diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached.rb
index 2dbf841864e69..5ac8ba5377c51 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached.rb
@@ -2,33 +2,35 @@
 require "action_dispatch/http/upload"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/delegation"
 
+module ActiveStorage
 # Abstract baseclass for the concrete `ActiveStorage::Attached::One` and `ActiveStorage::Attached::Many`
 # classes that both provide proxy access to the blob association for a record.
-class ActiveStorage::Attached
-  attr_reader :name, :record
+  class Attached
+    attr_reader :name, :record
 
-  def initialize(name, record)
-    @name, @record = name, record
-  end
+    def initialize(name, record)
+      @name, @record = name, record
+    end
 
-  private
-    def create_blob_from(attachable)
-      case attachable
-      when ActiveStorage::Blob
-        attachable
-      when ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile
-        ActiveStorage::Blob.create_after_upload! \
-          io: attachable.open,
-          filename: attachable.original_filename,
-          content_type: attachable.content_type
-      when Hash
-        ActiveStorage::Blob.create_after_upload!(attachable)
-      when String
-        ActiveStorage::Blob.find_signed(attachable)
-      else
-        nil
+    private
+      def create_blob_from(attachable)
+        case attachable
+        when ActiveStorage::Blob
+          attachable
+        when ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile
+          ActiveStorage::Blob.create_after_upload! \
+            io: attachable.open,
+            filename: attachable.original_filename,
+            content_type: attachable.content_type
+        when Hash
+          ActiveStorage::Blob.create_after_upload!(attachable)
+        when String
+          ActiveStorage::Blob.find_signed(attachable)
+        else
+          nil
+        end
       end
-    end
+  end
 end
 
 require "active_storage/attached/one"
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/macros.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/macros.rb
index f09f3e1f6dca9..5779348148dce 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/macros.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/macros.rb
@@ -1,82 +1,84 @@
-# Provides the class-level DSL for declaring that an Active Record model has attached blobs.
-module ActiveStorage::Attached::Macros
-  # Specifies the relation between a single attachment and the model.
-  #
-  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #     has_one_attached :avatar
-  #   end
-  #
-  # There is no column defined on the model side, Active Storage takes
-  # care of the mapping between your records and the attachment.
-  #
-  # Under the covers, this relationship is implemented as a `has_one` association to a
-  # `ActiveStorage::Attachment` record and a `has_one-through` association to a
-  # `ActiveStorage::Blob` record. These associations are available as `avatar_attachment`
-  # and `avatar_blob`. But you shouldn't need to work with these associations directly in
-  # most circumstances.
-  #
-  # The system has been designed to having you go through the `ActiveStorage::Attached::One`
-  # proxy that provides the dynamic proxy to the associations and factory methods, like `#attach`.
-  #
-  # If the +:dependent+ option isn't set, the attachment will be purged
-  # (i.e. destroyed) whenever the record is destroyed.
-  def has_one_attached(name, dependent: :purge_later)
-    define_method(name) do
-      if instance_variable_defined?("@active_storage_attached_#{name}")
-        instance_variable_get("@active_storage_attached_#{name}")
-      else
-        instance_variable_set("@active_storage_attached_#{name}", ActiveStorage::Attached::One.new(name, self))
+module ActiveStorage
+  # Provides the class-level DSL for declaring that an Active Record model has attached blobs.
+  module Attached::Macros
+    # Specifies the relation between a single attachment and the model.
+    #
+    #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_one_attached :avatar
+    #   end
+    #
+    # There is no column defined on the model side, Active Storage takes
+    # care of the mapping between your records and the attachment.
+    #
+    # Under the covers, this relationship is implemented as a `has_one` association to a
+    # `ActiveStorage::Attachment` record and a `has_one-through` association to a
+    # `ActiveStorage::Blob` record. These associations are available as `avatar_attachment`
+    # and `avatar_blob`. But you shouldn't need to work with these associations directly in
+    # most circumstances.
+    #
+    # The system has been designed to having you go through the `ActiveStorage::Attached::One`
+    # proxy that provides the dynamic proxy to the associations and factory methods, like `#attach`.
+    #
+    # If the +:dependent+ option isn't set, the attachment will be purged
+    # (i.e. destroyed) whenever the record is destroyed.
+    def has_one_attached(name, dependent: :purge_later)
+      define_method(name) do
+        if instance_variable_defined?("@active_storage_attached_#{name}")
+          instance_variable_get("@active_storage_attached_#{name}")
+        else
+          instance_variable_set("@active_storage_attached_#{name}", ActiveStorage::Attached::One.new(name, self))
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    has_one :"#{name}_attachment", -> { where(name: name) }, class_name: "ActiveStorage::Attachment", as: :record
-    has_one :"#{name}_blob", through: :"#{name}_attachment", class_name: "ActiveStorage::Blob", source: :blob
+      has_one :"#{name}_attachment", -> { where(name: name) }, class_name: "ActiveStorage::Attachment", as: :record
+      has_one :"#{name}_blob", through: :"#{name}_attachment", class_name: "ActiveStorage::Blob", source: :blob
 
-    if dependent == :purge_later
-      before_destroy { public_send(name).purge_later }
+      if dependent == :purge_later
+        before_destroy { public_send(name).purge_later }
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  # Specifies the relation between multiple attachments and the model.
-  #
-  #   class Gallery < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #     has_many_attached :photos
-  #   end
-  #
-  # There are no columns defined on the model side, Active Storage takes
-  # care of the mapping between your records and the attachments.
-  #
-  # To avoid N+1 queries, you can include the attached blobs in your query like so:
-  #
-  #   Gallery.where(user: Current.user).with_attached_photos
-  #
-  # Under the covers, this relationship is implemented as a `has_many` association to a
-  # `ActiveStorage::Attachment` record and a `has_many-through` association to a
-  # `ActiveStorage::Blob` record. These associations are available as `photos_attachments`
-  # and `photos_blobs`. But you shouldn't need to work with these associations directly in
-  # most circumstances.
-  #
-  # The system has been designed to having you go through the `ActiveStorage::Attached::Many`
-  # proxy that provides the dynamic proxy to the associations and factory methods, like `#attach`.
-  #
-  # If the +:dependent+ option isn't set, all the attachments will be purged
-  # (i.e. destroyed) whenever the record is destroyed.
-  def has_many_attached(name, dependent: :purge_later)
-    define_method(name) do
-      if instance_variable_defined?("@active_storage_attached_#{name}")
-        instance_variable_get("@active_storage_attached_#{name}")
-      else
-        instance_variable_set("@active_storage_attached_#{name}", ActiveStorage::Attached::Many.new(name, self))
+    # Specifies the relation between multiple attachments and the model.
+    #
+    #   class Gallery < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_many_attached :photos
+    #   end
+    #
+    # There are no columns defined on the model side, Active Storage takes
+    # care of the mapping between your records and the attachments.
+    #
+    # To avoid N+1 queries, you can include the attached blobs in your query like so:
+    #
+    #   Gallery.where(user: Current.user).with_attached_photos
+    #
+    # Under the covers, this relationship is implemented as a `has_many` association to a
+    # `ActiveStorage::Attachment` record and a `has_many-through` association to a
+    # `ActiveStorage::Blob` record. These associations are available as `photos_attachments`
+    # and `photos_blobs`. But you shouldn't need to work with these associations directly in
+    # most circumstances.
+    #
+    # The system has been designed to having you go through the `ActiveStorage::Attached::Many`
+    # proxy that provides the dynamic proxy to the associations and factory methods, like `#attach`.
+    #
+    # If the +:dependent+ option isn't set, all the attachments will be purged
+    # (i.e. destroyed) whenever the record is destroyed.
+    def has_many_attached(name, dependent: :purge_later)
+      define_method(name) do
+        if instance_variable_defined?("@active_storage_attached_#{name}")
+          instance_variable_get("@active_storage_attached_#{name}")
+        else
+          instance_variable_set("@active_storage_attached_#{name}", ActiveStorage::Attached::Many.new(name, self))
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    has_many :"#{name}_attachments", -> { where(name: name) }, as: :record, class_name: "ActiveStorage::Attachment"
-    has_many :"#{name}_blobs", through: :"#{name}_attachments", class_name: "ActiveStorage::Blob", source: :blob
+      has_many :"#{name}_attachments", -> { where(name: name) }, as: :record, class_name: "ActiveStorage::Attachment"
+      has_many :"#{name}_blobs", through: :"#{name}_attachments", class_name: "ActiveStorage::Blob", source: :blob
 
-    scope :"with_attached_#{name}", -> { includes("#{name}_attachments": :blob) }
+      scope :"with_attached_#{name}", -> { includes("#{name}_attachments": :blob) }
 
-    if dependent == :purge_later
-      before_destroy { public_send(name).purge_later }
+      if dependent == :purge_later
+        before_destroy { public_send(name).purge_later }
+      end
     end
   end
-end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/many.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/many.rb
index 035cd9c091dc9..82989e46058a4 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/many.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/many.rb
@@ -1,51 +1,54 @@
-# Decorated proxy object representing of multiple attachments to a model.
-class ActiveStorage::Attached::Many < ActiveStorage::Attached
-  delegate_missing_to :attachments
+module ActiveStorage
+  # Decorated proxy object representing of multiple attachments to a model.
+  class Attached::Many < Attached
+    delegate_missing_to :attachments
 
-  # Returns all the associated attachment records.
-  #
-  # All methods called on this proxy object that aren't listed here will automatically be delegated to `attachments`.
-  def attachments
-    record.public_send("#{name}_attachments")
-  end
+    # Returns all the associated attachment records.
+    #
+    # All methods called on this proxy object that aren't listed here will automatically be delegated to `attachments`.
+    def attachments
+      record.public_send("#{name}_attachments")
+    end
 
-  # Associates one or several attachments with the current record, saving them to the database.
-  # Examples:
-  #
-  #   document.images.attach(params[:images]) # Array of ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile objects
-  #   document.images.attach(params[:signed_blob_id]) # Signed reference to blob from direct upload
-  #   document.images.attach(io: File.open("~/racecar.jpg"), filename: "racecar.jpg", content_type: "image/jpg")
-  #   document.images.attach([ first_blob, second_blob ])
-  def attach(*attachables)
-    attachables.flatten.collect do |attachable|
-      attachments.create!(name: name, blob: create_blob_from(attachable))
+    # Associates one or several attachments with the current record, saving them to the database.
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #   document.images.attach(params[:images]) # Array of ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile objects
+    #   document.images.attach(params[:signed_blob_id]) # Signed reference to blob from direct upload
+    #   document.images.attach(io: File.open("~/racecar.jpg"), filename: "racecar.jpg", content_type: "image/jpg")
+    #   document.images.attach([ first_blob, second_blob ])
+    def attach(*attachables)
+      attachables.flatten.collect do |attachable|
+        attachments.create!(name: name, blob: create_blob_from(attachable))
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  # Returns true if any attachments has been made.
-  #
-  #   class Gallery < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #     has_many_attached :photos
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Gallery.new.photos.attached? # => false
-  def attached?
-    attachments.any?
-  end
+    # Returns true if any attachments has been made.
+    #
+    #   class Gallery < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_many_attached :photos
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   Gallery.new.photos.attached? # => false
+    def attached?
+      attachments.any?
+    end
 
-  # Directly purges each associated attachment (i.e. destroys the blobs and
-  # attachments and deletes the files on the service).
-  def purge
-    if attached?
-      attachments.each(&:purge)
-      attachments.reload
+    # Directly purges each associated attachment (i.e. destroys the blobs and
+    # attachments and deletes the files on the service).
+    def purge
+      if attached?
+        attachments.each(&:purge)
+        attachments.reload
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  # Purges each associated attachment through the queuing system.
-  def purge_later
-    if attached?
-      attachments.each(&:purge_later)
+    # Purges each associated attachment through the queuing system.
+    def purge_later
+      if attached?
+        attachments.each(&:purge_later)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
+
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/one.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/one.rb
index 0c522e856e5c6..6b34b30f1cdbf 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/one.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/attached/one.rb
@@ -1,56 +1,58 @@
-# Representation of a single attachment to a model.
-class ActiveStorage::Attached::One < ActiveStorage::Attached
-  delegate_missing_to :attachment
+module ActiveStorage
+  # Representation of a single attachment to a model.
+  class Attached::One < Attached
+    delegate_missing_to :attachment
 
-  # Returns the associated attachment record.
-  #
-  # You don't have to call this method to access the attachment's methods as
-  # they are all available at the model level.
-  def attachment
-    record.public_send("#{name}_attachment")
-  end
-
-  # Associates a given attachment with the current record, saving it to the database.
-  # Examples:
-  #
-  #   person.avatar.attach(params[:avatar]) # ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile object
-  #   person.avatar.attach(params[:signed_blob_id]) # Signed reference to blob from direct upload
-  #   person.avatar.attach(io: File.open("~/face.jpg"), filename: "face.jpg", content_type: "image/jpg")
-  #   person.avatar.attach(avatar_blob) # ActiveStorage::Blob object
-  def attach(attachable)
-    write_attachment \
-      ActiveStorage::Attachment.create!(record: record, name: name, blob: create_blob_from(attachable))
-  end
+    # Returns the associated attachment record.
+    #
+    # You don't have to call this method to access the attachment's methods as
+    # they are all available at the model level.
+    def attachment
+      record.public_send("#{name}_attachment")
+    end
 
-  # Returns true if an attachment has been made.
-  #
-  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-  #     has_one_attached :avatar
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   User.new.avatar.attached? # => false
-  def attached?
-    attachment.present?
-  end
+    # Associates a given attachment with the current record, saving it to the database.
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #   person.avatar.attach(params[:avatar]) # ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile object
+    #   person.avatar.attach(params[:signed_blob_id]) # Signed reference to blob from direct upload
+    #   person.avatar.attach(io: File.open("~/face.jpg"), filename: "face.jpg", content_type: "image/jpg")
+    #   person.avatar.attach(avatar_blob) # ActiveStorage::Blob object
+    def attach(attachable)
+      write_attachment \
+        ActiveStorage::Attachment.create!(record: record, name: name, blob: create_blob_from(attachable))
+    end
 
-  # Directly purges the attachment (i.e. destroys the blob and
-  # attachment and deletes the file on the service).
-  def purge
-    if attached?
-      attachment.purge
-      write_attachment nil
+    # Returns true if an attachment has been made.
+    #
+    #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     has_one_attached :avatar
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   User.new.avatar.attached? # => false
+    def attached?
+      attachment.present?
     end
-  end
 
-  # Purges the attachment through the queuing system.
-  def purge_later
-    if attached?
-      attachment.purge_later
+    # Directly purges the attachment (i.e. destroys the blob and
+    # attachment and deletes the file on the service).
+    def purge
+      if attached?
+        attachment.purge
+        write_attachment nil
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  private
-    def write_attachment(attachment)
-      record.public_send("#{name}_attachment=", attachment)
+    # Purges the attachment through the queuing system.
+    def purge_later
+      if attached?
+        attachment.purge_later
+      end
     end
+
+    private
+      def write_attachment(attachment)
+        record.public_send("#{name}_attachment=", attachment)
+      end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/log_subscriber.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/log_subscriber.rb
index 4ac34a3b25e22..5c1b8d23ef343 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -1,48 +1,50 @@
 require "active_support/log_subscriber"
 
-class ActiveStorage::LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
-  def service_upload(event)
-    message = "Uploaded file to key: #{key_in(event)}"
-    message << " (checksum: #{event.payload[:checksum]})" if event.payload[:checksum]
-    info event, color(message, GREEN)
-  end
-
-  def service_download(event)
-    info event, color("Downloaded file from key: #{key_in(event)}", BLUE)
-  end
-
-  def service_delete(event)
-    info event, color("Deleted file from key: #{key_in(event)}", RED)
-  end
-
-  def service_exist(event)
-    debug event, color("Checked if file exist at key: #{key_in(event)} (#{event.payload[:exist] ? "yes" : "no"})", BLUE)
-  end
-
-  def service_url(event)
-    debug event, color("Generated URL for file at key: #{key_in(event)} (#{event.payload[:url]})", BLUE)
-  end
+module ActiveStorage
+  class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
+    def service_upload(event)
+      message = "Uploaded file to key: #{key_in(event)}"
+      message << " (checksum: #{event.payload[:checksum]})" if event.payload[:checksum]
+      info event, color(message, GREEN)
+    end
 
-  def logger
-    ActiveStorage::Service.logger
-  end
+    def service_download(event)
+      info event, color("Downloaded file from key: #{key_in(event)}", BLUE)
+    end
 
-  private
-    def info(event, colored_message)
-      super log_prefix_for_service(event) + colored_message
+    def service_delete(event)
+      info event, color("Deleted file from key: #{key_in(event)}", RED)
     end
 
-    def debug(event, colored_message)
-      super log_prefix_for_service(event) + colored_message
+    def service_exist(event)
+      debug event, color("Checked if file exist at key: #{key_in(event)} (#{event.payload[:exist] ? "yes" : "no"})", BLUE)
     end
 
-    def log_prefix_for_service(event)
-      color "  #{event.payload[:service]} Storage (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms) ", CYAN
+    def service_url(event)
+      debug event, color("Generated URL for file at key: #{key_in(event)} (#{event.payload[:url]})", BLUE)
     end
 
-    def key_in(event)
-      event.payload[:key]
+    def logger
+      ActiveStorage::Service.logger
     end
+
+    private
+      def info(event, colored_message)
+        super log_prefix_for_service(event) + colored_message
+      end
+
+      def debug(event, colored_message)
+        super log_prefix_for_service(event) + colored_message
+      end
+
+      def log_prefix_for_service(event)
+        color "  #{event.payload[:service]} Storage (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms) ", CYAN
+      end
+
+      def key_in(event)
+        event.payload[:key]
+      end
+  end
 end
 
 ActiveStorage::LogSubscriber.attach_to :active_storage
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service.rb
index 4223295ed8409..eb25e9f00191c 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service.rb
@@ -1,114 +1,115 @@
 require "active_storage/log_subscriber"
 
-# Abstract class serving as an interface for concrete services.
-#
-# The available services are:
-#
-# * +Disk+, to manage attachments saved directly on the hard drive.
-# * +GCS+, to manage attachments through Google Cloud Storage.
-# * +S3+, to manage attachments through Amazon S3.
-# * +AzureStorage+, to manage attachments through Microsoft Azure Storage.
-# * +Mirror+, to be able to use several services to manage attachments.
-#
-# Inside a Rails application, you can set-up your services through the
-# generated <tt>config/storage.yml</tt> file and reference one
-# of the aforementioned constant under the +service+ key. For example:
-#
-#   local:
-#     service: Disk
-#     root: <%= Rails.root.join("storage") %>
-#
-# You can checkout the service's constructor to know which keys are required.
-#
-# Then, in your application's configuration, you can specify the service to
-# use like this:
-#
-#   config.active_storage.service = :local
-#
-# If you are using Active Storage outside of a Ruby on Rails application, you
-# can configure the service to use like this:
-#
-#   ActiveStorage::Blob.service = ActiveStorage::Service.configure(
-#     :Disk,
-#     root: Pathname("/foo/bar/storage")
-#   )
-class ActiveStorage::Service
-  class ActiveStorage::IntegrityError < StandardError; end
+module ActiveStorage
+  class IntegrityError < StandardError; end
+  # Abstract class serving as an interface for concrete services.
+  #
+  # The available services are:
+  #
+  # * +Disk+, to manage attachments saved directly on the hard drive.
+  # * +GCS+, to manage attachments through Google Cloud Storage.
+  # * +S3+, to manage attachments through Amazon S3.
+  # * +AzureStorage+, to manage attachments through Microsoft Azure Storage.
+  # * +Mirror+, to be able to use several services to manage attachments.
+  #
+  # Inside a Rails application, you can set-up your services through the
+  # generated <tt>config/storage.yml</tt> file and reference one
+  # of the aforementioned constant under the +service+ key. For example:
+  #
+  #   local:
+  #     service: Disk
+  #     root: <%= Rails.root.join("storage") %>
+  #
+  # You can checkout the service's constructor to know which keys are required.
+  #
+  # Then, in your application's configuration, you can specify the service to
+  # use like this:
+  #
+  #   config.active_storage.service = :local
+  #
+  # If you are using Active Storage outside of a Ruby on Rails application, you
+  # can configure the service to use like this:
+  #
+  #   ActiveStorage::Blob.service = ActiveStorage::Service.configure(
+  #     :Disk,
+  #     root: Pathname("/foo/bar/storage")
+  #   )
+  class Service
+    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+    autoload :Configurator
 
-  extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
-  autoload :Configurator
+    class_attribute :logger
 
-  class_attribute :logger
+    class << self
+      # Configure an Active Storage service by name from a set of configurations,
+      # typically loaded from a YAML file. The Active Storage engine uses this
+      # to set the global Active Storage service when the app boots.
+      def configure(service_name, configurations)
+        Configurator.build(service_name, configurations)
+      end
 
-  class << self
-    # Configure an Active Storage service by name from a set of configurations,
-    # typically loaded from a YAML file. The Active Storage engine uses this
-    # to set the global Active Storage service when the app boots.
-    def configure(service_name, configurations)
-      Configurator.build(service_name, configurations)
+      # Override in subclasses that stitch together multiple services and hence
+      # need to build additional services using the configurator.
+      #
+      # Passes the configurator and all of the service's config as keyword args.
+      #
+      # See MirrorService for an example.
+      def build(configurator:, service: nil, **service_config) #:nodoc:
+        new(**service_config)
+      end
     end
 
-    # Override in subclasses that stitch together multiple services and hence
-    # need to build additional services using the configurator.
-    #
-    # Passes the configurator and all of the service's config as keyword args.
-    #
-    # See MirrorService for an example.
-    def build(configurator:, service: nil, **service_config) #:nodoc:
-      new(**service_config)
+    # Upload the `io` to the `key` specified. If a `checksum` is provided, the service will
+    # ensure a match when the upload has completed or raise an `ActiveStorage::IntegrityError`.
+    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
+      raise NotImplementedError
     end
-  end
-
-  # Upload the `io` to the `key` specified. If a `checksum` is provided, the service will
-  # ensure a match when the upload has completed or raise an `ActiveStorage::IntegrityError`.
-  def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
-    raise NotImplementedError
-  end
-
-  # Return the content of the file at the `key`.
-  def download(key)
-    raise NotImplementedError
-  end
 
-  # Delete the file at the `key`.
-  def delete(key)
-    raise NotImplementedError
-  end
-
-  # Return true if a file exists at the `key`.
-  def exist?(key)
-    raise NotImplementedError
-  end
+    # Return the content of the file at the `key`.
+    def download(key)
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
 
-  # Returns a signed, temporary URL for the file at the `key`. The URL will be valid for the amount
-  # of seconds specified in `expires_in`. You most also provide the `disposition` (`:inline` or `:attachment`),
-  # `filename`, and `content_type` that you wish the file to be served with on request.
-  def url(key, expires_in:, disposition:, filename:, content_type:)
-    raise NotImplementedError
-  end
+    # Delete the file at the `key`.
+    def delete(key)
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
 
-  # Returns a signed, temporary URL that a direct upload file can be PUT to on the `key`.
-  # The URL will be valid for the amount of seconds specified in `expires_in`.
-  # You most also provide the `content_type`, `content_length`, and `checksum` of the file
-  # that will be uploaded. All these attributes will be validated by the service upon upload.
-  def url_for_direct_upload(key, expires_in:, content_type:, content_length:, checksum:)
-    raise NotImplementedError
-  end
+    # Return true if a file exists at the `key`.
+    def exist?(key)
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
 
-  # Returns a Hash of headers for `url_for_direct_upload` requests.
-  def headers_for_direct_upload(key, filename:, content_type:, content_length:, checksum:)
-    {}
-  end
+    # Returns a signed, temporary URL for the file at the `key`. The URL will be valid for the amount
+    # of seconds specified in `expires_in`. You most also provide the `disposition` (`:inline` or `:attachment`),
+    # `filename`, and `content_type` that you wish the file to be served with on request.
+    def url(key, expires_in:, disposition:, filename:, content_type:)
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
 
-  private
-    def instrument(operation, key, payload = {}, &block)
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(
-        "service_#{operation}.active_storage",
-        payload.merge(key: key, service: service_name), &block)
+    # Returns a signed, temporary URL that a direct upload file can be PUT to on the `key`.
+    # The URL will be valid for the amount of seconds specified in `expires_in`.
+    # You most also provide the `content_type`, `content_length`, and `checksum` of the file
+    # that will be uploaded. All these attributes will be validated by the service upon upload.
+    def url_for_direct_upload(key, expires_in:, content_type:, content_length:, checksum:)
+      raise NotImplementedError
     end
 
-    def service_name
-      # ActiveStorage::Service::DiskService => Disk
-      self.class.name.split("::").third.remove("Service")
+    # Returns a Hash of headers for `url_for_direct_upload` requests.
+    def headers_for_direct_upload(key, filename:, content_type:, content_length:, checksum:)
+      {}
     end
+
+    private
+      def instrument(operation, key, payload = {}, &block)
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(
+          "service_#{operation}.active_storage",
+          payload.merge(key: key, service: service_name), &block)
+      end
+
+      def service_name
+        # ActiveStorage::Service::DiskService => Disk
+        self.class.name.split("::").third.remove("Service")
+      end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/azure_storage_service.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/azure_storage_service.rb
index e13b32eb98ad7..c2e1b25a439ae 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/azure_storage_service.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/azure_storage_service.rb
@@ -2,114 +2,116 @@
 require "azure/storage"
 require "azure/storage/core/auth/shared_access_signature"
 
-# Wraps the Microsoft Azure Storage Blob Service as a Active Storage service.
-# See `ActiveStorage::Service` for the generic API documentation that applies to all services.
-class ActiveStorage::Service::AzureStorageService < ActiveStorage::Service
-  attr_reader :client, :path, :blobs, :container, :signer
-
-  def initialize(path:, storage_account_name:, storage_access_key:, container:)
-    @client = Azure::Storage::Client.create(storage_account_name: storage_account_name, storage_access_key: storage_access_key)
-    @signer = Azure::Storage::Core::Auth::SharedAccessSignature.new(storage_account_name, storage_access_key)
-    @blobs = client.blob_client
-    @container = container
-    @path = path
-  end
+module ActiveStorage
+  # Wraps the Microsoft Azure Storage Blob Service as a Active Storage service.
+  # See `ActiveStorage::Service` for the generic API documentation that applies to all services.
+  class Service::AzureStorageService < Service
+    attr_reader :client, :path, :blobs, :container, :signer
+
+    def initialize(path:, storage_account_name:, storage_access_key:, container:)
+      @client = Azure::Storage::Client.create(storage_account_name: storage_account_name, storage_access_key: storage_access_key)
+      @signer = Azure::Storage::Core::Auth::SharedAccessSignature.new(storage_account_name, storage_access_key)
+      @blobs = client.blob_client
+      @container = container
+      @path = path
+    end
 
-  def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
-    instrument :upload, key, checksum: checksum do
-      begin
-        blobs.create_block_blob(container, key, io, content_md5: checksum)
-      rescue Azure::Core::Http::HTTPError
-        raise ActiveStorage::IntegrityError
+    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
+      instrument :upload, key, checksum: checksum do
+        begin
+          blobs.create_block_blob(container, key, io, content_md5: checksum)
+        rescue Azure::Core::Http::HTTPError
+          raise ActiveStorage::IntegrityError
+        end
       end
     end
-  end
 
-  def download(key)
-    if block_given?
-      instrument :streaming_download, key do
-        stream(key, &block)
-      end
-    else
-      instrument :download, key do
-        _, io = blobs.get_blob(container, key)
-        io.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
+    def download(key)
+      if block_given?
+        instrument :streaming_download, key do
+          stream(key, &block)
+        end
+      else
+        instrument :download, key do
+          _, io = blobs.get_blob(container, key)
+          io.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
+        end
       end
     end
-  end
 
-  def delete(key)
-    instrument :delete, key do
-      begin
-        blobs.delete_blob(container, key)
-      rescue Azure::Core::Http::HTTPError
-        false
+    def delete(key)
+      instrument :delete, key do
+        begin
+          blobs.delete_blob(container, key)
+        rescue Azure::Core::Http::HTTPError
+          false
+        end
       end
     end
-  end
 
-  def exist?(key)
-    instrument :exist, key do |payload|
-      answer = blob_for(key).present?
-      payload[:exist] = answer
-      answer
+    def exist?(key)
+      instrument :exist, key do |payload|
+        answer = blob_for(key).present?
+        payload[:exist] = answer
+        answer
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  def url(key, expires_in:, disposition:, filename:)
-    instrument :url, key do |payload|
-      base_url = url_for(key)
-      generated_url = signer.signed_uri(URI(base_url), false, permissions: "r",
-        expiry: format_expiry(expires_in), content_disposition: "#{disposition}; filename=\"#{filename}\"").to_s
+    def url(key, expires_in:, disposition:, filename:)
+      instrument :url, key do |payload|
+        base_url = url_for(key)
+        generated_url = signer.signed_uri(URI(base_url), false, permissions: "r",
+          expiry: format_expiry(expires_in), content_disposition: "#{disposition}; filename=\"#{filename}\"").to_s
 
-      payload[:url] = generated_url
+        payload[:url] = generated_url
 
-      generated_url
+        generated_url
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  def url_for_direct_upload(key, expires_in:, content_type:, content_length:, checksum:)
-    instrument :url, key do |payload|
-      base_url = url_for(key)
-      generated_url = signer.signed_uri(URI(base_url), false, permissions: "rw",
-        expiry: format_expiry(expires_in)).to_s
+    def url_for_direct_upload(key, expires_in:, content_type:, content_length:, checksum:)
+      instrument :url, key do |payload|
+        base_url = url_for(key)
+        generated_url = signer.signed_uri(URI(base_url), false, permissions: "rw",
+          expiry: format_expiry(expires_in)).to_s
 
-      payload[:url] = generated_url
+        payload[:url] = generated_url
 
-      generated_url
+        generated_url
+      end
     end
-  end
-
-  def headers_for_direct_upload(key, content_type:, checksum:, **)
-    { "Content-Type" => content_type, "Content-MD5" => checksum, "x-ms-blob-type" => "BlockBlob" }
-  end
 
-  private
-    def url_for(key)
-      "#{path}/#{container}/#{key}"
+    def headers_for_direct_upload(key, content_type:, checksum:, **)
+      { "Content-Type" => content_type, "Content-MD5" => checksum, "x-ms-blob-type" => "BlockBlob" }
     end
 
-    def blob_for(key)
-      blobs.get_blob_properties(container, key)
-    rescue Azure::Core::Http::HTTPError
-      false
-    end
+    private
+      def url_for(key)
+        "#{path}/#{container}/#{key}"
+      end
 
-    def format_expiry(expires_in)
-      expires_in ? Time.now.utc.advance(seconds: expires_in).iso8601 : nil
-    end
+      def blob_for(key)
+        blobs.get_blob_properties(container, key)
+      rescue Azure::Core::Http::HTTPError
+        false
+      end
+
+      def format_expiry(expires_in)
+        expires_in ? Time.now.utc.advance(seconds: expires_in).iso8601 : nil
+      end
 
-    # Reads the object for the given key in chunks, yielding each to the block.
-    def stream(key, options = {}, &block)
-      blob = blob_for(key)
+      # Reads the object for the given key in chunks, yielding each to the block.
+      def stream(key, options = {}, &block)
+        blob = blob_for(key)
 
-      chunk_size = 5.megabytes
-      offset = 0
+        chunk_size = 5.megabytes
+        offset = 0
 
-      while offset < blob.properties[:content_length]
-        _, io = blobs.get_blob(container, key, start_range: offset, end_range: offset + chunk_size - 1)
-        yield io
-        offset += chunk_size
+        while offset < blob.properties[:content_length]
+          _, io = blobs.get_blob(container, key, start_range: offset, end_range: offset + chunk_size - 1)
+          yield io
+          offset += chunk_size
+        end
       end
-    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/configurator.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/configurator.rb
index a0afdaa91234c..5d6475a8aeb4a 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/configurator.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/configurator.rb
@@ -1,28 +1,30 @@
-class ActiveStorage::Service::Configurator #:nodoc:
-  attr_reader :configurations
+module ActiveStorage
+  class Service::Configurator #:nodoc:
+    attr_reader :configurations
 
-  def self.build(service_name, configurations)
-    new(configurations).build(service_name)
-  end
+    def self.build(service_name, configurations)
+      new(configurations).build(service_name)
+    end
 
-  def initialize(configurations)
-    @configurations = configurations.deep_symbolize_keys
-  end
+    def initialize(configurations)
+      @configurations = configurations.deep_symbolize_keys
+    end
 
-  def build(service_name)
-    config = config_for(service_name.to_sym)
-    resolve(config.fetch(:service)).build(**config, configurator: self)
-  end
+    def build(service_name)
+      config = config_for(service_name.to_sym)
+      resolve(config.fetch(:service)).build(**config, configurator: self)
+    end
 
-  private
-    def config_for(name)
-      configurations.fetch name do
-        raise "Missing configuration for the #{name.inspect} Active Storage service. Configurations available for #{configurations.keys.inspect}"
+    private
+      def config_for(name)
+        configurations.fetch name do
+          raise "Missing configuration for the #{name.inspect} Active Storage service. Configurations available for #{configurations.keys.inspect}"
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    def resolve(class_name)
-      require "active_storage/service/#{class_name.to_s.underscore}_service"
-      ActiveStorage::Service.const_get(:"#{class_name}Service")
-    end
+      def resolve(class_name)
+        require "active_storage/service/#{class_name.to_s.underscore}_service"
+        ActiveStorage::Service.const_get(:"#{class_name}Service")
+      end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/disk_service.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/disk_service.rb
index 35b09092975af..3d92102cf0652 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/disk_service.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/disk_service.rb
@@ -3,122 +3,125 @@
 require "digest/md5"
 require "active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes"
 
-# Wraps a local disk path as a Active Storage service. See `ActiveStorage::Service` for the generic API
-# documentation that applies to all services.
-class ActiveStorage::Service::DiskService < ActiveStorage::Service
-  attr_reader :root
-
-  def initialize(root:)
-    @root = root
-  end
+module ActiveStorage
+  # Wraps a local disk path as a Active Storage service. See `ActiveStorage::Service` for the generic API
+  # documentation that applies to all services.
+  class Service::DiskService < Service
+    attr_reader :root
+
+    def initialize(root:)
+      @root = root
+    end
 
-  def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
-    instrument :upload, key, checksum: checksum do
-      IO.copy_stream(io, make_path_for(key))
-      ensure_integrity_of(key, checksum) if checksum
+    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
+      instrument :upload, key, checksum: checksum do
+        IO.copy_stream(io, make_path_for(key))
+        ensure_integrity_of(key, checksum) if checksum
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  def download(key)
-    if block_given?
-      instrument :streaming_download, key do
-        File.open(path_for(key), "rb") do |file|
-          while data = file.read(64.kilobytes)
-            yield data
+    def download(key)
+      if block_given?
+        instrument :streaming_download, key do
+          File.open(path_for(key), "rb") do |file|
+            while data = file.read(64.kilobytes)
+              yield data
+            end
           end
         end
-      end
-    else
-      instrument :download, key do
-        File.binread path_for(key)
+      else
+        instrument :download, key do
+          File.binread path_for(key)
+        end
       end
     end
-  end
 
-  def delete(key)
-    instrument :delete, key do
-      begin
-        File.delete path_for(key)
-      rescue Errno::ENOENT
-        # Ignore files already deleted
+    def delete(key)
+      instrument :delete, key do
+        begin
+          File.delete path_for(key)
+        rescue Errno::ENOENT
+          # Ignore files already deleted
+        end
       end
     end
-  end
 
-  def exist?(key)
-    instrument :exist, key do |payload|
-      answer = File.exist? path_for(key)
-      payload[:exist] = answer
-      answer
+    def exist?(key)
+      instrument :exist, key do |payload|
+        answer = File.exist? path_for(key)
+        payload[:exist] = answer
+        answer
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  def url(key, expires_in:, disposition:, filename:, content_type:)
-    instrument :url, key do |payload|
-      verified_key_with_expiration = ActiveStorage.verifier.generate(key, expires_in: expires_in, purpose: :blob_key)
-
-      generated_url =
-        if defined?(Rails.application)
-          Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.rails_disk_service_path \
-            verified_key_with_expiration,
-            disposition: disposition, filename: filename, content_type: content_type
-        else
-          "/rails/active_storage/disk/#{verified_key_with_expiration}/#{filename}?disposition=#{disposition}&content_type=#{content_type}"
-        end
+    def url(key, expires_in:, disposition:, filename:, content_type:)
+      instrument :url, key do |payload|
+        verified_key_with_expiration = ActiveStorage.verifier.generate(key, expires_in: expires_in, purpose: :blob_key)
+
+        generated_url =
+          if defined?(Rails.application)
+            Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.rails_disk_service_path \
+              verified_key_with_expiration,
+              disposition: disposition, filename: filename, content_type: content_type
+          else
+            "/rails/active_storage/disk/#{verified_key_with_expiration}/#{filename}?disposition=#{disposition}&content_type=#{content_type}"
+          end
 
-      payload[:url] = generated_url
+        payload[:url] = generated_url
 
-      generated_url
+        generated_url
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  def url_for_direct_upload(key, expires_in:, content_type:, content_length:, checksum:)
-    instrument :url, key do |payload|
-      verified_token_with_expiration = ActiveStorage.verifier.generate(
-        {
-          key: key,
-          content_type: content_type,
-          content_length: content_length,
-          checksum: checksum
-        },
-        expires_in: expires_in,
-        purpose: :blob_token
-      )
-
-      generated_url =
-        if defined?(Rails.application)
-          Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.update_rails_disk_service_path verified_token_with_expiration
-        else
-          "/rails/active_storage/disk/#{verified_token_with_expiration}"
-        end
+    def url_for_direct_upload(key, expires_in:, content_type:, content_length:, checksum:)
+      instrument :url, key do |payload|
+        verified_token_with_expiration = ActiveStorage.verifier.generate(
+          {
+            key: key,
+            content_type: content_type,
+            content_length: content_length,
+            checksum: checksum
+          },
+          expires_in: expires_in,
+          purpose: :blob_token
+        )
+
+        generated_url =
+          if defined?(Rails.application)
+            Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.update_rails_disk_service_path verified_token_with_expiration
+          else
+            "/rails/active_storage/disk/#{verified_token_with_expiration}"
+          end
 
-      payload[:url] = generated_url
+        payload[:url] = generated_url
 
-      generated_url
+        generated_url
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  def headers_for_direct_upload(key, content_type:, **)
-    { "Content-Type" => content_type }
-  end
-
-  private
-    def path_for(key)
-      File.join root, folder_for(key), key
+    def headers_for_direct_upload(key, content_type:, **)
+      { "Content-Type" => content_type }
     end
 
-    def folder_for(key)
-      [ key[0..1], key[2..3] ].join("/")
-    end
+    private
+      def path_for(key)
+        File.join root, folder_for(key), key
+      end
 
-    def make_path_for(key)
-      path_for(key).tap { |path| FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname(path) }
-    end
+      def folder_for(key)
+        [ key[0..1], key[2..3] ].join("/")
+      end
 
-    def ensure_integrity_of(key, checksum)
-      unless Digest::MD5.file(path_for(key)).base64digest == checksum
-        delete key
-        raise ActiveStorage::IntegrityError
+      def make_path_for(key)
+        path_for(key).tap { |path| FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname(path) }
       end
-    end
+
+      def ensure_integrity_of(key, checksum)
+        unless Digest::MD5.file(path_for(key)).base64digest == checksum
+          delete key
+          raise ActiveStorage::IntegrityError
+        end
+      end
+  end
 end
+
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/gcs_service.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/gcs_service.rb
index 73629f7486368..ea4ec5a7903ac 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/gcs_service.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/gcs_service.rb
@@ -1,79 +1,81 @@
 require "google/cloud/storage"
 require "active_support/core_ext/object/to_query"
 
-# Wraps the Google Cloud Storage as a Active Storage service. See `ActiveStorage::Service` for the generic API
-# documentation that applies to all services.
-class ActiveStorage::Service::GCSService < ActiveStorage::Service
-  attr_reader :client, :bucket
+module ActiveStorage
+  # Wraps the Google Cloud Storage as a Active Storage service. See `ActiveStorage::Service` for the generic API
+  # documentation that applies to all services.
+  class Service::GCSService < Service
+    attr_reader :client, :bucket
 
-  def initialize(project:, keyfile:, bucket:)
-    @client = Google::Cloud::Storage.new(project: project, keyfile: keyfile)
-    @bucket = @client.bucket(bucket)
-  end
+    def initialize(project:, keyfile:, bucket:)
+      @client = Google::Cloud::Storage.new(project: project, keyfile: keyfile)
+      @bucket = @client.bucket(bucket)
+    end
 
-  def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
-    instrument :upload, key, checksum: checksum do
-      begin
-        bucket.create_file(io, key, md5: checksum)
-      rescue Google::Cloud::InvalidArgumentError
-        raise ActiveStorage::IntegrityError
+    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
+      instrument :upload, key, checksum: checksum do
+        begin
+          bucket.create_file(io, key, md5: checksum)
+        rescue Google::Cloud::InvalidArgumentError
+          raise ActiveStorage::IntegrityError
+        end
       end
     end
-  end
 
-  # FIXME: Add streaming when given a block
-  def download(key)
-    instrument :download, key do
-      io = file_for(key).download
-      io.rewind
-      io.read
+    # FIXME: Add streaming when given a block
+    def download(key)
+      instrument :download, key do
+        io = file_for(key).download
+        io.rewind
+        io.read
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  def delete(key)
-    instrument :delete, key do
-      file_for(key).try(:delete)
+    def delete(key)
+      instrument :delete, key do
+        file_for(key).try(:delete)
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  def exist?(key)
-    instrument :exist, key do |payload|
-      answer = file_for(key).present?
-      payload[:exist] = answer
-      answer
+    def exist?(key)
+      instrument :exist, key do |payload|
+        answer = file_for(key).present?
+        payload[:exist] = answer
+        answer
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  def url(key, expires_in:, disposition:, filename:, content_type:)
-    instrument :url, key do |payload|
-      generated_url = file_for(key).signed_url expires: expires_in, query: {
-        "response-content-disposition" => "#{disposition}; filename=\"#{filename}\"",
-        "response-content-type" => content_type
-      }
+    def url(key, expires_in:, disposition:, filename:, content_type:)
+      instrument :url, key do |payload|
+        generated_url = file_for(key).signed_url expires: expires_in, query: {
+          "response-content-disposition" => "#{disposition}; filename=\"#{filename}\"",
+          "response-content-type" => content_type
+        }
 
-      payload[:url] = generated_url
+        payload[:url] = generated_url
 
-      generated_url
+        generated_url
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  def url_for_direct_upload(key, expires_in:, content_type:, content_length:, checksum:)
-    instrument :url, key do |payload|
-      generated_url = bucket.signed_url key, method: "PUT", expires: expires_in,
-        content_type: content_type, content_md5: checksum
+    def url_for_direct_upload(key, expires_in:, content_type:, content_length:, checksum:)
+      instrument :url, key do |payload|
+        generated_url = bucket.signed_url key, method: "PUT", expires: expires_in,
+          content_type: content_type, content_md5: checksum
 
-      payload[:url] = generated_url
+        payload[:url] = generated_url
 
-      generated_url
+        generated_url
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  def headers_for_direct_upload(key, content_type:, checksum:, **)
-    { "Content-Type" => content_type, "Content-MD5" => checksum }
-  end
-
-  private
-    def file_for(key)
-      bucket.file(key)
+    def headers_for_direct_upload(key, content_type:, checksum:, **)
+      { "Content-Type" => content_type, "Content-MD5" => checksum }
     end
+
+    private
+      def file_for(key)
+        bucket.file(key)
+      end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/mirror_service.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/mirror_service.rb
index 7c407f2730d8a..2403eeb1e9dd5 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/mirror_service.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/mirror_service.rb
@@ -1,46 +1,48 @@
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/delegation"
 
-# Wraps a set of mirror services and provides a single `ActiveStorage::Service` object that will all
-# have the files uploaded to them. A `primary` service is designated to answer calls to `download`, `exists?`,
-# and `url`.
-class ActiveStorage::Service::MirrorService < ActiveStorage::Service
-  attr_reader :primary, :mirrors
-
-  delegate :download, :exist?, :url, to: :primary
-
-  # Stitch together from named services.
-  def self.build(primary:, mirrors:, configurator:, **options) #:nodoc:
-    new \
-      primary: configurator.build(primary),
-      mirrors: mirrors.collect { |name| configurator.build name }
-  end
-
-  def initialize(primary:, mirrors:)
-    @primary, @mirrors = primary, mirrors
-  end
-
-  # Upload the `io` to the `key` specified to all services. If a `checksum` is provided, all services will
-  # ensure a match when the upload has completed or raise an `ActiveStorage::IntegrityError`.
-  def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
-    each_service.collect do |service|
-      service.upload key, io.tap(&:rewind), checksum: checksum
+module ActiveStorage
+  # Wraps a set of mirror services and provides a single `ActiveStorage::Service` object that will all
+  # have the files uploaded to them. A `primary` service is designated to answer calls to `download`, `exists?`,
+  # and `url`.
+  class Service::MirrorService < Service
+    attr_reader :primary, :mirrors
+
+    delegate :download, :exist?, :url, to: :primary
+
+    # Stitch together from named services.
+    def self.build(primary:, mirrors:, configurator:, **options) #:nodoc:
+      new \
+        primary: configurator.build(primary),
+        mirrors: mirrors.collect { |name| configurator.build name }
     end
-  end
-
-  # Delete the file at the `key` on all services.
-  def delete(key)
-    perform_across_services :delete, key
-  end
 
-  private
-    def each_service(&block)
-      [ primary, *mirrors ].each(&block)
+    def initialize(primary:, mirrors:)
+      @primary, @mirrors = primary, mirrors
     end
 
-    def perform_across_services(method, *args)
-      # FIXME: Convert to be threaded
+    # Upload the `io` to the `key` specified to all services. If a `checksum` is provided, all services will
+    # ensure a match when the upload has completed or raise an `ActiveStorage::IntegrityError`.
+    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
       each_service.collect do |service|
-        service.public_send method, *args
+        service.upload key, io.tap(&:rewind), checksum: checksum
       end
     end
+
+    # Delete the file at the `key` on all services.
+    def delete(key)
+      perform_across_services :delete, key
+    end
+
+    private
+      def each_service(&block)
+        [ primary, *mirrors ].each(&block)
+      end
+
+      def perform_across_services(method, *args)
+        # FIXME: Convert to be threaded
+        each_service.collect do |service|
+          service.public_send method, *args
+        end
+      end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/s3_service.rb b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/s3_service.rb
index ca461c2994557..5153f5db0d0cf 100644
--- a/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/s3_service.rb
+++ b/activestorage/lib/active_storage/service/s3_service.rb
@@ -1,96 +1,98 @@
 require "aws-sdk"
 require "active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes"
 
-# Wraps the Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) as a Active Storage service.
-# See `ActiveStorage::Service` for the generic API documentation that applies to all services.
-class ActiveStorage::Service::S3Service < ActiveStorage::Service
-  attr_reader :client, :bucket, :upload_options
+module ActiveStorage
+  # Wraps the Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) as a Active Storage service.
+  # See `ActiveStorage::Service` for the generic API documentation that applies to all services.
+  class Service::S3Service < Service
+    attr_reader :client, :bucket, :upload_options
 
-  def initialize(access_key_id:, secret_access_key:, region:, bucket:, upload: {}, **options)
-    @client = Aws::S3::Resource.new(access_key_id: access_key_id, secret_access_key: secret_access_key, region: region, **options)
-    @bucket = @client.bucket(bucket)
+    def initialize(access_key_id:, secret_access_key:, region:, bucket:, upload: {}, **options)
+      @client = Aws::S3::Resource.new(access_key_id: access_key_id, secret_access_key: secret_access_key, region: region, **options)
+      @bucket = @client.bucket(bucket)
 
-    @upload_options = upload
-  end
+      @upload_options = upload
+    end
 
-  def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
-    instrument :upload, key, checksum: checksum do
-      begin
-        object_for(key).put(upload_options.merge(body: io, content_md5: checksum))
-      rescue Aws::S3::Errors::BadDigest
-        raise ActiveStorage::IntegrityError
+    def upload(key, io, checksum: nil)
+      instrument :upload, key, checksum: checksum do
+        begin
+          object_for(key).put(upload_options.merge(body: io, content_md5: checksum))
+        rescue Aws::S3::Errors::BadDigest
+          raise ActiveStorage::IntegrityError
+        end
       end
     end
-  end
 
-  def download(key)
-    if block_given?
-      instrument :streaming_download, key do
-        stream(key, &block)
-      end
-    else
-      instrument :download, key do
-        object_for(key).get.body.read.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
+    def download(key)
+      if block_given?
+        instrument :streaming_download, key do
+          stream(key, &block)
+        end
+      else
+        instrument :download, key do
+          object_for(key).get.body.read.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
+        end
       end
     end
-  end
 
-  def delete(key)
-    instrument :delete, key do
-      object_for(key).delete
+    def delete(key)
+      instrument :delete, key do
+        object_for(key).delete
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  def exist?(key)
-    instrument :exist, key do |payload|
-      answer = object_for(key).exists?
-      payload[:exist] = answer
-      answer
+    def exist?(key)
+      instrument :exist, key do |payload|
+        answer = object_for(key).exists?
+        payload[:exist] = answer
+        answer
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  def url(key, expires_in:, disposition:, filename:, content_type:)
-    instrument :url, key do |payload|
-      generated_url = object_for(key).presigned_url :get, expires_in: expires_in,
-        response_content_disposition: "#{disposition}; filename=\"#{filename}\"",
-        response_content_type: content_type
+    def url(key, expires_in:, disposition:, filename:, content_type:)
+      instrument :url, key do |payload|
+        generated_url = object_for(key).presigned_url :get, expires_in: expires_in,
+          response_content_disposition: "#{disposition}; filename=\"#{filename}\"",
+          response_content_type: content_type
 
-      payload[:url] = generated_url
+        payload[:url] = generated_url
 
-      generated_url
+        generated_url
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  def url_for_direct_upload(key, expires_in:, content_type:, content_length:, checksum:)
-    instrument :url, key do |payload|
-      generated_url = object_for(key).presigned_url :put, expires_in: expires_in,
-        content_type: content_type, content_length: content_length, content_md5: checksum
+    def url_for_direct_upload(key, expires_in:, content_type:, content_length:, checksum:)
+      instrument :url, key do |payload|
+        generated_url = object_for(key).presigned_url :put, expires_in: expires_in,
+          content_type: content_type, content_length: content_length, content_md5: checksum
 
-      payload[:url] = generated_url
+        payload[:url] = generated_url
 
-      generated_url
+        generated_url
+      end
     end
-  end
-
-  def headers_for_direct_upload(key, content_type:, checksum:, **)
-    { "Content-Type" => content_type, "Content-MD5" => checksum }
-  end
 
-  private
-    def object_for(key)
-      bucket.object(key)
+    def headers_for_direct_upload(key, content_type:, checksum:, **)
+      { "Content-Type" => content_type, "Content-MD5" => checksum }
     end
 
-    # Reads the object for the given key in chunks, yielding each to the block.
-    def stream(key, options = {}, &block)
-      object = object_for(key)
+    private
+      def object_for(key)
+        bucket.object(key)
+      end
+
+      # Reads the object for the given key in chunks, yielding each to the block.
+      def stream(key, options = {}, &block)
+        object = object_for(key)
 
-      chunk_size = 5.megabytes
-      offset = 0
+        chunk_size = 5.megabytes
+        offset = 0
 
-      while offset < object.content_length
-        yield object.read(options.merge(range: "bytes=#{offset}-#{offset + chunk_size - 1}"))
-        offset += chunk_size
+        while offset < object.content_length
+          yield object.read(options.merge(range: "bytes=#{offset}-#{offset + chunk_size - 1}"))
+          offset += chunk_size
+        end
       end
-    end
+  end
 end