[Core] Update mpaland/printf to eyalroz/printf fork

[KarlK90]

Description

The currently used printf implementation by mpaland was abandoned in ~2019 and the fork by eyalroz is now regarded to be the goto replacement of it incorporating bug fixes and improvements (although I don't know if QMK is affected by these in any way) . So this commit incorporates the changes needed to use this fork in QMK.

As the printf functions now have proper format checking a workaround is needed for the b binary format specifier, which wont be included until C2X in the official C standard - therefore will always throw a warning.

Note that pointer %t ptrdiff_t is always supported since eyalroz/printf@51c90f9

Output

QMK:Onekey Raspberry Pi:1: r/c 01234567
QMK:Onekey Raspberry Pi:1: 00: 10000000
QMK:Onekey Raspberry Pi:1: keyboard_report: 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 

Types of Changes

• Core
• Bugfix
• New feature
• Enhancement/optimization
• Keyboard (addition or update)
• Keymap/layout/userspace (addition or update)
• Documentation

Issues Fixed or Closed by This PR

Checklist

• My code follows the code style of this project: C, Python
• I have read the PR Checklist document and have made the appropriate changes.
• My change requires a change to the documentation.
• I have updated the documentation accordingly.
• I have read the CONTRIBUTING document.
• I have added tests to cover my changes.
• I have tested the changes and verified that they work and don't break anything (as well as I can manage).

[stale]

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[drashna]

Merge conflicts.

[tzarc]

Deferred to Q3 -- still marked as Draft, has conflicts.