Ensure symbols passed to ActiveRecord::Relation#select are always treated as columns.

Fixes #20360.

Sean Griffin

Do not set sql_mode if strict: :default is specified.

```
# database.yml
production:
  adapter: mysql2
  database: foo_prod
  user: foo
  strict: :default
```

Ryuta Kamizono

Allow proc defaults to be passed to the attributes API. See documentation for examples.

Sean Griffin, Kir Shatrov

SQLite: :collation support for string and text columns.

Example:

create_table :foo do |t|
  t.string :string_nocase, collation: 'NOCASE'
  t.text :text_rtrim, collation: 'RTRIM'
end

add_column :foo, :title, :string, collation: 'RTRIM'

change_column :foo, :title, :string, collation: 'NOCASE'

Akshay Vishnoi

Allow the use of symbols or strings to specify enum values in test fixtures:
```
awdr:
  title: "Agile Web Development with Rails"
  status: :proposed
```
George Claghorn
Clear query cache when ActiveRecord::Base#reload is called.

Shane Hender, Pierre Nespo
Include stored procedures and function on the MySQL structure dump.

Jonathan Worek
Pass :extend option for has_and_belongs_to_many associations to the underlying has_many :through.

Jaehyun Shin
Deprecate Relation#uniq use Relation#distinct instead.

See #9683.

Yves Senn
Allow single table inheritance instantiation to work when storing demodulized class names.

Alex Robbin
Correctly pass MySQL options when using structure_dump or structure_load.

Specifically, it fixes an issue when using SSL authentication.

Alex Coomans
Dump indexes in create_table instead of add_index.

If the adapter supports indexes in create_table, generated SQL is slightly more efficient.

Ryuta Kamizono
Correctly dump :options on create_table for MySQL.

Ryuta Kamizono

PostgreSQL: :collation support for string and text columns.

Example:

create_table :foos do |t|
  t.string :string_en, collation: 'en_US.UTF-8'
  t.text   :text_ja,   collation: 'ja_JP.UTF-8'
end

Ryuta Kamizono

Make unscope aware of "less than" and "greater than" conditions.

TAKAHASHI Kazuaki
find_by and find_by! raise ArgumentError when called without arguments.

Kohei Suzuki
Revert behavior of db:schema:load back to loading the full environment. This ensures that initializers are run.

Fixes #19545.

Yves Senn
Fix missing index when using timestamps with the index option.

The index option used with timestamps should be passed to both column definitions for created_at and updated_at rather than just the first.

Paul Mucur
Rename :class to :anonymous_class in association options.

Fixes #19659.

Andrew White
Autosave existing records on a has many through association when the parent is new.

Fixes #19782.

Sean Griffin
Fixed a bug where uniqueness validations would error on out of range values, even if an validation should have prevented it from hitting the database.

Andrey Voronkov

MySQL: :charset and :collation support for string and text columns.

Example:

create_table :foos do |t|
  t.string :string_utf8_bin, charset: 'utf8', collation: 'utf8_bin'
  t.text   :text_ascii,      charset: 'ascii'
end

Ryuta Kamizono

Foreign key related methods in the migration DSL respect ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false.

Fixes #19643.

Mehmet Emin İNAÇ
Reduce memory usage from loading types on PostgreSQL.

Fixes #19578.

Sean Griffin
Add config.active_record.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than option.

When set to an integer, a warning will be logged whenever a result set larger than the specified size is returned by a query.

Fixes #16463.

Jason Nochlin
Ignore .psqlrc when loading database structure.

Jason Weathered
Fix referencing wrong table aliases while joining tables of has many through association (only when calling calculation methods).

Fixes #19276.

pinglamb
Correctly persist a serialized attribute that has been returned to its default value by an in-place modification.

Fixes #19467.

Matthew Draper
Fix generating the schema file when using PostgreSQL BigInt[] data type. Previously the limit: 8 was not coming through, and this caused it to become Int[] data type after rebuilding from the schema.

Fixes #19420.

Jake Waller
Reuse the CollectionAssociation#reader cache when the foreign key is available prior to save.

Ben Woosley
Add config.active_record.dump_schemas to fix db:structure:dump when using schema_search_path and PostgreSQL extensions.

Fixes #17157.

Ryan Wallace
Renaming use_transactional_fixtures to use_transactional_tests for clarity.

Fixes #18864.

Brandon Weiss
Increase pg gem version requirement to ~> 0.18. Earlier versions of the pg gem are known to have problems with Ruby 2.2.

Matt Brictson
Correctly dump serial and bigserial.

Ryuta Kamizono
Fix default format value in ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks#schema_file.

James Cox
Don't enroll records in the transaction if they don't have commit callbacks. This was causing a memory leak when creating many records inside a transaction.

Fixes #15549.

Will Bryant, Aaron Patterson
Correctly create through records when created on a has many through association when using where.

Fixes #19073.

Sean Griffin
Add SchemaMigration.create_table support for any unicode charsets with MySQL.

Ryuta Kamizono
PostgreSQL no longer disables user triggers if system triggers can't be disabled. Disabling user triggers does not fulfill what the method promises. Rails currently requires superuser privileges for this method.

If you absolutely rely on this behavior, consider patching disable_referential_integrity.

Yves Senn
Restore aborted transaction state when disable_referential_integrity fails due to missing permissions.

Toby Ovod-Everett, Yves Senn
In PostgreSQL, print a warning message if disable_referential_integrity fails due to missing permissions.

Andrey Nering, Yves Senn

Allow a :limit option for MySQL bigint primary key support.

Example:

create_table :foos, id: :primary_key, limit: 8 do |t|
end

# or

create_table :foos, id: false do |t|
  t.primary_key :id, limit: 8
end

Ryuta Kamizono

belongs_to will now trigger a validation error by default if the association is not present. You can turn this off on a per-association basis with optional: true. (Note this new default only applies to new Rails apps that will be generated with config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = true in initializer.)

Josef Šimánek
Fixed ActiveRecord::Relation#becomes! and changed_attributes issues for type columns.

Fixes #17139.

Miklos Fazekas
Format the time string according to the precision of the time column.

Ryuta Kamizono
Allow a :precision option for time type columns.

Ryuta Kamizono
Add ActiveRecord::Base.suppress to prevent the receiver from being saved during the given block.

For example, here's a pattern of creating notifications when new comments are posted. (The notification may in turn trigger an email, a push notification, or just appear in the UI somewhere):
```
class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :commentable, polymorphic: true
  after_create -> { Notification.create! comment: self,
    recipients: commentable.recipients }
end
```
That's what you want the bulk of the time. A new comment creates a new Notification. There may be edge cases where you don't want that, like when copying a commentable and its comments, in which case write a concern with something like this:
```
module Copyable
  def copy_to(destination)
    Notification.suppress do
      # Copy logic that creates new comments that we do not want triggering
      # notifications.
    end
  end
end
```
Michael Ryan
:time option added for #touch.

Fixes #18905.

Hyonjee Joo
Deprecate passing of start value to find_in_batches and find_each in favour of begin_at value.

Vipul A M
Add foreign_key_exists? method.

Tõnis Simo
Use SQL COUNT and LIMIT 1 queries for none? and one? methods if no block or limit is given, instead of loading the entire collection into memory. This applies to relations (e.g. User.all) as well as associations (e.g. account.users)
```
# Before:

users.none?
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users"

users.one?
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users"

# After:

users.none?
# SELECT 1 AS one FROM "users" LIMIT 1

users.one?
# SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "users"
```
Eugene Gilburg
Have enum perform type casting consistently with the rest of Active Record, such as where.

Sean Griffin
scoping no longer pollutes the current scope of sibling classes when using STI. e.x.
```
StiOne.none.scoping do
  StiTwo.all
end
```
Fixes #18806.

Sean Griffin
remove_reference with foreign_key: true removes the foreign key before removing the column. This fixes a bug where it was not possible to remove the column on MySQL.

Fixes #18664.

Yves Senn
find_in_batches now accepts an :end_at parameter that complements the :start parameter to specify where to stop batch processing.

Vipul A M
Fix a rounding problem for PostgreSQL timestamp columns.

If a timestamp column has a precision specified, it needs to format according to that.

Ryuta Kamizono
Respect the database default charset for schema_migrations table.

The charset of version column in schema_migrations table depends on the database default charset and collation rather than the encoding of the connection.

Ryuta Kamizono
Raise ArgumentError when passing nil or false to Relation#merge.

These are not valid values to merge in a relation, so it should warn users early.

Rafael Mendonça França
Use SCHEMA instead of DB_STRUCTURE for specifying a structure file.

This makes the db:structure tasks consistent with test:load_structure.

Dieter Komendera
Respect custom primary keys for associations when calling Relation#where

Fixes #18813.

Sean Griffin
Fix several edge cases which could result in a counter cache updating twice or not updating at all for has_many and has_many :through.

Fixes #10865.

Sean Griffin
Foreign keys added by migrations were given random, generated names. This meant a different structure.sql would be generated every time a developer ran migrations on their machine.

The generated part of foreign key names is now a hash of the table name and column name, which is consistent every time you run the migration.

Chris Sinjakli
Validation errors would be raised for parent records when an association was saved when the parent had validate: false. It should not be the responsibility of the model to validate an associated object unless the object was created or modified by the parent.

This fixes the issue by skipping validations if the parent record is persisted, not changed, and not marked for destruction.

Fixes #17621.

Eileen M. Uchitelle, Aaron Patterson
Fix n+1 query problem when eager loading nil associations (fixes #18312)

Sammy Larbi
Change the default error message from can't be blank to must exist for the presence validator of the :required option on belongs_to/has_one associations.

Henrik Nygren
Fixed ActiveRecord::Relation#group method when an argument is an SQL reserved key word:

Example:
```
SplitTest.group(:key).count
Property.group(:value).count
```
Bogdan Gusiev
Added the #or method on ActiveRecord::Relation, allowing use of the OR operator to combine WHERE or HAVING clauses.

Example:
```
Post.where('id = 1').or(Post.where('id = 2'))
# => SELECT * FROM posts WHERE (id = 1) OR (id = 2)
```
Sean Griffin, Matthew Draper, Gael Muller, Olivier El Mekki
Don't define autosave association callbacks twice from accepts_nested_attributes_for.

Fixes #18704.

Sean Griffin
Integer types will no longer raise a RangeError when assigning an attribute, but will instead raise when going to the database.

Fixes several vague issues which were never reported directly. See the commit message from the commit which added this line for some examples.

Sean Griffin
Values which would error while being sent to the database (such as an ASCII-8BIT string with invalid UTF-8 bytes on SQLite3), no longer error on assignment. They will still error when sent to the database, but you are given the ability to re-assign it to a valid value.

Fixes #18580.

Sean Griffin
Don't remove join dependencies in Relation#exists?

Fixes #18632.

Sean Griffin
Invalid values assigned to a JSON column are assumed to be nil.

Fixes #18629.

Sean Griffin
Add ActiveRecord::Base#accessed_fields, which can be used to quickly discover which fields were read from a model when you are looking to only select the data you need from the database.

Sean Griffin
Introduce the :if_exists option for drop_table.

Example:
```
drop_table(:posts, if_exists: true)
```
That would execute:
```
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS posts
```
If the table doesn't exist, if_exists: false (the default) raises an exception whereas if_exists: true does nothing.

Cody Cutrer, Stefan Kanev, Ryuta Kamizono
Don't run SQL if attribute value is not changed for update_attribute method.

Prathamesh Sonpatki
time columns can now get affected by time_zone_aware_attributes. If you have set config.time_zone to a value other than 'UTC', they will be treated as in that time zone by default in Rails 5.1. If this is not the desired behavior, you can set
```
ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types = [:datetime]
```
A deprecation warning will be emitted if you have a :time column, and have not explicitly opted out.

Fixes #3145.

Sean Griffin
Tests now run after_commit callbacks. You no longer have to declare uses_transaction ‘test name’ to test the results of an after_commit.

after_commit callbacks run after committing a transaction whose parent is not joinable?: un-nested transactions, transactions within test cases, and transactions in console --sandbox.

arthurnn, Ravil Bayramgalin, Matthew Draper
nil as a value for a binary column in a query no longer logs as "", and instead logs as just "nil".

Sean Griffin
attribute_will_change! will no longer cause non-persistable attributes to be sent to the database.

Fixes #18407.

Sean Griffin
Remove support for the protected_attributes gem.

Carlos Antonio da Silva, Roberto Miranda
Fix accessing of fixtures having non-string labels like Fixnum.

Prathamesh Sonpatki
Remove deprecated support to preload instance-dependent associations.

Yves Senn
Remove deprecated support for PostgreSQL ranges with exclusive lower bounds.

Yves Senn
Remove deprecation when modifying a relation with cached Arel. This raises an ImmutableRelation error instead.

Yves Senn
Added ActiveRecord::SecureToken in order to encapsulate generation of unique tokens for attributes in a model using SecureRandom.

Roberto Miranda
Change the behavior of boolean columns to be closer to Ruby's semantics.

Before this change we had a small set of "truthy", and all others are "falsy".

Now, we have a small set of "falsy" values and all others are "truthy" matching Ruby's semantics.

Rafael Mendonça França
Deprecate ActiveRecord::Base.errors_in_transactional_callbacks=.

Rafael Mendonça França
Change transaction callbacks to not swallow errors.

Before this change any errors raised inside a transaction callback were getting rescued and printed in the logs.

Now these errors are not rescued anymore and just bubble up, as the other callbacks.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated Reflection#source_macro.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated symbolized_base_class and symbolized_sti_name.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Base.disable_implicit_join_references=.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated access to connection specification using a string accessor.

Now all strings will be handled as a URL.

Rafael Mendonça França
Change the default null value for timestamps to false.

Rafael Mendonça França
Return an array of pools from connection_pools.

Rafael Mendonça França
Return a null column from column_for_attribute when no column exists.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated serialized_attributes.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated automatic counter caches on has_many :through.

Rafael Mendonça França
Change the way in which callback chains can be halted.

The preferred method to halt a callback chain from now on is to explicitly throw(:abort). In the past, returning false in an ActiveRecord before_ callback had the side effect of halting the callback chain. This is not recommended anymore and, depending on the value of the config.active_support.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false option, will either not work at all or display a deprecation warning.

claudiob
Clear query cache on rollback.

Florian Weingarten
Fix setting of foreign_key for through associations when building a new record.

Fixes #12698.

Ivan Antropov
Improve dumping of the primary key. If it is not a default primary key, correctly dump the type and options.

Fixes #14169, #16599.

Ryuta Kamizono
Format the datetime string according to the precision of the datetime field.

Incompatible to rounding behavior between MySQL 5.6 and earlier.

In 5.5, when you insert 2014-08-17 12:30:00.999999 the fractional part is ignored. In 5.6, it's rounded to 2014-08-17 12:30:01:

http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=68760

Ryuta Kamizono
Allow a precision option for MySQL datetimes.

Ryuta Kamizono
Fixed automatic inverse_of for models nested in a module.

Andrew McCloud

Change ActiveRecord::Relation#update behavior so that it can be called without passing ids of the records to be updated.

This change allows updating multiple records returned by ActiveRecord::Relation with callbacks and validations.

# Before
# ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
Comment.where(group: 'expert').update(body: "Group of Rails Experts")

# After
# Comments with group expert updated with body "Group of Rails Experts"
Comment.where(group: 'expert').update(body: "Group of Rails Experts")

Prathamesh Sonpatki

Fix reaping_frequency option when the value is a string.

This usually happens when it is configured using DATABASE_URL.

korbin
Fix error message when trying to create an associated record and the foreign key is missing.

Before this fix the following exception was being raised:
```
NoMethodError: undefined method `val' for #<Arel::Nodes::BindParam:0x007fc64d19c218>
```
Now the message is:
```
ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError: unknown attribute 'foreign_key' for Model.
```
Rafael Mendonça França
Fix change detection problem for PostgreSQL bytea type and ArgumentError: string contains null byte exception with pg-0.18.

Fixes #17680.

Lars Kanis
When a table has a composite primary key, the primary_key method for SQLite3 and PostgreSQL adapters was only returning the first field of the key. Ensures that it will return nil instead, as Active Record doesn't support composite primary keys.

Fixes #18070.

arthurnn
validates_size_of / validates_length_of do not count records which are marked_for_destruction?.

Fixes #7247.

Yves Senn
Ensure first! and friends work on loaded associations.

Fixes #18237.

Sean Griffin
eager_load preserves readonly flag for associations.

Closes #15853.

Takashi Kokubun
Provide :touch option to save() to accommodate saving without updating timestamps.

Fixes #18202.

Dan Olson
Provide a more helpful error message when an unsupported class is passed to serialize.

Fixes #18224.

Sean Griffin
Add bigint primary key support for MySQL.

Example:
```
create_table :foos, id: :bigint do |t|
end
```
Ryuta Kamizono
Support for any type of primary key.

Fixes #14194.

Ryuta Kamizono
Dump the default nil for PostgreSQL UUID primary key.

Ryuta Kamizono
Add a :foreign_key option to references and associated migration methods. The model and migration generators now use this option, rather than the add_foreign_key form.

Sean Griffin
Don't raise when writing an attribute with an out-of-range datetime passed by the user.

Grey Baker
Replace deprecated ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks#load_schema with ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks#load_schema_for.

Yves Senn
Fix bug with ActiveRecord::Type::Numeric that caused negative values to be marked as having changed when set to the same negative value.

Closes #18161.

Daniel Fox
Introduce force: :cascade option for create_table. Using this option will recreate tables even if they have dependent objects (like foreign keys). db/schema.rb now uses force: :cascade. This makes it possible to reload the schema when foreign keys are in place.

Matthew Draper, Yves Senn
db:schema:load and db:structure:load no longer purge the database before loading the schema. This is left for the user to do. db:test:prepare will still purge the database.

Closes #17945.

Yves Senn
Fix undesirable RangeError by Type::Integer. Add Type::UnsignedInteger.

Ryuta Kamizono
Add foreign_type option to has_one and has_many association macros.

This option enables to define the column name of associated object's type for polymorphic associations.

Ulisses Almeida, Kassio Borges
Remove deprecated behavior allowing nested arrays to be passed as query values.

Melanie Gilman
Deprecate passing a class as a value in a query. Users should pass strings instead.

Melanie Gilman
add_timestamps and remove_timestamps now properly reversible with options.

Noam Gagliardi-Rabinovich
ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDumper#column_spec and ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDumper#prepare_column_options no longer have a types argument. They should access connection#native_database_types directly.

Yves Senn

Please check 4-2-stable for previous changes.

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