diff --git a/doc/TODO b/doc/TODO
index ad126408..8a8dcf53 100644
--- a/doc/TODO
+++ b/doc/TODO
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 todo:
-
+- expressions should be class-based, and joins too, anything _sql should be renamed
 - refactor adapter pattern
 - implement in memory adapter
 - implement mnesia adapter
diff --git a/lib/arel.rb b/lib/arel.rb
index 00bfa1e2..f22287fc 100644
--- a/lib/arel.rb
+++ b/lib/arel.rb
@@ -7,9 +7,8 @@
 
 require 'arel/arel'
 require 'arel/extensions'
-require 'arel/sql'
 require 'arel/predicates'
 require 'arel/relations'
-require 'arel/engine'
+require 'arel/engines'
 require 'arel/session'
 require 'arel/primitives'
diff --git a/lib/arel/engine.rb b/lib/arel/engine.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2bb4bbbd..00000000
--- a/lib/arel/engine.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-module Arel
-  # this file is currently just a hack to adapt between activerecord::base which holds the connection specification
-  # and active relation. ultimately, this file should be in effect what the connection specification is in active record;
-  # that is: a spec of the database (url, password, etc.), a quoting adapter layer, and a connection pool.
-  class Engine
-    def initialize(ar = nil)
-      @ar = ar
-    end
-
-    def connection
-      @ar.connection
-    end
-
-    def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
-      @ar.connection.send(method, *args, &block)
-    end
-
-    module CRUD
-      def create(relation)
-        connection.insert(relation.to_sql)
-      end
-
-      def read(relation)
-        results = connection.execute(relation.to_sql)
-        rows = []
-        results.each do |row|
-          rows << attributes.zip(row).to_hash
-        end
-        rows
-      end
-
-      def update(relation)
-        connection.update(relation.to_sql)
-      end
-
-      def delete(relation)
-        connection.delete(relation.to_sql)
-      end
-    end
-    include CRUD
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines.rb b/lib/arel/engines.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..63a92952
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'arel/engines/sql/sql'
+require 'arel/engines/array/array'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/array/array.rb b/lib/arel/engines/array/array.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a3a4730
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/array/array.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+require 'arel/engines/array/relations/array'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/relations/array.rb b/lib/arel/engines/array/relations/array.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from lib/arel/relations/array.rb
rename to lib/arel/engines/array/relations/array.rb
diff --git a/lib/arel/sql/christener.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/christener.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from lib/arel/sql/christener.rb
rename to lib/arel/engines/sql/christener.rb
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/engine.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/engine.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5d1a8b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/engine.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+module Arel
+  module Sql
+    class Engine
+      def initialize(ar = nil)
+        @ar = ar
+      end
+
+      def connection
+        @ar.connection
+      end
+
+      def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
+        @ar.connection.send(method, *args, &block)
+      end
+
+      module CRUD
+        def create(relation)
+          connection.insert(relation.to_sql)
+        end
+
+        def read(relation)
+          results = connection.execute(relation.to_sql)
+          rows = []
+          results.each do |row|
+            rows << attributes.zip(row).to_hash
+          end
+          rows
+        end
+
+        def update(relation)
+          connection.update(relation.to_sql)
+        end
+
+        def delete(relation)
+          connection.delete(relation.to_sql)
+        end
+      end
+      include CRUD
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/extensions.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/extensions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f4ad321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/extensions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+require 'arel/engines/sql/extensions/object'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/extensions/array'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/extensions/range'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/extensions/nil_class'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/extensions/array.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/extensions/array.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1daa5abc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/extensions/array.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+class Array
+  def to_sql(formatter = nil)
+    "(" + collect { |e| e.to_sql(formatter) }.join(', ') + ")"
+  end
+
+  def inclusion_predicate_sql
+    "IN"
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/extensions/nil_class.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/extensions/nil_class.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from lib/arel/extensions/nil_class.rb
rename to lib/arel/engines/sql/extensions/nil_class.rb
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/extensions/object.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/extensions/object.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ef990eee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/extensions/object.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+class Object
+  def to_sql(formatter)
+    formatter.scalar self
+  end
+
+  def equality_predicate_sql
+    '='
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/extensions/range.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/extensions/range.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from lib/arel/extensions/range.rb
rename to lib/arel/engines/sql/extensions/range.rb
diff --git a/lib/arel/sql/formatters.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/formatters.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from lib/arel/sql/formatters.rb
rename to lib/arel/engines/sql/formatters.rb
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/predicates.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/predicates.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfeddb2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/predicates.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+module Arel
+  class Binary < Predicate
+    def to_sql(formatter = nil)
+      "#{operand1.to_sql} #{predicate_sql} #{operand1.format(operand2)}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Equality < Binary
+    def predicate_sql
+      operand2.equality_predicate_sql
+    end
+  end
+
+  class GreaterThanOrEqualTo < Binary
+    def predicate_sql; '>=' end
+  end
+
+  class GreaterThan < Binary
+    def predicate_sql; '>' end
+  end
+
+  class LessThanOrEqualTo < Binary
+    def predicate_sql; '<=' end
+  end
+
+  class LessThan < Binary
+    def predicate_sql; '<' end
+  end
+
+  class Match < Binary
+    def predicate_sql; 'LIKE' end
+  end
+
+  class In < Binary
+    def predicate_sql; operand2.inclusion_predicate_sql end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/primitives.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/primitives.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..405b1ca8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/primitives.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+require 'arel/engines/sql/primitives/attribute'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/primitives/value'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/primitives/expression'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/primitives/attribute.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/primitives/attribute.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..48de690b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/primitives/attribute.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require 'set'
+
+module Arel
+  class Attribute
+    def column
+      original_relation.column_for(self)
+    end
+
+    def format(object)
+      object.to_sql(Sql::Attribute.new(self))
+    end
+
+    def to_sql(formatter = Sql::WhereCondition.new(relation))
+      formatter.attribute self
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/primitives/expression.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/primitives/expression.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..24f68798
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/primitives/expression.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+module Arel
+  class Expression < Attribute
+    def to_sql(formatter = Sql::SelectClause.new(relation))
+      formatter.expression self
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/primitives/value.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/primitives/value.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a44acc26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/primitives/value.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+module Arel
+  class Value
+    def to_sql(formatter = Sql::WhereCondition.new(relation))
+      formatter.value value
+    end
+
+    def format(object)
+      object.to_sql(Sql::Value.new(relation))
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4de01b26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require 'arel/engines/sql/relations/utilities'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/relations/relation'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/relations/operations'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/relations/writes'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/relations/table'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/operations.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/operations.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ff33fc6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/operations.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'arel/engines/sql/relations/operations/alias'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/relations/operations/join'
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/operations/alias.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/operations/alias.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32c9911a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/operations/alias.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+module Arel
+  class Alias < Compound
+    include Recursion::BaseCase
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/operations/join.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/operations/join.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be21119b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/operations/join.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+module Arel
+  class Join < Relation
+    def table_sql(formatter = Sql::TableReference.new(self))
+      relation1.externalize.table_sql(formatter)
+    end
+
+    def joins(environment, formatter = Sql::TableReference.new(environment))
+      @joins ||= begin
+        this_join = [
+          join_sql,
+          relation2.externalize.table_sql(formatter),
+          ("ON" unless predicates.blank?),
+          (ons + relation2.externalize.wheres).collect { |p| p.bind(environment).to_sql(Sql::WhereClause.new(environment)) }.join(' AND ')
+        ].compact.join(" ")
+        [relation1.joins(environment), this_join, relation2.joins(environment)].compact.join(" ")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/relation.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/relation.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5fd41211
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/relation.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+module Arel
+  class Relation
+    def to_sql(formatter = Sql::SelectStatement.new(self))
+      formatter.select select_sql, self
+    end
+
+    def select_sql
+      [
+        "SELECT     #{attributes.collect { |a| a.to_sql(Sql::SelectClause.new(self)) }.join(', ')}",
+        "FROM       #{table_sql(Sql::TableReference.new(self))}",
+        (joins(self)                                                                                    unless joins(self).blank? ),
+        ("WHERE     #{wheres   .collect { |w| w.to_sql(Sql::WhereClause.new(self)) }.join("\n\tAND ")}" unless wheres.blank?      ),
+        ("GROUP BY  #{groupings.collect { |g| g.to_sql(Sql::GroupClause.new(self)) }.join(', ')}"       unless groupings.blank?   ),
+        ("ORDER BY  #{orders   .collect { |o| o.to_sql(Sql::OrderClause.new(self)) }.join(', ')}"       unless orders.blank?      ),
+        ("LIMIT     #{taken}"                                                                           unless taken.blank?       ),
+        ("OFFSET    #{skipped}"                                                                         unless skipped.blank?     )
+      ].compact.join("\n")
+    end
+
+    def inclusion_predicate_sql
+      "IN"
+    end
+
+    def christener
+      @christener ||= Sql::Christener.new
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/relations/table.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/table.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from lib/arel/relations/table.rb
rename to lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/table.rb
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/utilities.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/utilities.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1451ed4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/utilities.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+require 'arel/engines/sql/relations/utilities/recursion'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/relations/utilities/externalization'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/relations/utilities/nil'
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/utilities/externalization.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/utilities/externalization.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ac6f2de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/utilities/externalization.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+module Arel
+  class Externalization < Compound
+    include Recursion::BaseCase
+
+    def table_sql(formatter = Sql::TableReference.new(relation))
+      formatter.select relation.select_sql, self
+    end
+
+    # REMOVEME
+    def name
+      relation.name + '_external'
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/utilities/nil.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/utilities/nil.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77534b25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/utilities/nil.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+module Arel
+  class Nil < Relation
+    def table_sql(formatter = nil); '' end
+    def name; '' end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/relations/utilities/recursion.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/utilities/recursion.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from lib/arel/relations/utilities/recursion.rb
rename to lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/utilities/recursion.rb
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/writes.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/writes.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dcadc326
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/writes.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+require 'arel/engines/sql/relations/writes/delete'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/relations/writes/insert'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/relations/writes/update'
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/writes/delete.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/writes/delete.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b22ee51e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/writes/delete.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+module Arel
+  class Deletion < Compound
+    def to_sql(formatter = nil)
+      [
+        "DELETE",
+        "FROM #{table_sql}",
+        ("WHERE #{wheres.collect(&:to_sql).join('\n\tAND ')}" unless wheres.blank?  ),
+        ("LIMIT #{taken}"                                     unless taken.blank?    ),
+      ].compact.join("\n")
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/writes/insert.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/writes/insert.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aac9c87a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/writes/insert.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+module Arel
+  class Insert < Compound
+    def to_sql(formatter = nil)
+      [
+        "INSERT",
+        "INTO #{table_sql}",
+        "(#{record.keys.collect { |key| engine.quote_column_name(key.name) }.join(', ')})",
+        "VALUES (#{record.collect { |key, value| key.format(value) }.join(', ')})"
+      ].join("\n")
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/writes/update.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/writes/update.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e35a0d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/relations/writes/update.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+module Arel
+  class Update < Compound
+    def to_sql(formatter = nil)
+      [
+        "UPDATE #{table_sql} SET",
+        assignments.collect do |attribute, value|
+          "#{engine.quote_column_name(attribute.name)} = #{attribute.format(value)}"
+        end.join(",\n"),
+        ("WHERE #{wheres.collect(&:to_sql).join('\n\tAND ')}"  unless wheres.blank?  ),
+        ("LIMIT #{taken}"                                      unless taken.blank?    )
+      ].join("\n")
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/engines/sql/sql.rb b/lib/arel/engines/sql/sql.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aed1fd86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/arel/engines/sql/sql.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require 'arel/engines/sql/engine'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/relations'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/primitives'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/predicates'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/formatters'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/extensions'
+require 'arel/engines/sql/christener'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/extensions.rb b/lib/arel/extensions.rb
index 160cf36e..299ba063 100644
--- a/lib/arel/extensions.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/extensions.rb
@@ -2,5 +2,3 @@
 require 'arel/extensions/class'
 require 'arel/extensions/array'
 require 'arel/extensions/hash'
-require 'arel/extensions/range'
-require 'arel/extensions/nil_class'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/extensions/array.rb b/lib/arel/extensions/array.rb
index 793c06aa..5b6d6d6a 100644
--- a/lib/arel/extensions/array.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/extensions/array.rb
@@ -2,12 +2,4 @@ class Array
   def to_hash
     Hash[*flatten]
   end
-  
-  def to_sql(formatter = nil)
-    "(" + collect { |e| e.to_sql(formatter) }.join(', ') + ")"
-  end
-  
-  def inclusion_predicate_sql
-    "IN"
-  end
 end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/extensions/object.rb b/lib/arel/extensions/object.rb
index 14e2f82c..d626407d 100644
--- a/lib/arel/extensions/object.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/extensions/object.rb
@@ -7,14 +7,6 @@ def find_correlate_in(relation)
     bind(relation)
   end
 
-  def to_sql(formatter)
-    formatter.scalar self
-  end
-
-  def equality_predicate_sql
-    '='
-  end
-
   def metaclass
     class << self
       self
diff --git a/lib/arel/predicates.rb b/lib/arel/predicates.rb
index b639022b..aa206d4e 100644
--- a/lib/arel/predicates.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/predicates.rb
@@ -22,11 +22,6 @@ def ==(other)
     def bind(relation)
       self.class.new(operand1.find_correlate_in(relation), operand2.find_correlate_in(relation))
     end
-
-    def to_sql(formatter = nil)
-      "#{operand1.to_sql} #{predicate_sql} #{operand1.format(operand2)}"
-    end
-    alias_method :to_s, :to_sql
   end
 
   class CompoundPredicate < Binary
@@ -49,33 +44,23 @@ def ==(other)
         ((operand1 == other.operand1 and operand2 == other.operand2) or
          (operand1 == other.operand2 and operand2 == other.operand1))
     end
-
-    def predicate_sql
-      operand2.equality_predicate_sql
-    end
   end
 
   class GreaterThanOrEqualTo < Binary
-    def predicate_sql; '>=' end
   end
 
   class GreaterThan < Binary
-    def predicate_sql; '>' end
   end
 
   class LessThanOrEqualTo < Binary
-    def predicate_sql; '<=' end
   end
 
   class LessThan < Binary
-    def predicate_sql; '<' end
   end
 
   class Match < Binary
-    def predicate_sql; 'LIKE' end
   end
 
   class In < Binary
-    def predicate_sql; operand2.inclusion_predicate_sql end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/arel/primitives/attribute.rb b/lib/arel/primitives/attribute.rb
index 6cb558d8..5e216770 100644
--- a/lib/arel/primitives/attribute.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/primitives/attribute.rb
@@ -18,18 +18,6 @@ def aggregation?
       false
     end
 
-    def column
-      original_relation.column_for(self)
-    end
-
-    def format(object)
-      object.to_sql(Sql::Attribute.new(self))
-    end
-
-    def to_sql(formatter = Sql::WhereCondition.new(relation))
-      formatter.attribute self
-    end
-
     module Transformations
       def self.included(klass)
         klass.send :alias_method, :eql?, :==
diff --git a/lib/arel/primitives/expression.rb b/lib/arel/primitives/expression.rb
index 836f0147..b67a5e1f 100644
--- a/lib/arel/primitives/expression.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/primitives/expression.rb
@@ -9,10 +9,6 @@ def initialize(attribute, function_sql, aliaz = nil, ancestor = nil)
       @attribute, @function_sql, @alias, @ancestor = attribute, function_sql, aliaz, ancestor
     end
 
-    def to_sql(formatter = Sql::SelectClause.new(relation))
-      formatter.expression self
-    end
-
     def aggregation?
       true
     end
diff --git a/lib/arel/primitives/value.rb b/lib/arel/primitives/value.rb
index 9c6e518a..91c40455 100644
--- a/lib/arel/primitives/value.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/primitives/value.rb
@@ -4,19 +4,6 @@ class Value
     deriving :initialize, :==
     delegate :inclusion_predicate_sql, :equality_predicate_sql, :to => :value
 
-
-    def to_sql(formatter = Sql::WhereCondition.new(relation))
-      if value =~ /^\(.*\)$/
-        value
-      else
-        formatter.value value
-      end
-    end
-
-    def format(object)
-      object.to_sql(Sql::Value.new(relation))
-    end
-
     def bind(relation)
       Value.new(value, relation)
     end
diff --git a/lib/arel/relations.rb b/lib/arel/relations.rb
index fd758ed1..f97c35e5 100644
--- a/lib/arel/relations.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/relations.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 require 'arel/relations/relation'
 require 'arel/relations/utilities'
-require 'arel/relations/table'
-require 'arel/relations/array'
 require 'arel/relations/writes'
 require 'arel/relations/operations'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/relations/operations/alias.rb b/lib/arel/relations/operations/alias.rb
index 8ed33fc5..67837f6a 100644
--- a/lib/arel/relations/operations/alias.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/relations/operations/alias.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 module Arel
   class Alias < Compound
-    include Recursion::BaseCase
     attributes :relation
     deriving :initialize
     alias_method :==, :equal?
diff --git a/lib/arel/relations/operations/join.rb b/lib/arel/relations/operations/join.rb
index 8fe89358..8e192543 100644
--- a/lib/arel/relations/operations/join.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/relations/operations/join.rb
@@ -9,22 +9,6 @@ def initialize(join_sql, relation1, relation2 = Nil.instance, *predicates)
       @join_sql, @relation1, @relation2, @predicates = join_sql, relation1, relation2, predicates
     end
 
-    def table_sql(formatter = Sql::TableReference.new(self))
-      relation1.externalize.table_sql(formatter)
-    end
-
-    def joins(environment, formatter = Sql::TableReference.new(environment))
-      @joins ||= begin
-        this_join = [
-          join_sql,
-          relation2.externalize.table_sql(formatter),
-          ("ON" unless predicates.blank?),
-          (ons + relation2.externalize.wheres).collect { |p| p.bind(environment).to_sql(Sql::WhereClause.new(environment)) }.join(' AND ')
-        ].compact.join(" ")
-        [relation1.joins(environment), this_join, relation2.joins(environment)].compact.join(" ")
-      end
-    end
-
     def attributes
       @attributes ||= (relation1.externalize.attributes +
         relation2.externalize.attributes).collect { |a| a.bind(self) }
diff --git a/lib/arel/relations/relation.rb b/lib/arel/relations/relation.rb
index ef295dfd..20badaf1 100644
--- a/lib/arel/relations/relation.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/relations/relation.rb
@@ -6,32 +6,6 @@ def session
       Session.new
     end
 
-    def count
-      @count = "COUNT(*) AS count_all"
-    end
-
-    def to_sql(formatter = Sql::SelectStatement.new(self))
-      formatter.select select_sql, self
-    end
-    alias_method :to_s, :to_sql
-
-    def select_sql
-      [
-        "SELECT  #{@count} #{attributes.collect { |a| a.to_sql(Sql::SelectClause.new(self)) }.join(', ') unless @count}",
-        "FROM       #{table_sql(Sql::TableReference.new(self))}",
-        (joins(self)                                                                                    unless joins(self).blank? ),
-        ("WHERE     #{wheres   .collect { |w| w.to_sql(Sql::WhereClause.new(self)) }.join("\n\tAND ")}" unless wheres.blank?      ),
-        ("GROUP BY  #{groupings.collect { |g| g.to_sql(Sql::GroupClause.new(self)) }.join(', ')}"       unless groupings.blank?   ),
-        ("ORDER BY  #{orders   .collect { |o| o.to_sql(Sql::OrderClause.new(self)) }.join(', ')}"       unless orders.blank?      ),
-        ("LIMIT     #{taken}"                                                                           unless taken.blank?       ),
-        ("OFFSET    #{skipped}"                                                                         unless skipped.blank?     )
-      ].compact.join("\n")
-    end
-
-    def inclusion_predicate_sql
-      "IN"
-    end
-
     def call
       engine.read(self)
     end
@@ -44,10 +18,6 @@ def root
       self
     end
 
-    def christener
-      @christener ||= Sql::Christener.new
-    end
-
     module Enumerable
       include ::Enumerable
 
@@ -155,7 +125,7 @@ def wheres;                 []  end
       def orders;                 []  end
       def inserts;                []  end
       def groupings;              []  end
-      def joins(formatter = nil); nil end
+      def joins(formatter = nil); nil end # FIXME
       def taken;                  nil end
       def skipped;                nil end
     end
diff --git a/lib/arel/relations/utilities.rb b/lib/arel/relations/utilities.rb
index 454d4553..fbd949ef 100644
--- a/lib/arel/relations/utilities.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/relations/utilities.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
 require 'arel/relations/utilities/compound'
-require 'arel/relations/utilities/recursion'
 require 'arel/relations/utilities/nil'
 require 'arel/relations/utilities/externalization'
-require 'arel/relations/utilities/recursion'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lib/arel/relations/utilities/externalization.rb b/lib/arel/relations/utilities/externalization.rb
index 3b9b2296..bd067f23 100644
--- a/lib/arel/relations/utilities/externalization.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/relations/utilities/externalization.rb
@@ -2,24 +2,14 @@ module Arel
   class Externalization < Compound
     attributes :relation
     deriving :initialize, :==
-    include Recursion::BaseCase
 
     def wheres
       []
     end
 
-    def table_sql(formatter = Sql::TableReference.new(relation))
-      formatter.select relation.select_sql, self
-    end
-
     def attributes
       @attributes ||= relation.attributes.collect(&:to_attribute).collect { |a| a.bind(self) }
     end
-
-    # REMOVEME
-    def name
-      relation.name + '_external'
-    end
   end
 
   class Relation
diff --git a/lib/arel/relations/utilities/nil.rb b/lib/arel/relations/utilities/nil.rb
index 56cf395d..6a9d678c 100644
--- a/lib/arel/relations/utilities/nil.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/relations/utilities/nil.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,5 @@
 module Arel
   class Nil < Relation
     include Singleton
-
-    def table_sql(formatter = nil); '' end
-    def name; '' end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/arel/relations/writes/delete.rb b/lib/arel/relations/writes/delete.rb
index 0a04454e..a94067c7 100644
--- a/lib/arel/relations/writes/delete.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/relations/writes/delete.rb
@@ -3,15 +3,6 @@ class Deletion < Compound
     attributes :relation
     deriving :initialize, :==
 
-    def to_sql(formatter = nil)
-      [
-        "DELETE",
-        "FROM #{table_sql}",
-        ("WHERE #{wheres.collect(&:to_sql).join('\n\tAND ')}" unless wheres.blank?  ),
-        ("LIMIT #{taken}"                                     unless taken.blank?    ),
-      ].compact.join("\n")
-    end
-
     def call
       engine.delete(self)
     end
diff --git a/lib/arel/relations/writes/insert.rb b/lib/arel/relations/writes/insert.rb
index d05bd9cd..6d85e976 100644
--- a/lib/arel/relations/writes/insert.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/relations/writes/insert.rb
@@ -7,15 +7,6 @@ def initialize(relation, record)
       @relation, @record = relation, record.bind(relation)
     end
 
-    def to_sql(formatter = nil)
-      [
-        "INSERT",
-        "INTO #{table_sql}",
-        "(#{record.keys.map { |key| engine.quote_column_name(key.name) }.join(', ')})",
-        "VALUES (#{record.map { |key, value| key.format(value) }.join(', ')})"
-      ].join("\n")
-    end
-
     def call
       engine.create(self)
     end
diff --git a/lib/arel/relations/writes/update.rb b/lib/arel/relations/writes/update.rb
index fd0aadb4..e647218a 100644
--- a/lib/arel/relations/writes/update.rb
+++ b/lib/arel/relations/writes/update.rb
@@ -7,17 +7,6 @@ def initialize(relation, assignments)
       @relation, @assignments = relation, assignments
     end
 
-    def to_sql(formatter = nil)
-      [
-        "UPDATE #{table_sql} SET",
-        assignments.collect do |attribute, value|
-          "#{engine.quote_column_name(attribute.name)} = #{attribute.format(value)}"
-        end.join(",\n"),
-        ("WHERE #{wheres.map(&:to_sql).join('\n\tAND ')}"  unless wheres.blank?  ),
-        ("LIMIT #{taken}"                                      unless taken.blank?    )
-      ].join("\n")
-    end
-
     def call
       engine.update(self)
     end
diff --git a/lib/arel/sql.rb b/lib/arel/sql.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e7dd0a8..00000000
--- a/lib/arel/sql.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-require 'arel/sql/formatters'
-require 'arel/sql/christener'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/spec/arel/unit/relations/skip_spec.rb b/spec/arel/unit/relations/skip_spec.rb
index 0653d795..2c8f6cca 100644
--- a/spec/arel/unit/relations/skip_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/arel/unit/relations/skip_spec.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module Arel
 
     describe '#to_sql' do
       it "manufactures sql with limit and offset" do
-        sql = Skip.new(@relation, @skipped).to_s
+        sql = Skip.new(@relation, @skipped).to_sql
 
         adapter_is :mysql do
           sql.should be_like(%Q{
diff --git a/spec/arel/unit/relations/table_spec.rb b/spec/arel/unit/relations/table_spec.rb
index 08486c7b..211e6921 100644
--- a/spec/arel/unit/relations/table_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/arel/unit/relations/table_spec.rb
@@ -87,12 +87,12 @@ module Arel
 
     describe '#engine' do
       it "defaults to global engine" do
-        Table.engine = engine = Engine.new
+        Table.engine = engine = Sql::Engine.new
         Table.new(:users).engine.should == engine
       end
 
       it "can be specified" do
-        Table.new(:users, engine = Engine.new).engine.should == engine
+        Table.new(:users, engine = Sql::Engine.new).engine.should == engine
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/spec/arel/unit/relations/take_spec.rb b/spec/arel/unit/relations/take_spec.rb
index 911b84e0..d6442fc9 100644
--- a/spec/arel/unit/relations/take_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/arel/unit/relations/take_spec.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module Arel
 
     describe '#to_sql' do
       it "manufactures sql with limit and offset" do
-        sql = Take.new(@relation, @taken).to_s
+        sql = Take.new(@relation, @taken).to_sql
 
         adapter_is :mysql do
           sql.should be_like(%Q{
diff --git a/spec/spec_helper.rb b/spec/spec_helper.rb
index 8d515d66..6a9a2ef2 100644
--- a/spec/spec_helper.rb
+++ b/spec/spec_helper.rb
@@ -30,6 +30,6 @@ def adapter_name
   config.include AdapterGuards
   config.mock_with :rr
   config.before do
-    Arel::Table.engine = Arel::Engine.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    Arel::Table.engine = Arel::Sql::Engine.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
   end
 end