to build signature: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_sexp_build(&dgst_sexp, NULL,
+                          "(data (flags pkcs1) (hash %s %b))",
+                          QCryptoHashAlgorithm_str(rsa->hash_alg),
+                          in2_len, in2);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to build dgst: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    err = gcry_pk_verify(sig_sexp, dgst_sexp, rsa->key);
+    if (gcry_err_code(err) != 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to verify signature: %s/%s",
+                   gcry_strsource(err), gcry_strerror(err));
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+    ret = 0;
+
+cleanup:
+    gcry_sexp_release(dgst_sexp);
+    gcry_sexp_release(sig_sexp);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+QCryptoAkCipherDriver gcrypt_rsa = {
+    .encrypt = qcrypto_gcrypt_rsa_encrypt,
+    .decrypt = qcrypto_gcrypt_rsa_decrypt,
+    .sign = qcrypto_gcrypt_rsa_sign,
+    .verify = qcrypto_gcrypt_rsa_verify,
+    .free = qcrypto_gcrypt_rsa_free,
+};
+
+static QCryptoGcryptRSA *qcrypto_gcrypt_rsa_new(
+    const QCryptoAkCipherOptionsRSA *opt,
+    QCryptoAkCipherKeyType type,
+    const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen,
+    Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoGcryptRSA *rsa = g_new0(QCryptoGcryptRSA, 1);
+    rsa->padding_alg = opt->padding_alg;
+    rsa->hash_alg = opt->hash_alg;
+    rsa->akcipher.driver = &gcrypt_rsa;
+
+    switch (type) {
+    case QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PRIVATE:
+        if (qcrypto_gcrypt_parse_rsa_private_key(rsa, key, keylen, errp) != 0) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        break;
+
+    case QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC:
+        if (qcrypto_gcrypt_parse_rsa_public_key(rsa, key, keylen, errp) != 0) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        error_setg(errp, "Unknown akcipher key type %d", type);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    return rsa;
+
+error:
+    qcrypto_gcrypt_rsa_free((QCryptoAkCipher *)rsa);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+bool qcrypto_akcipher_supports(QCryptoAkCipherOptions *opts)
+{
+    switch (opts->alg) {
+    case QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_ALG_RSA:
+        switch (opts->u.rsa.padding_alg) {
+        case QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_RAW:
+            return true;
+
+        case QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_PKCS1:
+            switch (opts->u.rsa.hash_alg) {
+            case QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_MD5:
+            case QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_SHA1:
+            case QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_SHA256:
+            case QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_SHA512:
+                return true;
+
+            default:
+                return false;
+            }
+
+        default:
+            return false;
+        }
+
+    default:
+        return true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crypto/akcipher-nettle.c.inc b/crypto/akcipher-nettle.c.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..02699e6e6d13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crypto/akcipher-nettle.c.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU Crypto akcipher algorithms
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Bytedance
+ * Author: lei he <helei.sig11@bytedance.com>
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <nettle/rsa.h>
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "qemu/host-utils.h"
+#include "crypto/akcipher.h"
+#include "crypto/random.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+#include "sysemu/cryptodev.h"
+#include "rsakey.h"
+
+typedef struct QCryptoNettleRSA {
+    QCryptoAkCipher akcipher;
+    struct rsa_public_key pub;
+    struct rsa_private_key priv;
+    QCryptoRSAPaddingAlgorithm padding_alg;
+    QCryptoHashAlgorithm hash_alg;
+} QCryptoNettleRSA;
+
+static void qcrypto_nettle_rsa_free(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher)
+{
+    QCryptoNettleRSA *rsa = (QCryptoNettleRSA *)akcipher;
+    if (!rsa) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    rsa_public_key_clear(&rsa->pub);
+    rsa_private_key_clear(&rsa->priv);
+    g_free(rsa);
+}
+
+static QCryptoAkCipher *qcrypto_nettle_rsa_new(
+    const QCryptoAkCipherOptionsRSA *opt,
+    QCryptoAkCipherKeyType type,
+    const uint8_t *key,  size_t keylen,
+    Error **errp);
+
+QCryptoAkCipher *qcrypto_akcipher_new(const QCryptoAkCipherOptions *opts,
+                                      QCryptoAkCipherKeyType type,
+                                      const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen,
+                                      Error **errp)
+{
+    switch (opts->alg) {
+    case QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_ALG_RSA:
+        return qcrypto_nettle_rsa_new(&opts->u.rsa, type, key, keylen, errp);
+
+    default:
+        error_setg(errp, "Unsupported algorithm: %u", opts->alg);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void qcrypto_nettle_rsa_set_akcipher_size(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                                                 int key_size)
+{
+    akcipher->max_plaintext_len = key_size;
+    akcipher->max_ciphertext_len = key_size;
+    akcipher->max_signature_len = key_size;
+    akcipher->max_dgst_len = key_size;
+}
+
+static int qcrypt_nettle_parse_rsa_private_key(QCryptoNettleRSA *rsa,
+                                               const uint8_t *key,
+                                               size_t keylen,
+                                               Error **errp)
+{
+    g_autoptr(QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey) rsa_key = qcrypto_akcipher_rsakey_parse(
+        QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PRIVATE, key, keylen, errp);
+
+    if (!rsa_key) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    nettle_mpz_init_set_str_256_u(rsa->pub.n, rsa_key->n.len, rsa_key->n.data);
+    nettle_mpz_init_set_str_256_u(rsa->pub.e, rsa_key->e.len, rsa_key->e.data);
+    nettle_mpz_init_set_str_256_u(rsa->priv.d, rsa_key->d.len, rsa_key->d.data);
+    nettle_mpz_init_set_str_256_u(rsa->priv.p, rsa_key->p.len, rsa_key->p.data);
+    nettle_mpz_init_set_str_256_u(rsa->priv.q, rsa_key->q.len, rsa_key->q.data);
+    nettle_mpz_init_set_str_256_u(rsa->priv.a, rsa_key->dp.len,
+                                  rsa_key->dp.data);
+    nettle_mpz_init_set_str_256_u(rsa->priv.b, rsa_key->dq.len,
+                                  rsa_key->dq.data);
+    nettle_mpz_init_set_str_256_u(rsa->priv.c, rsa_key->u.len, rsa_key->u.data);
+
+    if (!rsa_public_key_prepare(&rsa->pub)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to check RSA key");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Since in the kernel's unit test, the p, q, a, b, c of some
+     * private keys is 0, only the simplest length check is done here
+     */
+    if (rsa_key->p.len > 1 &&
+        rsa_key->q.len > 1 &&
+        rsa_key->dp.len > 1 &&
+        rsa_key->dq.len > 1 &&
+        rsa_key->u.len > 1) {
+        if (!rsa_private_key_prepare(&rsa->priv)) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Failed to check RSA key");
+            return -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        rsa->priv.size = rsa->pub.size;
+    }
+    qcrypto_nettle_rsa_set_akcipher_size(
+        (QCryptoAkCipher *)rsa, rsa->priv.size);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int qcrypt_nettle_parse_rsa_public_key(QCryptoNettleRSA *rsa,
+                                              const uint8_t *key,
+                                              size_t keylen,
+                                              Error **errp)
+{
+    g_autoptr(QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey) rsa_key = qcrypto_akcipher_rsakey_parse(
+        QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC, key, keylen, errp);
+
+    if (!rsa_key) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    nettle_mpz_init_set_str_256_u(rsa->pub.n, rsa_key->n.len, rsa_key->n.data);
+    nettle_mpz_init_set_str_256_u(rsa->pub.e, rsa_key->e.len, rsa_key->e.data);
+
+    if (!rsa_public_key_prepare(&rsa->pub)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to check RSA key");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    qcrypto_nettle_rsa_set_akcipher_size(
+        (QCryptoAkCipher *)rsa, rsa->pub.size);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void wrap_nettle_random_func(void *ctx, size_t len, uint8_t *out)
+{
+    qcrypto_random_bytes(out, len, &error_abort);
+}
+
+static int qcrypto_nettle_rsa_encrypt(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                                      const void *data, size_t data_len,
+                                      void *enc, size_t enc_len,
+                                      Error **errp)
+{
+
+    QCryptoNettleRSA *rsa = (QCryptoNettleRSA *)akcipher;
+    mpz_t c;
+    int ret = -1;
+
+    if (data_len > rsa->pub.size) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Plaintext length %zu is greater than key size: %zu",
+                   data_len, rsa->pub.size);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    if (enc_len < rsa->pub.size) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Ciphertext buffer length %zu is less than "
+                         "key size: %zu", enc_len, rsa->pub.size);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /* Nettle do not support RSA encryption without any padding */
+    switch (rsa->padding_alg) {
+    case QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_RAW:
+        error_setg(errp, "RSA with raw padding is not supported");
+        break;
+
+    case QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_PKCS1:
+        mpz_init(c);
+        if (rsa_encrypt(&rsa->pub, NULL, wrap_nettle_random_func,
+                        data_len, (uint8_t *)data, c) != 1) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Failed to encrypt");
+        } else {
+            nettle_mpz_get_str_256(enc_len, (uint8_t *)enc, c);
+            ret = nettle_mpz_sizeinbase_256_u(c);
+        }
+        mpz_clear(c);
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        error_setg(errp, "Unknown padding");
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int qcrypto_nettle_rsa_decrypt(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                                      const void *enc, size_t enc_len,
+                                      void *data, size_t data_len,
+                                      Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoNettleRSA *rsa = (QCryptoNettleRSA *)akcipher;
+    mpz_t c;
+    int ret = -1;
+
+    if (enc_len > rsa->priv.size) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Ciphertext length %zu is greater than key size: %zu",
+                   enc_len, rsa->priv.size);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    switch (rsa->padding_alg) {
+    case QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_RAW:
+        error_setg(errp, "RSA with raw padding is not supported");
+        break;
+
+    case QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_PKCS1:
+        nettle_mpz_init_set_str_256_u(c, enc_len, enc);
+        if (!rsa_decrypt(&rsa->priv, &data_len, (uint8_t *)data, c)) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Failed to decrypt");
+        } else {
+            ret = data_len;
+        }
+
+        mpz_clear(c);
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        error_setg(errp, "Unknown padding algorithm: %d", rsa->padding_alg);
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int qcrypto_nettle_rsa_sign(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                                   const void *data, size_t data_len,
+                                   void *sig, size_t sig_len, Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoNettleRSA *rsa = (QCryptoNettleRSA *)akcipher;
+    int ret = -1, rv;
+    mpz_t s;
+
+    /**
+     * The RSA algorithm cannot be used for signature/verification
+     * without padding.
+     */
+    if (rsa->padding_alg == QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_RAW) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Try to make signature without padding");
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    if (data_len > rsa->priv.size) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Data length %zu is greater than key size: %zu",
+                   data_len, rsa->priv.size);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    if (sig_len < rsa->priv.size) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Signature buffer length %zu is less than "
+                         "key size: %zu", sig_len, rsa->priv.size);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    mpz_init(s);
+    switch (rsa->hash_alg) {
+    case QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_MD5:
+        rv = rsa_md5_sign_digest(&rsa->priv, data, s);
+        break;
+
+    case QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_SHA1:
+        rv = rsa_sha1_sign_digest(&rsa->priv, data, s);
+        break;
+
+    case QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_SHA256:
+        rv = rsa_sha256_sign_digest(&rsa->priv, data, s);
+        break;
+
+    case QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_SHA512:
+        rv = rsa_sha512_sign_digest(&rsa->priv, data, s);
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        error_setg(errp, "Unknown hash algorithm: %d", rsa->hash_alg);
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    if (rv != 1) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to make signature");
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+    nettle_mpz_get_str_256(sig_len, (uint8_t *)sig, s);
+    ret = nettle_mpz_sizeinbase_256_u(s);
+
+cleanup:
+    mpz_clear(s);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int qcrypto_nettle_rsa_verify(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                                     const void *sig, size_t sig_len,
+                                     const void *data, size_t data_len,
+                                     Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoNettleRSA *rsa = (QCryptoNettleRSA *)akcipher;
+
+    int ret = -1, rv;
+    mpz_t s;
+
+    /**
+     * The RSA algorithm cannot be used for signature/verification
+     * without padding.
+     */
+    if (rsa->padding_alg == QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_RAW) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Try to verify signature without padding");
+        return ret;
+    }
+    if (data_len > rsa->pub.size) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Data length %zu is greater than key size: %zu",
+                   data_len, rsa->pub.size);
+        return ret;
+    }
+    if (sig_len < rsa->pub.size) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Signature length %zu is greater than key size: %zu",
+                   sig_len, rsa->pub.size);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    nettle_mpz_init_set_str_256_u(s, sig_len, sig);
+    switch (rsa->hash_alg) {
+    case QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_MD5:
+        rv = rsa_md5_verify_digest(&rsa->pub, data, s);
+        break;
+
+    case QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_SHA1:
+        rv = rsa_sha1_verify_digest(&rsa->pub, data, s);
+        break;
+
+    case QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_SHA256:
+        rv = rsa_sha256_verify_digest(&rsa->pub, data, s);
+        break;
+
+    case QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_SHA512:
+        rv = rsa_sha512_verify_digest(&rsa->pub, data, s);
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        error_setg(errp, "Unsupported hash algorithm: %d", rsa->hash_alg);
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    if (rv != 1) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to verify signature");
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+    ret = 0;
+
+cleanup:
+    mpz_clear(s);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+QCryptoAkCipherDriver nettle_rsa = {
+    .encrypt = qcrypto_nettle_rsa_encrypt,
+    .decrypt = qcrypto_nettle_rsa_decrypt,
+    .sign = qcrypto_nettle_rsa_sign,
+    .verify = qcrypto_nettle_rsa_verify,
+    .free = qcrypto_nettle_rsa_free,
+};
+
+static QCryptoAkCipher *qcrypto_nettle_rsa_new(
+    const QCryptoAkCipherOptionsRSA *opt,
+    QCryptoAkCipherKeyType type,
+    const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen,
+    Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoNettleRSA *rsa = g_new0(QCryptoNettleRSA, 1);
+
+    rsa->padding_alg = opt->padding_alg;
+    rsa->hash_alg = opt->hash_alg;
+    rsa->akcipher.driver = &nettle_rsa;
+    rsa_public_key_init(&rsa->pub);
+    rsa_private_key_init(&rsa->priv);
+
+    switch (type) {
+    case QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PRIVATE:
+        if (qcrypt_nettle_parse_rsa_private_key(rsa, key, keylen, errp) != 0) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        break;
+
+    case QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC:
+        if (qcrypt_nettle_parse_rsa_public_key(rsa, key, keylen, errp) != 0) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        error_setg(errp, "Unknown akcipher key type %d", type);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    return (QCryptoAkCipher *)rsa;
+
+error:
+    qcrypto_nettle_rsa_free((QCryptoAkCipher *)rsa);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+bool qcrypto_akcipher_supports(QCryptoAkCipherOptions *opts)
+{
+    switch (opts->alg) {
+    case QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_ALG_RSA:
+        switch (opts->u.rsa.padding_alg) {
+        case QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_PKCS1:
+            switch (opts->u.rsa.hash_alg) {
+            case QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_MD5:
+            case QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_SHA1:
+            case QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_SHA256:
+            case QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_SHA512:
+                return true;
+
+            default:
+                return false;
+            }
+
+        case QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_RAW:
+        default:
+            return false;
+        }
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        return false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crypto/akcipher.c b/crypto/akcipher.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ad88379c1e72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crypto/akcipher.c
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU Crypto akcipher algorithms
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Bytedance
+ * Author: zhenwei pi <pizhenwei@bytedance.com>
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "crypto/akcipher.h"
+#include "akcipherpriv.h"
+
+#if defined(CONFIG_GCRYPT)
+#include "akcipher-gcrypt.c.inc"
+#elif defined(CONFIG_NETTLE) && defined(CONFIG_HOGWEED)
+#include "akcipher-nettle.c.inc"
+#else
+QCryptoAkCipher *qcrypto_akcipher_new(const QCryptoAkCipherOptions *opts,
+                                      QCryptoAkCipherKeyType type,
+                                      const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen,
+                                      Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher = NULL;
+
+    return akcipher;
+}
+
+bool qcrypto_akcipher_supports(QCryptoAkCipherOptions *opts)
+{
+    return false;
+}
+#endif
+
+int qcrypto_akcipher_encrypt(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                             const void *in, size_t in_len,
+                             void *out, size_t out_len, Error **errp)
+{
+    const QCryptoAkCipherDriver *drv = akcipher->driver;
+
+    return drv->encrypt(akcipher, in, in_len, out, out_len, errp);
+}
+
+int qcrypto_akcipher_decrypt(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                             const void *in, size_t in_len,
+                             void *out, size_t out_len, Error **errp)
+{
+    const QCryptoAkCipherDriver *drv = akcipher->driver;
+
+    return drv->decrypt(akcipher, in, in_len, out, out_len, errp);
+}
+
+int qcrypto_akcipher_sign(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                          const void *in, size_t in_len,
+                          void *out, size_t out_len, Error **errp)
+{
+    const QCryptoAkCipherDriver *drv = akcipher->driver;
+
+    return drv->sign(akcipher, in, in_len, out, out_len, errp);
+}
+
+int qcrypto_akcipher_verify(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                            const void *in, size_t in_len,
+                            const void *in2, size_t in2_len, Error **errp)
+{
+    const QCryptoAkCipherDriver *drv = akcipher->driver;
+
+    return drv->verify(akcipher, in, in_len, in2, in2_len, errp);
+}
+
+int qcrypto_akcipher_max_plaintext_len(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher)
+{
+    return akcipher->max_plaintext_len;
+}
+
+int qcrypto_akcipher_max_ciphertext_len(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher)
+{
+    return akcipher->max_ciphertext_len;
+}
+
+int qcrypto_akcipher_max_signature_len(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher)
+{
+    return akcipher->max_signature_len;
+}
+
+int qcrypto_akcipher_max_dgst_len(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher)
+{
+    return akcipher->max_dgst_len;
+}
+
+void qcrypto_akcipher_free(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher)
+{
+    const QCryptoAkCipherDriver *drv = akcipher->driver;
+
+    drv->free(akcipher);
+}
diff --git a/crypto/akcipherpriv.h b/crypto/akcipherpriv.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..739f639bcf26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crypto/akcipherpriv.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU Crypto asymmetric algorithms
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Bytedance
+ * Author: zhenwei pi <pizhenwei@bytedance.com>
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+#ifndef QCRYPTO_AKCIPHERPRIV_H
+#define QCRYPTO_AKCIPHERPRIV_H
+
+#include "qapi/qapi-types-crypto.h"
+
+typedef struct QCryptoAkCipherDriver QCryptoAkCipherDriver;
+
+struct QCryptoAkCipher {
+    QCryptoAkCipherAlgorithm alg;
+    QCryptoAkCipherKeyType type;
+    int max_plaintext_len;
+    int max_ciphertext_len;
+    int max_signature_len;
+    int max_dgst_len;
+    QCryptoAkCipherDriver *driver;
+};
+
+struct QCryptoAkCipherDriver {
+    int (*encrypt)(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                   const void *in, size_t in_len,
+                   void *out, size_t out_len, Error **errp);
+    int (*decrypt)(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                   const void *out, size_t out_len,
+                   void *in, size_t in_len, Error **errp);
+    int (*sign)(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                const void *in, size_t in_len,
+                void *out, size_t out_len, Error **errp);
+    int (*verify)(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                  const void *in, size_t in_len,
+                  const void *in2, size_t in2_len, Error **errp);
+    void (*free)(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher);
+};
+
+#endif /* QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_H */
diff --git a/crypto/der.c b/crypto/der.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f877390bbbed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crypto/der.c
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU Crypto ASN.1 DER decoder
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Bytedance
+ * Author: lei he <helei.sig11@bytedance.com>
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "crypto/der.h"
+
+enum QCryptoDERTypeTag {
+    QCRYPTO_DER_TYPE_TAG_BOOL = 0x1,
+    QCRYPTO_DER_TYPE_TAG_INT = 0x2,
+    QCRYPTO_DER_TYPE_TAG_BIT_STR = 0x3,
+    QCRYPTO_DER_TYPE_TAG_OCT_STR = 0x4,
+    QCRYPTO_DER_TYPE_TAG_OCT_NULL = 0x5,
+    QCRYPTO_DER_TYPE_TAG_OCT_OID = 0x6,
+    QCRYPTO_DER_TYPE_TAG_SEQ = 0x10,
+    QCRYPTO_DER_TYPE_TAG_SET = 0x11,
+};
+
+#define QCRYPTO_DER_CONSTRUCTED_MASK 0x20
+#define QCRYPTO_DER_SHORT_LEN_MASK 0x80
+
+static uint8_t qcrypto_der_peek_byte(const uint8_t **data, size_t *dlen)
+{
+    return **data;
+}
+
+static void qcrypto_der_cut_nbytes(const uint8_t **data,
+                                   size_t *dlen,
+                                   size_t nbytes)
+{
+    *data += nbytes;
+    *dlen -= nbytes;
+}
+
+static uint8_t qcrypto_der_cut_byte(const uint8_t **data, size_t *dlen)
+{
+    uint8_t val = qcrypto_der_peek_byte(data, dlen);
+
+    qcrypto_der_cut_nbytes(data, dlen, 1);
+
+    return val;
+}
+
+static int qcrypto_der_invoke_callback(QCryptoDERDecodeCb cb, void *ctx,
+                                       const uint8_t *value, size_t vlen,
+                                       Error **errp)
+{
+    if (!cb) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    return cb(ctx, value, vlen, errp);
+}
+
+static int qcrypto_der_extract_definite_data(const uint8_t **data, size_t *dlen,
+                                             QCryptoDERDecodeCb cb, void *ctx,
+                                             Error **errp)
+{
+    const uint8_t *value;
+    size_t vlen = 0;
+    uint8_t byte_count = qcrypto_der_cut_byte(data, dlen);
+
+    /* short format of definite-length */
+    if (!(byte_count & QCRYPTO_DER_SHORT_LEN_MASK)) {
+        if (byte_count > *dlen) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Invalid content length: %u", byte_count);
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        value = *data;
+        vlen = byte_count;
+        qcrypto_der_cut_nbytes(data, dlen, vlen);
+
+        if (qcrypto_der_invoke_callback(cb, ctx, value, vlen, errp) != 0) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        return vlen;
+    }
+
+    /* Ignore highest bit */
+    byte_count &= ~QCRYPTO_DER_SHORT_LEN_MASK;
+
+    /*
+     * size_t is enough to store the value of length, although the DER
+     * encoding standard supports larger length.
+     */
+    if (byte_count > sizeof(size_t)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Invalid byte count of content length: %u",
+                   byte_count);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (byte_count > *dlen) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Invalid content length: %u", byte_count);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    while (byte_count--) {
+        vlen <<= 8;
+        vlen += qcrypto_der_cut_byte(data, dlen);
+    }
+
+    if (vlen > *dlen) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Invalid content length: %zu", vlen);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    value = *data;
+    qcrypto_der_cut_nbytes(data, dlen, vlen);
+
+    if (qcrypto_der_invoke_callback(cb, ctx, value, vlen, errp) != 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return vlen;
+}
+
+static int qcrypto_der_extract_data(const uint8_t **data, size_t *dlen,
+                                    QCryptoDERDecodeCb cb, void *ctx,
+                                    Error **errp)
+{
+    uint8_t val;
+    if (*dlen < 1) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Need more data");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    val = qcrypto_der_peek_byte(data, dlen);
+
+    /* must use definite length format */
+    if (val == QCRYPTO_DER_SHORT_LEN_MASK) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Only definite length format is allowed");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return qcrypto_der_extract_definite_data(data, dlen, cb, ctx, errp);
+}
+
+int qcrypto_der_decode_int(const uint8_t **data, size_t *dlen,
+                           QCryptoDERDecodeCb cb, void *ctx, Error **errp)
+{
+    uint8_t tag;
+    if (*dlen < 1) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Need more data");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    tag = qcrypto_der_cut_byte(data, dlen);
+
+    /* INTEGER must encoded in primitive-form */
+    if (tag != QCRYPTO_DER_TYPE_TAG_INT) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Invalid integer type tag: %u", tag);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return qcrypto_der_extract_data(data, dlen, cb, ctx, errp);
+}
+
+int qcrypto_der_decode_seq(const uint8_t **data, size_t *dlen,
+                           QCryptoDERDecodeCb cb, void *ctx, Error **errp)
+{
+    uint8_t tag;
+    if (*dlen < 1) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Need more data");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    tag = qcrypto_der_cut_byte(data, dlen);
+
+    /* SEQUENCE must use constructed form */
+    if (tag != (QCRYPTO_DER_TYPE_TAG_SEQ | QCRYPTO_DER_CONSTRUCTED_MASK)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Invalid type sequence tag: %u", tag);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return qcrypto_der_extract_data(data, dlen, cb, ctx, errp);
+}
diff --git a/crypto/der.h b/crypto/der.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e3d3aeacdcbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crypto/der.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Bytedance
+ * Author: lei he <helei.sig11@bytedance.com>
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+#ifndef QCRYPTO_ASN1_DECODER_H
+#define QCRYPTO_ASN1_DECODER_H
+
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+
+/* Simple decoder used to parse DER encoded rsa keys. */
+
+/**
+ *  @opaque: user context.
+ *  @value: the starting address of |value| part of 'Tag-Length-Value' pattern.
+ *  @vlen: length of the |value|.
+ *  Returns: 0 for success, any other value is considered an error.
+ */
+typedef int (*QCryptoDERDecodeCb) (void *opaque, const uint8_t *value,
+                                   size_t vlen, Error **errp);
+
+/**
+ * qcrypto_der_decode_int:
+ * @data: pointer to address of input data
+ * @dlen: pointer to length of input data
+ * @cb: callback invoked when decode succeed, if cb equals NULL, no
+ * callback will be invoked
+ * @opaque: parameter passed to cb
+ *
+ * Decode integer from DER-encoded data.
+ *
+ * Returns: On success, *data points to rest data, and *dlen
+ * will be set to the rest length of data, if cb is not NULL, must
+ * return 0 to make decode success, at last, the length of the data
+ * part of the decoded INTEGER will be returned. Otherwise, -1 is
+ * returned.
+ */
+int qcrypto_der_decode_int(const uint8_t **data,
+                           size_t *dlen,
+                           QCryptoDERDecodeCb cb,
+                           void *opaque,
+                           Error **errp);
+
+/**
+ * qcrypto_der_decode_seq:
+ *
+ * Decode sequence from DER-encoded data, similar with der_decode_int.
+ *
+ * @data: pointer to address of input data
+ * @dlen: pointer to length of input data
+ * @cb: callback invoked when decode succeed, if cb equals NULL, no
+ * callback will be invoked
+ * @opaque: parameter passed to cb
+ *
+ * Returns: On success, *data points to rest data, and *dlen
+ * will be set to the rest length of data, if cb is not NULL, must
+ * return 0 to make decode success, at last, the length of the data
+ * part of the decoded SEQUENCE will be returned. Otherwise, -1 is
+ * returned.
+ */
+int qcrypto_der_decode_seq(const uint8_t **data,
+                           size_t *dlen,
+                           QCryptoDERDecodeCb cb,
+                           void *opaque,
+                           Error **errp);
+
+#endif  /* QCRYPTO_ASN1_DECODER_H */
diff --git a/crypto/meson.build b/crypto/meson.build
index 685fb37097d3..5f03a30d342d 100644
--- a/crypto/meson.build
+++ b/crypto/meson.build
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 crypto_ss.add(genh)
 crypto_ss.add(files(
   'afsplit.c',
+  'akcipher.c',
   'block-luks.c',
   'block-qcow.c',
   'block.c',
   'cipher.c',
+  'der.c',
   'hash.c',
   'hmac.c',
   'ivgen-essiv.c',
@@ -19,10 +21,14 @@ crypto_ss.add(files(
   'tlscredspsk.c',
   'tlscredsx509.c',
   'tlssession.c',
+  'rsakey.c',
 ))
 
 if nettle.found()
   crypto_ss.add(nettle, files('hash-nettle.c', 'hmac-nettle.c', 'pbkdf-nettle.c'))
+  if hogweed.found()
+    crypto_ss.add(gmp, hogweed)
+  endif
   if xts == 'private'
     crypto_ss.add(files('xts.c'))
   endif
diff --git a/crypto/rsakey-builtin.c.inc b/crypto/rsakey-builtin.c.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..aeeacc8f9bfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crypto/rsakey-builtin.c.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU Crypto akcipher algorithms
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Bytedance
+ * Author: lei he <helei.sig11@bytedance.com>
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "der.h"
+#include "rsakey.h"
+
+static int extract_mpi(void *ctx, const uint8_t *value,
+                       size_t vlen, Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoAkCipherMPI *mpi = (QCryptoAkCipherMPI *)ctx;
+    if (vlen == 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Empty mpi field");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    mpi->data = g_memdup2(value, vlen);
+    mpi->len = vlen;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int extract_version(void *ctx, const uint8_t *value,
+                           size_t vlen, Error **errp)
+{
+    uint8_t *version = (uint8_t *)ctx;
+    if (vlen != 1 || *value > 1) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Invalid rsakey version");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    *version = *value;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int extract_seq_content(void *ctx, const uint8_t *value,
+                               size_t vlen, Error **errp)
+{
+    const uint8_t **content = (const uint8_t **)ctx;
+    if (vlen == 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Empty sequence");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    *content = value;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ *
+ *        RsaPubKey ::= SEQUENCE {
+ *             n           INTEGER
+ *             e           INTEGER
+ *         }
+ */
+static QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey *qcrypto_builtin_rsa_public_key_parse(
+    const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen, Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey *rsa = g_new0(QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey, 1);
+    const uint8_t *seq;
+    size_t seq_length;
+    int decode_ret;
+
+    decode_ret = qcrypto_der_decode_seq(&key, &keylen,
+                                        extract_seq_content, &seq, errp);
+    if (decode_ret < 0 || keylen != 0) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    seq_length = decode_ret;
+
+    if (qcrypto_der_decode_int(&seq, &seq_length, extract_mpi,
+                               &rsa->n, errp) < 0 ||
+        qcrypto_der_decode_int(&seq, &seq_length, extract_mpi,
+                               &rsa->e, errp) < 0) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    if (seq_length != 0) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    return rsa;
+
+error:
+    if (errp && !*errp) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Invalid RSA public key");
+    }
+    qcrypto_akcipher_rsakey_free(rsa);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+ *        RsaPrivKey ::= SEQUENCE {
+ *             version     INTEGER
+ *             n           INTEGER
+ *             e           INTEGER
+ *             d           INTEGER
+ *             p           INTEGER
+ *             q           INTEGER
+ *             dp          INTEGER
+ *             dq          INTEGER
+ *             u           INTEGER
+ *       otherPrimeInfos   OtherPrimeInfos OPTIONAL
+ *         }
+ */
+static QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey *qcrypto_builtin_rsa_private_key_parse(
+    const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen, Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey *rsa = g_new0(QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey, 1);
+    uint8_t version;
+    const uint8_t *seq;
+    int decode_ret;
+    size_t seq_length;
+
+    decode_ret = qcrypto_der_decode_seq(&key, &keylen, extract_seq_content,
+                                        &seq, errp);
+    if (decode_ret < 0 || keylen != 0) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    seq_length = decode_ret;
+
+    decode_ret = qcrypto_der_decode_int(&seq, &seq_length, extract_version,
+                                        &version, errp);
+
+    if (qcrypto_der_decode_int(&seq, &seq_length, extract_mpi,
+                               &rsa->n, errp) < 0 ||
+        qcrypto_der_decode_int(&seq, &seq_length, extract_mpi,
+                               &rsa->e, errp) < 0 ||
+        qcrypto_der_decode_int(&seq, &seq_length, extract_mpi,
+                               &rsa->d, errp) < 0 ||
+        qcrypto_der_decode_int(&seq, &seq_length, extract_mpi, &rsa->p,
+                               errp) < 0 ||
+        qcrypto_der_decode_int(&seq, &seq_length, extract_mpi, &rsa->q,
+                               errp) < 0 ||
+        qcrypto_der_decode_int(&seq, &seq_length, extract_mpi, &rsa->dp,
+                               errp) < 0 ||
+        qcrypto_der_decode_int(&seq, &seq_length, extract_mpi, &rsa->dq,
+                               errp) < 0 ||
+        qcrypto_der_decode_int(&seq, &seq_length, extract_mpi, &rsa->u,
+                               errp) < 0) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * According to the standard, otherPrimeInfos must be present for version 1.
+     * There is no strict verification here, this is to be compatible with
+     * the unit test of the kernel. TODO: remove this until linux kernel's
+     * unit-test is fixed.
+     */
+    if (version == 1 && seq_length != 0) {
+        if (qcrypto_der_decode_seq(&seq, &seq_length, NULL, NULL, errp) < 0) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        if (seq_length != 0) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        return rsa;
+    }
+    if (seq_length != 0) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    return rsa;
+
+error:
+    if (errp && !*errp) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Invalid RSA private key");
+    }
+    qcrypto_akcipher_rsakey_free(rsa);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey *qcrypto_akcipher_rsakey_parse(
+    QCryptoAkCipherKeyType type, const uint8_t *key,
+    size_t keylen, Error **errp)
+{
+    switch (type) {
+    case QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PRIVATE:
+        return qcrypto_builtin_rsa_private_key_parse(key, keylen, errp);
+
+    case QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC:
+        return qcrypto_builtin_rsa_public_key_parse(key, keylen, errp);
+
+    default:
+        error_setg(errp, "Unknown key type: %d", type);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crypto/rsakey-nettle.c.inc b/crypto/rsakey-nettle.c.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cc49872e78d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crypto/rsakey-nettle.c.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU Crypto akcipher algorithms
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Bytedance
+ * Author: lei he <helei.sig11@bytedance.com>
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <nettle/asn1.h>
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+#include "rsakey.h"
+
+static bool DumpMPI(struct asn1_der_iterator *i, QCryptoAkCipherMPI *mpi)
+{
+    mpi->data = g_memdup2(i->data, i->length);
+    mpi->len = i->length;
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool GetMPI(struct asn1_der_iterator *i, QCryptoAkCipherMPI *mpi)
+{
+    if (asn1_der_iterator_next(i) != ASN1_ITERATOR_PRIMITIVE ||
+        i->type != ASN1_INTEGER) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return DumpMPI(i, mpi);
+}
+
+/**
+ *        RsaPrivKey ::= SEQUENCE {
+ *             version     INTEGER
+ *             n           INTEGER
+ *             e           INTEGER
+ *             d           INTEGER
+ *             p           INTEGER
+ *             q           INTEGER
+ *             dp          INTEGER
+ *             dq          INTEGER
+ *             u           INTEGER
+ *       otherPrimeInfos   OtherPrimeInfos OPTIONAL
+ *         }
+ */
+static QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey *qcrypto_nettle_rsa_private_key_parse(
+    const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen, Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey *rsa = g_new0(QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey, 1);
+    struct asn1_der_iterator i;
+    uint32_t version;
+    int tag;
+
+    /* Parse entire struct */
+    if (asn1_der_iterator_first(&i, keylen, key) != ASN1_ITERATOR_CONSTRUCTED ||
+        i.type != ASN1_SEQUENCE ||
+        asn1_der_decode_constructed_last(&i) != ASN1_ITERATOR_PRIMITIVE ||
+        i.type != ASN1_INTEGER ||
+        !asn1_der_get_uint32(&i, &version) ||
+        version > 1 ||
+        !GetMPI(&i, &rsa->n) ||
+        !GetMPI(&i, &rsa->e) ||
+        !GetMPI(&i, &rsa->d) ||
+        !GetMPI(&i, &rsa->p) ||
+        !GetMPI(&i, &rsa->q) ||
+        !GetMPI(&i, &rsa->dp) ||
+        !GetMPI(&i, &rsa->dq) ||
+        !GetMPI(&i, &rsa->u)) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (version == 1) {
+        tag = asn1_der_iterator_next(&i);
+        /**
+         * According to the standard otherPrimeInfos must be present for
+         * version 1. There is no strict verification here, this is to be
+         * compatible with the unit test of the kernel. TODO: remove this
+         * until linux-kernel's unit-test is fixed;
+         */
+        if (tag == ASN1_ITERATOR_END) {
+            return rsa;
+        }
+        if (tag != ASN1_ITERATOR_CONSTRUCTED ||
+            i.type != ASN1_SEQUENCE) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (asn1_der_iterator_next(&i) != ASN1_ITERATOR_END) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    return rsa;
+
+error:
+    error_setg(errp, "Failed to parse RSA private key");
+    qcrypto_akcipher_rsakey_free(rsa);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+ *        RsaPubKey ::= SEQUENCE {
+ *             n           INTEGER
+ *             e           INTEGER
+ *         }
+ */
+static QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey *qcrypto_nettle_rsa_public_key_parse(
+    const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen, Error **errp)
+{
+
+    QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey *rsa = g_new0(QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey, 1);
+    struct asn1_der_iterator i;
+
+    if (asn1_der_iterator_first(&i, keylen, key) != ASN1_ITERATOR_CONSTRUCTED ||
+        i.type != ASN1_SEQUENCE ||
+        asn1_der_decode_constructed_last(&i) != ASN1_ITERATOR_PRIMITIVE ||
+        !DumpMPI(&i, &rsa->n) ||
+        !GetMPI(&i, &rsa->e) ||
+        asn1_der_iterator_next(&i) != ASN1_ITERATOR_END) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    return rsa;
+
+error:
+    error_setg(errp, "Failed to parse RSA public key");
+    qcrypto_akcipher_rsakey_free(rsa);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey *qcrypto_akcipher_rsakey_parse(
+    QCryptoAkCipherKeyType type, const uint8_t *key,
+    size_t keylen, Error **errp)
+{
+    switch (type) {
+    case QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PRIVATE:
+        return qcrypto_nettle_rsa_private_key_parse(key, keylen, errp);
+
+    case QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC:
+        return qcrypto_nettle_rsa_public_key_parse(key, keylen, errp);
+
+    default:
+        error_setg(errp, "Unknown key type: %d", type);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crypto/rsakey.c b/crypto/rsakey.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cc40e072f07b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crypto/rsakey.c
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU Crypto RSA key parser
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Bytedance
+ * Author: lei he <helei.sig11@bytedance.com>
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "rsakey.h"
+
+void qcrypto_akcipher_rsakey_free(QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey *rsa_key)
+{
+    if (!rsa_key) {
+        return;
+    }
+    g_free(rsa_key->n.data);
+    g_free(rsa_key->e.data);
+    g_free(rsa_key->d.data);
+    g_free(rsa_key->p.data);
+    g_free(rsa_key->q.data);
+    g_free(rsa_key->dp.data);
+    g_free(rsa_key->dq.data);
+    g_free(rsa_key->u.data);
+    g_free(rsa_key);
+}
+
+#if defined(CONFIG_NETTLE) && defined(CONFIG_HOGWEED)
+#include "rsakey-nettle.c.inc"
+#else
+#include "rsakey-builtin.c.inc"
+#endif
diff --git a/crypto/rsakey.h b/crypto/rsakey.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..974b76f65992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crypto/rsakey.h
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU Crypto RSA key parser
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Bytedance
+ * Author: lei he <helei.sig11@bytedance.com>
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+#ifndef QCRYPTO_RSAKEY_H
+#define QCRYPTO_RSAKEY_H
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "qemu/host-utils.h"
+#include "crypto/akcipher.h"
+
+typedef struct QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey;
+typedef struct QCryptoAkCipherMPI QCryptoAkCipherMPI;
+
+/**
+ * Multiple precious integer, encoded as two' complement,
+ * copied directly from DER encoded ASN.1 structures.
+ */
+struct QCryptoAkCipherMPI {
+    uint8_t *data;
+    size_t len;
+};
+
+/* See rfc2437: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2437 */
+struct QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey {
+    /* The modulus */
+    QCryptoAkCipherMPI n;
+    /* The public exponent */
+    QCryptoAkCipherMPI e;
+    /* The private exponent */
+    QCryptoAkCipherMPI d;
+    /* The first factor */
+    QCryptoAkCipherMPI p;
+    /* The second factor */
+    QCryptoAkCipherMPI q;
+    /* The first factor's exponent */
+    QCryptoAkCipherMPI dp;
+    /* The second factor's exponent */
+    QCryptoAkCipherMPI dq;
+    /* The CRT coefficient */
+    QCryptoAkCipherMPI u;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Parse DER encoded ASN.1 RSA keys, expected ASN.1 schemas:
+ *        RsaPrivKey ::= SEQUENCE {
+ *             version     INTEGER
+ *             n           INTEGER
+ *             e           INTEGER
+ *             d           INTEGER
+ *             p           INTEGER
+ *             q           INTEGER
+ *             dp          INTEGER
+ *             dq          INTEGER
+ *             u           INTEGER
+ *       otherPrimeInfos   OtherPrimeInfos OPTIONAL
+ *         }
+ *
+ *        RsaPubKey ::= SEQUENCE {
+ *             n           INTEGER
+ *             e           INTEGER
+ *         }
+ *
+ * Returns: On success QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey is returned, otherwise returns NULL
+ */
+QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey *qcrypto_akcipher_rsakey_parse(
+    QCryptoAkCipherKeyType type,
+    const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen, Error **errp);
+
+void qcrypto_akcipher_rsakey_free(QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey *key);
+
+G_DEFINE_AUTOPTR_CLEANUP_FUNC(QCryptoAkCipherRSAKey,
+                              qcrypto_akcipher_rsakey_free);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/crypto/akcipher.h b/include/crypto/akcipher.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..51f5fa2774eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/crypto/akcipher.h
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU Crypto asymmetric algorithms
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Bytedance
+ * Author: zhenwei pi <pizhenwei@bytedance.com>
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+#ifndef QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_H
+#define QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_H
+
+#include "qapi/qapi-types-crypto.h"
+
+typedef struct QCryptoAkCipher QCryptoAkCipher;
+
+/**
+ * qcrypto_akcipher_supports:
+ * @opts: the asymmetric key algorithm and related options
+ *
+ * Determine if asymmetric key cipher decribed with @opts is
+ * supported by the current configured build
+ *
+ * Returns: true if it is supported, false otherwise.
+ */
+bool qcrypto_akcipher_supports(QCryptoAkCipherOptions *opts);
+
+/**
+ * qcrypto_akcipher_new:
+ * @opts: specify the algorithm and the related arguments
+ * @type: private or public key type
+ * @key: buffer to store the key
+ * @key_len: the length of key buffer
+ * @errp: error pointer
+ *
+ * Create akcipher context
+ *
+ * Returns: On success, a new QCryptoAkCipher initialized with @opt
+ * is created and returned, otherwise NULL is returned.
+ */
+
+QCryptoAkCipher *qcrypto_akcipher_new(const QCryptoAkCipherOptions *opts,
+                                      QCryptoAkCipherKeyType type,
+                                      const uint8_t *key, size_t key_len,
+                                      Error **errp);
+
+/**
+ * qcrypto_akcipher_encrypt:
+ * @akcipher: akcipher context
+ * @in: plaintext pending to be encrypted
+ * @in_len: length of plaintext, less or equal to the size reported
+ *          by a call to qcrypto_akcipher_max_plaintext_len()
+ * @out: buffer to store the ciphertext
+ * @out_len: length of ciphertext, less or equal to the size reported
+ *           by a call to qcrypto_akcipher_max_ciphertext_len()
+ * @errp: error pointer
+ *
+ * Encrypt @in and write ciphertext into @out
+ *
+ * Returns: length of ciphertext if encrypt succeed,
+ *          otherwise -1 is returned
+ */
+int qcrypto_akcipher_encrypt(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                             const void *in, size_t in_len,
+                             void *out, size_t out_len, Error **errp);
+
+/**
+ * qcrypto_akcipher_decrypt:
+ * @akcipher: akcipher context
+ * @in: ciphertext to be decrypted
+ * @in_len: the length of ciphertext, less or equal to the size reported
+ *          by a call to qcrypto_akcipher_max_ciphertext_len()
+ * @out: buffer to store the plaintext
+ * @out_len: length of the plaintext buffer, less or equal to the size
+ *           reported by a call to qcrypto_akcipher_max_plaintext_len()
+ * @errp: error pointer
+ *
+ * Decrypt @in and write plaintext into @out
+ *
+ * Returns: length of plaintext if decrypt succeed,
+ *          otherwise -1 is returned
+ */
+int qcrypto_akcipher_decrypt(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                             const void *in, size_t in_len,
+                             void *out, size_t out_len, Error **errp);
+
+/**
+ * qcrypto_akcipher_sign:
+ * @akcipher: akcipher context
+ * @in: data to be signed
+ * @in_len: the length of data, less or equal to the size reported
+ *          by a call to qcrypto_akcipher_max_dgst_len()
+ * @out: buffer to store the signature
+ * @out_len: length of the signature buffer, less or equal to the size
+ *           by a call to qcrypto_akcipher_max_signature_len()
+ * @errp: error pointer
+ *
+ * Generate signature for @in, write into @out
+ *
+ * Returns: length of signature if succeed,
+ *          otherwise -1 is returned
+ */
+int qcrypto_akcipher_sign(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                          const void *in, size_t in_len,
+                          void *out, size_t out_len, Error **errp);
+
+/**
+ * qcrypto_akcipher_verify:
+ * @akcipher: akcipher context
+ * @in: pointer to the signature
+ * @in_len: length of signature, ess or equal to the size reported
+ *          by a call to qcrypto_akcipher_max_signature_len()
+ * @in2: pointer to original data
+ * @in2_len: the length of original data, less or equal to the size
+ *           by a call to qcrypto_akcipher_max_dgst_len()
+ * @errp: error pointer
+ *
+ * Verify @in and @in2 match or not
+ *
+ * Returns: 0 for succeed,
+ *          otherwise -1 is returned
+ */
+int qcrypto_akcipher_verify(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher,
+                            const void *in, size_t in_len,
+                            const void *in2, size_t in2_len, Error **errp);
+
+int qcrypto_akcipher_max_plaintext_len(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher);
+
+int qcrypto_akcipher_max_ciphertext_len(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher);
+
+int qcrypto_akcipher_max_signature_len(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher);
+
+int qcrypto_akcipher_max_dgst_len(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher);
+
+/**
+ * qcrypto_akcipher_free:
+ * @akcipher: akcipher context
+ *
+ * Free the akcipher context
+ *
+ */
+void qcrypto_akcipher_free(QCryptoAkCipher *akcipher);
+
+G_DEFINE_AUTOPTR_CLEANUP_FUNC(QCryptoAkCipher, qcrypto_akcipher_free)
+
+#endif /* QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_H */
diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index 9ebc00f0329d..df7c34b07653 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -1121,6 +1121,7 @@ endif
 # gcrypt over nettle for performance reasons.
 gcrypt = not_found
 nettle = not_found
+hogweed = not_found
 xts = 'none'
 
 if get_option('nettle').enabled() and get_option('gcrypt').enabled()
@@ -1158,6 +1159,15 @@ if not gnutls_crypto.found()
   endif
 endif
 
+gmp = dependency('gmp', required: false, method: 'pkg-config', kwargs: static_kwargs)
+if nettle.found() and gmp.found()
+  hogweed = dependency('hogweed', version: '>=3.4',
+                       method: 'pkg-config',
+                       required: get_option('nettle'),
+                       kwargs: static_kwargs)
+endif
+
+
 gtk = not_found
 gtkx11 = not_found
 vte = not_found
@@ -1769,6 +1779,7 @@ config_host_data.set('CONFIG_GNUTLS_CRYPTO', gnutls_crypto.found())
 config_host_data.set('CONFIG_TASN1', tasn1.found())
 config_host_data.set('CONFIG_GCRYPT', gcrypt.found())
 config_host_data.set('CONFIG_NETTLE', nettle.found())
+config_host_data.set('CONFIG_HOGWEED', hogweed.found())
 config_host_data.set('CONFIG_QEMU_PRIVATE_XTS', xts == 'private')
 config_host_data.set('CONFIG_MALLOC_TRIM', has_malloc_trim)
 config_host_data.set('CONFIG_STATX', has_statx)
diff --git a/qapi/crypto.json b/qapi/crypto.json
index 15c24f00781d..653e6e3f3de2 100644
--- a/qapi/crypto.json
+++ b/qapi/crypto.json
@@ -534,3 +534,67 @@
   'data': { '*loaded': { 'type': 'bool', 'features': ['deprecated'] },
             '*sanity-check': 'bool',
             '*passwordid': 'str' } }
+##
+# @QCryptoAkCipherAlgorithm:
+#
+# The supported algorithms for asymmetric encryption ciphers
+#
+# @rsa: RSA algorithm
+#
+# Since: 7.1
+##
+{ 'enum': 'QCryptoAkCipherAlgorithm',
+  'prefix': 'QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_ALG',
+  'data': ['rsa']}
+
+##
+# @QCryptoAkCipherKeyType:
+#
+# The type of asymmetric keys.
+#
+# Since: 7.1
+##
+{ 'enum': 'QCryptoAkCipherKeyType',
+  'prefix': 'QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE',
+  'data': ['public', 'private']}
+
+##
+# @QCryptoRSAPaddingAlgorithm:
+#
+# The padding algorithm for RSA.
+#
+# @raw: no padding used
+# @pkcs1: pkcs1#v1.5
+#
+# Since: 7.1
+##
+{ 'enum': 'QCryptoRSAPaddingAlgorithm',
+  'prefix': 'QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG',
+  'data': ['raw', 'pkcs1']}
+
+##
+# @QCryptoAkCipherOptionsRSA:
+#
+# Specific parameters for RSA algorithm.
+#
+# @hash-alg: QCryptoHashAlgorithm
+# @padding-alg: QCryptoRSAPaddingAlgorithm
+#
+# Since: 7.1
+##
+{ 'struct': 'QCryptoAkCipherOptionsRSA',
+  'data': { 'hash-alg':'QCryptoHashAlgorithm',
+            'padding-alg': 'QCryptoRSAPaddingAlgorithm'}}
+
+##
+# @QCryptoAkCipherOptions:
+#
+# The options that are available for all asymmetric key algorithms
+# when creating a new QCryptoAkCipher.
+#
+# Since: 7.1
+##
+{ 'union': 'QCryptoAkCipherOptions',
+  'base': { 'alg': 'QCryptoAkCipherAlgorithm' },
+  'discriminator': 'alg',
+  'data': { 'rsa': 'QCryptoAkCipherOptionsRSA' }}
diff --git a/tests/bench/benchmark-crypto-akcipher.c b/tests/bench/benchmark-crypto-akcipher.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..15e69557ed54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/bench/benchmark-crypto-akcipher.c
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU Crypto akcipher speed benchmark
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Bytedance
+ *
+ * Authors:
+ *    lei he <helei.sig11@bytedance.com>
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or
+ * (at your option) any later version.  See the COPYING file in the
+ * top-level directory.
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "crypto/init.h"
+#include "crypto/akcipher.h"
+#include "standard-headers/linux/virtio_crypto.h"
+
+#include "test_akcipher_keys.inc"
+
+static QCryptoAkCipher *create_rsa_akcipher(const uint8_t *priv_key,
+                                            size_t keylen,
+                                            QCryptoRSAPaddingAlgorithm padding,
+                                            QCryptoHashAlgorithm hash)
+{
+    QCryptoAkCipherOptions opt;
+    QCryptoAkCipher *rsa;
+
+    opt.alg = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_ALG_RSA;
+    opt.u.rsa.padding_alg = padding;
+    opt.u.rsa.hash_alg = hash;
+    rsa = qcrypto_akcipher_new(&opt, QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PRIVATE,
+                               priv_key, keylen, &error_abort);
+    return rsa;
+}
+
+static void test_rsa_speed(const uint8_t *priv_key, size_t keylen,
+                           size_t key_size)
+{
+#define BYTE 8
+#define SHA1_DGST_LEN 20
+#define SIGN_TIMES 10000
+#define VERIFY_TIMES 100000
+#define PADDING QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_PKCS1
+#define HASH QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_SHA1
+
+    g_autoptr(QCryptoAkCipher) rsa =
+        create_rsa_akcipher(priv_key, keylen, PADDING, HASH);
+    g_autofree uint8_t *dgst = NULL;
+    g_autofree uint8_t *signature = NULL;
+    size_t count;
+
+    dgst = g_new0(uint8_t, SHA1_DGST_LEN);
+    memset(dgst, g_test_rand_int(), SHA1_DGST_LEN);
+    signature = g_new0(uint8_t, key_size / BYTE);
+
+    g_test_message("benchmark rsa%zu (%s-%s) sign...", key_size,
+                   QCryptoRSAPaddingAlgorithm_str(PADDING),
+                   QCryptoHashAlgorithm_str(HASH));
+    g_test_timer_start();
+    for (count = 0; count < SIGN_TIMES; ++count) {
+        g_assert(qcrypto_akcipher_sign(rsa, dgst, SHA1_DGST_LEN,
+                                       signature, key_size / BYTE,
+                                       &error_abort) > 0);
+    }
+    g_test_timer_elapsed();
+    g_test_message("rsa%zu (%s-%s) sign %zu times in %.2f seconds,"
+                   " %.2f times/sec ",
+                   key_size,  QCryptoRSAPaddingAlgorithm_str(PADDING),
+                   QCryptoHashAlgorithm_str(HASH),
+                   count, g_test_timer_last(),
+                   (double)count / g_test_timer_last());
+
+    g_test_message("benchmark rsa%zu (%s-%s) verification...", key_size,
+                   QCryptoRSAPaddingAlgorithm_str(PADDING),
+                   QCryptoHashAlgorithm_str(HASH));
+    g_test_timer_start();
+    for (count = 0; count < VERIFY_TIMES; ++count) {
+        g_assert(qcrypto_akcipher_verify(rsa, signature, key_size / BYTE,
+                                         dgst, SHA1_DGST_LEN,
+                                         &error_abort) == 0);
+    }
+    g_test_timer_elapsed();
+    g_test_message("rsa%zu (%s-%s) verify %zu times in %.2f seconds,"
+                   " %.2f times/sec ",
+                   key_size, QCryptoRSAPaddingAlgorithm_str(PADDING),
+                   QCryptoHashAlgorithm_str(HASH),
+                   count, g_test_timer_last(),
+                   (double)count / g_test_timer_last());
+}
+
+static void test_rsa_1024_speed(const void *opaque)
+{
+    size_t key_size = (size_t)opaque;
+    test_rsa_speed(rsa1024_priv_key, sizeof(rsa1024_priv_key), key_size);
+}
+
+static void test_rsa_2048_speed(const void *opaque)
+{
+    size_t key_size = (size_t)opaque;
+    test_rsa_speed(rsa2048_priv_key, sizeof(rsa2048_priv_key), key_size);
+}
+
+static void test_rsa_4096_speed(const void *opaque)
+{
+    size_t key_size = (size_t)opaque;
+    test_rsa_speed(rsa4096_priv_key, sizeof(rsa4096_priv_key), key_size);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    char *alg = NULL;
+    char *size = NULL;
+    g_test_init(&argc, &argv, NULL);
+    g_assert(qcrypto_init(NULL) == 0);
+
+#define ADD_TEST(asym_alg, keysize)                    \
+    if ((!alg || g_str_equal(alg, #asym_alg)) &&       \
+        (!size || g_str_equal(size, #keysize)))        \
+        g_test_add_data_func(                          \
+        "/crypto/akcipher/" #asym_alg "-" #keysize,    \
+        (void *)keysize,                               \
+        test_ ## asym_alg ## _ ## keysize ## _speed)
+
+    if (argc >= 2) {
+        alg = argv[1];
+    }
+    if (argc >= 3) {
+        size = argv[2];
+    }
+
+    ADD_TEST(rsa, 1024);
+    ADD_TEST(rsa, 2048);
+    ADD_TEST(rsa, 4096);
+
+    return g_test_run();
+}
diff --git a/tests/bench/meson.build b/tests/bench/meson.build
index 00b3c209dcbd..279a8fcc3390 100644
--- a/tests/bench/meson.build
+++ b/tests/bench/meson.build
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ if have_block
      'benchmark-crypto-hash': [crypto],
      'benchmark-crypto-hmac': [crypto],
      'benchmark-crypto-cipher': [crypto],
+     'benchmark-crypto-akcipher': [crypto],
   }
 endif
 
diff --git a/tests/bench/test_akcipher_keys.inc b/tests/bench/test_akcipher_keys.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..df3eccb45ecc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/bench/test_akcipher_keys.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,537 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Bytedance, and/or its affiliates
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
+ * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ *
+ * Author: lei he <helei.sig11@bytedance.com>
+ */
+
+/* RSA test keys, generated by OpenSSL */
+static const uint8_t rsa1024_priv_key[] = {
+    0x30, 0x82, 0x02, 0x5c, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02,
+    0x81, 0x81, 0x00, 0xe6, 0x4d, 0x76, 0x4f, 0xb2,
+    0x97, 0x09, 0xad, 0x9d, 0x17, 0x33, 0xf2, 0x30,
+    0x42, 0x83, 0xa9, 0xcb, 0x49, 0xa4, 0x2e, 0x59,
+    0x5e, 0x75, 0x51, 0xd1, 0xac, 0xc8, 0x86, 0x3e,
+    0xdb, 0x72, 0x2e, 0xb2, 0xf7, 0xc3, 0x5b, 0xc7,
+    0xea, 0xed, 0x30, 0xd1, 0xf7, 0x37, 0xee, 0x9d,
+    0x36, 0x59, 0x6f, 0xf8, 0xce, 0xc0, 0x5c, 0x82,
+    0x80, 0x37, 0x83, 0xd7, 0x45, 0x6a, 0xe9, 0xea,
+    0xc5, 0x3a, 0x59, 0x6b, 0x34, 0x31, 0x44, 0x00,
+    0x74, 0xa7, 0x29, 0xab, 0x79, 0x4a, 0xbd, 0xe8,
+    0x25, 0x35, 0x01, 0x11, 0x40, 0xbf, 0x31, 0xbd,
+    0xd3, 0xe0, 0x68, 0x1e, 0xd5, 0x5b, 0x2f, 0xe9,
+    0x20, 0xf2, 0x9f, 0x46, 0x35, 0x30, 0xa8, 0xf1,
+    0xfe, 0xef, 0xd8, 0x76, 0x23, 0x46, 0x34, 0x70,
+    0xa1, 0xce, 0xc6, 0x65, 0x6d, 0xb0, 0x94, 0x7e,
+    0xe5, 0x92, 0x45, 0x7b, 0xaa, 0xbb, 0x95, 0x97,
+    0x77, 0xcd, 0xd3, 0x02, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01,
+    0x02, 0x81, 0x80, 0x30, 0x6a, 0xc4, 0x9e, 0xc8,
+    0xba, 0xfc, 0x2b, 0xe5, 0xc4, 0xc5, 0x04, 0xfb,
+    0xa4, 0x60, 0x2d, 0xc8, 0x31, 0x39, 0x35, 0x0d,
+    0x50, 0xd0, 0x75, 0x5d, 0x11, 0x68, 0x2e, 0xe0,
+    0xf4, 0x1d, 0xb3, 0x37, 0xa8, 0xe3, 0x07, 0x5e,
+    0xa6, 0x43, 0x2b, 0x6a, 0x59, 0x01, 0x07, 0x47,
+    0x41, 0xef, 0xd7, 0x9c, 0x85, 0x4a, 0xe7, 0xa7,
+    0xff, 0xf0, 0xab, 0xe5, 0x0c, 0x11, 0x08, 0x10,
+    0x75, 0x5a, 0x68, 0xa0, 0x08, 0x03, 0xc9, 0x40,
+    0x79, 0x67, 0x1d, 0x65, 0x89, 0x2d, 0x08, 0xf9,
+    0xb5, 0x1b, 0x7d, 0xd2, 0x41, 0x3b, 0x33, 0xf2,
+    0x47, 0x2f, 0x9c, 0x0b, 0xd5, 0xaf, 0xcb, 0xdb,
+    0xbb, 0x37, 0x63, 0x03, 0xf8, 0xe7, 0x2e, 0xc7,
+    0x3c, 0x86, 0x9f, 0xc2, 0x9b, 0xb4, 0x70, 0x6a,
+    0x4d, 0x7c, 0xe4, 0x1b, 0x3a, 0xa9, 0xae, 0xd7,
+    0xce, 0x7f, 0x56, 0xc2, 0x73, 0x5e, 0x58, 0x63,
+    0xd5, 0x86, 0x41, 0x02, 0x41, 0x00, 0xf6, 0x56,
+    0x69, 0xec, 0xef, 0x65, 0x95, 0xdc, 0x25, 0x47,
+    0xe0, 0x6f, 0xb0, 0x4f, 0x79, 0x77, 0x0a, 0x5e,
+    0x46, 0xcb, 0xbd, 0x0b, 0x71, 0x51, 0x2a, 0xa4,
+    0x65, 0x29, 0x18, 0xc6, 0x30, 0xa0, 0x95, 0x4c,
+    0x4b, 0xbe, 0x8c, 0x40, 0xe3, 0x9c, 0x23, 0x02,
+    0x14, 0x43, 0xe9, 0x64, 0xea, 0xe3, 0xa8, 0xe2,
+    0x1a, 0xd5, 0xf9, 0x5c, 0xe0, 0x36, 0x2c, 0x97,
+    0xda, 0xd5, 0xc7, 0x46, 0xce, 0x11, 0x02, 0x41,
+    0x00, 0xef, 0x56, 0x08, 0xb8, 0x29, 0xa5, 0xa6,
+    0x7c, 0xf7, 0x5f, 0xb4, 0xf5, 0x63, 0xe7, 0xeb,
+    0x45, 0xfd, 0x89, 0xaa, 0x94, 0xa6, 0x3d, 0x0b,
+    0xd9, 0x04, 0x6f, 0x78, 0xe0, 0xbb, 0xa2, 0xd4,
+    0x29, 0x83, 0x17, 0x95, 0x6f, 0x50, 0x3d, 0x40,
+    0x5d, 0xe5, 0x24, 0xda, 0xc2, 0x23, 0x50, 0x86,
+    0xa8, 0x34, 0xc8, 0x6f, 0xec, 0x7f, 0xb6, 0x45,
+    0x3a, 0xdd, 0x78, 0x9b, 0xee, 0xa1, 0xe4, 0x09,
+    0xa3, 0x02, 0x40, 0x5c, 0xd6, 0x66, 0x67, 0x58,
+    0x35, 0xc5, 0xcb, 0xc8, 0xf5, 0x14, 0xbd, 0xa3,
+    0x09, 0xe0, 0xb2, 0x1f, 0x63, 0x36, 0x75, 0x34,
+    0x52, 0xea, 0xaa, 0xf7, 0x52, 0x2b, 0x99, 0xd8,
+    0x6f, 0x61, 0x06, 0x34, 0x1e, 0x23, 0xf1, 0xb5,
+    0x34, 0x03, 0x53, 0xe5, 0xd1, 0xb3, 0xc7, 0x80,
+    0x5f, 0x7b, 0x32, 0xbf, 0x84, 0x2f, 0x2e, 0xf3,
+    0x22, 0xb0, 0x91, 0x5a, 0x2f, 0x04, 0xd7, 0x4a,
+    0x9a, 0x01, 0xb1, 0x02, 0x40, 0x34, 0x0b, 0x26,
+    0x4c, 0x3d, 0xaa, 0x2a, 0xc0, 0xe3, 0xdd, 0xe8,
+    0xf0, 0xaf, 0x6f, 0xe0, 0x06, 0x51, 0x32, 0x9d,
+    0x68, 0x43, 0x99, 0xe4, 0xb8, 0xa5, 0x31, 0x44,
+    0x3c, 0xc2, 0x30, 0x8f, 0x28, 0x13, 0xbc, 0x8e,
+    0x1f, 0x2d, 0x78, 0x94, 0x45, 0x96, 0xad, 0x63,
+    0xf0, 0x71, 0x53, 0x72, 0x64, 0xa3, 0x4d, 0xae,
+    0xa0, 0xe3, 0xc8, 0x93, 0xd7, 0x50, 0x0f, 0x89,
+    0x00, 0xe4, 0x2d, 0x3d, 0x37, 0x02, 0x41, 0x00,
+    0xbe, 0xa6, 0x08, 0xe0, 0xc8, 0x15, 0x2a, 0x47,
+    0xcb, 0xd5, 0xec, 0x93, 0xd3, 0xaa, 0x12, 0x82,
+    0xaf, 0xac, 0x51, 0x5a, 0x5b, 0xa7, 0x93, 0x4b,
+    0xb9, 0xab, 0x00, 0xfa, 0x5a, 0xea, 0x34, 0xe4,
+    0x80, 0xf1, 0x44, 0x6a, 0x65, 0xe4, 0x33, 0x99,
+    0xfb, 0x54, 0xd7, 0x89, 0x5a, 0x1b, 0xd6, 0x2b,
+    0xcc, 0x6e, 0x4b, 0x19, 0xa0, 0x6d, 0x93, 0x9f,
+    0xc3, 0x91, 0x7a, 0xa5, 0xd8, 0x59, 0x0e, 0x9e,
+};
+
+static const uint8_t rsa2048_priv_key[] = {
+    0x30, 0x82, 0x04, 0xa4, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02,
+    0x82, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0xbd, 0x9c, 0x83, 0x6b,
+    0x0e, 0x8e, 0xcf, 0xfa, 0xaa, 0x4f, 0x6a, 0xf4,
+    0xe3, 0x52, 0x0f, 0xa5, 0xd0, 0xbe, 0x5e, 0x7f,
+    0x08, 0x24, 0xba, 0x87, 0x46, 0xfb, 0x28, 0x93,
+    0xe5, 0xe5, 0x81, 0x42, 0xc0, 0xf9, 0x17, 0xc7,
+    0x81, 0x01, 0xf4, 0x18, 0x6a, 0x17, 0xf5, 0x57,
+    0x20, 0x37, 0xcf, 0xf9, 0x74, 0x5e, 0xe1, 0x48,
+    0x6a, 0x71, 0x0a, 0x0f, 0x79, 0x72, 0x2b, 0x46,
+    0x10, 0x53, 0xdc, 0x14, 0x43, 0xbd, 0xbc, 0x6d,
+    0x15, 0x6f, 0x15, 0x4e, 0xf0, 0x0d, 0x89, 0x39,
+    0x02, 0xc3, 0x68, 0x5c, 0xa8, 0xfc, 0xed, 0x64,
+    0x9d, 0x98, 0xb7, 0xcd, 0x83, 0x66, 0x93, 0xc3,
+    0xd9, 0x57, 0xa0, 0x21, 0x93, 0xad, 0x5c, 0x75,
+    0x69, 0x88, 0x9e, 0x81, 0xdc, 0x7f, 0x1d, 0xd5,
+    0xbd, 0x1c, 0xc1, 0x30, 0x56, 0xa5, 0xda, 0x99,
+    0x46, 0xa6, 0x6d, 0x0e, 0x6f, 0x5e, 0x51, 0x34,
+    0x49, 0x73, 0xc3, 0x67, 0x49, 0x7e, 0x21, 0x2a,
+    0x20, 0xa7, 0x2b, 0x92, 0x73, 0x1d, 0xa5, 0x25,
+    0x2a, 0xd0, 0x3a, 0x89, 0x75, 0xb2, 0xbb, 0x19,
+    0x37, 0x78, 0x48, 0xd2, 0xf2, 0x2a, 0x6d, 0x9e,
+    0xc6, 0x26, 0xca, 0x46, 0x8c, 0xf1, 0x42, 0x2a,
+    0x31, 0xb2, 0xfc, 0xe7, 0x55, 0x51, 0xff, 0x07,
+    0x13, 0x5b, 0x36, 0x59, 0x2b, 0x43, 0x30, 0x4b,
+    0x05, 0x5c, 0xd2, 0x45, 0xa0, 0xa0, 0x7c, 0x17,
+    0x5b, 0x07, 0xbb, 0x5d, 0x83, 0x80, 0x92, 0x6d,
+    0x87, 0x1a, 0x43, 0xac, 0xc7, 0x6b, 0x8d, 0x11,
+    0x60, 0x27, 0xd2, 0xdf, 0xdb, 0x71, 0x02, 0x55,
+    0x6e, 0xb5, 0xca, 0x4d, 0xda, 0x59, 0x0d, 0xb8,
+    0x8c, 0xcd, 0xd3, 0x0e, 0x55, 0xa0, 0xa4, 0x8d,
+    0xa0, 0x14, 0x10, 0x48, 0x42, 0x35, 0x56, 0x08,
+    0xf7, 0x29, 0x5f, 0xa2, 0xea, 0xa4, 0x5e, 0x8e,
+    0x99, 0x56, 0xaa, 0x5a, 0x8c, 0x23, 0x8f, 0x35,
+    0x22, 0x8a, 0xff, 0xed, 0x02, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00,
+    0x01, 0x02, 0x82, 0x01, 0x00, 0x4e, 0x4a, 0xf3,
+    0x44, 0xe0, 0x64, 0xfd, 0xe1, 0xde, 0x33, 0x1e,
+    0xd1, 0xf1, 0x8f, 0x6f, 0xe0, 0xa2, 0xfa, 0x08,
+    0x60, 0xe1, 0xc6, 0xf0, 0xb2, 0x6d, 0x0f, 0xc6,
+    0x28, 0x93, 0xb4, 0x19, 0x94, 0xab, 0xc3, 0xef,
+    0x1a, 0xb4, 0xdd, 0x4e, 0xa2, 0x4a, 0x24, 0x8c,
+    0x6c, 0xa6, 0x64, 0x05, 0x5f, 0x56, 0xba, 0xda,
+    0xc1, 0x21, 0x1a, 0x7d, 0xf1, 0xf7, 0xce, 0xb9,
+    0xa9, 0x9b, 0x92, 0x54, 0xfc, 0x95, 0x20, 0x22,
+    0x4e, 0xd4, 0x9b, 0xe2, 0xab, 0x8e, 0x99, 0xb8,
+    0x40, 0xaf, 0x30, 0x6a, 0xc6, 0x60, 0x0c, 0xd8,
+    0x25, 0x44, 0xa1, 0xcb, 0xbb, 0x73, 0x77, 0x86,
+    0xaa, 0x46, 0xf3, 0x54, 0xae, 0xa8, 0xa0, 0xdb,
+    0xdd, 0xab, 0x6e, 0xfb, 0x2c, 0x5a, 0x14, 0xaf,
+    0x08, 0x13, 0xa7, 0x6c, 0xe9, 0xfd, 0xcd, 0x4c,
+    0x1f, 0x20, 0x3a, 0x16, 0x2b, 0xf0, 0xb6, 0x7c,
+    0x47, 0x5f, 0xd1, 0x0a, 0x2c, 0xc4, 0xa5, 0x68,
+    0xd0, 0x43, 0x75, 0x6b, 0x65, 0xaa, 0x32, 0xc6,
+    0x99, 0x06, 0xcb, 0x8f, 0xe6, 0x8d, 0xce, 0xbf,
+    0x4d, 0x0d, 0x7b, 0x22, 0x2a, 0x8a, 0xcb, 0x7d,
+    0x7f, 0x16, 0x48, 0x85, 0xf1, 0x86, 0xcb, 0x54,
+    0xb9, 0x39, 0xd4, 0xbc, 0xe3, 0x2d, 0x27, 0x59,
+    0xf6, 0x81, 0x5e, 0x94, 0x45, 0xdf, 0xb9, 0x22,
+    0xaf, 0x64, 0x0d, 0x14, 0xec, 0x8c, 0xeb, 0x71,
+    0xac, 0xee, 0x09, 0x4c, 0xbf, 0x34, 0xf9, 0xf4,
+    0x66, 0x77, 0x36, 0x3b, 0x41, 0x74, 0x01, 0x4f,
+    0xfc, 0x56, 0x83, 0xba, 0x14, 0xb0, 0x2f, 0xdd,
+    0x4d, 0xb9, 0x3f, 0xdf, 0x71, 0xbe, 0x7b, 0xba,
+    0x66, 0xc8, 0xc5, 0x42, 0xc9, 0xba, 0x18, 0x63,
+    0x45, 0x07, 0x2f, 0x84, 0x3e, 0xc3, 0xfb, 0x47,
+    0xda, 0xd4, 0x1d, 0x0e, 0x9d, 0x96, 0xc0, 0xea,
+    0xee, 0x45, 0x2f, 0xe1, 0x62, 0x23, 0xee, 0xef,
+    0x3d, 0x5e, 0x55, 0xa1, 0x0d, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81,
+    0x00, 0xeb, 0x76, 0x88, 0xd3, 0xae, 0x3f, 0x1d,
+    0xf2, 0x49, 0xe0, 0x37, 0x49, 0x83, 0x82, 0x6c,
+    0xf7, 0xf1, 0x17, 0x30, 0x75, 0x2e, 0x89, 0x06,
+    0x88, 0x56, 0x32, 0xf6, 0xfa, 0x58, 0xcb, 0x3c,
+    0x98, 0x67, 0xc3, 0xde, 0x10, 0x82, 0xe5, 0xfa,
+    0xfa, 0x52, 0x47, 0x8d, 0xd7, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xcb,
+    0xf7, 0xf6, 0x57, 0x9b, 0x6e, 0x0c, 0xac, 0xe8,
+    0x3b, 0xd1, 0xde, 0xb5, 0x34, 0xaf, 0x8b, 0x2a,
+    0xb0, 0x2d, 0x01, 0xeb, 0x7c, 0xa0, 0x42, 0x26,
+    0xbb, 0x2b, 0x43, 0x0e, 0x1d, 0xe2, 0x4e, 0xc9,
+    0xc1, 0x0a, 0x67, 0x1d, 0xfc, 0x83, 0x25, 0xce,
+    0xb2, 0x18, 0xd9, 0x0d, 0x70, 0xf5, 0xa3, 0x5a,
+    0x9c, 0x99, 0xdd, 0x47, 0xa1, 0x57, 0xe7, 0x20,
+    0xde, 0xa1, 0x29, 0x8d, 0x96, 0x62, 0xf9, 0x26,
+    0x95, 0x51, 0xa6, 0xe7, 0x09, 0x8b, 0xba, 0x16,
+    0x8b, 0x19, 0x5b, 0xf9, 0x27, 0x0d, 0xc5, 0xd6,
+    0x5f, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81, 0x00, 0xce, 0x26, 0x31,
+    0xb5, 0x43, 0x53, 0x95, 0x39, 0xdd, 0x01, 0x98,
+    0x8b, 0x3d, 0x27, 0xeb, 0x0b, 0x87, 0x1c, 0x95,
+    0xfc, 0x3e, 0x36, 0x51, 0x31, 0xb5, 0xea, 0x59,
+    0x56, 0xc0, 0x97, 0x62, 0xf0, 0x63, 0x2b, 0xb6,
+    0x30, 0x9b, 0xdf, 0x19, 0x10, 0xe9, 0xa0, 0x3d,
+    0xea, 0x54, 0x5a, 0xe6, 0xc6, 0x9e, 0x7e, 0xb5,
+    0xf0, 0xb0, 0x54, 0xef, 0xc3, 0xe1, 0x47, 0xa6,
+    0x95, 0xc7, 0xe4, 0xa3, 0x4a, 0x30, 0x68, 0x24,
+    0x98, 0x7d, 0xc1, 0x34, 0xa9, 0xcb, 0xbc, 0x3c,
+    0x08, 0x9c, 0x7d, 0x0c, 0xa2, 0xb7, 0x60, 0xaa,
+    0x38, 0x08, 0x16, 0xa6, 0x7f, 0xdb, 0xd2, 0xb1,
+    0x67, 0xe7, 0x93, 0x8e, 0xbb, 0x7e, 0xb9, 0xb5,
+    0xd0, 0xd0, 0x9f, 0x7b, 0xcc, 0x46, 0xe6, 0x74,
+    0x78, 0x1a, 0x96, 0xd6, 0xd7, 0x74, 0x34, 0x54,
+    0x3b, 0x54, 0x55, 0x7f, 0x89, 0x81, 0xbc, 0x40,
+    0x55, 0x87, 0x24, 0x95, 0x33, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81,
+    0x00, 0xb0, 0x18, 0x5d, 0x2a, 0x1a, 0x95, 0x9f,
+    0x9a, 0xd5, 0x3f, 0x37, 0x79, 0xe6, 0x3d, 0x83,
+    0xab, 0x46, 0x86, 0x36, 0x3a, 0x5d, 0x0c, 0x23,
+    0x73, 0x91, 0x2b, 0xda, 0x63, 0xce, 0x46, 0x68,
+    0xd1, 0xfe, 0x40, 0x90, 0xf2, 0x3e, 0x43, 0x2b,
+    0x19, 0x4c, 0xb1, 0xb0, 0xd5, 0x8c, 0x02, 0x21,
+    0x07, 0x18, 0x17, 0xda, 0xe9, 0x49, 0xd7, 0x82,
+    0x73, 0x42, 0x78, 0xd1, 0x82, 0x4e, 0x8a, 0xc0,
+    0xe9, 0x33, 0x2f, 0xcd, 0x62, 0xce, 0x23, 0xca,
+    0xfd, 0x8d, 0xd4, 0x3f, 0x59, 0x80, 0x27, 0xb6,
+    0x61, 0x85, 0x9b, 0x2a, 0xe4, 0xef, 0x5c, 0x36,
+    0x22, 0x21, 0xcd, 0x2a, 0x6d, 0x41, 0x77, 0xe2,
+    0xcb, 0x5d, 0x93, 0x0d, 0x00, 0x10, 0x52, 0x8d,
+    0xd5, 0x92, 0x28, 0x16, 0x78, 0xd3, 0x1a, 0x4c,
+    0x8d, 0xbd, 0x9c, 0x1a, 0x0b, 0x9c, 0x91, 0x16,
+    0x4c, 0xff, 0x31, 0x36, 0xbb, 0xcb, 0x64, 0x1a,
+    0xf7, 0x02, 0x81, 0x80, 0x32, 0x65, 0x09, 0xdf,
+    0xca, 0xee, 0xa2, 0xdb, 0x3b, 0x58, 0xc9, 0x86,
+    0xb8, 0x53, 0x8a, 0xd5, 0x0d, 0x99, 0x82, 0x5c,
+    0xe0, 0x84, 0x7c, 0xc2, 0xcf, 0x3a, 0xd3, 0xce,
+    0x2e, 0x54, 0x93, 0xbe, 0x3a, 0x30, 0x14, 0x60,
+    0xbb, 0xaa, 0x05, 0x41, 0xaa, 0x2b, 0x1f, 0x17,
+    0xaa, 0xb9, 0x72, 0x12, 0xf9, 0xe9, 0xf5, 0xe6,
+    0x39, 0xe4, 0xf9, 0x9c, 0x03, 0xf5, 0x75, 0x16,
+    0xc6, 0x7f, 0xf1, 0x1f, 0x10, 0xc8, 0x54, 0xb1,
+    0xe6, 0x84, 0x15, 0xb0, 0xb0, 0x7a, 0x7a, 0x9e,
+    0x8c, 0x4a, 0xd1, 0x8c, 0xf1, 0x91, 0x32, 0xeb,
+    0x71, 0xa6, 0xbf, 0xdb, 0x1f, 0xcc, 0xd8, 0xcb,
+    0x92, 0xc3, 0xf2, 0xaf, 0x89, 0x22, 0x32, 0xfd,
+    0x32, 0x12, 0xda, 0xbb, 0xac, 0x55, 0x68, 0x01,
+    0x78, 0x56, 0x89, 0x7c, 0xb0, 0x0e, 0x9e, 0xcc,
+    0xc6, 0x28, 0x04, 0x7e, 0x83, 0xf5, 0x96, 0x30,
+    0x92, 0x51, 0xf2, 0x1b, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81, 0x00,
+    0x83, 0x6d, 0xd1, 0x98, 0x90, 0x41, 0x8c, 0xa7,
+    0x92, 0x83, 0xac, 0x89, 0x05, 0x0c, 0x79, 0x67,
+    0x90, 0xb6, 0xa1, 0xf3, 0x2f, 0xca, 0xf0, 0x15,
+    0xe0, 0x30, 0x58, 0xe9, 0x4f, 0xcb, 0x4c, 0x56,
+    0x56, 0x56, 0x14, 0x3f, 0x1b, 0x79, 0xb6, 0xef,
+    0x57, 0x4b, 0x28, 0xbd, 0xb0, 0xe6, 0x0c, 0x49,
+    0x4b, 0xbe, 0xe1, 0x57, 0x28, 0x2a, 0x23, 0x5e,
+    0xc4, 0xa2, 0x19, 0x4b, 0x00, 0x67, 0x78, 0xd9,
+    0x26, 0x6e, 0x17, 0x25, 0xce, 0xe4, 0xfd, 0xde,
+    0x86, 0xa8, 0x5a, 0x67, 0x47, 0x6b, 0x15, 0x09,
+    0xe1, 0xec, 0x8e, 0x62, 0x98, 0x91, 0x6f, 0xc0,
+    0x98, 0x0c, 0x70, 0x0e, 0x7d, 0xbe, 0x63, 0xbd,
+    0x12, 0x5a, 0x98, 0x1c, 0xe3, 0x0c, 0xfb, 0xc7,
+    0xfb, 0x1b, 0xbd, 0x02, 0x87, 0xcc, 0x0c, 0xbb,
+    0xc2, 0xd4, 0xb6, 0xc1, 0xa1, 0x23, 0xd3, 0x1e,
+    0x21, 0x6f, 0x48, 0xba, 0x0e, 0x2e, 0xc7, 0x42
+};
+
+static const uint8_t rsa4096_priv_key[] = {
+    0x30, 0x82, 0x09, 0x29, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02,
+    0x82, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0xcc, 0x30, 0xc6, 0x90,
+    0x49, 0x2b, 0x86, 0xe7, 0x7a, 0xa5, 0x7a, 0x9a,
+    0x4f, 0xee, 0x0e, 0xa1, 0x5c, 0x43, 0x64, 0xd0,
+    0x76, 0xe1, 0xfd, 0x0b, 0xfd, 0x43, 0x7a, 0x65,
+    0xe6, 0x20, 0xbd, 0xf2, 0x0e, 0xbe, 0x76, 0x54,
+    0xae, 0x37, 0xbe, 0xa0, 0x02, 0x96, 0xae, 0x8d,
+    0x8a, 0xae, 0x3b, 0x88, 0xbb, 0x67, 0xce, 0x7c,
+    0x20, 0xbf, 0x14, 0xc3, 0x71, 0x51, 0x87, 0x03,
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+    0x57, 0xa0, 0x92, 0xf6, 0xa3, 0x42, 0x47, 0x61,
+    0x0b, 0xfd, 0x71, 0x5f, 0x98, 0xe2, 0x6c, 0x98,
+    0xa8, 0xf9, 0xf9, 0x7f, 0x1c, 0x61, 0x5d, 0x8c,
+    0xd1, 0xfb, 0x90, 0x28, 0x32, 0x9b, 0x7d, 0x82,
+    0xf9, 0xcc, 0x47, 0xbe, 0xc7, 0x67, 0xc5, 0x93,
+    0x22, 0x55, 0x0d, 0xd2, 0x73, 0xbe, 0xea, 0xed,
+    0x4d, 0xb5, 0xf4, 0xc2, 0x25, 0x92, 0x44, 0x30,
+    0xeb, 0xaa, 0x13, 0x11, 0x02, 0x82, 0x01, 0x01,
+    0x00, 0x82, 0x42, 0x02, 0x53, 0x4e, 0x72, 0x16,
+    0xf1, 0x21, 0xea, 0xe8, 0xc7, 0x10, 0xc8, 0xad,
+    0x46, 0xec, 0xf1, 0x7a, 0x81, 0x8d, 0x94, 0xc3,
+    0x2c, 0x9e, 0x62, 0xae, 0x0b, 0x4f, 0xb1, 0xe4,
+    0x23, 0x18, 0x5d, 0x71, 0xb3, 0x71, 0x92, 0x3d,
+    0x4b, 0xc6, 0x9d, 0xe8, 0x62, 0x90, 0xb7, 0xca,
+    0x33, 0x4c, 0x59, 0xef, 0xd3, 0x51, 0x6d, 0xf8,
+    0xac, 0x0d, 0x9b, 0x07, 0x41, 0xea, 0x87, 0xb9,
+    0x8c, 0x4e, 0x96, 0x5b, 0xd0, 0x0d, 0x86, 0x5f,
+    0xdc, 0x93, 0x48, 0x8b, 0xc3, 0xed, 0x1e, 0x3d,
+    0xae, 0xeb, 0x52, 0xba, 0x0c, 0x3c, 0x9a, 0x2f,
+    0x63, 0xc4, 0xd2, 0xe6, 0xc2, 0xb0, 0xe5, 0x24,
+    0x93, 0x41, 0x2f, 0xe0, 0x8d, 0xd9, 0xb0, 0xc2,
+    0x54, 0x91, 0x99, 0xc2, 0x9a, 0xc3, 0xb7, 0x79,
+    0xea, 0x69, 0x83, 0xb7, 0x8d, 0x77, 0xf3, 0x60,
+    0xe0, 0x88, 0x7d, 0x20, 0xc3, 0x8a, 0xe6, 0x4d,
+    0x38, 0x2e, 0x3b, 0x0e, 0xe4, 0x9b, 0x01, 0x83,
+    0xae, 0xe4, 0x71, 0xea, 0xc3, 0x22, 0xcb, 0xc1,
+    0x59, 0xa9, 0xcc, 0x33, 0x56, 0xbc, 0xf9, 0x70,
+    0xfe, 0xa2, 0xbb, 0xc0, 0x77, 0x6b, 0xe3, 0x79,
+    0x8b, 0x95, 0x38, 0xba, 0x75, 0xdc, 0x5f, 0x7a,
+    0x78, 0xab, 0x24, 0xbe, 0x26, 0x4d, 0x00, 0x8a,
+    0xf1, 0x7e, 0x19, 0x64, 0x6f, 0xd3, 0x5f, 0xe8,
+    0xdf, 0xa7, 0x59, 0xc5, 0x89, 0xb7, 0x2d, 0xa2,
+    0xaf, 0xbd, 0xe0, 0x16, 0x56, 0x8f, 0xdc, 0x9e,
+    0x28, 0x94, 0x3a, 0x07, 0xda, 0xb6, 0x2c, 0xb5,
+    0x7d, 0x69, 0x14, 0xb0, 0x5e, 0x8a, 0x55, 0xef,
+    0xfc, 0x6f, 0x10, 0x2b, 0xaa, 0x7a, 0xea, 0x12,
+    0x9b, 0xb8, 0x6f, 0xb9, 0x71, 0x20, 0x30, 0xde,
+    0x48, 0xa4, 0xb9, 0x61, 0xae, 0x5c, 0x33, 0x8d,
+    0x02, 0xe8, 0x00, 0x99, 0xed, 0xc8, 0x8d, 0xc1,
+    0x04, 0x95, 0xf1, 0x7f, 0xcb, 0x1f, 0xbc, 0x76,
+    0x11, 0x02, 0x82, 0x01, 0x00, 0x2d, 0x0c, 0xa9,
+    0x8f, 0x11, 0xc2, 0xf3, 0x02, 0xc8, 0xf2, 0x55,
+    0xc5, 0x6d, 0x25, 0x88, 0xba, 0x59, 0xf6, 0xd1,
+    0xdb, 0x94, 0x2f, 0x0b, 0x65, 0x2c, 0xad, 0x54,
+    0xe0, 0x2b, 0xe6, 0xa3, 0x49, 0xa2, 0xb3, 0xca,
+    0xd7, 0xec, 0x27, 0x32, 0xbb, 0xa4, 0x16, 0x90,
+    0xbb, 0x67, 0xad, 0x1b, 0xb9, 0x0f, 0x78, 0xcb,
+    0xad, 0x5c, 0xc3, 0x66, 0xd6, 0xbb, 0x97, 0x28,
+    0x01, 0x31, 0xf9, 0x0f, 0x71, 0x2a, 0xb9, 0x5b,
+    0xea, 0x34, 0x49, 0x9c, 0x6b, 0x13, 0x40, 0x65,
+    0xbd, 0x18, 0x0a, 0x14, 0xf9, 0x33, 0x47, 0xe8,
+    0x9f, 0x64, 0x0e, 0x24, 0xf6, 0xbb, 0x90, 0x23,
+    0x66, 0x01, 0xa6, 0xa4, 0xa9, 0x7f, 0x64, 0x51,
+    0xa3, 0x8a, 0x73, 0xc1, 0x80, 0xaf, 0x7a, 0x49,
+    0x75, 0x5d, 0x56, 0x1c, 0xaa, 0x3f, 0x64, 0xa9,
+    0x96, 0xfd, 0xb0, 0x90, 0xc5, 0xe0, 0x3d, 0x36,
+    0x05, 0xad, 0xad, 0x84, 0x93, 0x84, 0xab, 0x1b,
+    0x34, 0x57, 0x39, 0xae, 0x0e, 0x80, 0x0f, 0x4a,
+    0x9b, 0x32, 0x56, 0xbd, 0x30, 0xeb, 0xd1, 0xc8,
+    0xc4, 0x9f, 0x9c, 0x07, 0xb6, 0x05, 0xb1, 0x21,
+    0x7f, 0x69, 0x92, 0x9f, 0xb7, 0x68, 0xe7, 0xde,
+    0xb7, 0xbc, 0xb4, 0x89, 0x5b, 0x1c, 0x1b, 0x48,
+    0xd1, 0x44, 0x6e, 0xd7, 0x6b, 0xe2, 0xa1, 0xf4,
+    0xbf, 0x17, 0xb4, 0x43, 0x70, 0x26, 0xd4, 0xb9,
+    0xf5, 0x19, 0x09, 0x08, 0xe9, 0xa3, 0x49, 0x7d,
+    0x2f, 0xdc, 0xe8, 0x75, 0x79, 0xa1, 0xc1, 0x70,
+    0x1b, 0x60, 0x97, 0xaf, 0x0c, 0x56, 0x68, 0xac,
+    0x0e, 0x53, 0xbe, 0x56, 0xf4, 0xc3, 0xb1, 0xfb,
+    0xfb, 0xff, 0x73, 0x5b, 0xa7, 0xf6, 0x99, 0x0e,
+    0x14, 0x5a, 0x5f, 0x9d, 0xbd, 0x8e, 0x94, 0xec,
+    0x8b, 0x38, 0x72, 0xbc, 0x8b, 0xca, 0x32, 0xa8,
+    0x39, 0x43, 0xb1, 0x1d, 0x43, 0x29, 0xbe, 0x60,
+    0xdb, 0x91, 0x6c, 0x9c, 0x06,
+};
diff --git a/tests/unit/meson.build b/tests/unit/meson.build
index 264f2bc0c81d..287b367ec30f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/meson.build
+++ b/tests/unit/meson.build
@@ -77,7 +77,9 @@ if have_block
     'test-crypto-hash': [crypto],
     'test-crypto-hmac': [crypto],
     'test-crypto-cipher': [crypto],
+    'test-crypto-akcipher': [crypto],
     'test-crypto-secret': [crypto, keyutils],
+    'test-crypto-der': [crypto],
     'test-authz-simple': [authz],
     'test-authz-list': [authz],
     'test-authz-listfile': [authz],
diff --git a/tests/unit/test-crypto-akcipher.c b/tests/unit/test-crypto-akcipher.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4f1f4214dd2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/test-crypto-akcipher.c
@@ -0,0 +1,990 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU Crypto cipher algorithms
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Bytedance
+ * Author: lei he <helei.sig11@bytedance.com>
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+
+#include "crypto/init.h"
+#include "crypto/akcipher.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+
+static const uint8_t rsa1024_private_key[] = {
+    0x30, 0x82, 0x02, 0x5c, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02,
+    0x81, 0x81, 0x00, 0xe6, 0x4d, 0x76, 0x4f, 0xb2,
+    0x97, 0x09, 0xad, 0x9d, 0x17, 0x33, 0xf2, 0x30,
+    0x42, 0x83, 0xa9, 0xcb, 0x49, 0xa4, 0x2e, 0x59,
+    0x5e, 0x75, 0x51, 0xd1, 0xac, 0xc8, 0x86, 0x3e,
+    0xdb, 0x72, 0x2e, 0xb2, 0xf7, 0xc3, 0x5b, 0xc7,
+    0xea, 0xed, 0x30, 0xd1, 0xf7, 0x37, 0xee, 0x9d,
+    0x36, 0x59, 0x6f, 0xf8, 0xce, 0xc0, 0x5c, 0x82,
+    0x80, 0x37, 0x83, 0xd7, 0x45, 0x6a, 0xe9, 0xea,
+    0xc5, 0x3a, 0x59, 0x6b, 0x34, 0x31, 0x44, 0x00,
+    0x74, 0xa7, 0x29, 0xab, 0x79, 0x4a, 0xbd, 0xe8,
+    0x25, 0x35, 0x01, 0x11, 0x40, 0xbf, 0x31, 0xbd,
+    0xd3, 0xe0, 0x68, 0x1e, 0xd5, 0x5b, 0x2f, 0xe9,
+    0x20, 0xf2, 0x9f, 0x46, 0x35, 0x30, 0xa8, 0xf1,
+    0xfe, 0xef, 0xd8, 0x76, 0x23, 0x46, 0x34, 0x70,
+    0xa1, 0xce, 0xc6, 0x65, 0x6d, 0xb0, 0x94, 0x7e,
+    0xe5, 0x92, 0x45, 0x7b, 0xaa, 0xbb, 0x95, 0x97,
+    0x77, 0xcd, 0xd3, 0x02, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01,
+    0x02, 0x81, 0x80, 0x30, 0x6a, 0xc4, 0x9e, 0xc8,
+    0xba, 0xfc, 0x2b, 0xe5, 0xc4, 0xc5, 0x04, 0xfb,
+    0xa4, 0x60, 0x2d, 0xc8, 0x31, 0x39, 0x35, 0x0d,
+    0x50, 0xd0, 0x75, 0x5d, 0x11, 0x68, 0x2e, 0xe0,
+    0xf4, 0x1d, 0xb3, 0x37, 0xa8, 0xe3, 0x07, 0x5e,
+    0xa6, 0x43, 0x2b, 0x6a, 0x59, 0x01, 0x07, 0x47,
+    0x41, 0xef, 0xd7, 0x9c, 0x85, 0x4a, 0xe7, 0xa7,
+    0xff, 0xf0, 0xab, 0xe5, 0x0c, 0x11, 0x08, 0x10,
+    0x75, 0x5a, 0x68, 0xa0, 0x08, 0x03, 0xc9, 0x40,
+    0x79, 0x67, 0x1d, 0x65, 0x89, 0x2d, 0x08, 0xf9,
+    0xb5, 0x1b, 0x7d, 0xd2, 0x41, 0x3b, 0x33, 0xf2,
+    0x47, 0x2f, 0x9c, 0x0b, 0xd5, 0xaf, 0xcb, 0xdb,
+    0xbb, 0x37, 0x63, 0x03, 0xf8, 0xe7, 0x2e, 0xc7,
+    0x3c, 0x86, 0x9f, 0xc2, 0x9b, 0xb4, 0x70, 0x6a,
+    0x4d, 0x7c, 0xe4, 0x1b, 0x3a, 0xa9, 0xae, 0xd7,
+    0xce, 0x7f, 0x56, 0xc2, 0x73, 0x5e, 0x58, 0x63,
+    0xd5, 0x86, 0x41, 0x02, 0x41, 0x00, 0xf6, 0x56,
+    0x69, 0xec, 0xef, 0x65, 0x95, 0xdc, 0x25, 0x47,
+    0xe0, 0x6f, 0xb0, 0x4f, 0x79, 0x77, 0x0a, 0x5e,
+    0x46, 0xcb, 0xbd, 0x0b, 0x71, 0x51, 0x2a, 0xa4,
+    0x65, 0x29, 0x18, 0xc6, 0x30, 0xa0, 0x95, 0x4c,
+    0x4b, 0xbe, 0x8c, 0x40, 0xe3, 0x9c, 0x23, 0x02,
+    0x14, 0x43, 0xe9, 0x64, 0xea, 0xe3, 0xa8, 0xe2,
+    0x1a, 0xd5, 0xf9, 0x5c, 0xe0, 0x36, 0x2c, 0x97,
+    0xda, 0xd5, 0xc7, 0x46, 0xce, 0x11, 0x02, 0x41,
+    0x00, 0xef, 0x56, 0x08, 0xb8, 0x29, 0xa5, 0xa6,
+    0x7c, 0xf7, 0x5f, 0xb4, 0xf5, 0x63, 0xe7, 0xeb,
+    0x45, 0xfd, 0x89, 0xaa, 0x94, 0xa6, 0x3d, 0x0b,
+    0xd9, 0x04, 0x6f, 0x78, 0xe0, 0xbb, 0xa2, 0xd4,
+    0x29, 0x83, 0x17, 0x95, 0x6f, 0x50, 0x3d, 0x40,
+    0x5d, 0xe5, 0x24, 0xda, 0xc2, 0x23, 0x50, 0x86,
+    0xa8, 0x34, 0xc8, 0x6f, 0xec, 0x7f, 0xb6, 0x45,
+    0x3a, 0xdd, 0x78, 0x9b, 0xee, 0xa1, 0xe4, 0x09,
+    0xa3, 0x02, 0x40, 0x5c, 0xd6, 0x66, 0x67, 0x58,
+    0x35, 0xc5, 0xcb, 0xc8, 0xf5, 0x14, 0xbd, 0xa3,
+    0x09, 0xe0, 0xb2, 0x1f, 0x63, 0x36, 0x75, 0x34,
+    0x52, 0xea, 0xaa, 0xf7, 0x52, 0x2b, 0x99, 0xd8,
+    0x6f, 0x61, 0x06, 0x34, 0x1e, 0x23, 0xf1, 0xb5,
+    0x34, 0x03, 0x53, 0xe5, 0xd1, 0xb3, 0xc7, 0x80,
+    0x5f, 0x7b, 0x32, 0xbf, 0x84, 0x2f, 0x2e, 0xf3,
+    0x22, 0xb0, 0x91, 0x5a, 0x2f, 0x04, 0xd7, 0x4a,
+    0x9a, 0x01, 0xb1, 0x02, 0x40, 0x34, 0x0b, 0x26,
+    0x4c, 0x3d, 0xaa, 0x2a, 0xc0, 0xe3, 0xdd, 0xe8,
+    0xf0, 0xaf, 0x6f, 0xe0, 0x06, 0x51, 0x32, 0x9d,
+    0x68, 0x43, 0x99, 0xe4, 0xb8, 0xa5, 0x31, 0x44,
+    0x3c, 0xc2, 0x30, 0x8f, 0x28, 0x13, 0xbc, 0x8e,
+    0x1f, 0x2d, 0x78, 0x94, 0x45, 0x96, 0xad, 0x63,
+    0xf0, 0x71, 0x53, 0x72, 0x64, 0xa3, 0x4d, 0xae,
+    0xa0, 0xe3, 0xc8, 0x93, 0xd7, 0x50, 0x0f, 0x89,
+    0x00, 0xe4, 0x2d, 0x3d, 0x37, 0x02, 0x41, 0x00,
+    0xbe, 0xa6, 0x08, 0xe0, 0xc8, 0x15, 0x2a, 0x47,
+    0xcb, 0xd5, 0xec, 0x93, 0xd3, 0xaa, 0x12, 0x82,
+    0xaf, 0xac, 0x51, 0x5a, 0x5b, 0xa7, 0x93, 0x4b,
+    0xb9, 0xab, 0x00, 0xfa, 0x5a, 0xea, 0x34, 0xe4,
+    0x80, 0xf1, 0x44, 0x6a, 0x65, 0xe4, 0x33, 0x99,
+    0xfb, 0x54, 0xd7, 0x89, 0x5a, 0x1b, 0xd6, 0x2b,
+    0xcc, 0x6e, 0x4b, 0x19, 0xa0, 0x6d, 0x93, 0x9f,
+    0xc3, 0x91, 0x7a, 0xa5, 0xd8, 0x59, 0x0e, 0x9e,
+};
+
+static const uint8_t rsa1024_public_key[] = {
+    0x30, 0x81, 0x89, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81, 0x00, 0xe6,
+    0x4d, 0x76, 0x4f, 0xb2, 0x97, 0x09, 0xad, 0x9d,
+    0x17, 0x33, 0xf2, 0x30, 0x42, 0x83, 0xa9, 0xcb,
+    0x49, 0xa4, 0x2e, 0x59, 0x5e, 0x75, 0x51, 0xd1,
+    0xac, 0xc8, 0x86, 0x3e, 0xdb, 0x72, 0x2e, 0xb2,
+    0xf7, 0xc3, 0x5b, 0xc7, 0xea, 0xed, 0x30, 0xd1,
+    0xf7, 0x37, 0xee, 0x9d, 0x36, 0x59, 0x6f, 0xf8,
+    0xce, 0xc0, 0x5c, 0x82, 0x80, 0x37, 0x83, 0xd7,
+    0x45, 0x6a, 0xe9, 0xea, 0xc5, 0x3a, 0x59, 0x6b,
+    0x34, 0x31, 0x44, 0x00, 0x74, 0xa7, 0x29, 0xab,
+    0x79, 0x4a, 0xbd, 0xe8, 0x25, 0x35, 0x01, 0x11,
+    0x40, 0xbf, 0x31, 0xbd, 0xd3, 0xe0, 0x68, 0x1e,
+    0xd5, 0x5b, 0x2f, 0xe9, 0x20, 0xf2, 0x9f, 0x46,
+    0x35, 0x30, 0xa8, 0xf1, 0xfe, 0xef, 0xd8, 0x76,
+    0x23, 0x46, 0x34, 0x70, 0xa1, 0xce, 0xc6, 0x65,
+    0x6d, 0xb0, 0x94, 0x7e, 0xe5, 0x92, 0x45, 0x7b,
+    0xaa, 0xbb, 0x95, 0x97, 0x77, 0xcd, 0xd3, 0x02,
+    0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01,
+};
+
+static const uint8_t rsa2048_private_key[] = {
+    0x30, 0x82, 0x04, 0xa4, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02,
+    0x82, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0xbd, 0x9c, 0x83, 0x6b,
+    0x0e, 0x8e, 0xcf, 0xfa, 0xaa, 0x4f, 0x6a, 0xf4,
+    0xe3, 0x52, 0x0f, 0xa5, 0xd0, 0xbe, 0x5e, 0x7f,
+    0x08, 0x24, 0xba, 0x87, 0x46, 0xfb, 0x28, 0x93,
+    0xe5, 0xe5, 0x81, 0x42, 0xc0, 0xf9, 0x17, 0xc7,
+    0x81, 0x01, 0xf4, 0x18, 0x6a, 0x17, 0xf5, 0x57,
+    0x20, 0x37, 0xcf, 0xf9, 0x74, 0x5e, 0xe1, 0x48,
+    0x6a, 0x71, 0x0a, 0x0f, 0x79, 0x72, 0x2b, 0x46,
+    0x10, 0x53, 0xdc, 0x14, 0x43, 0xbd, 0xbc, 0x6d,
+    0x15, 0x6f, 0x15, 0x4e, 0xf0, 0x0d, 0x89, 0x39,
+    0x02, 0xc3, 0x68, 0x5c, 0xa8, 0xfc, 0xed, 0x64,
+    0x9d, 0x98, 0xb7, 0xcd, 0x83, 0x66, 0x93, 0xc3,
+    0xd9, 0x57, 0xa0, 0x21, 0x93, 0xad, 0x5c, 0x75,
+    0x69, 0x88, 0x9e, 0x81, 0xdc, 0x7f, 0x1d, 0xd5,
+    0xbd, 0x1c, 0xc1, 0x30, 0x56, 0xa5, 0xda, 0x99,
+    0x46, 0xa6, 0x6d, 0x0e, 0x6f, 0x5e, 0x51, 0x34,
+    0x49, 0x73, 0xc3, 0x67, 0x49, 0x7e, 0x21, 0x2a,
+    0x20, 0xa7, 0x2b, 0x92, 0x73, 0x1d, 0xa5, 0x25,
+    0x2a, 0xd0, 0x3a, 0x89, 0x75, 0xb2, 0xbb, 0x19,
+    0x37, 0x78, 0x48, 0xd2, 0xf2, 0x2a, 0x6d, 0x9e,
+    0xc6, 0x26, 0xca, 0x46, 0x8c, 0xf1, 0x42, 0x2a,
+    0x31, 0xb2, 0xfc, 0xe7, 0x55, 0x51, 0xff, 0x07,
+    0x13, 0x5b, 0x36, 0x59, 0x2b, 0x43, 0x30, 0x4b,
+    0x05, 0x5c, 0xd2, 0x45, 0xa0, 0xa0, 0x7c, 0x17,
+    0x5b, 0x07, 0xbb, 0x5d, 0x83, 0x80, 0x92, 0x6d,
+    0x87, 0x1a, 0x43, 0xac, 0xc7, 0x6b, 0x8d, 0x11,
+    0x60, 0x27, 0xd2, 0xdf, 0xdb, 0x71, 0x02, 0x55,
+    0x6e, 0xb5, 0xca, 0x4d, 0xda, 0x59, 0x0d, 0xb8,
+    0x8c, 0xcd, 0xd3, 0x0e, 0x55, 0xa0, 0xa4, 0x8d,
+    0xa0, 0x14, 0x10, 0x48, 0x42, 0x35, 0x56, 0x08,
+    0xf7, 0x29, 0x5f, 0xa2, 0xea, 0xa4, 0x5e, 0x8e,
+    0x99, 0x56, 0xaa, 0x5a, 0x8c, 0x23, 0x8f, 0x35,
+    0x22, 0x8a, 0xff, 0xed, 0x02, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00,
+    0x01, 0x02, 0x82, 0x01, 0x00, 0x4e, 0x4a, 0xf3,
+    0x44, 0xe0, 0x64, 0xfd, 0xe1, 0xde, 0x33, 0x1e,
+    0xd1, 0xf1, 0x8f, 0x6f, 0xe0, 0xa2, 0xfa, 0x08,
+    0x60, 0xe1, 0xc6, 0xf0, 0xb2, 0x6d, 0x0f, 0xc6,
+    0x28, 0x93, 0xb4, 0x19, 0x94, 0xab, 0xc3, 0xef,
+    0x1a, 0xb4, 0xdd, 0x4e, 0xa2, 0x4a, 0x24, 0x8c,
+    0x6c, 0xa6, 0x64, 0x05, 0x5f, 0x56, 0xba, 0xda,
+    0xc1, 0x21, 0x1a, 0x7d, 0xf1, 0xf7, 0xce, 0xb9,
+    0xa9, 0x9b, 0x92, 0x54, 0xfc, 0x95, 0x20, 0x22,
+    0x4e, 0xd4, 0x9b, 0xe2, 0xab, 0x8e, 0x99, 0xb8,
+    0x40, 0xaf, 0x30, 0x6a, 0xc6, 0x60, 0x0c, 0xd8,
+    0x25, 0x44, 0xa1, 0xcb, 0xbb, 0x73, 0x77, 0x86,
+    0xaa, 0x46, 0xf3, 0x54, 0xae, 0xa8, 0xa0, 0xdb,
+    0xdd, 0xab, 0x6e, 0xfb, 0x2c, 0x5a, 0x14, 0xaf,
+    0x08, 0x13, 0xa7, 0x6c, 0xe9, 0xfd, 0xcd, 0x4c,
+    0x1f, 0x20, 0x3a, 0x16, 0x2b, 0xf0, 0xb6, 0x7c,
+    0x47, 0x5f, 0xd1, 0x0a, 0x2c, 0xc4, 0xa5, 0x68,
+    0xd0, 0x43, 0x75, 0x6b, 0x65, 0xaa, 0x32, 0xc6,
+    0x99, 0x06, 0xcb, 0x8f, 0xe6, 0x8d, 0xce, 0xbf,
+    0x4d, 0x0d, 0x7b, 0x22, 0x2a, 0x8a, 0xcb, 0x7d,
+    0x7f, 0x16, 0x48, 0x85, 0xf1, 0x86, 0xcb, 0x54,
+    0xb9, 0x39, 0xd4, 0xbc, 0xe3, 0x2d, 0x27, 0x59,
+    0xf6, 0x81, 0x5e, 0x94, 0x45, 0xdf, 0xb9, 0x22,
+    0xaf, 0x64, 0x0d, 0x14, 0xec, 0x8c, 0xeb, 0x71,
+    0xac, 0xee, 0x09, 0x4c, 0xbf, 0x34, 0xf9, 0xf4,
+    0x66, 0x77, 0x36, 0x3b, 0x41, 0x74, 0x01, 0x4f,
+    0xfc, 0x56, 0x83, 0xba, 0x14, 0xb0, 0x2f, 0xdd,
+    0x4d, 0xb9, 0x3f, 0xdf, 0x71, 0xbe, 0x7b, 0xba,
+    0x66, 0xc8, 0xc5, 0x42, 0xc9, 0xba, 0x18, 0x63,
+    0x45, 0x07, 0x2f, 0x84, 0x3e, 0xc3, 0xfb, 0x47,
+    0xda, 0xd4, 0x1d, 0x0e, 0x9d, 0x96, 0xc0, 0xea,
+    0xee, 0x45, 0x2f, 0xe1, 0x62, 0x23, 0xee, 0xef,
+    0x3d, 0x5e, 0x55, 0xa1, 0x0d, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81,
+    0x00, 0xeb, 0x76, 0x88, 0xd3, 0xae, 0x3f, 0x1d,
+    0xf2, 0x49, 0xe0, 0x37, 0x49, 0x83, 0x82, 0x6c,
+    0xf7, 0xf1, 0x17, 0x30, 0x75, 0x2e, 0x89, 0x06,
+    0x88, 0x56, 0x32, 0xf6, 0xfa, 0x58, 0xcb, 0x3c,
+    0x98, 0x67, 0xc3, 0xde, 0x10, 0x82, 0xe5, 0xfa,
+    0xfa, 0x52, 0x47, 0x8d, 0xd7, 0x00, 0xc6, 0xcb,
+    0xf7, 0xf6, 0x57, 0x9b, 0x6e, 0x0c, 0xac, 0xe8,
+    0x3b, 0xd1, 0xde, 0xb5, 0x34, 0xaf, 0x8b, 0x2a,
+    0xb0, 0x2d, 0x01, 0xeb, 0x7c, 0xa0, 0x42, 0x26,
+    0xbb, 0x2b, 0x43, 0x0e, 0x1d, 0xe2, 0x4e, 0xc9,
+    0xc1, 0x0a, 0x67, 0x1d, 0xfc, 0x83, 0x25, 0xce,
+    0xb2, 0x18, 0xd9, 0x0d, 0x70, 0xf5, 0xa3, 0x5a,
+    0x9c, 0x99, 0xdd, 0x47, 0xa1, 0x57, 0xe7, 0x20,
+    0xde, 0xa1, 0x29, 0x8d, 0x96, 0x62, 0xf9, 0x26,
+    0x95, 0x51, 0xa6, 0xe7, 0x09, 0x8b, 0xba, 0x16,
+    0x8b, 0x19, 0x5b, 0xf9, 0x27, 0x0d, 0xc5, 0xd6,
+    0x5f, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81, 0x00, 0xce, 0x26, 0x31,
+    0xb5, 0x43, 0x53, 0x95, 0x39, 0xdd, 0x01, 0x98,
+    0x8b, 0x3d, 0x27, 0xeb, 0x0b, 0x87, 0x1c, 0x95,
+    0xfc, 0x3e, 0x36, 0x51, 0x31, 0xb5, 0xea, 0x59,
+    0x56, 0xc0, 0x97, 0x62, 0xf0, 0x63, 0x2b, 0xb6,
+    0x30, 0x9b, 0xdf, 0x19, 0x10, 0xe9, 0xa0, 0x3d,
+    0xea, 0x54, 0x5a, 0xe6, 0xc6, 0x9e, 0x7e, 0xb5,
+    0xf0, 0xb0, 0x54, 0xef, 0xc3, 0xe1, 0x47, 0xa6,
+    0x95, 0xc7, 0xe4, 0xa3, 0x4a, 0x30, 0x68, 0x24,
+    0x98, 0x7d, 0xc1, 0x34, 0xa9, 0xcb, 0xbc, 0x3c,
+    0x08, 0x9c, 0x7d, 0x0c, 0xa2, 0xb7, 0x60, 0xaa,
+    0x38, 0x08, 0x16, 0xa6, 0x7f, 0xdb, 0xd2, 0xb1,
+    0x67, 0xe7, 0x93, 0x8e, 0xbb, 0x7e, 0xb9, 0xb5,
+    0xd0, 0xd0, 0x9f, 0x7b, 0xcc, 0x46, 0xe6, 0x74,
+    0x78, 0x1a, 0x96, 0xd6, 0xd7, 0x74, 0x34, 0x54,
+    0x3b, 0x54, 0x55, 0x7f, 0x89, 0x81, 0xbc, 0x40,
+    0x55, 0x87, 0x24, 0x95, 0x33, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81,
+    0x00, 0xb0, 0x18, 0x5d, 0x2a, 0x1a, 0x95, 0x9f,
+    0x9a, 0xd5, 0x3f, 0x37, 0x79, 0xe6, 0x3d, 0x83,
+    0xab, 0x46, 0x86, 0x36, 0x3a, 0x5d, 0x0c, 0x23,
+    0x73, 0x91, 0x2b, 0xda, 0x63, 0xce, 0x46, 0x68,
+    0xd1, 0xfe, 0x40, 0x90, 0xf2, 0x3e, 0x43, 0x2b,
+    0x19, 0x4c, 0xb1, 0xb0, 0xd5, 0x8c, 0x02, 0x21,
+    0x07, 0x18, 0x17, 0xda, 0xe9, 0x49, 0xd7, 0x82,
+    0x73, 0x42, 0x78, 0xd1, 0x82, 0x4e, 0x8a, 0xc0,
+    0xe9, 0x33, 0x2f, 0xcd, 0x62, 0xce, 0x23, 0xca,
+    0xfd, 0x8d, 0xd4, 0x3f, 0x59, 0x80, 0x27, 0xb6,
+    0x61, 0x85, 0x9b, 0x2a, 0xe4, 0xef, 0x5c, 0x36,
+    0x22, 0x21, 0xcd, 0x2a, 0x6d, 0x41, 0x77, 0xe2,
+    0xcb, 0x5d, 0x93, 0x0d, 0x00, 0x10, 0x52, 0x8d,
+    0xd5, 0x92, 0x28, 0x16, 0x78, 0xd3, 0x1a, 0x4c,
+    0x8d, 0xbd, 0x9c, 0x1a, 0x0b, 0x9c, 0x91, 0x16,
+    0x4c, 0xff, 0x31, 0x36, 0xbb, 0xcb, 0x64, 0x1a,
+    0xf7, 0x02, 0x81, 0x80, 0x32, 0x65, 0x09, 0xdf,
+    0xca, 0xee, 0xa2, 0xdb, 0x3b, 0x58, 0xc9, 0x86,
+    0xb8, 0x53, 0x8a, 0xd5, 0x0d, 0x99, 0x82, 0x5c,
+    0xe0, 0x84, 0x7c, 0xc2, 0xcf, 0x3a, 0xd3, 0xce,
+    0x2e, 0x54, 0x93, 0xbe, 0x3a, 0x30, 0x14, 0x60,
+    0xbb, 0xaa, 0x05, 0x41, 0xaa, 0x2b, 0x1f, 0x17,
+    0xaa, 0xb9, 0x72, 0x12, 0xf9, 0xe9, 0xf5, 0xe6,
+    0x39, 0xe4, 0xf9, 0x9c, 0x03, 0xf5, 0x75, 0x16,
+    0xc6, 0x7f, 0xf1, 0x1f, 0x10, 0xc8, 0x54, 0xb1,
+    0xe6, 0x84, 0x15, 0xb0, 0xb0, 0x7a, 0x7a, 0x9e,
+    0x8c, 0x4a, 0xd1, 0x8c, 0xf1, 0x91, 0x32, 0xeb,
+    0x71, 0xa6, 0xbf, 0xdb, 0x1f, 0xcc, 0xd8, 0xcb,
+    0x92, 0xc3, 0xf2, 0xaf, 0x89, 0x22, 0x32, 0xfd,
+    0x32, 0x12, 0xda, 0xbb, 0xac, 0x55, 0x68, 0x01,
+    0x78, 0x56, 0x89, 0x7c, 0xb0, 0x0e, 0x9e, 0xcc,
+    0xc6, 0x28, 0x04, 0x7e, 0x83, 0xf5, 0x96, 0x30,
+    0x92, 0x51, 0xf2, 0x1b, 0x02, 0x81, 0x81, 0x00,
+    0x83, 0x6d, 0xd1, 0x98, 0x90, 0x41, 0x8c, 0xa7,
+    0x92, 0x83, 0xac, 0x89, 0x05, 0x0c, 0x79, 0x67,
+    0x90, 0xb6, 0xa1, 0xf3, 0x2f, 0xca, 0xf0, 0x15,
+    0xe0, 0x30, 0x58, 0xe9, 0x4f, 0xcb, 0x4c, 0x56,
+    0x56, 0x56, 0x14, 0x3f, 0x1b, 0x79, 0xb6, 0xef,
+    0x57, 0x4b, 0x28, 0xbd, 0xb0, 0xe6, 0x0c, 0x49,
+    0x4b, 0xbe, 0xe1, 0x57, 0x28, 0x2a, 0x23, 0x5e,
+    0xc4, 0xa2, 0x19, 0x4b, 0x00, 0x67, 0x78, 0xd9,
+    0x26, 0x6e, 0x17, 0x25, 0xce, 0xe4, 0xfd, 0xde,
+    0x86, 0xa8, 0x5a, 0x67, 0x47, 0x6b, 0x15, 0x09,
+    0xe1, 0xec, 0x8e, 0x62, 0x98, 0x91, 0x6f, 0xc0,
+    0x98, 0x0c, 0x70, 0x0e, 0x7d, 0xbe, 0x63, 0xbd,
+    0x12, 0x5a, 0x98, 0x1c, 0xe3, 0x0c, 0xfb, 0xc7,
+    0xfb, 0x1b, 0xbd, 0x02, 0x87, 0xcc, 0x0c, 0xbb,
+    0xc2, 0xd4, 0xb6, 0xc1, 0xa1, 0x23, 0xd3, 0x1e,
+    0x21, 0x6f, 0x48, 0xba, 0x0e, 0x2e, 0xc7, 0x42
+};
+
+static const uint8_t rsa2048_public_key[] = {
+    0x30, 0x82, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x02, 0x82, 0x01, 0x01,
+    0x00, 0xbd, 0x9c, 0x83, 0x6b, 0x0e, 0x8e, 0xcf,
+    0xfa, 0xaa, 0x4f, 0x6a, 0xf4, 0xe3, 0x52, 0x0f,
+    0xa5, 0xd0, 0xbe, 0x5e, 0x7f, 0x08, 0x24, 0xba,
+    0x87, 0x46, 0xfb, 0x28, 0x93, 0xe5, 0xe5, 0x81,
+    0x42, 0xc0, 0xf9, 0x17, 0xc7, 0x81, 0x01, 0xf4,
+    0x18, 0x6a, 0x17, 0xf5, 0x57, 0x20, 0x37, 0xcf,
+    0xf9, 0x74, 0x5e, 0xe1, 0x48, 0x6a, 0x71, 0x0a,
+    0x0f, 0x79, 0x72, 0x2b, 0x46, 0x10, 0x53, 0xdc,
+    0x14, 0x43, 0xbd, 0xbc, 0x6d, 0x15, 0x6f, 0x15,
+    0x4e, 0xf0, 0x0d, 0x89, 0x39, 0x02, 0xc3, 0x68,
+    0x5c, 0xa8, 0xfc, 0xed, 0x64, 0x9d, 0x98, 0xb7,
+    0xcd, 0x83, 0x66, 0x93, 0xc3, 0xd9, 0x57, 0xa0,
+    0x21, 0x93, 0xad, 0x5c, 0x75, 0x69, 0x88, 0x9e,
+    0x81, 0xdc, 0x7f, 0x1d, 0xd5, 0xbd, 0x1c, 0xc1,
+    0x30, 0x56, 0xa5, 0xda, 0x99, 0x46, 0xa6, 0x6d,
+    0x0e, 0x6f, 0x5e, 0x51, 0x34, 0x49, 0x73, 0xc3,
+    0x67, 0x49, 0x7e, 0x21, 0x2a, 0x20, 0xa7, 0x2b,
+    0x92, 0x73, 0x1d, 0xa5, 0x25, 0x2a, 0xd0, 0x3a,
+    0x89, 0x75, 0xb2, 0xbb, 0x19, 0x37, 0x78, 0x48,
+    0xd2, 0xf2, 0x2a, 0x6d, 0x9e, 0xc6, 0x26, 0xca,
+    0x46, 0x8c, 0xf1, 0x42, 0x2a, 0x31, 0xb2, 0xfc,
+    0xe7, 0x55, 0x51, 0xff, 0x07, 0x13, 0x5b, 0x36,
+    0x59, 0x2b, 0x43, 0x30, 0x4b, 0x05, 0x5c, 0xd2,
+    0x45, 0xa0, 0xa0, 0x7c, 0x17, 0x5b, 0x07, 0xbb,
+    0x5d, 0x83, 0x80, 0x92, 0x6d, 0x87, 0x1a, 0x43,
+    0xac, 0xc7, 0x6b, 0x8d, 0x11, 0x60, 0x27, 0xd2,
+    0xdf, 0xdb, 0x71, 0x02, 0x55, 0x6e, 0xb5, 0xca,
+    0x4d, 0xda, 0x59, 0x0d, 0xb8, 0x8c, 0xcd, 0xd3,
+    0x0e, 0x55, 0xa0, 0xa4, 0x8d, 0xa0, 0x14, 0x10,
+    0x48, 0x42, 0x35, 0x56, 0x08, 0xf7, 0x29, 0x5f,
+    0xa2, 0xea, 0xa4, 0x5e, 0x8e, 0x99, 0x56, 0xaa,
+    0x5a, 0x8c, 0x23, 0x8f, 0x35, 0x22, 0x8a, 0xff,
+    0xed, 0x02, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01
+};
+
+static const uint8_t test_sha1_dgst[] = {
+    0x3c, 0x05, 0x19, 0x34, 0x29, 0x19, 0xc7, 0xe0,
+    0x87, 0xb6, 0x24, 0xf9, 0x58, 0xac, 0xa4, 0xd4,
+    0xb2, 0xd9, 0x03, 0x9e,
+};
+
+static const uint8_t exp_signature_rsa2048_pkcs1[] = {
+    0x4e, 0x82, 0x56, 0x4c, 0x84, 0x66, 0xca, 0x1e,
+    0xc6, 0x92, 0x46, 0x20, 0x02, 0x6b, 0x64, 0x46,
+    0x15, 0x6b, 0x24, 0xf2, 0xbb, 0xfa, 0x44, 0x3c,
+    0xaf, 0x42, 0xc8, 0x41, 0xfd, 0xce, 0xed, 0x95,
+    0x34, 0xaf, 0x25, 0x09, 0xd1, 0x06, 0x94, 0xaa,
+    0x52, 0xd4, 0x29, 0xc8, 0x52, 0x34, 0x67, 0x59,
+    0x4f, 0x5a, 0xfd, 0x23, 0x30, 0x5e, 0xc7, 0x1e,
+    0xa6, 0xe0, 0x1b, 0x23, 0xca, 0x82, 0x47, 0x9a,
+    0x2e, 0x2c, 0x66, 0x45, 0x5a, 0x12, 0xa9, 0x15,
+    0xbf, 0xd6, 0xd6, 0xfa, 0x8d, 0x60, 0x99, 0x89,
+    0x91, 0x39, 0x06, 0xb7, 0xd3, 0x9a, 0xef, 0x15,
+    0x7b, 0x95, 0x87, 0x77, 0x2c, 0x41, 0xd4, 0x71,
+    0xd5, 0xdf, 0x22, 0x7b, 0x01, 0xe2, 0xc1, 0xfb,
+    0xb9, 0x4e, 0x0c, 0x9b, 0xd5, 0x04, 0xed, 0x2b,
+    0x7e, 0x73, 0x53, 0xaa, 0x33, 0x89, 0x9d, 0x95,
+    0x28, 0x8f, 0x8b, 0x80, 0x34, 0x7a, 0xea, 0xe3,
+    0x66, 0x8a, 0xa8, 0xad, 0xed, 0x91, 0x43, 0xdd,
+    0x77, 0xe5, 0xd7, 0x16, 0xda, 0xa8, 0x00, 0x29,
+    0x3f, 0x9f, 0xe0, 0x1d, 0x42, 0x9d, 0x35, 0x5d,
+    0x0f, 0xf3, 0x90, 0x27, 0x3a, 0x8c, 0x46, 0x13,
+    0x53, 0x3e, 0x3b, 0x38, 0x77, 0xf8, 0x57, 0x61,
+    0xbc, 0xc4, 0x54, 0x68, 0x48, 0xae, 0x58, 0x03,
+    0x33, 0x94, 0x3f, 0x18, 0x1e, 0xb3, 0x3f, 0x79,
+    0xa7, 0x26, 0x92, 0x5d, 0x32, 0x2a, 0xdb, 0xe6,
+    0x3a, 0xe8, 0xd7, 0xaa, 0x91, 0xfe, 0x9f, 0x06,
+    0x26, 0x68, 0x8c, 0x27, 0x31, 0xb0, 0x04, 0x9e,
+    0x94, 0x79, 0x63, 0xa1, 0xc7, 0xe8, 0x5b, 0x8c,
+    0xd3, 0xf1, 0x88, 0x58, 0x31, 0x2f, 0x4e, 0x11,
+    0x00, 0xfe, 0x29, 0xad, 0x2c, 0xa9, 0x8e, 0x63,
+    0xd8, 0x7d, 0xc5, 0xa1, 0x71, 0xfa, 0x08, 0x29,
+    0xea, 0xd6, 0x6c, 0x53, 0x00, 0x52, 0xa0, 0xed,
+    0x6b, 0x7c, 0x67, 0x50, 0x71, 0x2d, 0x96, 0x7a,
+};
+
+static const uint8_t exp_signature_rsa1024_pkcs1[] = {
+    0x6b, 0x5b, 0xbb, 0x3b, 0x1f, 0x08, 0xd8, 0xc0,
+    0x4a, 0xf1, 0x5a, 0x12, 0xc2, 0x39, 0x14, 0x65,
+    0x4f, 0xda, 0x79, 0x67, 0xf2, 0x89, 0x25, 0xad,
+    0x9e, 0x7e, 0xba, 0xa8, 0x34, 0x15, 0x03, 0xdd,
+    0x80, 0x6b, 0x01, 0xd7, 0x4a, 0xf3, 0xd6, 0xef,
+    0x1e, 0x48, 0xf3, 0xbc, 0x75, 0x1a, 0xc4, 0x2c,
+    0x90, 0x15, 0x9f, 0x21, 0x24, 0x98, 0x21, 0xef,
+    0x6d, 0x3b, 0xf3, 0x82, 0x8f, 0x8d, 0xd8, 0x48,
+    0x37, 0x16, 0x19, 0x8e, 0x3c, 0x64, 0xa0, 0x9e,
+    0xf7, 0x0c, 0xd9, 0x5c, 0xc6, 0x13, 0xc4, 0x5f,
+    0xf8, 0xf3, 0x59, 0x5b, 0xd0, 0x33, 0x95, 0x98,
+    0xde, 0x67, 0x25, 0x58, 0x46, 0xba, 0xee, 0x0f,
+    0x47, 0x7a, 0x7f, 0xd0, 0xe4, 0x77, 0x09, 0x17,
+    0xe9, 0x81, 0x6e, 0x2d, 0x33, 0x9b, 0x13, 0x0b,
+    0xc9, 0xb2, 0x0c, 0x2c, 0xb5, 0xdf, 0x52, 0x8f,
+    0xab, 0x0d, 0xc6, 0x59, 0x1d, 0xc7, 0x33, 0x7b,
+};
+
+static const uint8_t test_plaintext[] = {
+    0x00, 0x44, 0xbc, 0x6f, 0x77, 0xfb, 0xe2, 0xa4,
+    0x98, 0x9e, 0xf5, 0x33, 0xa0, 0xbd, 0x81, 0xb9,
+    0xf1, 0x44, 0x7f, 0x79, 0x89, 0x23, 0xe5, 0x46,
+    0x66, 0x9f, 0x98, 0x95, 0x6f, 0x56, 0x78, 0xf6,
+    0xf5, 0xac, 0x9c, 0xda, 0xc2, 0x79, 0x59, 0xf0,
+    0x1b, 0x03, 0xfa, 0x46, 0x1c, 0x1f, 0x18, 0x07,
+    0xce, 0xad, 0xed, 0x3d, 0x11, 0xf9, 0x1b, 0x26,
+    0x4a, 0x97, 0x28, 0x71, 0x5f, 0x2c, 0x5e, 0x58,
+    0xf0, 0xd6, 0xbf, 0xa4, 0x12, 0xd0, 0x1d, 0x07,
+    0xcb, 0x73, 0x66, 0xb6, 0xa4, 0x09, 0xaf, 0x5d,
+    0xe9, 0x14, 0x14, 0xaf, 0x69, 0xd6, 0xee, 0x0a,
+    0xfc, 0xca, 0xac, 0x94, 0x47, 0xd5, 0x9d, 0x5b,
+    0x2b, 0xfb, 0xce, 0x9d, 0x04, 0xc1, 0xaf, 0xa5,
+    0xa1, 0x8d, 0xa9, 0x48, 0xa8, 0x65, 0xe6, 0x9f,
+    0x74, 0x78, 0x16, 0x32, 0x93, 0xb5, 0x21, 0xb9,
+    0x9f, 0x3f, 0xc1, 0xe5, 0xa2, 0x50, 0x8b, 0x12,
+    0xfb, 0x3e, 0xb0, 0x8a, 0x00, 0xc7, 0x20, 0x56,
+    0xb3, 0xb1, 0x29, 0x95, 0x89, 0xd6, 0x50, 0xf5,
+    0x37, 0x38, 0x8e, 0x12, 0xf1, 0xba, 0x82, 0x37,
+    0x34, 0x68, 0x4b, 0xe8, 0xe3, 0x11, 0x1c, 0x46,
+    0xf9, 0x63, 0x3a, 0xd6, 0xf3, 0x3f, 0x55, 0xa6,
+    0xbd, 0x89, 0xf1, 0x2d, 0x38, 0x91, 0x7c, 0xc2,
+    0x4d, 0xf1, 0x69, 0x82, 0x6d, 0x71, 0x77, 0xf4,
+    0xfc, 0x43, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x43, 0xb9, 0x43, 0xd1,
+    0x65, 0xbd, 0xca, 0xb1, 0x43, 0x87, 0xf8, 0xc8,
+    0x76, 0x21, 0xa9, 0xeb, 0x3e, 0x9a, 0xef, 0xc9,
+    0x0e, 0x79, 0xbc, 0xf0, 0xf8, 0xc8, 0xe2, 0xbc,
+    0x33, 0x35, 0x3e, 0xfc, 0xf9, 0x44, 0x69, 0x06,
+    0x7c, 0x7f, 0x5d, 0xa2, 0x9e, 0xab, 0xc2, 0x82,
+    0xa0, 0xfb, 0xc5, 0x79, 0x57, 0x8c, 0xf1, 0x1c,
+    0x51, 0x64, 0x4c, 0x56, 0x08, 0x80, 0x32, 0xf4,
+    0x97, 0x8f, 0x6f, 0xb2, 0x16, 0xa6, 0x9d, 0x71,
+};
+
+static const uint8_t exp_ciphertext_rsa1024_raw[] = {
+    0x01, 0xa0, 0xc2, 0x94, 0x9f, 0xd6, 0xbe, 0x8d,
+    0xe9, 0x24, 0xaa, 0x9c, 0x67, 0xd7, 0xe3, 0x04,
+    0x34, 0xbf, 0xd3, 0x27, 0xa1, 0x43, 0xeb, 0x60,
+    0x6b, 0x5b, 0x64, 0x15, 0x55, 0x16, 0x98, 0x35,
+    0xc2, 0x59, 0xa7, 0xf7, 0x24, 0xf7, 0x05, 0xb9,
+    0xe8, 0x56, 0x6f, 0xf2, 0x7d, 0x8b, 0x3c, 0xcb,
+    0xa6, 0xc2, 0xac, 0x0c, 0x37, 0x8c, 0x70, 0x70,
+    0x55, 0x05, 0x07, 0x0d, 0x63, 0x6b, 0x7d, 0x5f,
+    0xae, 0x03, 0x1e, 0x55, 0x05, 0xbb, 0xa8, 0xe7,
+    0xff, 0xa0, 0x8c, 0x5b, 0x6b, 0x01, 0x48, 0x2e,
+    0x4f, 0x7f, 0xe2, 0x74, 0xc6, 0x32, 0xa7, 0x2d,
+    0xdb, 0x91, 0x9b, 0x67, 0x4d, 0x71, 0xf9, 0x8c,
+    0x42, 0x43, 0x75, 0x4e, 0xd0, 0x0e, 0x7c, 0xa0,
+    0x97, 0x1a, 0x5f, 0x8e, 0x6f, 0xe4, 0xfa, 0x16,
+    0x1d, 0x59, 0x0e, 0x0b, 0x11, 0x12, 0xa3, 0x0c,
+    0xa6, 0x55, 0xe6, 0xdb, 0xa7, 0x71, 0xa6, 0xff,
+};
+
+static const uint8_t exp_ciphertext_rsa1024_pkcs1[] = {
+    0x93, 0x78, 0x6a, 0x76, 0xb8, 0x94, 0xea, 0xe4,
+    0x32, 0x79, 0x01, 0x8b, 0xc1, 0xcb, 0x2e, 0x2d,
+    0xfe, 0xdc, 0x9b, 0xe3, 0xe9, 0x23, 0xe4, 0x0a,
+    0xb0, 0x6b, 0x9f, 0x6b, 0x62, 0xf5, 0x3d, 0xf0,
+    0x78, 0x84, 0x77, 0x21, 0xad, 0x0b, 0x30, 0x30,
+    0x94, 0xe2, 0x18, 0xc4, 0x9b, 0x12, 0x06, 0xc8,
+    0xaa, 0xf7, 0x30, 0xe4, 0xc8, 0x64, 0xe7, 0x51,
+    0xf1, 0x6a, 0xe1, 0xa2, 0x58, 0x7a, 0x02, 0x9c,
+    0x8e, 0xf0, 0x2d, 0x25, 0x6b, 0xb7, 0x25, 0x5e,
+    0x05, 0xaf, 0x38, 0xb2, 0x69, 0x5e, 0x6c, 0x75,
+    0x6e, 0x27, 0xba, 0x5d, 0x7d, 0x35, 0x72, 0xb7,
+    0x25, 0xd4, 0xaa, 0xb2, 0x4b, 0x9e, 0x6b, 0x82,
+    0xb2, 0x32, 0xe2, 0x13, 0x1d, 0x00, 0x21, 0x08,
+    0xae, 0x14, 0xbb, 0xc0, 0x40, 0xb7, 0x0d, 0xd5,
+    0x0e, 0x4d, 0x6d, 0x9a, 0x70, 0x86, 0xe9, 0xfc,
+    0x67, 0x2b, 0xa4, 0x11, 0x45, 0xb6, 0xc4, 0x2f,
+};
+
+static const uint8_t exp_ciphertext_rsa2048_raw[] = {
+    0x09, 0x7b, 0x9e, 0x7c, 0x10, 0x1f, 0x73, 0xb4,
+    0x5f, 0xdb, 0x4f, 0x05, 0xe7, 0xfc, 0x9e, 0x35,
+    0x48, 0xd8, 0xc8, 0xf5, 0xac, 0x6d, 0xb4, 0xb0,
+    0xd4, 0xf7, 0x69, 0x0f, 0x30, 0x78, 0xbb, 0x55,
+    0x67, 0x66, 0x66, 0x05, 0xf4, 0x77, 0xe2, 0x30,
+    0xa5, 0x94, 0x10, 0xa3, 0xcb, 0xee, 0x13, 0x9f,
+    0x47, 0x1b, 0x2e, 0xf9, 0xfd, 0x94, 0x09, 0xbd,
+    0x26, 0x6e, 0x84, 0xc7, 0x5c, 0x42, 0x20, 0x76,
+    0x72, 0x83, 0x75, 0x68, 0xa4, 0x18, 0x2d, 0x76,
+    0x62, 0xc3, 0xab, 0xc0, 0xc9, 0x36, 0x59, 0xe0,
+    0xa9, 0x70, 0x1f, 0xff, 0x97, 0x07, 0x0d, 0x88,
+    0xc2, 0xd8, 0x51, 0x35, 0xf7, 0xb0, 0x50, 0xe4,
+    0x9f, 0x3d, 0xd4, 0x71, 0x8b, 0x40, 0x89, 0x71,
+    0x6c, 0xd8, 0xc2, 0x63, 0xb6, 0x3a, 0xce, 0xb1,
+    0x32, 0xf1, 0xc6, 0x11, 0x31, 0x25, 0x48, 0xcf,
+    0xeb, 0xbc, 0xd3, 0x9b, 0xc5, 0xbd, 0xd2, 0x57,
+    0x73, 0x9b, 0x20, 0xb8, 0xdf, 0xbe, 0xb8, 0x40,
+    0xb6, 0xac, 0x24, 0xdb, 0x94, 0x6a, 0x93, 0x43,
+    0x4a, 0xa8, 0xa3, 0xcf, 0xd5, 0x61, 0x1b, 0x46,
+    0x1d, 0x6f, 0x57, 0xec, 0xa6, 0xd0, 0x44, 0x05,
+    0x48, 0xb8, 0x90, 0x80, 0x23, 0x8e, 0x5f, 0xb0,
+    0x4b, 0x6f, 0xe3, 0xf9, 0xb0, 0x04, 0x60, 0xae,
+    0x80, 0xcf, 0xa5, 0x5c, 0x11, 0xe4, 0xce, 0x57,
+    0x5b, 0xbb, 0xde, 0x92, 0xfc, 0xe7, 0x3f, 0xe0,
+    0xfc, 0x06, 0xc8, 0xf3, 0x8c, 0xac, 0x86, 0x09,
+    0x31, 0xe5, 0x7e, 0xfb, 0x5d, 0xa7, 0x57, 0xf8,
+    0x1d, 0x23, 0x9d, 0xa3, 0xeb, 0x53, 0x28, 0xde,
+    0xbf, 0x53, 0xef, 0x35, 0x3c, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x1b,
+    0x76, 0x9d, 0x09, 0x25, 0x43, 0xd4, 0x8b, 0xca,
+    0xda, 0x45, 0x5b, 0xdc, 0x9f, 0x57, 0x5a, 0x30,
+    0x2e, 0xe9, 0x73, 0x68, 0x28, 0xfa, 0x40, 0xb0,
+    0x7c, 0x31, 0xd7, 0x8b, 0x4e, 0x99, 0x94, 0xf1,
+};
+
+static const uint8_t exp_ciphertext_rsa2048_pkcs1[] = {
+    0xa5, 0x19, 0x19, 0x34, 0xad, 0xf6, 0xd2, 0xbe,
+    0xed, 0x8f, 0xe5, 0xfe, 0xa2, 0xa5, 0x20, 0x08,
+    0x15, 0x53, 0x7c, 0x68, 0x28, 0xae, 0x07, 0xb2,
+    0x4c, 0x5d, 0xee, 0xc1, 0xc6, 0xdc, 0xd6, 0x8b,
+    0xc6, 0xba, 0x46, 0xe1, 0x16, 0xa9, 0x04, 0x72,
+    0xdf, 0x8f, 0x1e, 0x97, 0x2a, 0x55, 0xe7, 0xac,
+    0x08, 0x0d, 0x61, 0xe8, 0x64, 0x8b, 0x6f, 0x96,
+    0x0e, 0xbb, 0x8a, 0x30, 0xb3, 0x73, 0x28, 0x61,
+    0x16, 0x89, 0x90, 0x88, 0x8e, 0xda, 0x22, 0xe6,
+    0x42, 0x16, 0xc7, 0xe8, 0x30, 0x0d, 0x7f, 0x44,
+    0x1e, 0xef, 0xe6, 0xdb, 0x78, 0x54, 0x89, 0xa5,
+    0x60, 0x67, 0xb3, 0x35, 0x2d, 0x79, 0x49, 0xcf,
+    0xe6, 0x8f, 0xf3, 0x64, 0x52, 0x1c, 0x6c, 0x43,
+    0x7e, 0xb0, 0xde, 0x55, 0xdf, 0xbe, 0xb7, 0xb1,
+    0xdb, 0x02, 0xee, 0x76, 0x96, 0xcc, 0x0b, 0x97,
+    0x8c, 0x23, 0xaa, 0x7d, 0x4c, 0x47, 0x28, 0x41,
+    0x7a, 0x20, 0x39, 0x1f, 0x64, 0x0b, 0xf1, 0x74,
+    0xf1, 0x29, 0xda, 0xe9, 0x3a, 0x36, 0xa6, 0x88,
+    0xb8, 0xc0, 0x21, 0xb8, 0x9b, 0x5d, 0x90, 0x85,
+    0xa3, 0x30, 0x61, 0x17, 0x8c, 0x74, 0x63, 0xd5,
+    0x0f, 0x95, 0xdc, 0xc8, 0x4f, 0xa7, 0x24, 0x55,
+    0x40, 0xe2, 0x84, 0x57, 0x65, 0x06, 0x11, 0x30,
+    0x2b, 0x9e, 0x32, 0x95, 0x39, 0xf2, 0x1a, 0x3f,
+    0xab, 0xcd, 0x7b, 0x7f, 0x9c, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x50,
+    0x7c, 0xf4, 0xbe, 0xcb, 0x80, 0xea, 0x66, 0xba,
+    0x0e, 0x7b, 0x46, 0x0b, 0x25, 0xe0, 0xc1, 0x03,
+    0x29, 0x11, 0x2d, 0x69, 0x4f, 0x21, 0xa2, 0x58,
+    0x37, 0x4b, 0x84, 0x15, 0xb3, 0x65, 0x3a, 0xac,
+    0xd4, 0xd0, 0xf6, 0xdf, 0x4b, 0x82, 0xca, 0x9e,
+    0xbb, 0xbe, 0x3c, 0x4d, 0xd5, 0xbf, 0x00, 0xd6,
+    0x12, 0x48, 0x72, 0x0b, 0xc7, 0xf8, 0xe1, 0xcd,
+    0xd0, 0x28, 0x03, 0x19, 0xa6, 0x06, 0x13, 0x45,
+};
+
+static const uint8_t rsa_private_key_lack_element[] = {
+    /* RSAPrivateKey, offset: 0, length: 176 */
+    0x30, 0x81, 0xb0,
+    /* version, offset: 4, length: 1 */
+    0x02, 0x01, 0x00,
+    /* n, offset: 7, length: 65 */
+    0x02, 0x41,
+    0x00, 0xb9, 0xe1, 0x22, 0xdb, 0x56, 0x2f, 0xb6,
+    0xf7, 0xf0, 0x0a, 0x87, 0x43, 0x07, 0x12, 0xdb,
+    0x6d, 0xb6, 0x2b, 0x41, 0x8d, 0x2c, 0x3c, 0xa5,
+    0xdd, 0x78, 0x9a, 0x8f, 0xab, 0x8e, 0xf2, 0x4a,
+    0xc8, 0x34, 0x0c, 0x12, 0x4f, 0x11, 0x90, 0xc6,
+    0xc2, 0xa5, 0xd0, 0xcd, 0xfb, 0xfc, 0x2c, 0x95,
+    0x56, 0x82, 0xdf, 0x39, 0xf3, 0x3b, 0x1d, 0x62,
+    0x26, 0x97, 0xb7, 0x93, 0x25, 0xc7, 0xec, 0x7e,
+    0xf7,
+    /* e, offset: 74, length: 3 */
+    0x02, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01,
+    /* d, offset: 79, length: 64 */
+    0x02, 0x40,
+    0x1e, 0x80, 0xfe, 0xda, 0x65, 0xdb, 0x70, 0xb8,
+    0x61, 0x91, 0x28, 0xbf, 0x6c, 0x32, 0xc1, 0x05,
+    0xd1, 0x26, 0x6a, 0x1c, 0x83, 0xcc, 0xf4, 0x1f,
+    0x53, 0x42, 0x72, 0x1f, 0x62, 0x57, 0x0a, 0xc4,
+    0x66, 0x76, 0x30, 0x87, 0xb9, 0xb1, 0xb9, 0x6a,
+    0x63, 0xfd, 0x8f, 0x3e, 0xfc, 0x35, 0x3f, 0xd6,
+    0x2e, 0x6c, 0xc8, 0x70, 0x8a, 0x17, 0xc1, 0x28,
+    0x6a, 0xfe, 0x51, 0x56, 0xb3, 0x92, 0x6f, 0x09,
+    /* p, offset: 145, length: 33 */
+    0x02, 0x21,
+    0x00, 0xe3, 0x2e, 0x2d, 0x8d, 0xba, 0x1c, 0x34,
+    0x4c, 0x49, 0x9f, 0xc1, 0xa6, 0xdd, 0xd7, 0x13,
+    0x8d, 0x05, 0x48, 0xdd, 0xff, 0x5c, 0x30, 0xbc,
+    0x6b, 0xc4, 0x18, 0x9d, 0xfc, 0xa2, 0xd0, 0x9b,
+    0x4d,
+    /* q, offset: 180, length: 33 */
+    0x02, 0x21,
+    0x00, 0xd1, 0x75, 0xaf, 0x4b, 0xc6, 0x1a, 0xb0,
+    0x98, 0x14, 0x42, 0xae, 0x33, 0xf3, 0x44, 0xde,
+    0x21, 0xcb, 0x04, 0xda, 0xfb, 0x1e, 0x35, 0x92,
+    0xcd, 0x69, 0xc0, 0x83, 0x06, 0x83, 0x8e, 0x39,
+    0x53,
+    /* lack element: dp, dq, u */
+};
+
+static const uint8_t rsa_public_key_lack_element[] = {
+    /* RSAPublicKey, offset: 0, length: 67 */
+    0x30, 0x81, 0x43,
+    /* n, offset: 7, length: 65 */
+    0x02, 0x41,
+    0x00, 0xb9, 0xe1, 0x22, 0xdb, 0x56, 0x2f, 0xb6,
+    0xf7, 0xf0, 0x0a, 0x87, 0x43, 0x07, 0x12, 0xdb,
+    0x6d, 0xb6, 0x2b, 0x41, 0x8d, 0x2c, 0x3c, 0xa5,
+    0xdd, 0x78, 0x9a, 0x8f, 0xab, 0x8e, 0xf2, 0x4a,
+    0xc8, 0x34, 0x0c, 0x12, 0x4f, 0x11, 0x90, 0xc6,
+    0xc2, 0xa5, 0xd0, 0xcd, 0xfb, 0xfc, 0x2c, 0x95,
+    0x56, 0x82, 0xdf, 0x39, 0xf3, 0x3b, 0x1d, 0x62,
+    0x26, 0x97, 0xb7, 0x93, 0x25, 0xc7, 0xec, 0x7e,
+    0xf7,
+    /* lack element: e */
+};
+
+static const uint8_t rsa_public_key_empty_element[] = {
+    /* RSAPublicKey, offset: 0, length: 69 */
+    0x30, 0x81, 0x45,
+    /* n, offset: 7, length: 65 */
+    0x02, 0x41,
+    0x00, 0xb9, 0xe1, 0x22, 0xdb, 0x56, 0x2f, 0xb6,
+    0xf7, 0xf0, 0x0a, 0x87, 0x43, 0x07, 0x12, 0xdb,
+    0x6d, 0xb6, 0x2b, 0x41, 0x8d, 0x2c, 0x3c, 0xa5,
+    0xdd, 0x78, 0x9a, 0x8f, 0xab, 0x8e, 0xf2, 0x4a,
+    0xc8, 0x34, 0x0c, 0x12, 0x4f, 0x11, 0x90, 0xc6,
+    0xc2, 0xa5, 0xd0, 0xcd, 0xfb, 0xfc, 0x2c, 0x95,
+    0x56, 0x82, 0xdf, 0x39, 0xf3, 0x3b, 0x1d, 0x62,
+    0x26, 0x97, 0xb7, 0x93, 0x25, 0xc7, 0xec, 0x7e,
+    0xf7,
+    /* e: empty element */
+    0x02, 0x00,
+};
+
+static const uint8_t rsa_private_key_empty_element[] = {
+    /* RSAPrivateKey, offset: 0, length: 19 */
+    0x30, 0x81, 0x13,
+    /* version, offset: 4, length: 1 */
+    0x02, 0x01, 0x00,
+    /* n: empty element */
+    0x02, 0x00,
+    /* e: empty element */
+    0x02, 0x00,
+    /* d: empty element */
+    0x02, 0x00,
+    /* p: empty element */
+    0x02, 0x00,
+    /* q: empty element */
+    0x02, 0x00,
+    /* dp: empty element */
+    0x02, 0x00,
+    /* dq: empty element */
+    0x02, 0x00,
+    /* u: empty element */
+    0x02, 0x00,
+};
+
+static const uint8_t rsa_public_key_invalid_length_val[] = {
+    /* RSAPublicKey, INVALID length: 313 */
+    0x30, 0x82, 0x01, 0x39,
+    /* n, offset: 7, length: 65 */
+    0x02, 0x41,
+    0x00, 0xb9, 0xe1, 0x22, 0xdb, 0x56, 0x2f, 0xb6,
+    0xf7, 0xf0, 0x0a, 0x87, 0x43, 0x07, 0x12, 0xdb,
+    0x6d, 0xb6, 0x2b, 0x41, 0x8d, 0x2c, 0x3c, 0xa5,
+    0xdd, 0x78, 0x9a, 0x8f, 0xab, 0x8e, 0xf2, 0x4a,
+    0xc8, 0x34, 0x0c, 0x12, 0x4f, 0x11, 0x90, 0xc6,
+    0xc2, 0xa5, 0xd0, 0xcd, 0xfb, 0xfc, 0x2c, 0x95,
+    0x56, 0x82, 0xdf, 0x39, 0xf3, 0x3b, 0x1d, 0x62,
+    0x26, 0x97, 0xb7, 0x93, 0x25, 0xc7, 0xec, 0x7e,
+    0xf7,
+    /* e, */
+    0x02, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01,  /* INTEGER, offset: 74, length: 3 */
+};
+
+static const uint8_t rsa_public_key_extra_elem[] = {
+    /* RSAPublicKey, length: 80 */
+    0x30, 0x81, 0x50,
+    /* n, offset: 7, length: 65 */
+    0x02, 0x41,
+    0x00, 0xb9, 0xe1, 0x22, 0xdb, 0x56, 0x2f, 0xb6,
+    0xf7, 0xf0, 0x0a, 0x87, 0x43, 0x07, 0x12, 0xdb,
+    0x6d, 0xb6, 0x2b, 0x41, 0x8d, 0x2c, 0x3c, 0xa5,
+    0xdd, 0x78, 0x9a, 0x8f, 0xab, 0x8e, 0xf2, 0x4a,
+    0xc8, 0x34, 0x0c, 0x12, 0x4f, 0x11, 0x90, 0xc6,
+    0xc2, 0xa5, 0xd0, 0xcd, 0xfb, 0xfc, 0x2c, 0x95,
+    0x56, 0x82, 0xdf, 0x39, 0xf3, 0x3b, 0x1d, 0x62,
+    0x26, 0x97, 0xb7, 0x93, 0x25, 0xc7, 0xec, 0x7e,
+    0xf7,
+    /* e, offset: 74, length: 3 */
+    0x02, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01,
+    /* Additional integer field, length 3 */
+    0x02, 0x06, 0xe1, 0x22, 0xdb, 0xe1, 0x22, 0xdb,
+};
+
+typedef struct QCryptoRSAKeyTestData QCryptoRSAKeyTestData;
+struct QCryptoRSAKeyTestData {
+    const char *path;
+    QCryptoAkCipherKeyType key_type;
+    QCryptoAkCipherOptions opt;
+    const uint8_t *key;
+    size_t keylen;
+    bool is_valid_key;
+    size_t exp_key_len;
+};
+
+typedef struct QCryptoAkCipherTestData QCryptoAkCipherTestData;
+struct QCryptoAkCipherTestData {
+    const char *path;
+    QCryptoAkCipherOptions opt;
+
+    const uint8_t *priv_key;
+    size_t priv_key_len;
+    const uint8_t *pub_key;
+    size_t pub_key_len;
+
+    const uint8_t *plaintext;
+    size_t plen;
+    const uint8_t *ciphertext;
+    size_t clen;
+    const uint8_t *dgst;
+    size_t dlen;
+    const uint8_t *signature;
+    size_t slen;
+};
+
+static QCryptoRSAKeyTestData rsakey_test_data[] = {
+    {
+        .path = "/crypto/akcipher/rsakey-1024-public",
+        .key_type = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC,
+        .key = rsa1024_public_key,
+        .keylen = sizeof(rsa1024_public_key),
+        .is_valid_key = true,
+        .exp_key_len = 128,
+    },
+    {
+        .path = "/crypto/akcipher/rsakey-1024-private",
+        .key_type = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PRIVATE,
+        .key = rsa1024_private_key,
+        .keylen = sizeof(rsa1024_private_key),
+        .is_valid_key = true,
+        .exp_key_len = 128,
+    },
+    {
+        .path = "/crypto/akcipher/rsakey-2048-public",
+        .key_type = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC,
+        .key = rsa2048_public_key,
+        .keylen = sizeof(rsa2048_public_key),
+        .is_valid_key = true,
+        .exp_key_len = 256,
+    },
+    {
+        .path = "/crypto/akcipher/rsakey-2048-private",
+        .key_type = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PRIVATE,
+        .key = rsa2048_private_key,
+        .keylen = sizeof(rsa2048_private_key),
+        .is_valid_key = true,
+        .exp_key_len = 256,
+    },
+    {
+        .path = "/crypto/akcipher/rsakey-public-lack-elem",
+        .key_type = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC,
+        .key = rsa_public_key_lack_element,
+        .keylen = sizeof(rsa_public_key_lack_element),
+        .is_valid_key = false,
+    },
+    {
+        .path = "/crypto/akcipher/rsakey-private-lack-elem",
+        .key_type = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PRIVATE,
+        .key = rsa_private_key_lack_element,
+        .keylen = sizeof(rsa_private_key_lack_element),
+        .is_valid_key = false,
+    },
+    {
+        .path = "/crypto/akcipher/rsakey-public-empty-elem",
+        .key_type = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC,
+        .key = rsa_public_key_empty_element,
+        .keylen = sizeof(rsa_public_key_empty_element),
+        .is_valid_key = false,
+    },
+    {
+        .path = "/crypto/akcipher/rsakey-private-empty-elem",
+        .key_type = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PRIVATE,
+        .key = rsa_private_key_empty_element,
+        .keylen = sizeof(rsa_private_key_empty_element),
+        .is_valid_key = false,
+    },
+    {
+        .path = "/crypto/akcipher/rsakey-public-empty-key",
+        .key_type = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC,
+        .key = NULL,
+        .keylen = 0,
+        .is_valid_key = false,
+    },
+    {
+        .path = "/crypto/akcipher/rsakey-private-empty-key",
+        .key_type = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PRIVATE,
+        .key = NULL,
+        .keylen = 0,
+        .is_valid_key = false,
+    },
+    {
+        .path = "/crypto/akcipher/rsakey-public-invalid-length-val",
+        .key_type = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC,
+        .key = rsa_public_key_invalid_length_val,
+        .keylen = sizeof(rsa_public_key_invalid_length_val),
+        .is_valid_key = false,
+    },
+    {
+        .path = "/crypto/akcipher/rsakey-public-extra-elem",
+        .key_type = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC,
+        .key = rsa_public_key_extra_elem,
+        .keylen = sizeof(rsa_public_key_extra_elem),
+        .is_valid_key = false,
+    },
+};
+
+static QCryptoAkCipherTestData akcipher_test_data[] = {
+    /* rsa1024 with raw padding */
+    {
+        .path = "/crypto/akcipher/rsa1024-raw",
+        .opt = {
+            .alg = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_ALG_RSA,
+            .u.rsa = {
+                .padding_alg = QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_RAW,
+            },
+        },
+        .pub_key = rsa1024_public_key,
+        .pub_key_len = sizeof(rsa1024_public_key),
+        .priv_key = rsa1024_private_key,
+        .priv_key_len = sizeof(rsa1024_private_key),
+
+        .plaintext = test_plaintext,
+        .plen = 128,
+        .ciphertext = exp_ciphertext_rsa1024_raw,
+        .clen = sizeof(exp_ciphertext_rsa1024_raw),
+    },
+
+    /* rsa1024 with pkcs1 padding */
+    {
+        .path = "/crypto/akcipher/rsa1024-pkcs1",
+        .opt = {
+            .alg = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_ALG_RSA,
+            .u.rsa = {
+                .padding_alg = QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_PKCS1,
+                .hash_alg = QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_SHA1,
+            },
+        },
+        .pub_key = rsa1024_public_key,
+        .pub_key_len = sizeof(rsa1024_public_key),
+        .priv_key = rsa1024_private_key,
+        .priv_key_len = sizeof(rsa1024_private_key),
+
+        .plaintext = test_plaintext,
+        .plen = 64,
+        .ciphertext = exp_ciphertext_rsa1024_pkcs1,
+        .clen = sizeof(exp_ciphertext_rsa1024_pkcs1),
+        .dgst = test_sha1_dgst,
+        .dlen = sizeof(test_sha1_dgst),
+        .signature = exp_signature_rsa1024_pkcs1,
+        .slen = sizeof(exp_signature_rsa1024_pkcs1),
+    },
+
+    /* rsa2048 with raw padding */
+    {
+        .path = "/crypto/akcipher/rsa2048-raw",
+        .opt = {
+            .alg = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_ALG_RSA,
+            .u.rsa = {
+                .padding_alg = QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_RAW,
+            },
+        },
+        .pub_key = rsa2048_public_key,
+        .pub_key_len = sizeof(rsa2048_public_key),
+        .priv_key = rsa2048_private_key,
+        .priv_key_len = sizeof(rsa2048_private_key),
+
+        .plaintext = test_plaintext,
+        .plen = 256,
+        .ciphertext = exp_ciphertext_rsa2048_raw,
+        .clen = sizeof(exp_ciphertext_rsa2048_raw),
+    },
+
+    /* rsa2048 with pkcs1 padding */
+    {
+        .path = "/crypto/akcipher/rsa2048-pkcs1",
+        .opt = {
+            .alg = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_ALG_RSA,
+            .u.rsa = {
+                .padding_alg = QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_PKCS1,
+                .hash_alg = QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_SHA1,
+            },
+        },
+        .pub_key = rsa2048_public_key,
+        .pub_key_len = sizeof(rsa2048_public_key),
+        .priv_key = rsa2048_private_key,
+        .priv_key_len = sizeof(rsa2048_private_key),
+
+        .plaintext = test_plaintext,
+        .plen = 128,
+        .ciphertext = exp_ciphertext_rsa2048_pkcs1,
+        .clen = sizeof(exp_ciphertext_rsa2048_pkcs1),
+        .dgst = test_sha1_dgst,
+        .dlen = sizeof(test_sha1_dgst),
+        .signature = exp_signature_rsa2048_pkcs1,
+        .slen = sizeof(exp_signature_rsa2048_pkcs1),
+    },
+
+};
+
+static void test_akcipher(const void *opaque)
+{
+    const QCryptoAkCipherTestData *data = opaque;
+    g_autofree uint8_t *plaintext = NULL;
+    g_autofree uint8_t *ciphertext = NULL;
+    g_autofree uint8_t *signature = NULL;
+    QCryptoAkCipher *pub_key, *priv_key;
+
+    if (!qcrypto_akcipher_supports((QCryptoAkCipherOptions *)&data->opt)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    pub_key = qcrypto_akcipher_new(&data->opt,
+                                   QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PUBLIC,
+                                   data->pub_key, data->pub_key_len,
+                                   &error_abort);
+    g_assert(pub_key != NULL);
+    priv_key = qcrypto_akcipher_new(&data->opt,
+                                    QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_KEY_TYPE_PRIVATE,
+                                    data->priv_key, data->priv_key_len,
+                                    &error_abort);
+    g_assert(priv_key != NULL);
+
+    if (data->plaintext != NULL) {
+
+        ciphertext = g_new0(uint8_t, data->clen);
+        g_assert(qcrypto_akcipher_encrypt(pub_key, data->plaintext, data->plen,
+                                          ciphertext, data->clen,
+                                          &error_abort) > 0);
+
+        /**
+         * In the asymmetric encryption algorithms, the ciphertext generated
+         * each time may be different, here only compare the decrypted
+         * plaintext
+         */
+        plaintext = g_new0(uint8_t, data->clen);
+        g_assert(qcrypto_akcipher_decrypt(priv_key, ciphertext,
+                                          data->clen, plaintext,
+                                          data->plen,
+                                          &error_abort) == data->plen);
+        g_assert(!memcmp(plaintext, data->plaintext, data->plen));
+    }
+
+    if (data->signature != NULL) {
+        signature = g_new(uint8_t, data->slen);
+        g_assert(qcrypto_akcipher_sign(priv_key, data->dgst, data->dlen,
+                                       signature, data->slen,
+                                       &error_abort) > 0);
+        /**
+         * The signature generated each time may be different, here only check
+         * the verification.
+         */
+        g_assert(qcrypto_akcipher_verify(pub_key, data->signature, data->slen,
+                                         data->dgst, data->dlen,
+                                         &error_abort) == 0);
+        g_assert(qcrypto_akcipher_verify(pub_key, signature, data->slen,
+                                         data->dgst, data->dlen,
+                                         &error_abort) == 0);
+        ++signature[0];
+        /* Here error should be ignored */
+        g_assert(qcrypto_akcipher_verify(pub_key, signature, data->slen,
+                                         data->dgst, data->dlen, NULL) != 0);
+    }
+
+    qcrypto_akcipher_free(pub_key);
+    qcrypto_akcipher_free(priv_key);
+}
+
+static void test_rsakey(const void *opaque)
+{
+    const QCryptoRSAKeyTestData *data = (const QCryptoRSAKeyTestData *)opaque;
+    QCryptoAkCipherOptions opt = {
+        .alg = QCRYPTO_AKCIPHER_ALG_RSA,
+        .u.rsa = {
+            .padding_alg = QCRYPTO_RSA_PADDING_ALG_PKCS1,
+            .hash_alg = QCRYPTO_HASH_ALG_SHA1,
+        }
+    };
+    g_autoptr(QCryptoAkCipher) key = qcrypto_akcipher_new(
+        &opt, data->key_type, data->key, data->keylen, NULL);
+
+    if (!qcrypto_akcipher_supports(&opt)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!data->is_valid_key) {
+        g_assert(key == NULL);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    g_assert(key != NULL);
+    g_assert(qcrypto_akcipher_max_ciphertext_len(key) == data->exp_key_len);
+    g_assert(qcrypto_akcipher_max_plaintext_len(key) == data->exp_key_len);
+    g_assert(qcrypto_akcipher_max_signature_len(key) == data->exp_key_len);
+    g_assert(qcrypto_akcipher_max_dgst_len(key) == data->exp_key_len);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    size_t i;
+    g_test_init(&argc, &argv, NULL);
+    g_assert(qcrypto_init(NULL) == 0);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(akcipher_test_data); i++) {
+        g_test_add_data_func(akcipher_test_data[i].path,
+                             &akcipher_test_data[i],
+                             test_akcipher);
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(rsakey_test_data); i++) {
+        g_test_add_data_func(rsakey_test_data[i].path,
+                             &rsakey_test_data[i],
+                             test_rsakey);
+    }
+
+    return g_test_run();
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/test-crypto-der.c b/tests/unit/test-crypto-der.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..aed0f28d68a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/test-crypto-der.c
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU Crypto akcipher algorithms
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 Bytedance
+ * Author: lei he <helei@bytedance.com>
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "crypto/der.h"
+
+/* rsa(512) private key, generated by openssl */
+static const uint8_t test_rsa512_priv_key[] =
+    "\x30\x82\x01\x39"      /* SEQUENCE, offset: 0, length: 313 */
+    "\x02\x01\x00"          /* INTEGER, offset: 4, length: 1 */
+    "\x02\x41"              /* INTEGER, offset: 7, length: 65 */
+    "\x00\xb9\xe1\x22\xdb\x56\x2f\xb6\xf7\xf0\x0a\x87\x43\x07\x12\xdb"
+    "\x6d\xb6\x2b\x41\x8d\x2c\x3c\xa5\xdd\x78\x9a\x8f\xab\x8e\xf2\x4a"
+    "\xc8\x34\x0c\x12\x4f\x11\x90\xc6\xc2\xa5\xd0\xcd\xfb\xfc\x2c\x95"
+    "\x56\x82\xdf\x39\xf3\x3b\x1d\x62\x26\x97\xb7\x93\x25\xc7\xec\x7e"
+    "\xf7"
+    "\x02\x03\x01\x00\x01"  /* INTEGER, offset: 74, length: 3 */
+    "\x02\x40"              /* INTEGER, offset: 79, length: 64 */
+    "\x1e\x80\xfe\xda\x65\xdb\x70\xb8\x61\x91\x28\xbf\x6c\x32\xc1\x05"
+    "\xd1\x26\x6a\x1c\x83\xcc\xf4\x1f\x53\x42\x72\x1f\x62\x57\x0a\xc4"
+    "\x66\x76\x30\x87\xb9\xb1\xb9\x6a\x63\xfd\x8f\x3e\xfc\x35\x3f\xd6"
+    "\x2e\x6c\xc8\x70\x8a\x17\xc1\x28\x6a\xfe\x51\x56\xb3\x92\x6f\x09"
+    "\x02\x21"              /* INTEGER, offset: 145, length: 33 */
+    "\x00\xe3\x2e\x2d\x8d\xba\x1c\x34\x4c\x49\x9f\xc1\xa6\xdd\xd7\x13"
+    "\x8d\x05\x48\xdd\xff\x5c\x30\xbc\x6b\xc4\x18\x9d\xfc\xa2\xd0\x9b"
+    "\x4d"
+    "\x02\x21"             /* INTEGER, offset: 180, length: 33 */
+    "\x00\xd1\x75\xaf\x4b\xc6\x1a\xb0\x98\x14\x42\xae\x33\xf3\x44\xde"
+    "\x21\xcb\x04\xda\xfb\x1e\x35\x92\xcd\x69\xc0\x83\x06\x83\x8e\x39"
+    "\x53"
+    "\x02\x20"             /* INTEGER, offset: 215, length: 32 */
+    "\x68\x8d\x2a\xf7\xcb\xcc\x09\x21\x86\xcc\x98\x21\xc4\x7c\xa4\x09"
+    "\xc5\x81\xd8\x71\x1a\x2b\x6f\xbb\xa4\xde\xb3\x6e\xbe\x3b\x85\x0d"
+    "\x02\x20"             /* INTEGER, offset: 249, length: 32 */
+    "\x64\x06\x0e\xef\xe0\x6a\x5e\x6a\x41\x42\x96\x6d\xb8\x7d\xea\x95"
+    "\xb8\x9d\x58\xf5\x12\x38\x03\x22\x94\x9d\x99\xf4\x42\x5e\x68\x81"
+    "\x02\x20"             /* INTEGER, offset: 283, length: 32 */
+    "\x7f\x1d\x87\xe8\x55\x30\x75\xc7\x29\xec\xc9\x65\x76\x5a\x6a\xa3"
+    "\x4a\x6e\xe1\x26\x65\xd1\x76\xd5\xb9\xd1\x8b\xa8\x73\xe2\x6a\x9e";
+
+static const uint8_t test_rsa2048_priv_key[] =
+    "\x30\x82\x04\xa6"          /* SEQUENCE, offset: 0, length 1190 */
+    "\x02\x01\x00"              /* INTEGER, offset: 4, length: 1 */
+    "\x02\x82\x01\x01"          /* INTEGER, offset: 7, length: 257 */
+    "\x00\xd1\x48\xc2\xc1\x1d\x4f\x94\xf2\xbb\x9b\xe2\x2d\xe1\xea\x4c"
+    "\xce\x41\x72\xe3\x41\x7e\x9d\x91\x85\xa3\x4e\xe1\x2c\xf6\x52\x6d"
+    "\xf9\x84\x64\xdf\x87\x28\x4a\xc9\x9d\x78\x93\x47\xc8\xd9\x66\x2e"
+    "\xf4\xc6\xf0\x32\x15\x1a\xe8\xaf\x5a\xca\x3a\xd3\x3e\xf6\xde\x86"
+    "\xdd\x9b\xa6\x4d\x74\x58\xf0\x11\x7f\x66\xd5\x1c\xd8\xde\xa3\xf8"
+    "\xa3\xfc\x33\x55\x89\xa9\xc3\xea\x5b\x2e\x31\x06\xf8\xcb\x9e\x6e"
+    "\xb2\x68\x0d\xe6\xc3\x5c\x2d\xf8\xa2\xbd\x00\x1a\xf6\xb6\xdd\x14"
+    "\x8d\x11\x6d\x2d\xc6\x0c\x09\xe6\xf6\xb9\x8b\x87\x4c\x9f\x4d\x63"
+    "\xd3\x94\xf4\x32\xca\xcf\x5e\xbf\xe2\x7f\x73\x5a\x65\xec\x82\x0d"
+    "\x7f\x30\x25\x03\xd4\x3a\xff\xa2\xe8\xd6\xb5\x1f\x4f\x36\x64\x61"
+    "\xc3\x5f\xb2\x9e\x0c\x53\x04\x19\x34\x99\xe8\xe3\xe6\xd3\x2f\x45"
+    "\x58\x8e\x5d\x54\x5a\xa0\xc0\x5e\x51\x9b\x22\x15\xec\x26\x6f\x72"
+    "\x68\xe9\xbf\x5d\x1d\xb5\xd9\xe4\x81\x1a\x92\x66\xa8\xcb\x73\x46"
+    "\xab\x96\x7b\xf8\x9c\xf5\xb5\x9e\x2b\x13\x71\xe0\x01\x0c\x59\x1b"
+    "\x63\x9f\xb7\xd1\xcd\x47\x8e\xc7\x3a\xbe\xcb\x47\xa7\x23\x43\xa7"
+    "\x7d\xbd\x2c\x4e\x22\x37\xcc\xf9\x1b\x1b\xbb\xed\xec\xf0\x47\x92"
+    "\x43"
+    "\x02\x03\x01\x00\x01"      /* INTEGER, offset 268, length 3 */
+    "\x02\x82\x01\x01"          /* INTEGER, offset 273, length 257 */
+    "\x00\x8d\x21\x97\x0c\x29\x9a\xf8\x23\xf4\x76\x3b\xc1\x9b\x3e\xa8"
+    "\x8a\xd2\xc2\x0a\x14\xa9\xb0\xd2\x68\x9f\x67\x5b\x1c\x3a\x03\xfe"
+    "\x5b\xac\x77\x65\xf1\xbc\x2f\x2a\xe5\x01\x61\xb8\x9f\xee\x53\x25"
+    "\x49\x36\x3a\xd6\x5b\x3b\x29\x3c\xcf\x69\xde\xdf\x83\xef\x70\xc2"
+    "\xdc\x00\xd1\xd6\x1b\xa6\xba\x45\xe2\x77\x53\x31\xbf\xe1\xec\x0b"
+    "\x89\x72\x52\x9f\xd5\x54\xe1\x64\x52\x16\xc5\x43\x21\x56\x16\xc2"
+    "\x29\x97\x58\x00\x8d\x2f\xc5\x64\x8d\x42\x0d\x27\x21\xc6\xd1\x31"
+    "\xc1\xab\xc5\xc7\x7f\x6d\xb0\xe3\xca\xef\xf6\xf2\xc7\xae\x09\xbf"
+    "\x4d\xc0\x4e\x90\x2c\x28\xb9\xcc\x22\x74\xf2\xd5\xff\x4d\x86\xf6"
+    "\xec\x45\x1f\xbf\x25\x4c\x30\x26\x76\x4f\x09\x13\x83\xef\x35\x73"
+    "\xa3\xa2\xb1\x40\xcf\x07\x7a\x83\xae\xea\x00\xea\x74\xc7\x54\x6a"
+    "\x88\x19\xed\x35\xd3\x7e\x5e\xac\x51\xc1\x1e\x5e\x2c\x57\x72\x20"
+    "\x10\x6a\x0c\x47\xe1\xf0\x36\x70\xd2\xa7\x57\x64\x47\x46\x9f\xca"
+    "\x23\x8a\x48\x50\x1d\x33\x6a\x86\x46\x69\xed\x54\x65\x6b\x9e\xab"
+    "\x1f\x84\x87\xf4\x92\x8a\x6c\x44\x20\xaa\x8d\xd8\x50\xde\x45\x74"
+    "\xe0\xa8\xc7\xb9\x38\x74\x24\x51\x33\xf0\x39\x54\x6c\x11\xae\xc2"
+    "\x29"
+    "\x02\x81\x81"              /* INTEGER, offset 534, length 129 */
+    "\x00\xe8\x26\xd1\xf9\xa0\xd3\x0e\x3f\x2f\x89\x9b\x94\x16\x12\xd1"
+    "\xae\x3c\x53\x9c\xcf\xc6\xf7\x03\xf5\xdf\x39\xdc\x25\x5d\xcb\xb8"
+    "\xb9\x74\x3e\x3b\x36\xf6\xa0\x8d\xb1\x0e\xd8\xfe\x8c\xcd\x01\x13"
+    "\x77\x73\x08\x0f\x32\xbd\xe6\x95\xdc\xd0\x14\x7d\x44\xdc\x3e\xd9"
+    "\xaa\x8a\x32\xe6\x0e\x76\xb6\x05\xc5\x6b\x87\x78\x9a\x32\xe2\xf8"
+    "\x78\xba\x58\x75\x58\xd5\x26\x9d\x9a\x0f\xb6\xca\xb5\x27\xd8\x58"
+    "\xae\x3f\x49\x54\xd2\x2b\xac\x28\x39\x88\x31\x42\x12\x08\xea\x0b"
+    "\x39\x58\xae\xf3\x82\xa0\xe2\x75\x7c\x96\xa9\xb8\x57\x29\x6d\xd7"
+    "\x37"
+    "\x02\x81\x81"              /* INTEGER, offset 666, length 129 */
+    "\x00\xe6\xc8\x91\x50\x49\x97\x56\x70\x6e\x25\xf5\x77\x25\xa5\x41"
+    "\xfe\xd7\x25\x1b\xc1\x4a\xff\x37\x44\x2b\x46\xa0\xdf\xe8\x02\x09"
+    "\xdd\xa8\x41\xa1\x12\x84\x3c\xf8\xc2\x13\x3e\xb8\x4b\x22\x01\xac"
+    "\xa6\x09\xb2\xe9\xcd\xc8\x51\xee\xde\xa3\x1e\x6b\xfe\xb1\xf8\xb6"
+    "\x9e\x48\x36\x62\x0b\x05\xfa\x38\xc1\x06\x04\x58\x95\x4d\x25\x13"
+    "\x6d\x0b\x12\x0b\xc9\x6d\x59\xfc\x33\x03\x36\x01\x12\x09\x72\x74"
+    "\x5e\x98\x65\x66\x2f\x3a\xde\xd8\xd4\xee\x6f\x82\xe6\x36\x49\x12"
+    "\x6a\x94\x28\xe9\x28\x9e\xef\x29\xdc\xdf\xab\x94\x65\x02\x4e\x4b"
+    "\x55"
+    "\x02\x81\x81"              /* INTEGER, offset 798, length 129 */
+    "\x00\xc9\xda\xb7\x48\x6e\x66\x15\x45\x2b\x78\x63\x26\x67\xeb\x05"
+    "\x16\x92\xad\xc0\xf3\x88\xf4\xcf\x24\xc2\x6b\xf4\xd7\x28\xaf\x32"
+    "\x77\x4e\x73\xad\xd9\x24\xa8\x85\x8b\x26\x75\xd7\x1f\x66\x41\x41"
+    "\x43\xe3\x69\x66\x8d\xa0\x41\x16\x9d\x60\xef\xef\xdc\x28\x05\x1e"
+    "\x0e\x03\x0c\x2e\xac\xf4\xdb\x60\x39\x40\x3e\x12\xc7\x40\xe7\xc9"
+    "\x54\x6f\xf2\xea\x55\xcb\x40\x40\x58\xec\xc0\xeb\x90\x88\x8c\xbc"
+    "\xcf\x05\x88\x25\x90\x79\x18\xc0\x01\x06\x42\x8e\x48\x50\x27\xf0"
+    "\x8a\x74\x69\xea\xa1\xf2\x71\xf5\xe5\xd6\xba\xcb\xe6\x3d\xc7\x9c"
+    "\x11"
+     "\x02\x81\x81"              /* INTEGER, offset 930, length 129 */
+    "\x00\xc9\xf5\x04\xad\x34\xe9\x39\xdc\x83\x97\xb6\x3a\x40\xf8\x60"
+    "\x4b\x69\xec\xf0\x5f\xf3\x88\x69\xcd\xbe\xed\x3c\xc5\x14\x5c\x0c"
+    "\x54\x2b\xf4\xda\xc6\xc0\x70\x36\xe4\x67\x41\x00\xb7\xc7\x17\x9e"
+    "\x05\x63\x01\x6d\x77\x06\x71\x24\xcf\x32\x01\xe2\x51\xed\x5e\x90"
+    "\x38\xed\x4a\xa1\xfb\xb1\x8c\x69\xf4\x08\x96\xef\x0a\x20\x8b\x6c"
+    "\x77\x85\x33\x92\x9a\xff\x95\xba\x8c\xcd\xa7\x89\xc2\x46\x00\x21"
+    "\xf3\xd1\xfb\x12\x34\x0c\x99\x8d\x38\xb1\x3b\x66\x5a\x9d\x70\xce"
+    "\xab\xf3\xe1\xe5\x40\x05\xed\x97\x3d\xd1\x82\x6e\x07\x02\xc0\x8f"
+    "\x4d"
+    "\x02\x81\x81"              /* INTEGER, offset 1062, length 129 */
+    "\x00\xe4\x96\x79\xa8\x6a\x70\xdd\x67\x42\xff\x15\x11\x9e\x01\x71"
+    "\xac\xf1\x70\x7d\x87\xe2\x6e\x0c\x4d\xbb\x21\x15\xbb\xa7\x4e\x0c"
+    "\x09\x7e\x82\xca\x91\xbe\xd0\xdd\x9c\x8c\xb0\x77\x64\x30\x1b\x7e"
+    "\xbb\x69\xcb\x4c\xde\xd6\x6a\xb9\x72\x15\x79\xdc\x05\x99\x69\x8b"
+    "\x24\xa1\xad\x13\x35\x31\xc0\x0b\xf1\xd2\x06\x7c\x94\x1a\x21\x2f"
+    "\x02\xb9\xf0\xd0\xbb\xf7\xb7\x78\xf9\x3d\x76\x60\xd6\x6b\x5f\x35"
+    "\x88\x14\x33\xe6\xbc\xca\x6b\x88\x90\x57\x3b\x0c\xa3\x6e\x47\xdf"
+    "\x4e\x2f\x4c\xf9\xab\x97\x38\xe4\x20\x32\x32\x96\xc8\x9e\x79\xd3"
+    "\x12";
+
+#define MAX_CHECKER_COUNT 32
+
+typedef struct QCryptoAns1DecoderResultChecker QCryptoAns1DecoderResultChecker;
+struct QCryptoAns1DecoderResultChecker {
+    int (*action) (const uint8_t **data, size_t *dlen,
+                   QCryptoDERDecodeCb cb, void *opaque, Error **errp);
+    QCryptoDERDecodeCb cb;
+    const uint8_t *exp_value;
+    size_t exp_vlen;
+};
+
+typedef struct QCryptoAns1DecoderTestData QCryptoAns1DecoderTestData;
+struct QCryptoAns1DecoderTestData {
+    const char *path;
+    const uint8_t *test_data;
+    size_t test_data_len;
+    QCryptoAns1DecoderResultChecker checker[MAX_CHECKER_COUNT];
+};
+
+typedef struct QCryptoAns1DecoderTestContext QCryptoAns1DecoderTestContext;
+struct QCryptoAns1DecoderTestContext {
+    const uint8_t *data;
+    size_t dlen;
+};
+
+static int checker_callback(void *opaque, const uint8_t *value,
+                            size_t vlen, Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoAns1DecoderResultChecker *checker =
+        (QCryptoAns1DecoderResultChecker *)opaque;
+
+    g_assert(value == checker->exp_value);
+    g_assert(vlen == checker->exp_vlen);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void test_ans1(const void *opaque)
+{
+    const QCryptoAns1DecoderTestData *test_data =
+        (QCryptoAns1DecoderTestData *)opaque;
+    QCryptoAns1DecoderTestContext ctx[MAX_CHECKER_COUNT];
+    int seq_depth = 0, checker_idx = 0;
+    ctx[seq_depth].data = test_data->test_data;
+    ctx[seq_depth].dlen = test_data->test_data_len;
+    bool all_checker_completed = false;
+
+    do {
+        const QCryptoAns1DecoderResultChecker *checker =
+            &test_data->checker[checker_idx++];
+        QCryptoAns1DecoderTestContext *c = &ctx[seq_depth];
+        if (!checker->action) {
+            all_checker_completed = true;
+            break;
+        }
+        g_assert(checker->action(&c->data, &c->dlen, checker_callback,
+                                 (void *)checker, &error_abort)
+            == checker->exp_vlen);
+        if (checker->action == qcrypto_der_decode_seq) {
+            ++seq_depth;
+            ctx[seq_depth].data = checker->exp_value;
+            ctx[seq_depth].dlen = checker->exp_vlen;
+        }
+        while (seq_depth != 0 && ctx[seq_depth].dlen == 0) {
+            --seq_depth;
+        }
+
+    } while (true);
+    g_assert(seq_depth == 0);
+    g_assert(ctx[seq_depth].dlen == 0);
+    g_assert(all_checker_completed);
+}
+
+static QCryptoAns1DecoderTestData test_data[] = {
+{
+    .path = "/crypto/der/parse-rsa512-priv-key",
+    .test_data = test_rsa512_priv_key,
+    .test_data_len = sizeof(test_rsa512_priv_key) - 1,
+    .checker = {
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_seq, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa512_priv_key + 4, 313 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa512_priv_key + 4 + 2, 1 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa512_priv_key + 7 + 2, 65 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa512_priv_key + 74 + 2, 3 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa512_priv_key + 79 + 2, 64 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa512_priv_key + 145 + 2, 33 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa512_priv_key + 180 + 2, 33 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa512_priv_key + 215 + 2, 32 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa512_priv_key + 249 + 2, 32 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa512_priv_key + 283 + 2, 32 },
+    },
+},
+{
+    .path = "/crypto/der/parse-rsa2048-priv-key",
+    .test_data = test_rsa2048_priv_key,
+    .test_data_len = sizeof(test_rsa2048_priv_key) - 1,
+    .checker = {
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_seq, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa2048_priv_key + 4, 1190 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa2048_priv_key + 4 + 2, 1 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa2048_priv_key + 7 + 4, 257 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa2048_priv_key + 268 + 2, 3 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa2048_priv_key + 273 + 4, 257 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa2048_priv_key + 534 + 3, 129 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa2048_priv_key + 666 + 3, 129 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa2048_priv_key + 798 + 3, 129 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa2048_priv_key + 930 + 3, 129 },
+        { qcrypto_der_decode_int, checker_callback,
+          test_rsa2048_priv_key + 1062 + 3, 129 },
+    },
+},
+
+};
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    size_t i;
+    g_test_init(&argc, &argv, NULL);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS(test_data); i++) {
+        g_test_add_data_func(test_data[i].path, &test_data[i], test_ans1);
+    }
+
+    return g_test_run();
+}