diff --git a/README.rdoc b/README.rdoc
index 0b209cf56f247..216a122c66cf7 100644
--- a/README.rdoc
+++ b/README.rdoc
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ more separate. Each of these packages can be used independently outside of
 
     "Welcome aboard: You're riding Ruby on Rails!"
 
-5. Follow the guidelines to start developing your application. You can find the following resources handy:
+5. Follow the guidelines to start developing your application. You may find the following resources handy:
 
 * The README file created within your application.
 * The {Getting Started with Rails}[http://guides.rubyonrails.org/getting_started.html].
diff --git a/actionmailer/README.rdoc b/actionmailer/README.rdoc
index 0fa18d751b231..9b206fbcc7d4f 100644
--- a/actionmailer/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionmailer/README.rdoc
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ This can be as simple as:
   end
 
 The body of the email is created by using an Action View template (regular
-ERb) that has the instance variables that are declared in the mailer action.
+ERB) that has the instance variables that are declared in the mailer action.
 
 So the corresponding body template for the method above could look like this:
 
@@ -72,6 +72,19 @@ Or you can just chain the methods together like:
 
   Notifier.welcome.deliver    # Creates the email and sends it immediately
 
+== Setting defaults
+
+It is possible to set default values that will be used in every method in your Action Mailer class. To implement this functionality, you just call the public class method <tt>default</tt> which you get for free from ActionMailer::Base. This method accepts a Hash as the parameter. You can use any of the headers e-mail messages has, like <tt>:from</tt> as the key. You can also pass in a string as the key, like "Content-Type", but Action Mailer does this out of the box for you, so you wont need to worry about that. Finally it is also possible to pass in a Proc that will get evaluated when it is needed.
+
+Note that every value you set with this method will get over written if you use the same key in your mailer method.
+
+Example:
+
+  class Authenticationmailer < ActionMailer::Base
+    default :from => "awesome@application.com", :subject => Proc.new { "E-mail was generated at #{Time.now}" }
+    .....
+  end
+
 == Receiving emails
 
 To receive emails, you need to implement a public instance method called <tt>receive</tt> that takes an
diff --git a/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec b/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
index 2ae85f8b5757d..ee02cf69459a2 100644
--- a/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
+++ b/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.require_path = 'lib'
   s.requirements << 'none'
 
-  s.has_rdoc = true
-
   s.add_dependency('actionpack',  version)
   s.add_dependency('mail',        '~> 2.2.15')
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
index 16fcf112b7909..cd7638393141a 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/proc'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 require 'action_mailer/log_subscriber'
 
 module ActionMailer #:nodoc:
@@ -349,9 +350,6 @@ class Base < AbstractController::Base
     helper  ActionMailer::MailHelper
     include ActionMailer::OldApi
 
-    delegate :register_observer, :to => Mail
-    delegate :register_interceptor, :to => Mail
-
     private_class_method :new #:nodoc:
 
     class_attribute :default_params
@@ -363,6 +361,32 @@ class Base < AbstractController::Base
     }.freeze
 
     class << self
+      # Register one or more Observers which will be notified when mail is delivered.
+      def register_observers(*observers)
+        observers.flatten.compact.each { |observer| register_observer(observer) }
+      end
+
+      # Register one or more Interceptors which will be called before mail is sent.
+      def register_interceptors(*interceptors)
+        interceptors.flatten.compact.each { |interceptor| register_interceptor(interceptor) }
+      end
+
+      # Register an Observer which will be notified when mail is delivered.
+      # Either a class or a string can be passed in as the Observer. If a string is passed in
+      # it will be <tt>constantize</tt>d.
+      def register_observer(observer)
+        delivery_observer = (observer.is_a?(String) ? observer.constantize : observer)
+        Mail.register_observer(delivery_observer)
+      end
+
+      # Register an Inteceptor which will be called before mail is sent.
+      # Either a class or a string can be passed in as the Observer. If a string is passed in
+      # it will be <tt>constantize</tt>d.
+      def register_interceptor(interceptor)
+        delivery_interceptor = (interceptor.is_a?(String) ? interceptor.constantize : interceptor)
+        Mail.register_interceptor(delivery_interceptor)
+      end
+
       def mailer_name
         @mailer_name ||= name.underscore
       end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
index 4ec478067ff86..444754d0e9f37 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
@@ -19,13 +19,17 @@ class Railtie < Rails::Railtie
       options.stylesheets_dir ||= paths["public/stylesheets"].first
 
       # make sure readers methods get compiled
-      options.asset_path           ||= app.config.asset_path
-      options.asset_host           ||= app.config.asset_host
+      options.asset_path      ||= app.config.asset_path
+      options.asset_host      ||= app.config.asset_host
 
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_mailer) do
         include AbstractController::UrlFor
         extend ::AbstractController::Railties::RoutesHelpers.with(app.routes)
         include app.routes.mounted_helpers
+
+        register_interceptors(options.delete(:interceptors))
+        register_observers(options.delete(:observers))
+
         options.each { |k,v| send("#{k}=", v) }
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
index 6a7931da8c268..9fdd0e1cedf81 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
@@ -478,6 +478,11 @@ def self.delivered_email(mail)
     end
   end
 
+  class MySecondObserver
+    def self.delivered_email(mail)
+    end
+  end
+
   test "you can register an observer to the mail object that gets informed on email delivery" do
     ActionMailer::Base.register_observer(MyObserver)
     mail = BaseMailer.welcome
@@ -485,11 +490,31 @@ def self.delivered_email(mail)
     mail.deliver
   end
 
+  test "you can register an observer using its stringified name to the mail object that gets informed on email delivery" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_observer("BaseTest::MyObserver")
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
+    mail.deliver
+  end
+
+  test "you can register multiple observers to the mail object that both get informed on email delivery" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_observers("BaseTest::MyObserver", MySecondObserver)
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
+    MySecondObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
+    mail.deliver
+  end
+
   class MyInterceptor
     def self.delivering_email(mail)
     end
   end
 
+  class MySecondInterceptor
+    def self.delivering_email(mail)
+    end
+  end
+
   test "you can register an interceptor to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before delivery" do
     ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(MyInterceptor)
     mail = BaseMailer.welcome
@@ -497,6 +522,21 @@ def self.delivering_email(mail)
     mail.deliver
   end
 
+  test "you can register an interceptor using its stringified name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before delivery" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor("BaseTest::MyInterceptor")
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
+    mail.deliver
+  end
+
+  test "you can register multiple interceptors to the mail object that both get passed the mail object before delivery" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptors("BaseTest::MyInterceptor", MySecondInterceptor)
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
+    MySecondInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
+    mail.deliver
+  end
+
   test "being able to put proc's into the defaults hash and they get evaluated on mail sending" do
     mail1 = ProcMailer.welcome
     yesterday = 1.day.ago
diff --git a/actionpack/CHANGELOG b/actionpack/CHANGELOG
index 3eba2281c42e7..25e2d27a01dd1 100644
--- a/actionpack/CHANGELOG
+++ b/actionpack/CHANGELOG
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 *Rails 3.1.0 (unreleased)*
 
+* Implicit actions named not_implemented can be rendered [Santiago Pastorino]
+
 * Wildcard route will always matching the optional format segment by default. For example if you have this route:
 
     map '*pages' => 'pages#show'
diff --git a/actionpack/README.rdoc b/actionpack/README.rdoc
index 3661d27d51465..b900962d32c52 100644
--- a/actionpack/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionpack/README.rdoc
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ It consists of several modules:
 
 * Action View, which handles view template lookup and rendering, and provides
   view helpers that assist when building HTML forms, Atom feeds and more.
-  Template formats that Action View handles are ERb (embedded Ruby, typically
+  Template formats that Action View handles are ERB (embedded Ruby, typically
   used to inline short Ruby snippets inside HTML), XML Builder and RJS
   (dynamically generated JavaScript from Ruby code).
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ A short rundown of some of the major features:
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActionController/Base.html]
 
 
-* ERb templates (static content mixed with dynamic output from ruby)
+* ERB templates (static content mixed with dynamic output from ruby)
 
     <% for post in @posts %>
       Title: <%= post.title %>
diff --git a/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec b/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
index 651f3b164ac66..d3c66800d9b36 100644
--- a/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
+++ b/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.require_path = 'lib'
   s.requirements << 'none'
 
-  s.has_rdoc = true
-
   s.add_dependency('activesupport',    version)
   s.add_dependency('activemodel',      version)
   s.add_dependency('rack-cache',       '~> 1.0.0')
@@ -28,5 +26,5 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.add_dependency('rack-test',        '~> 0.5.7')
   s.add_dependency('rack-mount',       '~> 0.7.1')
   s.add_dependency('tzinfo',           '~> 0.3.23')
-  s.add_dependency('erubis',           '~> 2.6.6')
+  s.add_dependency('erubis',           '~> 2.7.0')
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
index 07ff5ad9f353d..0951267fea63a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'erubis'
 require 'active_support/configurable'
 require 'active_support/descendants_tracker'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous'
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ class Base
     include ActiveSupport::Configurable
     extend ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker
 
+    undef_method :not_implemented
     class << self
       attr_reader :abstract
       alias_method :abstract?, :abstract
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
index 95992c2698ad2..f7b2b7ff53d18 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module ClassMethods
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * <tt>only</tt>   - The callback should be run only for this action
-      # * <tt>except<tt>  - The callback should be run for all actions except this action
+      # * <tt>except</tt>  - The callback should be run for all actions except this action
       def _normalize_callback_options(options)
         if only = options[:only]
           only = Array(only).map {|o| "action_name == '#{o}'"}.join(" || ")
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
index e6523e56d20d1..5f9e082cd3ac6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ module ActionController
   # == Renders
   #
   # Action Controller sends content to the user by using one of five rendering methods. The most versatile and common is the rendering
-  # of a template. Included in the Action Pack is the Action View, which enables rendering of ERb templates. It's automatically configured.
+  # of a template. Included in the Action Pack is the Action View, which enables rendering of ERB templates. It's automatically configured.
   # The controller passes objects to the view by assigning instance variables:
   #
   #   def show
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ module ActionController
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # Read more about writing ERb and Builder templates in ActionView::Base.
+  # Read more about writing ERB and Builder templates in ActionView::Base.
   #
   # == Redirects
   #
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
index e5db31061b256..585bd5e5abd5f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
@@ -201,19 +201,23 @@ def to_a #:nodoc:
     class_attribute :middleware_stack
     self.middleware_stack = ActionController::MiddlewareStack.new
 
-    def self.inherited(base)
+    def self.inherited(base) #nodoc:
       base.middleware_stack = self.middleware_stack.dup
       super
     end
 
+    # Adds given middleware class and its args to bottom of middleware_stack
     def self.use(*args, &block)
       middleware_stack.use(*args, &block)
     end
 
+    # Alias for middleware_stack
     def self.middleware
       middleware_stack
     end
 
+    # Makes the controller a rack endpoint that points to the action in
+    # the given env's action_dispatch.request.path_parameters key.
     def self.call(env)
       action(env['action_dispatch.request.path_parameters'][:action]).call(env)
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
index b98429792d7a2..1d6df89007520 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ module HttpAuthentication
     #   class PostsController < ApplicationController
     #     REALM = "SuperSecret"
     #     USERS = {"dhh" => "secret", #plain text password
-    #              "dap" => Digest:MD5::hexdigest(["dap",REALM,"secret"].join(":"))  #ha1 digest password
+    #              "dap" => Digest::MD5.hexdigest(["dap",REALM,"secret"].join(":"))  #ha1 digest password
     #
     #     before_filter :authenticate, :except => [:index]
     #
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb
index 678f4ca763451..3ec0c4c6a4b50 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ def send_action(method, *args)
       end
     end
 
-    def default_render
-      render
+    def default_render(*args)
+      render(*args)
     end
 
     def action_method?(action_name)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
index a2e06fe0a65d7..618a6cdb7d5ce 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 require 'abstract_controller/collector'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 module ActionController #:nodoc:
-  module MimeResponds #:nodoc:
+  module MimeResponds
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ def respond_to(*mimes, &block)
       raise ArgumentError, "respond_to takes either types or a block, never both" if mimes.any? && block_given?
 
       if response = retrieve_response_from_mimes(mimes, &block)
-        response.call
+        response.call(nil)
       end
     end
 
@@ -222,6 +223,9 @@ def respond_to(*mimes, &block)
     # is quite simple (it just needs to respond to call), you can even give
     # a proc to it.
     #
+    # In order to use respond_with, first you need to declare the formats your
+    # controller responds to in the class level with a call to <tt>respond_to</tt>.
+    #
     def respond_with(*resources, &block)
       raise "In order to use respond_with, first you need to declare the formats your " <<
             "controller responds to in the class level" if self.class.mimes_for_respond_to.empty?
@@ -245,9 +249,9 @@ def collect_mimes_from_class_level #:nodoc:
         config = self.class.mimes_for_respond_to[mime]
 
         if config[:except]
-          !config[:except].include?(action)
+          !action.in?(config[:except])
         elsif config[:only]
-          config[:only].include?(action)
+          action.in?(config[:only])
         else
           true
         end
@@ -257,9 +261,9 @@ def collect_mimes_from_class_level #:nodoc:
     # Collects mimes and return the response for the negotiated format. Returns
     # nil if :not_acceptable was sent to the client.
     #
-    def retrieve_response_from_mimes(mimes=nil, &block)
+    def retrieve_response_from_mimes(mimes=nil, &block) #:nodoc:
       mimes ||= collect_mimes_from_class_level
-      collector = Collector.new(mimes) { default_render }
+      collector = Collector.new(mimes) { |options| default_render(options || {}) }
       block.call(collector) if block_given?
 
       if format = request.negotiate_mime(collector.order)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb
index 4b45413cf8005..59a3621f72cb1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb
@@ -77,6 +77,37 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   #
   #   respond_with(@project, :manager, @task)
   #
+  # === Custom options
+  #
+  # <code>respond_with</code> also allow you to pass options that are forwarded
+  # to the underlying render call. Those options are only applied success
+  # scenarios. For instance, you can do the following in the create method above:
+  #
+  #   def create
+  #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
+  #     @task = @project.comments.build(params[:task])
+  #     flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.' if @task.save
+  #     respond_with(@project, @task, :status => 201)
+  #   end
+  #
+  # This will return status 201 if the task was saved with success. If not,
+  # it will simply ignore the given options and return status 422 and the
+  # resource errors. To customize the failure scenario, you can pass a
+  # a block to <code>respond_with</code>:
+  #
+  #   def create
+  #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
+  #     @task = @project.comments.build(params[:task])
+  #     respond_with(@project, @task, :status => 201) do |format|
+  #       if @task.save
+  #         flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.'
+  #       else
+  #         format.html { render "some_special_template" }
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Using <code>respond_with</code> with a block follows the same syntax as <code>respond_to</code>.
   class Responder
     attr_reader :controller, :request, :format, :resource, :resources, :options
 
@@ -131,7 +162,11 @@ def to_html
     # responds to :to_format and display it.
     #
     def to_format
-      default_render
+      if get? || !has_errors?
+        default_render
+      else
+        display_errors
+      end
     rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate => e
       api_behavior(e)
     end
@@ -155,8 +190,6 @@ def api_behavior(error)
 
       if get?
         display resource
-      elsif has_errors?
-        display resource.errors, :status => :unprocessable_entity
       elsif post?
         display resource, :status => :created, :location => api_location
       elsif has_empty_resource_definition?
@@ -185,7 +218,7 @@ def resource_location
     # controller.
     #
     def default_render
-      @default_response.call
+      @default_response.call(options)
     end
 
     # Display is just a shortcut to render a resource with the current format.
@@ -209,6 +242,10 @@ def display(resource, given_options={})
       controller.render given_options.merge!(options).merge!(format => resource)
     end
 
+    def display_errors
+      controller.render format => resource.errors, :status => :unprocessable_entity
+    end
+
     # Check whether the resource has errors.
     #
     def has_errors?
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
index 49971fc9f88a1..7f972fc2816d6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     autoload :Static
   end
 
+  autoload :ClosedError, 'action_dispatch/middleware/closed_error'
   autoload :MiddlewareStack, 'action_dispatch/middleware/stack'
   autoload :Routing
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/closed_error.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/closed_error.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..0a4db47f4b87b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/closed_error.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  class ClosedError < StandardError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(kind)
+      super "Cannot modify #{kind} because it was closed. This means it was already streamed back to the client or converted to HTTP headers."
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
index 7ac608f0a8977..24ebb8fed71bc 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class Cookies
     # Raised when storing more than 4K of session data.
     class CookieOverflow < StandardError; end
 
-    class CookieJar < Hash #:nodoc:
+    class CookieJar #:nodoc:
 
       # This regular expression is used to split the levels of a domain.
       # The top level domain can be any string without a period or
@@ -115,13 +115,22 @@ def initialize(secret = nil, host = nil, secure = false)
         @delete_cookies = {}
         @host = host
         @secure = secure
-
-        super()
+        @closed = false
+        @cookies = {}
       end
 
+      attr_reader :closed
+      alias :closed? :closed
+      def close!; @closed = true end
+
       # Returns the value of the cookie by +name+, or +nil+ if no such cookie exists.
       def [](name)
-        super(name.to_s)
+        @cookies[name.to_s]
+      end
+
+      def update(other_hash)
+        @cookies.update other_hash
+        self
       end
 
       def handle_options(options) #:nodoc:
@@ -145,6 +154,7 @@ def handle_options(options) #:nodoc:
       # Sets the cookie named +name+. The second argument may be the very cookie
       # value, or a hash of options as documented above.
       def []=(key, options)
+        raise ClosedError, :cookies if closed?
         if options.is_a?(Hash)
           options.symbolize_keys!
           value = options[:value]
@@ -153,7 +163,7 @@ def []=(key, options)
           options = { :value => value }
         end
 
-        value = super(key.to_s, value)
+        value = @cookies[key.to_s] = value
 
         handle_options(options)
 
@@ -170,7 +180,7 @@ def delete(key, options = {})
 
         handle_options(options)
 
-        value = super(key.to_s)
+        value = @cookies.delete(key.to_s)
         @delete_cookies[key] = options
         value
       end
@@ -225,6 +235,7 @@ def initialize(parent_jar, secret)
       end
 
       def []=(key, options)
+        raise ClosedError, :cookies if closed?
         if options.is_a?(Hash)
           options.symbolize_keys!
         else
@@ -263,6 +274,7 @@ def [](name)
       end
 
       def []=(key, options)
+        raise ClosedError, :cookies if closed?
         if options.is_a?(Hash)
           options.symbolize_keys!
           options[:value] = @verifier.generate(options[:value])
@@ -305,6 +317,7 @@ def initialize(app)
     end
 
     def call(env)
+      cookie_jar = nil
       status, headers, body = @app.call(env)
 
       if cookie_jar = env['action_dispatch.cookies']
@@ -315,6 +328,9 @@ def call(env)
       end
 
       [status, headers, body]
+    ensure
+      cookie_jar = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).cookie_jar unless cookie_jar
+      cookie_jar.close!
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
index 21aeeb217afec..027ff7f8ac5d1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
@@ -43,9 +43,15 @@ class Flash
     class FlashNow #:nodoc:
       def initialize(flash)
         @flash = flash
+        @closed = false
       end
 
+      attr_reader :closed
+      alias :closed? :closed
+      def close!; @closed = true end
+
       def []=(k, v)
+        raise ClosedError, :flash if closed?
         @flash[k] = v
         @flash.discard(k)
         v
@@ -66,27 +72,70 @@ def notice=(message)
       end
     end
 
-    class FlashHash < Hash
+    class FlashHash
+      include Enumerable
+
       def initialize #:nodoc:
-        super
-        @used = Set.new
+        @used    = Set.new
+        @closed  = false
+        @flashes = {}
       end
 
+      attr_reader :closed
+      alias :closed? :closed
+      def close!; @closed = true end
+
       def []=(k, v) #:nodoc:
+        raise ClosedError, :flash if closed?
         keep(k)
-        super
+        @flashes[k] = v
+      end
+
+      def [](k)
+        @flashes[k]
       end
 
       def update(h) #:nodoc:
         h.keys.each { |k| keep(k) }
-        super
+        @flashes.update h
+        self
+      end
+
+      def keys
+        @flashes.keys
+      end
+
+      def key?(name)
+        @flashes.key? name
+      end
+
+      def delete(key)
+        @flashes.delete key
+        self
+      end
+
+      def to_hash
+        @flashes.dup
+      end
+
+      def empty?
+        @flashes.empty?
+      end
+
+      def clear
+        @flashes.clear
+      end
+
+      def each(&block)
+        @flashes.each(&block)
       end
 
       alias :merge! :update
 
       def replace(h) #:nodoc:
         @used = Set.new
-        super
+        @flashes.replace h
+        self
       end
 
       # Sets a flash that will not be available to the next action, only to the current.
@@ -100,7 +149,7 @@ def replace(h) #:nodoc:
       #
       # Entries set via <tt>now</tt> are accessed the same way as standard entries: <tt>flash['my-key']</tt>.
       def now
-        FlashNow.new(self)
+        @now ||= FlashNow.new(self)
       end
 
       # Keeps either the entire current flash or a specific flash entry available for the next action:
@@ -184,8 +233,11 @@ def call(env)
       session    = env['rack.session'] || {}
       flash_hash = env['action_dispatch.request.flash_hash']
 
-      if flash_hash && (!flash_hash.empty? || session.key?('flash'))
+      if flash_hash
+       if !flash_hash.empty? || session.key?('flash')
         session["flash"] = flash_hash
+       end
+       flash_hash.close!
       end
 
       if session.key?('flash') && session['flash'].empty?
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
index 35be0b3a27982..13aef18ee1268 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'erb'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 require 'active_support/inflector'
 require 'action_dispatch/routing/redirection'
 
@@ -1345,11 +1346,11 @@ def scope_action_options #:nodoc:
           end
 
           def resource_scope? #:nodoc:
-            [:resource, :resources].include?(@scope[:scope_level])
+            @scope[:scope_level].among?(:resource, :resources)
           end
 
           def resource_method_scope? #:nodoc:
-            [:collection, :member, :new].include?(@scope[:scope_level])
+            @scope[:scope_level].among?(:collection, :member, :new)
           end
 
           def with_exclusive_scope
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
index 77a15f3e97943..16a6b93ce8e38 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
 module ActionDispatch
   module Assertions
     # A small suite of assertions that test responses from \Rails applications.
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ module ResponseAssertions
       def assert_response(type, message = nil)
         validate_request!
 
-        if [ :success, :missing, :redirect, :error ].include?(type) && @response.send("#{type}?")
+        if type.among?(:success, :missing, :redirect, :error) && @response.send("#{type}?")
           assert_block("") { true } # to count the assertion
         elsif type.is_a?(Fixnum) && @response.response_code == type
           assert_block("") { true } # to count the assertion
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
index 2b862fb7d68ed..f41d3e5ddba6a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'action_controller/vendor/html-scanner'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 #--
 # Copyright (c) 2006 Assaf Arkin (http://labnotes.org)
@@ -441,7 +442,7 @@ def assert_select_rjs(*args, &block)
 
         if matches
           assert_block("") { true } # to count the assertion
-          if block_given? && !([:remove, :show, :hide, :toggle].include? rjs_type)
+          if block_given? && !rjs_type.among?(:remove, :show, :hide, :toggle)
             begin
               @selected ||= nil
               in_scope, @selected = @selected, matches
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
index 5c6416a19e37b..174babb9aae6c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'stringio'
 require 'uri'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
 require 'rack/test'
 require 'test/unit/assertions'
@@ -26,31 +27,31 @@ module RequestHelpers
       # object's <tt>@response</tt> instance variable will point to the same
       # response object.
       #
-      # You can also perform POST, PUT, DELETE, and HEAD requests with +post+,
-      # +put+, +delete+, and +head+.
+      # You can also perform POST, PUT, DELETE, and HEAD requests with +#post+,
+      # +#put+, +#delete+, and +#head+.
       def get(path, parameters = nil, headers = nil)
         process :get, path, parameters, headers
       end
 
-      # Performs a POST request with the given parameters. See get() for more
+      # Performs a POST request with the given parameters. See +#get+ for more
       # details.
       def post(path, parameters = nil, headers = nil)
         process :post, path, parameters, headers
       end
 
-      # Performs a PUT request with the given parameters. See get() for more
+      # Performs a PUT request with the given parameters. See +#get+ for more
       # details.
       def put(path, parameters = nil, headers = nil)
         process :put, path, parameters, headers
       end
 
-      # Performs a DELETE request with the given parameters. See get() for
+      # Performs a DELETE request with the given parameters. See +#get+ for
       # more details.
       def delete(path, parameters = nil, headers = nil)
         process :delete, path, parameters, headers
       end
 
-      # Performs a HEAD request with the given parameters. See get() for more
+      # Performs a HEAD request with the given parameters. See +#get+ for more
       # details.
       def head(path, parameters = nil, headers = nil)
         process :head, path, parameters, headers
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ def head(path, parameters = nil, headers = nil)
       # Performs an XMLHttpRequest request with the given parameters, mirroring
       # a request from the Prototype library.
       #
-      # The request_method is :get, :post, :put, :delete or :head; the
+      # The request_method is +:get+, +:post+, +:put+, +:delete+ or +:head+; the
       # parameters are +nil+, a hash, or a url-encoded or multipart string;
       # the headers are a hash.  Keys are automatically upcased and prefixed
       # with 'HTTP_' if not already.
@@ -243,7 +244,8 @@ def _mock_session
         end
 
         # Performs the actual request.
-        def process(method, path, parameters = nil, rack_environment = nil)
+        def process(method, path, parameters = nil, env = nil)
+          env ||= {}
           if path =~ %r{://}
             location = URI.parse(path)
             https! URI::HTTPS === location if location.scheme
@@ -259,7 +261,7 @@ def process(method, path, parameters = nil, rack_environment = nil)
 
           hostname, port = host.split(':')
 
-          env = {
+          default_env = {
             :method => method,
             :params => parameters,
 
@@ -277,9 +279,7 @@ def process(method, path, parameters = nil, rack_environment = nil)
 
           session = Rack::Test::Session.new(_mock_session)
 
-          (rack_environment || {}).each do |key, value|
-            env[key] = value
-          end
+          env.reverse_merge!(default_env)
 
           # NOTE: rack-test v0.5 doesn't build a default uri correctly
           # Make sure requested path is always a full uri
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ def reset!
         define_method(method) do |*args|
           reset! unless integration_session
           # reset the html_document variable, but only for new get/post calls
-          @html_document = nil unless %w(cookies assigns).include?(method)
+          @html_document = nil unless method.among?("cookies", "assigns")
           integration_session.__send__(method, *args).tap do
             copy_session_variables!
           end
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ def integration_session
     end
   end
 
-  # An test that spans multiple controllers and actions,
+  # An integration test spans multiple controllers and actions,
   # tying them all together to ensure they work together as expected. It tests
   # more completely than either unit or functional tests do, exercising the
   # entire stack, from the dispatcher to the database.
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
index ab8c6259c5461..55191036276d3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/base.rb
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@
 module ActionView #:nodoc:
   # = Action View Base
   #
-  # Action View templates can be written in three ways. If the template file has a <tt>.erb</tt> (or <tt>.rhtml</tt>) extension then it uses a mixture of ERb
+  # Action View templates can be written in three ways. If the template file has a <tt>.erb</tt> (or <tt>.rhtml</tt>) extension then it uses a mixture of ERB
   # (included in Ruby) and HTML. If the template file has a <tt>.builder</tt> (or <tt>.rxml</tt>) extension then Jim Weirich's Builder::XmlMarkup library is used.
   # If the template file has a <tt>.rjs</tt> extension then it will use ActionView::Helpers::PrototypeHelper::JavaScriptGenerator.
   #
-  # == ERb
+  # == ERB
   #
-  # You trigger ERb by using embeddings such as <% %>, <% -%>, and <%= %>. The <%= %> tag set is used when you want output. Consider the
+  # You trigger ERB by using embeddings such as <% %>, <% -%>, and <%= %>. The <%= %> tag set is used when you want output. Consider the
   # following loop for names:
   #
   #   <b>Names of all the people</b>
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
   #   <% end %>
   #
   # The loop is setup in regular embedding tags <% %> and the name is written using the output embedding tag <%= %>. Note that this
-  # is not just a usage suggestion. Regular output functions like print or puts won't work with ERb templates. So this would be wrong:
+  # is not just a usage suggestion. Regular output functions like print or puts won't work with ERB templates. So this would be wrong:
   #
   #   <%# WRONG %>
   #   Hi, Mr. <% puts "Frodo" %>
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
   #
   # == Builder
   #
-  # Builder templates are a more programmatic alternative to ERb. They are especially useful for generating XML content. An XmlMarkup object
+  # Builder templates are a more programmatic alternative to ERB. They are especially useful for generating XML content. An XmlMarkup object
   # named +xml+ is automatically made available to templates with a <tt>.builder</tt> extension.
   #
   # Here are some basic examples:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
index db9d7a08ff637..96e572225285a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ module ActionView
   # = Action View Atom Feed Helpers
   module Helpers #:nodoc:
     module AtomFeedHelper
-      # Adds easy defaults to writing Atom feeds with the Builder template engine (this does not work on ERb or any other
+      # Adds easy defaults to writing Atom feeds with the Builder template engine (this does not work on ERB or any other
       # template languages).
       #
       # Full usage example:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
index c88bd1efd5b2a..9ac7dff1ec5cd 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module CaptureHelper
       # variable. You can then use this variable anywhere in your templates or layout.
       #
       # ==== Examples
-      # The capture method can be used in ERb templates...
+      # The capture method can be used in ERB templates...
       #
       #   <% @greeting = capture do %>
       #     Welcome to my shiny new web page!  The date and time is
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb
index 65c8debc76bbf..1f2bc28cac5f8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb
@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@ module CsrfHelper
       # Note that regular forms generate hidden fields, and that Ajax calls are whitelisted,
       # so they do not use these tags.
       def csrf_meta_tags
-        <<-METAS.strip_heredoc.chomp.html_safe if protect_against_forgery?
-          <meta name="csrf-param" content="#{Rack::Utils.escape_html(request_forgery_protection_token)}"/>
-          <meta name="csrf-token" content="#{Rack::Utils.escape_html(form_authenticity_token)}"/>
-        METAS
+        if protect_against_forgery?
+          [
+            tag('meta', :name => 'csrf-param', :content => request_forgery_protection_token),
+            tag('meta', :name => 'csrf-token', :content => form_authenticity_token)
+          ].join("\n").html_safe
+        end
       end
 
       # For backwards compatibility.
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/prototype_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/prototype_helper.rb
index 18e303778c219..506db24dc236d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/prototype_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/prototype_helper.rb
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ def update_page(&block)
 
       # Works like update_page but wraps the generated JavaScript in a
       # <tt>\<script></tt> tag. Use this to include generated JavaScript in an
-      # ERb template. See JavaScriptGenerator for more information.
+      # ERB template. See JavaScriptGenerator for more information.
       #
       # +html_options+ may be a hash of <tt>\<script></tt> attributes to be
       # passed to ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper#javascript_tag.
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
index 2d3c5fe7e78a8..bdda1df437933 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ def simple_format(text, html_options={}, options={})
       #   # => "Welcome to my new blog at <a href=\"http://www.myblog.com/\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.myblog.com</a>.
       #         Please e-mail me at <a href=\"mailto:me@email.com\">me@email.com</a>."
       def auto_link(text, *args, &block)#link = :all, html = {}, &block)
-        return ''.html_safe if text.blank?
+        return '' if text.blank?
 
         options = args.size == 2 ? {} : args.extract_options! # this is necessary because the old auto_link API has a Hash as its last parameter
         unless args.empty?
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ def auto_link_urls(text, html_options = {}, options = {})
               end
               content_tag(:a, link_text, link_attributes.merge('href' => href), !!options[:sanitize]) + punctuation.reverse.join('')
             end
-          end.html_safe
+          end
         end
 
         # Turns all email addresses into clickable links.  If a block is given,
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
index 2cd2dca71160e..de75488e72ad8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
@@ -81,9 +81,12 @@ def url_options
       #   # => /workshops
       #
       #   <%= url_for(@workshop) %>
-      #   # calls @workshop.to_s
+      #   # calls @workshop.to_param which by default returns the id
       #   # => /workshops/5
       #
+      #   # to_param can be re-defined in a model to provide different URL names:
+      #   # => /workshops/1-workshop-name
+      #
       #   <%= url_for("http://www.example.com") %>
       #   # => http://www.example.com
       #
@@ -183,7 +186,7 @@ def url_for(options = {})
       #   link_to "Profiles", :controller => "profiles"
       #   # => <a href="/profiles">Profiles</a>
       #
-      # You can use a block as well if your link target is hard to fit into the name parameter. ERb example:
+      # You can use a block as well if your link target is hard to fit into the name parameter. ERB example:
       #
       #   <%= link_to(@profile) do %>
       #     <strong><%= @profile.name %></strong> -- <span>Check it out!</span>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb
index a36837afc8ea4..0443b1b0f5315 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def add_postamble(src)
 
       class ERB
         # Specify trim mode for the ERB compiler. Defaults to '-'.
-        # See ERb documentation for suitable values.
+        # See ERB documentation for suitable values.
         class_attribute :erb_trim_mode
         self.erb_trim_mode = '-'
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_hash_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_hash_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..9b69a2648ea39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_hash_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module ActionDispatch
+  class FlashHashTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @hash = Flash::FlashHash.new
+    end
+
+    def test_set_get
+      @hash[:foo] = 'zomg'
+      assert_equal 'zomg', @hash[:foo]
+    end
+
+    def test_keys
+      assert_equal [], @hash.keys
+
+      @hash['foo'] = 'zomg'
+      assert_equal ['foo'], @hash.keys
+
+      @hash['bar'] = 'zomg'
+      assert_equal ['foo', 'bar'].sort, @hash.keys.sort
+    end
+
+    def test_update
+      @hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+      @hash.update('foo' => 'baz', 'hello' => 'world')
+
+      assert_equal 'baz', @hash['foo']
+      assert_equal 'world', @hash['hello']
+    end
+
+    def test_delete
+      @hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+      @hash.delete 'foo'
+
+      assert !@hash.key?('foo')
+      assert_nil @hash['foo']
+    end
+
+    def test_to_hash
+      @hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+      assert_equal({'foo' => 'bar'}, @hash.to_hash)
+
+      @hash.to_hash['zomg'] = 'aaron'
+      assert !@hash.key?('zomg')
+      assert_equal({'foo' => 'bar'}, @hash.to_hash)
+    end
+
+    def test_empty?
+      assert @hash.empty?
+      @hash['zomg'] = 'bears'
+      assert !@hash.empty?
+      @hash.clear
+      assert @hash.empty?
+    end
+
+    def test_each
+      @hash['hello'] = 'world'
+      @hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+
+      things = []
+      @hash.each do |k,v|
+        things << [k,v]
+      end
+
+      assert_equal([%w{ hello world }, %w{ foo bar }].sort, things.sort)
+    end
+
+    def test_replace
+      @hash['hello'] = 'world'
+      @hash.replace('omg' => 'aaron')
+      assert_equal({'omg' => 'aaron'}, @hash.to_hash)
+    end
+
+    def test_discard_no_args
+      @hash['hello'] = 'world'
+      @hash.discard
+      @hash.sweep
+      assert_equal({}, @hash.to_hash)
+    end
+
+    def test_discard_one_arg
+      @hash['hello'] = 'world'
+      @hash['omg']   = 'world'
+      @hash.discard 'hello'
+      @hash.sweep
+      assert_equal({'omg' => 'world'}, @hash.to_hash)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
index 3569a2f213f1f..9c89f1334d681 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
@@ -174,13 +174,13 @@ def test_keep_and_discard_return_values
 
     assert_equal(:foo_indeed, flash.discard(:foo)) # valid key passed
     assert_nil flash.discard(:unknown) # non existant key passed
-    assert_equal({:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed}, flash.discard()) # nothing passed
-    assert_equal({:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed}, flash.discard(nil)) # nothing passed
+    assert_equal({:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed}, flash.discard().to_hash) # nothing passed
+    assert_equal({:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed}, flash.discard(nil).to_hash) # nothing passed
 
     assert_equal(:foo_indeed, flash.keep(:foo)) # valid key passed
     assert_nil flash.keep(:unknown) # non existant key passed
-    assert_equal({:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed}, flash.keep()) # nothing passed
-    assert_equal({:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed}, flash.keep(nil)) # nothing passed
+    assert_equal({:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed}, flash.keep().to_hash) # nothing passed
+    assert_equal({:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed}, flash.keep(nil).to_hash) # nothing passed
   end
 
   def test_redirect_to_with_alert
@@ -214,11 +214,20 @@ class FlashIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   SessionSecret = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
 
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
+    def dont_set_flash
+      head :ok
+    end
+
     def set_flash
       flash["that"] = "hello"
       head :ok
     end
 
+    def set_flash_now
+      flash.now["that"] = "hello"
+      head :ok
+    end
+
     def use_flash
       render :inline => "flash: #{flash["that"]}"
     end
@@ -245,6 +254,47 @@ def test_just_using_flash_does_not_stream_a_cookie_back
     end
   end
 
+  def test_setting_flash_raises_after_stream_back_to_client
+    with_test_route_set do
+      env = { 'action_dispatch.request.flash_hash' => ActionDispatch::Flash::FlashHash.new }
+      get '/set_flash', nil, env
+      assert_raise(ActionDispatch::ClosedError) {
+        @request.flash['alert'] = 'alert'
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_flash_raises_after_stream_back_to_client_even_with_an_empty_flash
+    with_test_route_set do
+      env = { 'action_dispatch.request.flash_hash' => ActionDispatch::Flash::FlashHash.new }
+      get '/dont_set_flash', nil, env
+      assert_raise(ActionDispatch::ClosedError) {
+        @request.flash['alert'] = 'alert'
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_flash_now_raises_after_stream_back_to_client
+    with_test_route_set do
+      env = { 'action_dispatch.request.flash_hash' => ActionDispatch::Flash::FlashHash.new }
+      get '/set_flash_now', nil, env
+      assert_raise(ActionDispatch::ClosedError) {
+        @request.flash.now['alert'] = 'alert'
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_flash_now_raises_after_stream_back_to_client_even_with_an_empty_flash
+    with_test_route_set do
+      env = { 'action_dispatch.request.flash_hash' => ActionDispatch::Flash::FlashHash.new }
+      get '/dont_set_flash', nil, env
+      assert_raise(ActionDispatch::ClosedError) {
+        @request.flash.now['alert'] = 'alert'
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+
   private
 
     # Overwrite get to send SessionSecret in env hash
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
index f0d62b0b1372d..01dc2f2091865 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
@@ -521,4 +521,12 @@ def app
     get '/foo'
     assert_raise(NameError) { missing_path }
   end
+
+  test "process reuse the env we pass as argument" do
+    env = { :SERVER_NAME => 'server', 'action_dispatch.custom' => 'custom' }
+    get '/foo', nil, env
+    assert_equal :get, env[:method]
+    assert_equal 'server', env[:SERVER_NAME]
+    assert_equal 'custom', env['action_dispatch.custom']
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime_responds_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime_responds_test.rb
index 5debf96232e17..be5866e5aa4cc 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/mime_responds_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/mime_responds_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_models'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 class StarStarMimeController < ActionController::Base
   layout nil
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ def rescue_action(e)
 
   protected
     def set_layout
-      if ["all_types_with_layout", "iphone_with_html_response_type"].include?(action_name)
+      if action_name.among?("all_types_with_layout", "iphone_with_html_response_type")
         "respond_to/layouts/standard"
       elsif action_name == "iphone_with_html_response_type_without_layout"
         "respond_to/layouts/missing"
@@ -558,6 +559,15 @@ def using_resource_with_status_and_location
     respond_with(resource, :location => "http://test.host/", :status => :created)
   end
 
+  def using_invalid_resource_with_template
+    respond_with(resource)
+  end
+
+  def using_options_with_template
+    @customer = resource
+    respond_with(@customer, :status => 123, :location => "http://test.host/")
+  end
+
   def using_resource_with_responder
     responder = proc { |c, r, o| c.render :text => "Resource name is #{r.first.name}" }
     respond_with(resource, :responder => responder)
@@ -953,6 +963,54 @@ def test_using_resource_with_status_and_location
     assert_equal 201, @response.status
   end
 
+  def test_using_resource_with_status_and_location_with_invalid_resource
+    errors = { :name => :invalid }
+    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
+
+    @request.accept = "text/xml"
+
+    post :using_resource_with_status_and_location
+    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
+    assert_equal 422, @response.status
+    assert_equal nil, @response.location
+
+    put :using_resource_with_status_and_location
+    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
+    assert_equal 422, @response.status
+    assert_equal nil, @response.location
+  end
+
+  def test_using_invalid_resource_with_template
+    errors = { :name => :invalid }
+    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
+
+    @request.accept = "text/xml"
+
+    post :using_invalid_resource_with_template
+    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
+    assert_equal 422, @response.status
+    assert_equal nil, @response.location
+
+    put :using_invalid_resource_with_template
+    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
+    assert_equal 422, @response.status
+    assert_equal nil, @response.location
+  end
+
+  def test_using_options_with_template
+    @request.accept = "text/xml"
+
+    post :using_options_with_template
+    assert_equal "<customer-name>david</customer-name>", @response.body
+    assert_equal 123, @response.status
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
+
+    put :using_options_with_template
+    assert_equal "<customer-name>david</customer-name>", @response.body
+    assert_equal 123, @response.status
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
+  end
+
   def test_using_resource_with_responder
     get :using_resource_with_responder
     assert_equal "Resource name is david", @response.body
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb
index 667a9021be422..3bb3016fdbebf 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@
 module RenderImplicitAction
   class SimpleController < ::ApplicationController
     self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
-      "render_implicit_action/simple/hello_world.html.erb" => "Hello world!",
-      "render_implicit_action/simple/hyphen-ated.html.erb" => "Hello hyphen-ated!"
+      "render_implicit_action/simple/hello_world.html.erb"     => "Hello world!",
+      "render_implicit_action/simple/hyphen-ated.html.erb"     => "Hello hyphen-ated!",
+      "render_implicit_action/simple/not_implemented.html.erb" => "Not Implemented"
     )]
 
     def hello_world() end
@@ -25,9 +26,17 @@ class RenderImplicitActionTest < Rack::TestCase
       assert_status 200
     end
 
+    test "render an action called not_implemented" do
+      get "/render_implicit_action/simple/not_implemented"
+
+      assert_body   "Not Implemented"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
     test "action_method? returns true for implicit actions" do
       assert SimpleController.new.action_method?(:hello_world)
       assert SimpleController.new.action_method?(:"hyphen-ated")
+      assert SimpleController.new.action_method?(:not_implemented)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
index d520b5e512053..31f4bf3a7684b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
@@ -172,13 +172,11 @@ def assert_not_blocked
 class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   include RequestForgeryProtectionTests
 
-  test 'should emit a csrf-token meta tag' do
+  test 'should emit a csrf-param meta tag and a csrf-token meta tag' do
     ActiveSupport::SecureRandom.stubs(:base64).returns(@token + '<=?')
     get :meta
-    assert_equal <<-METAS.strip_heredoc.chomp, @response.body
-      <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token"/>
-      <meta name="csrf-token" content="cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae&lt;=?"/>
-    METAS
+    assert_select 'meta[name=?][content=?]', 'csrf-param', 'authenticity_token'
+    assert_select 'meta[name=?][content=?]', 'csrf-token', 'cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae&lt;=?'
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
index acb4617a60863..6ea492cf8b614 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 class ResourcesController < ActionController::Base
   def index() render :nothing => true end
@@ -1292,7 +1293,7 @@ def assert_named_route(expected, route, options)
     def assert_resource_methods(expected, resource, action_method, method)
       assert_equal expected.length, resource.send("#{action_method}_methods")[method].size, "#{resource.send("#{action_method}_methods")[method].inspect}"
       expected.each do |action|
-        assert resource.send("#{action_method}_methods")[method].include?(action),
+        assert action.in?(resource.send("#{action_method}_methods")[method])
           "#{method} not in #{action_method} methods: #{resource.send("#{action_method}_methods")[method].inspect}"
       end
     end
@@ -1329,9 +1330,9 @@ def assert_whether_allowed(allowed, not_allowed, options, action, path, method)
       options = options.merge(:action => action.to_s)
       path_options = { :path => path, :method => method }
 
-      if Array(allowed).include?(action)
+      if action.in?(Array(allowed))
         assert_recognizes options, path_options
-      elsif Array(not_allowed).include?(action)
+      elsif action.in?(Array(not_allowed))
         assert_not_recognizes options, path_options
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
index 39159fd629d3e..ebc16694dbc3d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
@@ -495,3 +495,99 @@ def assert_not_cookie_header(expected)
       end
     end
 end
+
+class CookiesIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  SessionKey = '_myapp_session'
+  SessionSecret = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
+
+  class TestController < ActionController::Base
+    def dont_set_cookies
+      head :ok
+    end
+
+    def set_cookies
+      cookies["that"] = "hello"
+      head :ok
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_cookies_raises_after_stream_back_to_client
+    with_test_route_set do
+      get '/set_cookies'
+      assert_raise(ActionDispatch::ClosedError) {
+        request.cookie_jar['alert'] = 'alert'
+        cookies['alert'] = 'alert'
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_cookies_raises_after_stream_back_to_client_even_without_cookies
+    with_test_route_set do
+      get '/dont_set_cookies'
+      assert_raise(ActionDispatch::ClosedError) {
+        request.cookie_jar['alert'] = 'alert'
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_permanent_cookies_raises_after_stream_back_to_client
+    with_test_route_set do
+      get '/set_cookies'
+      assert_raise(ActionDispatch::ClosedError) {
+        request.cookie_jar.permanent['alert'] = 'alert'
+        cookies['alert'] = 'alert'
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_permanent_cookies_raises_after_stream_back_to_client_even_without_cookies
+    with_test_route_set do
+      get '/dont_set_cookies'
+      assert_raise(ActionDispatch::ClosedError) {
+        request.cookie_jar.permanent['alert'] = 'alert'
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_signed_cookies_raises_after_stream_back_to_client
+    with_test_route_set do
+      get '/set_cookies'
+      assert_raise(ActionDispatch::ClosedError) {
+        request.cookie_jar.signed['alert'] = 'alert'
+        cookies['alert'] = 'alert'
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_signed_cookies_raises_after_stream_back_to_client_even_without_cookies
+    with_test_route_set do
+      get '/dont_set_cookies'
+      assert_raise(ActionDispatch::ClosedError) {
+        request.cookie_jar.signed['alert'] = 'alert'
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  # Overwrite get to send SessionSecret in env hash
+  def get(path, parameters = nil, env = {})
+    env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] ||= SessionSecret
+    super
+  end
+
+  def with_test_route_set
+    with_routing do |set|
+      set.draw do
+        match ':action', :to => CookiesIntegrationTest::TestController
+      end
+
+      @app = self.class.build_app(set) do |middleware|
+        middleware.use ActionDispatch::Cookies
+        middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions"
+      end
+
+      yield
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
index 5e5758a60e7c0..cf7a5aaa3be13 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'erb'
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   SprocketsApp = lambda { |env|
@@ -495,7 +496,7 @@ def self.call(params, request)
         resources :todos, :id => /\d+/
       end
 
-      scope '/countries/:country', :constraints => lambda { |params, req| %[all France].include?(params[:country]) } do
+      scope '/countries/:country', :constraints => lambda { |params, req| params[:country].among?("all", "France") } do
         match '/',       :to => 'countries#index'
         match '/cities', :to => 'countries#cities'
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_invalid_resource_with_template.xml.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_invalid_resource_with_template.xml.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..bf5869ed22e04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_invalid_resource_with_template.xml.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<content>I should not be displayed</content>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_options_with_template.xml.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_options_with_template.xml.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..b31301791341d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_options_with_template.xml.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<customer-name><%= @customer.name %></customer-name>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/erb_util_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/erb_util_test.rb
index d1891094e860f..30f6d1a213504 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/erb_util_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/erb_util_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 class ErbUtilTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
   include ERB::Util
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ def test_html_escape_passes_html_escpe_unmodified
 
   def test_rest_in_ascii
     (0..127).to_a.map {|int| int.chr }.each do |chr|
-      next if %w(& " < >).include?(chr)
+      next if chr.in?('&"<>')
       assert_equal chr, html_escape(chr)
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/form_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
index ff183d097d994..435ce8123865d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_models'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   tests ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper
@@ -1743,7 +1744,7 @@ def test_form_for_with_labelled_builder
   def snowman(method = nil)
     txt =  %{<div style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline">}
     txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
-    if (method && !['get','post'].include?(method.to_s))
+    if method && !method.to_s.among?('get', 'post')
       txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
     end
     txt << %{</div>}
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
index 93ff7ba0fd4ec..76236aee41a7b 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'tzinfo'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 class Map < Hash
   def category
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ def test_collection_options_with_preselected_and_disabled_value
   def test_collection_options_with_proc_for_disabled
     assert_dom_equal(
       "<option value=\"&lt;Abe&gt;\">&lt;Abe&gt; went home</option>\n<option value=\"Babe\" disabled=\"disabled\">Babe went home</option>\n<option value=\"Cabe\" disabled=\"disabled\">Cabe went home</option>",
-      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title", :disabled => lambda{|p| %w(Babe Cabe).include? p.author_name })
+      options_from_collection_for_select(dummy_posts, "author_name", "title", :disabled => lambda{|p| p.author_name.among?("Babe", "Cabe") })
     )
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
index f8671f298088d..aa2114ff79721 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   tests ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ def snowman(options = {})
 
     txt =  %{<div style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline">}
     txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
-    if (method && !['get','post'].include?(method.to_s))
+    if method && !method.to_s.among?('get','post')
       txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
     end
     txt << %{</div>}
diff --git a/actionpack/test/template/text_helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
index d0d42863930f3..a4fcff5167f04 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
@@ -315,14 +315,20 @@ def generate_result(link_text, href = nil, escape = false)
     end
   end
 
-  def test_auto_link_should_be_html_safe
+  def test_auto_link_should_not_be_html_safe
     email_raw    = 'santiago@wyeworks.com'
     link_raw     = 'http://www.rubyonrails.org'
 
-    assert auto_link(nil).html_safe?
-    assert auto_link('').html_safe?
-    assert auto_link("#{link_raw} #{link_raw} #{link_raw}").html_safe?
-    assert auto_link("hello #{email_raw}").html_safe?
+    assert !auto_link(nil).html_safe?, 'should not be html safe'
+    assert !auto_link('').html_safe?, 'should not be html safe'
+    assert !auto_link("#{link_raw} #{link_raw} #{link_raw}").html_safe?, 'should not be html safe'
+    assert !auto_link("hello #{email_raw}").html_safe?, 'should not be html safe'
+  end
+
+  def test_auto_link_email_address
+    email_raw    = 'aaron@tenderlovemaking.com'
+    email_result = %{<a href="mailto:#{email_raw}">#{email_raw}</a>}
+    assert !auto_link_email_addresses(email_result).html_safe?, 'should not be html safe'
   end
 
   def test_auto_link
diff --git a/activemodel/CHANGELOG b/activemodel/CHANGELOG
index 3082c7186a24f..03287fac7a604 100644
--- a/activemodel/CHANGELOG
+++ b/activemodel/CHANGELOG
@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
 *Rails 3.1.0 (unreleased)*
 
+* Add support for proc or lambda as an option for InclusionValidator,
+  ExclusionValidator, and FormatValidator [Prem Sichanugrist]
+
+  You can now supply Proc, lambda, or anything that respond to #call in those
+  validations, and it will be called with current record as an argument.
+  That given proc or lambda must returns an object which respond to #include? for
+  InclusionValidator and ExclusionValidator, and returns a regular expression
+  object for FormatValidator.
+
 * Added ActiveModel::SecurePassword to encapsulate dead-simple password usage with BCrypt encryption and salting [DHH]
 
 * ActiveModel::AttributeMethods allows attributes to be defined on demand [Alexander Uvarov]
diff --git a/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec b/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
index fec9c7ff8b987..9f80673bb84a5 100644
--- a/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
+++ b/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.files        = Dir['CHANGELOG', 'MIT-LICENSE', 'README.rdoc', 'lib/**/*']
   s.require_path = 'lib'
 
-  s.has_rdoc = true
-
   s.add_dependency('activesupport', version)
   s.add_dependency('builder',       '~> 3.0.0')
   s.add_dependency('i18n',          '~> 0.5.0')
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
index a479795d5138e..5ede78617ab28 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   # Provides a way to track changes in your object in the same way as
   # Active Record does.
   #
-  # The requirements to implement ActiveModel::Dirty are to:
+  # The requirements for implementing ActiveModel::Dirty are:
   #
   # * <tt>include ActiveModel::Dirty</tt> in your object
   # * Call <tt>define_attribute_methods</tt> passing each method you want to
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
index 5e3cf510b06b9..22ca3efa2b12f 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
@@ -278,19 +278,18 @@ def full_messages
     # When using inheritance in your models, it will check all the inherited
     # models too, but only if the model itself hasn't been found. Say you have
     # <tt>class Admin < User; end</tt> and you wanted the translation for
-    # the <tt>:blank</tt> error +message+ for the <tt>title</tt> +attribute+,
+    # the <tt>:blank</tt> error message for the <tt>title</tt> attribute,
     # it looks for these translations:
     #
-    # <ol>
-    # <li><tt>activemodel.errors.models.admin.attributes.title.blank</tt></li>
-    # <li><tt>activemodel.errors.models.admin.blank</tt></li>
-    # <li><tt>activemodel.errors.models.user.attributes.title.blank</tt></li>
-    # <li><tt>activemodel.errors.models.user.blank</tt></li>
-    # <li>any default you provided through the +options+ hash (in the activemodel.errors scope)</li>
-    # <li><tt>activemodel.errors.messages.blank</tt></li>
-    # <li><tt>errors.attributes.title.blank</tt></li>
-    # <li><tt>errors.messages.blank</tt></li>
-    # </ol>
+    # * <tt>activemodel.errors.models.admin.attributes.title.blank</tt>
+    # * <tt>activemodel.errors.models.admin.blank</tt>
+    # * <tt>activemodel.errors.models.user.attributes.title.blank</tt>
+    # * <tt>activemodel.errors.models.user.blank</tt>
+    # * any default you provided through the +options+ hash (in the <tt>activemodel.errors</tt> scope)
+    # * <tt>activemodel.errors.messages.blank</tt>
+    # * <tt>errors.attributes.title.blank</tt>
+    # * <tt>errors.messages.blank</tt>
+    #
     def generate_message(attribute, type = :invalid, options = {})
       type = options.delete(:message) if options[:message].is_a?(Symbol)
 
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb
index e38e565d096d1..a85c23f7257ec 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,35 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/range.rb'
+
 module ActiveModel
 
   # == Active Model Exclusion Validator
   module Validations
     class ExclusionValidator < EachValidator
+      ERROR_MESSAGE = "An object with the method #include? or a proc or lambda is required, " <<
+                      "and must be supplied as the :in option of the configuration hash"
+
       def check_validity!
-        raise ArgumentError, "An object with the method include? is required must be supplied as the " <<
-                             ":in option of the configuration hash" unless options[:in].respond_to?(:include?)
+        unless [:include?, :call].any? { |method| options[:in].respond_to?(method) }
+          raise ArgumentError, ERROR_MESSAGE
+        end
       end
 
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
-        if options[:in].include?(value)
+        delimiter = options[:in]
+        exclusions = delimiter.respond_to?(:call) ? delimiter.call(record) : delimiter
+        if exclusions.send(inclusion_method(exclusions), value)
           record.errors.add(attribute, :exclusion, options.except(:in).merge!(:value => value))
         end
       end
+
+    private
+
+      # In Ruby 1.9 <tt>Range#include?</tt> on non-numeric ranges checks all possible values in the
+      # range for equality, so it may be slow for large ranges. The new <tt>Range#cover?</tt>
+      # uses the previous logic of comparing a value with the range endpoints.
+      def inclusion_method(enumerable)
+        enumerable.is_a?(Range) ? :cover? : :include?
+      end
     end
 
     module HelperMethods
@@ -22,10 +39,14 @@ module HelperMethods
       #     validates_exclusion_of :username, :in => %w( admin superuser ), :message => "You don't belong here"
       #     validates_exclusion_of :age, :in => 30..60, :message => "This site is only for under 30 and over 60"
       #     validates_exclusion_of :format, :in => %w( mov avi ), :message => "extension %{value} is not allowed"
+      #     validates_exclusion_of :password, :in => lambda { |p| [p.username, p.first_name] }, :message => "should not be the same as your username or first name"
       #   end
       #
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:in</tt> - An enumerable object of items that the value shouldn't be part of.
+      #   This can be supplied as a proc or lambda which returns an enumerable. If the enumerable
+      #   is a range the test is performed with <tt>Range#cover?</tt>
+      #   (backported in Active Support for 1.8), otherwise with <tt>include?</tt>.
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is reserved").
       # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
       # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
index 541f53a83441f..6f23d492eb44b 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@ module ActiveModel
   module Validations
     class FormatValidator < EachValidator
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
-        if options[:with] && value.to_s !~ options[:with]
-          record.errors.add(attribute, :invalid, options.except(:with).merge!(:value => value))
-        elsif options[:without] && value.to_s =~ options[:without]
-          record.errors.add(attribute, :invalid, options.except(:without).merge!(:value => value))
+        if options[:with]
+          regexp = option_call(record, :with)
+          record_error(record, attribute, :with, value) if value.to_s !~ regexp
+        elsif options[:without]
+          regexp = option_call(record, :without)
+          record_error(record, attribute, :without, value) if value.to_s =~ regexp
         end
       end
 
@@ -16,12 +18,25 @@ def check_validity!
           raise ArgumentError, "Either :with or :without must be supplied (but not both)"
         end
 
-        if options[:with] && !options[:with].is_a?(Regexp)
-          raise ArgumentError, "A regular expression must be supplied as the :with option of the configuration hash"
-        end
+        check_options_validity(options, :with)
+        check_options_validity(options, :without)
+      end
+
+      private
 
-        if options[:without] && !options[:without].is_a?(Regexp)
-          raise ArgumentError, "A regular expression must be supplied as the :without option of the configuration hash"
+      def option_call(record, name)
+        option = options[name]
+        option.respond_to?(:call) ? option.call(record) : option
+      end
+
+      def record_error(record, attribute, name, value)
+        record.errors.add(attribute, :invalid, options.except(name).merge!(:value => value))
+      end
+
+      def check_options_validity(options, name)
+        option = options[name]
+        if option && !option.is_a?(Regexp) && !option.respond_to?(:call)
+          raise ArgumentError, "A regular expression or a proc or lambda must be supplied as :#{name}"
         end
       end
     end
@@ -40,17 +55,26 @@ module HelperMethods
       #     validates_format_of :email, :without => /NOSPAM/
       #   end
       #
+      # You can also provide a proc or lambda which will determine the regular expression that will be used to validate the attribute
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     # Admin can have number as a first letter in their screen name
+      #     validates_format_of :screen_name, :with => lambda{ |person| person.admin? ? /\A[a-z0-9][a-z0-9_\-]*\Z/i : /\A[a-z][a-z0-9_\-]*\Z/i }
+      #   end
+      #
       # Note: use <tt>\A</tt> and <tt>\Z</tt> to match the start and end of the string, <tt>^</tt> and <tt>$</tt> match the start/end of a line.
       #
-      # You must pass either <tt>:with</tt> or <tt>:without</tt> as an option. In addition, both must be a regular expression,
-      # or else an exception will be raised.
+      # You must pass either <tt>:with</tt> or <tt>:without</tt> as an option. In addition, both must be a regular expression
+      # or a proc or lambda, or else an exception will be raised.
       #
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid").
       # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
       # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is +false+).
       # * <tt>:with</tt> - Regular expression that if the attribute matches will result in a successful validation.
+      #   This can be provided as a proc or lambda returning regular expression which will be called at runtime.
       # * <tt>:without</tt> - Regular expression that if the attribute does not match will result in a successful validation.
+      #   This can be provided as a proc or lambda returning regular expression which will be called at runtime.
       # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active. Runs in all
       #   validation contexts by default (+nil+), other options are <tt>:create</tt>
       #   and <tt>:update</tt>.
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb
index 92ac940f368e6..d32aebeb88dec 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb
@@ -5,20 +5,30 @@ module ActiveModel
   # == Active Model Inclusion Validator
   module Validations
     class InclusionValidator < EachValidator
+      ERROR_MESSAGE = "An object with the method #include? or a proc or lambda is required, " <<
+                      "and must be supplied as the :in option of the configuration hash"
+
       def check_validity!
-         raise ArgumentError, "An object with the method include? is required must be supplied as the " <<
-                              ":in option of the configuration hash" unless options[:in].respond_to?(:include?)
+        unless [:include?, :call].any?{ |method| options[:in].respond_to?(method) }
+          raise ArgumentError, ERROR_MESSAGE
+        end
       end
 
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
-        record.errors.add(attribute, :inclusion, options.except(:in).merge!(:value => value)) unless options[:in].send(include?, value)
+        delimiter = options[:in]
+        exclusions = delimiter.respond_to?(:call) ? delimiter.call(record) : delimiter
+        unless exclusions.send(inclusion_method(exclusions), value)
+          record.errors.add(attribute, :inclusion, options.except(:in).merge!(:value => value))
+        end
       end
 
+    private
+
       # In Ruby 1.9 <tt>Range#include?</tt> on non-numeric ranges checks all possible values in the
       # range for equality, so it may be slow for large ranges. The new <tt>Range#cover?</tt>
       # uses the previous logic of comparing a value with the range endpoints.
-      def include?
-        options[:in].is_a?(Range) ? :cover? : :include?
+      def inclusion_method(enumerable)
+        enumerable.is_a?(Range) ? :cover? : :include?
       end
     end
 
@@ -29,11 +39,13 @@ module HelperMethods
       #     validates_inclusion_of :gender, :in => %w( m f )
       #     validates_inclusion_of :age, :in => 0..99
       #     validates_inclusion_of :format, :in => %w( jpg gif png ), :message => "extension %{value} is not included in the list"
+      #     validates_inclusion_of :states, :in => lambda{ |person| STATES[person.country] }
       #   end
       #
       # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>:in</tt> - An enumerable object of available items.
-      #   If the enumerable is a range the test is performed with <tt>Range#cover?</tt>
+      # * <tt>:in</tt> - An enumerable object of available items. This can be
+      #   supplied as a proc or lambda which returns an enumerable. If the enumerable
+      #   is a range the test is performed with <tt>Range#cover?</tt>
       #   (backported in Active Support for 1.8), otherwise with <tt>include?</tt>.
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is not included in the list").
       # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
index c5ed8d22d33e6..5f7f7a6ad6620 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous"
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 module ActiveModel #:nodoc:
 
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ module ActiveModel #:nodoc:
   #
   #   class TitleValidator < ActiveModel::EachValidator
   #     def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
-  #       record.errors[attribute] << 'must be Mr. Mrs. or Dr.' unless ['Mr.', 'Mrs.', 'Dr.'].include?(value)
+  #       record.errors[attribute] << 'must be Mr. Mrs. or Dr.' unless value.among?('Mr.', 'Mrs.', 'Dr.')
   #     end
   #   end
   #
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/mass_assignment_security/sanitizer_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/mass_assignment_security/sanitizer_test.rb
index 015153ec7cf67..9a73a5ad915e9 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/mass_assignment_security/sanitizer_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/mass_assignment_security/sanitizer_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'logger'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 class SanitizerTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
@@ -9,7 +10,7 @@ class SanitizingAuthorizer
     attr_accessor :logger
 
     def deny?(key)
-       [ 'admin' ].include?(key)
+      key.in?(['admin'])
     end
 
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serializeration/json_serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from activemodel/test/cases/serializeration/json_serialization_test.rb
rename to activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serializeration/xml_serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from activemodel/test/cases/serializeration/xml_serialization_test.rb
rename to activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
index be9d98d644f99..72a383f128bf5 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
@@ -42,4 +42,16 @@ def test_validates_exclusion_of_for_ruby_class
   ensure
     Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
   end
+
+  def test_validates_exclusion_of_with_lambda
+    Topic.validates_exclusion_of :title, :in => lambda{ |topic| topic.author_name == "sikachu" ? %w( monkey elephant ) : %w( abe wasabi ) }
+
+    p = Topic.new
+    p.title = "elephant"
+    p.author_name = "sikachu"
+    assert p.invalid?
+
+    p.title = "wasabi"
+    assert p.valid?
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
index 6c4fb36d52f30..73647efea5654 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
@@ -98,6 +98,30 @@ def test_validates_format_of_when_not_isnt_a_regexp_should_raise_error
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, :without => "clearly not a regexp") }
   end
 
+  def test_validates_format_of_with_lambda
+    Topic.validates_format_of :content, :with => lambda{ |topic| topic.title == "digit" ? /\A\d+\Z/ : /\A\S+\Z/ }
+
+    p = Topic.new
+    p.title = "digit"
+    p.content = "Pixies"
+    assert p.invalid?
+
+    p.content = "1234"
+    assert p.valid?
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_format_of_without_lambda
+    Topic.validates_format_of :content, :without => lambda{ |topic| topic.title == "characters" ? /\A\d+\Z/ : /\A\S+\Z/ }
+
+    p = Topic.new
+    p.title = "characters"
+    p.content = "1234"
+    assert p.invalid?
+
+    p.content = "Pixies"
+    assert p.valid?
+  end
+
   def test_validates_format_of_for_ruby_class
     Person.validates_format_of :karma, :with => /\A\d+\Z/
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
index 62f2ec785d9f1..92c473de0e5df 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
@@ -74,4 +74,16 @@ def test_validates_inclusion_of_for_ruby_class
   ensure
     Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
   end
+
+  def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_lambda
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of :title, :in => lambda{ |topic| topic.author_name == "sikachu" ? %w( monkey elephant ) : %w( abe wasabi ) }
+
+    p = Topic.new
+    p.title = "wasabi"
+    p.author_name = "sikachu"
+    assert p.invalid?
+
+    p.title = "elephant"
+    assert p.valid?
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/CHANGELOG b/activerecord/CHANGELOG
index e536d2b408d71..93eb42a52c00c 100644
--- a/activerecord/CHANGELOG
+++ b/activerecord/CHANGELOG
@@ -1,5 +1,57 @@
 *Rails 3.1.0 (unreleased)*
 
+* Passing a proc (or other object that responds to #call) to scope is deprecated. If you need your
+  scope to be lazily evaluated, or takes parameters, please define it as a normal class method
+  instead. For example, change this:
+
+    class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+      scope :unpublished, lambda { where('published_at > ?', Time.now) }
+    end
+
+  To this:
+
+    class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+      def self.unpublished
+        where('published_at > ?', Time.now)
+      end
+    end
+
+  [Jon Leighton]
+
+* Default scopes are now evaluated at the latest possible moment, to avoid problems where
+  scopes would be created which would implicitly contain the default scope, which would then
+  be impossible to get rid of via Model.unscoped.
+
+  Note that this means that if you are inspecting the internal structure of an
+  ActiveRecord::Relation, it will *not* contain the default scope, though the resulting
+  query will do. You can get a relation containing the default scope by calling
+  ActiveRecord#with_default_scope, though this is not part of the public API.
+
+  [Jon Leighton]
+
+* Deprecated support for passing hashes and relations to 'default_scope'. Please create a class
+  method for your scope instead. For example, change this:
+
+    class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+      default_scope where(:published => true)
+    end
+
+    To this:
+
+    class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+      def self.default_scope
+        where(:published => true)
+      end
+    end
+
+  Rationale: It will make the implementation simpler because we can simply use inheritance to
+  handle inheritance scenarios, rather than trying to make up our own rules about what should
+  happen when you call default_scope multiple times or in subclasses.
+
+  [Jon Leighton]
+
+* PostgreSQL adapter only supports PostgreSQL version 8.2 and higher.
+
 * ConnectionManagement middleware is changed to clean up the connection pool
   after the rack body has been flushed.
 
diff --git a/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec b/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
index b1df24844ae5b..c3cd76a714327 100644
--- a/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
+++ b/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.files        = Dir['CHANGELOG', 'README.rdoc', 'examples/**/*', 'lib/**/*']
   s.require_path = 'lib'
 
-  s.has_rdoc         = true
   s.extra_rdoc_files = %w( README.rdoc )
   s.rdoc_options.concat ['--main',  'README.rdoc']
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
index 27c446b12c30d..66f6477ec5d10 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ def interpolate(sql, record = nil)
         def creation_attributes
           attributes = {}
 
-          if [:has_one, :has_many].include?(reflection.macro) && !options[:through]
+          if reflection.macro.among?(:has_one, :has_many) && !options[:through]
             attributes[reflection.foreign_key] = owner[reflection.active_record_primary_key]
 
             if reflection.options[:as]
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
index 964e7fddc8d70..763b12f708566 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class BelongsTo < SingularAssociation #:nodoc:
     self.macro = :belongs_to
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ def add_touch_callbacks(reflection)
 
       def configure_dependency
         if options[:dependent]
-          unless [:destroy, :delete].include?(options[:dependent])
+          unless options[:dependent].among?(:destroy, :delete)
             raise ArgumentError, "The :dependent option expects either :destroy or :delete (#{options[:dependent].inspect})"
           end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
index 77bb66228df4d..67ce339380c9a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class HasMany < CollectionAssociation #:nodoc:
     self.macro = :has_many
@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@ def build
 
       def configure_dependency
         if options[:dependent]
-          unless [:destroy, :delete_all, :nullify, :restrict].include?(options[:dependent])
+          unless options[:dependent].among?(:destroy, :delete_all, :nullify, :restrict)
             raise ArgumentError, "The :dependent option expects either :destroy, :delete_all, " \
                                  ":nullify or :restrict (#{options[:dependent].inspect})"
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
index 07ba5d088efc7..18d7117bb7a0a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class HasOne < SingularAssociation #:nodoc:
     self.macro = :has_one
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ def validate_options
 
       def configure_dependency
         if options[:dependent]
-          unless [:destroy, :delete, :nullify, :restrict].include?(options[:dependent])
+          unless options[:dependent].among?(:destroy, :delete, :nullify, :restrict)
             raise ArgumentError, "The :dependent option expects either :destroy, :delete, " \
                                  ":nullify or :restrict (#{options[:dependent].inspect})"
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
index 9f4fc44cc68fd..33a184d48df1e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
@@ -21,14 +21,7 @@ class CollectionAssociation < Association #:nodoc:
       attr_reader :proxy
 
       def initialize(owner, reflection)
-        # When scopes are created via method_missing on the proxy, they are stored so that
-        # any records fetched from the database are kept around for future use.
-        @scopes_cache = Hash.new do |hash, method|
-          hash[method] = { }
-        end
-
         super
-
         @proxy = CollectionProxy.new(self)
       end
 
@@ -74,7 +67,6 @@ def ids_writer(ids)
       def reset
         @loaded = false
         @target = []
-        @scopes_cache.clear
       end
 
       def select(select = nil)
@@ -327,10 +319,6 @@ def include?(record)
         end
       end
 
-      def cached_scope(method, args)
-        @scopes_cache[method][args] ||= scoped.readonly(nil).send(method, *args)
-      end
-
       def load_target
         if find_target?
           targets = []
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
index cf77d770c94f7..388173c1fbd29 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
@@ -82,8 +82,6 @@ def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
             end
           end
 
-        elsif @association.klass.scopes[method]
-          @association.cached_scope(method, args)
         else
           scoped.readonly(nil).send(method, *args, &block)
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
index 1d2e8667e482a..aaa8b97389209 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Belongs To Has One Association
   module Associations
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ def set_new_record(record)
         end
 
         def remove_target!(method)
-          if [:delete, :destroy].include?(method)
+          if method.among?(:delete, :destroy)
             target.send(method)
           else
             nullify_owner_attributes(target)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
index 6aac96df6f740..67b0e77a253e8 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeMethods
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ def #{attr_name}=(original_time)
 
         private
           def create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(name, column)
-            time_zone_aware_attributes && !self.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes.include?(name.to_sym) && [:datetime, :timestamp].include?(column.type)
+            time_zone_aware_attributes && !self.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes.include?(name.to_sym) && column.type.among?(:datetime, :timestamp)
           end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
index fe81c7dc2f122..08a41e2d8b7dd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
@@ -425,8 +425,8 @@ class Base
     self.store_full_sti_class = true
 
     # Stores the default scope for the class
-    class_attribute :default_scoping, :instance_writer => false
-    self.default_scoping = []
+    class_attribute :default_scopes, :instance_writer => false
+    self.default_scopes = []
 
     # Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for serialization as
     # keys and their class restriction as values.
@@ -870,7 +870,9 @@ def arel_engine
       # Returns a scope for this class without taking into account the default_scope.
       #
       #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     default_scope :published => true
+      #     def self.default_scope
+      #       where :published => true
+      #     end
       #   end
       #
       #   Post.all          # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts WHERE published = true"
@@ -892,13 +894,8 @@ def unscoped #:nodoc:
         block_given? ? relation.scoping { yield } : relation
       end
 
-      def scoped_methods #:nodoc:
-        key = :"#{self}_scoped_methods"
-        Thread.current[key] = Thread.current[key].presence || self.default_scoping.dup
-      end
-
       def before_remove_const #:nodoc:
-        reset_scoped_methods
+        self.current_scope = nil
       end
 
       # Specifies how the record is loaded by +Marshal+.
@@ -1020,7 +1017,7 @@ def method_missing(method_id, *arguments, &block)
             super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
             if match.finder?
               options = arguments.extract_options!
-              relation = options.any? ? construct_finder_arel(options, current_scoped_methods) : scoped
+              relation = options.any? ? scoped(options) : scoped
               relation.send :find_by_attributes, match, attribute_names, *arguments
             elsif match.instantiator?
               scoped.send :find_or_instantiator_by_attributes, match, attribute_names, *arguments, &block
@@ -1109,43 +1106,47 @@ def all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
         #   end
         #
         # *Note*: the +:find+ scope also has effect on update and deletion methods, like +update_all+ and +delete_all+.
-        def with_scope(method_scoping = {}, action = :merge, &block)
-          method_scoping = method_scoping.method_scoping if method_scoping.respond_to?(:method_scoping)
+        def with_scope(scope = {}, action = :merge, &block)
+          # If another Active Record class has been passed in, get its current scope
+          scope = scope.current_scope if !scope.is_a?(Relation) && scope.respond_to?(:current_scope)
+
+          previous_scope = self.current_scope
 
-          if method_scoping.is_a?(Hash)
+          if scope.is_a?(Hash)
             # Dup first and second level of hash (method and params).
-            method_scoping = method_scoping.dup
-            method_scoping.each do |method, params|
-              method_scoping[method] = params.dup unless params == true
+            scope = scope.dup
+            scope.each do |method, params|
+              scope[method] = params.dup unless params == true
             end
 
-            method_scoping.assert_valid_keys([ :find, :create ])
-            relation = construct_finder_arel(method_scoping[:find] || {})
+            scope.assert_valid_keys([ :find, :create ])
+            relation = construct_finder_arel(scope[:find] || {})
+            relation.default_scoped = true unless action == :overwrite
 
-            if current_scoped_methods && current_scoped_methods.create_with_value && method_scoping[:create]
+            if previous_scope && previous_scope.create_with_value && scope[:create]
               scope_for_create = if action == :merge
-                current_scoped_methods.create_with_value.merge(method_scoping[:create])
+                previous_scope.create_with_value.merge(scope[:create])
               else
-                method_scoping[:create]
+                scope[:create]
               end
 
               relation = relation.create_with(scope_for_create)
             else
-              scope_for_create = method_scoping[:create]
-              scope_for_create ||= current_scoped_methods.create_with_value if current_scoped_methods
+              scope_for_create = scope[:create]
+              scope_for_create ||= previous_scope.create_with_value if previous_scope
               relation = relation.create_with(scope_for_create) if scope_for_create
             end
 
-            method_scoping = relation
+            scope = relation
           end
 
-          method_scoping = current_scoped_methods.merge(method_scoping) if current_scoped_methods && action ==  :merge
+          scope = previous_scope.merge(scope) if previous_scope && action == :merge
 
-          self.scoped_methods << method_scoping
+          self.current_scope = scope
           begin
             yield
           ensure
-            self.scoped_methods.pop
+            self.current_scope = previous_scope
           end
         end
 
@@ -1168,39 +1169,80 @@ def with_exclusive_scope(method_scoping = {}, &block)
           with_scope(method_scoping, :overwrite, &block)
         end
 
-        # Sets the default options for the model. The format of the
-        # <tt>options</tt> argument is the same as in find.
+        def current_scope #:nodoc:
+          Thread.current[:"#{self}_current_scope"]
+        end
+
+        def current_scope=(scope) #:nodoc:
+          Thread.current[:"#{self}_current_scope"] = scope
+        end
+
+        # Implement this method in your model to set a default scope for all operations on
+        # the model.
         #
         #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #     default_scope order('last_name, first_name')
+        #     def self.default_scope
+        #       order('last_name, first_name')
+        #     end
         #   end
         #
-        # <tt>default_scope</tt> is also applied while creating/building a record. It is not
+        #   Person.all # => SELECT * FROM people ORDER BY last_name, first_name
+        #
+        # The <tt>default_scope</tt> is also applied while creating/building a record. It is not
         # applied while updating a record.
         #
         #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #     default_scope where(:published => true)
+        #     def self.default_scope
+        #       where(:published => true)
+        #     end
         #   end
         #
         #   Article.new.published    # => true
         #   Article.create.published # => true
-        def default_scope(options = {})
-          reset_scoped_methods
-          default_scoping = self.default_scoping.dup
-          self.default_scoping = default_scoping << construct_finder_arel(options, default_scoping.pop)
-        end
+        #
+        # === Deprecation warning
+        #
+        # There is an alternative syntax as follows:
+        #
+        #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #     default_scope order('last_name, first_name')
+        #   end
+        #
+        # This is now deprecated and will be removed in Rails 3.2.
+        def default_scope(scope = {})
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-WARN
+Passing a hash or scope to default_scope is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 3.2. You should create a class method for your scope instead. For example, change this:
 
-        def current_scoped_methods #:nodoc:
-          method = scoped_methods.last
-          if method.respond_to?(:call)
-            relation.scoping { method.call }
-          else
-            method
-          end
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  default_scope where(:published => true)
+end
+
+To this:
+
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def self.default_scope
+    where(:published => true)
+  end
+end
+WARN
+
+          self.default_scopes = default_scopes.dup << scope
         end
 
-        def reset_scoped_methods #:nodoc:
-          Thread.current[:"#{self}_scoped_methods"] = nil
+        def build_default_scope #:nodoc:
+          if method(:default_scope).owner != Base.singleton_class
+            # Use relation.scoping to ensure we ignore whatever the current value of
+            # self.current_scope may be.
+            relation.scoping { default_scope }
+          elsif default_scopes.any?
+            default_scopes.inject(relation) do |default_scope, scope|
+              if scope.is_a?(Hash)
+                default_scope.apply_finder_options(scope)
+              else
+                default_scope.merge(scope)
+              end
+            end
+          end
         end
 
         # Returns the class type of the record using the current module as a prefix. So descendants of
@@ -1916,11 +1958,8 @@ def convert_number_column_value(value)
       end
 
       def populate_with_current_scope_attributes
-        if scope = self.class.send(:current_scoped_methods)
-          create_with = scope.scope_for_create
-          create_with.each { |att,value|
-            respond_to?("#{att}=") && send("#{att}=", value)
-          }
+        self.class.scoped.scope_for_create.each do |att,value|
+          respond_to?("#{att}=") && send("#{att}=", value)
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
index 86d58df99b0bf..a175bf003c96d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
@@ -214,6 +214,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # needs to be aware of it because an ordinary +save+ will raise such exception
   # instead of quietly returning +false+.
   #
+  # == Debugging callbacks
+  # 
+  # The callback chain is accessible via the <tt>_*_callbacks</tt> method on an object. ActiveModel Callbacks support 
+  # <tt>:before</tt>, <tt>:after</tt> and <tt>:around</tt> as values for the <tt>kind</tt> property. The <tt>kind</tt> property
+  # defines what part of the chain the callback runs in.
+  # 
+  # To find all callbacks in the before_save callback chain: 
+  # 
+  #   Topic._save_callbacks.select { |cb| cb.kind.eql?(:before) }
+  # 
+  # Returns an array of callback objects that form the before_save chain.
+  # 
+  # To further check if the before_save chain contains a proc defined as <tt>rest_when_dead</tt> use the <tt>filter</tt> property of the callback object:
+  # 
+  #   Topic._save_callbacks.select { |cb| cb.kind.eql?(:before) }.collect(&:filter).include?(:rest_when_dead)
+  # 
+  # Returns true or false depending on whether the proc is contained in the before_save callback chain on a Topic model.
+  # 
   module Callbacks
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
index 0f44baa2feb4f..b0e6136e12028 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
@@ -203,6 +203,10 @@ def rollback_to_savepoint
       def release_savepoint
       end
 
+      def case_sensitive_modifier(node)
+        node
+      end
+
       def current_savepoint_name
         "active_record_#{open_transactions}"
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
index 7bad511c64937..1f7e527eebfa5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
@@ -528,6 +528,11 @@ def primary_key(table)
       def case_sensitive_equality_operator
         "= BINARY"
       end
+      deprecate :case_sensitive_equality_operator
+
+      def case_sensitive_modifier(node)
+        Arel::Nodes::Bin.new(node)
+      end
 
       def limited_update_conditions(where_sql, quoted_table_name, quoted_primary_key)
         where_sql
@@ -587,8 +592,26 @@ def configure_connection
 
         # Returns an array of record hashes with the column names as keys and
         # column values as values.
-        def select(sql, name = nil)
-          execute(sql, name).each(:as => :hash)
+        def select(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
+          exec_query(sql, name, binds).to_a
+        end
+
+        def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
+          @connection.query_options[:database_timezone] = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+
+          log(sql, name, binds) do
+            begin
+              result = @connection.query(sql)
+            rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => exception
+              if exception.message.split(":").first =~ /Packets out of order/
+                raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, "'Packets out of order' error was received from the database. Please update your mysql bindings (gem install mysql) and read http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/password-hashing.html for more information.  If you're on Windows, use the Instant Rails installer to get the updated mysql bindings."
+              else
+                raise
+              end
+            end
+
+            ActiveRecord::Result.new(result.fields, result.to_a)
+          end
         end
 
         def supports_views?
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
index e1186209d38c2..d88075fdeabf6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
@@ -196,6 +196,7 @@ def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
         @connection_options, @config = connection_options, config
         @quoted_column_names, @quoted_table_names = {}, {}
         @statements = {}
+        @client_encoding = nil
         connect
       end
 
@@ -330,6 +331,63 @@ def clear_cache!
         @statements.clear
       end
 
+      if "<3".respond_to?(:encode)
+        # Taken from here:
+        #   https://github.com/tmtm/ruby-mysql/blob/master/lib/mysql/charset.rb
+        # Author: TOMITA Masahiro <tommy@tmtm.org>
+        ENCODINGS = {
+          "armscii8" => nil,
+          "ascii"    => Encoding::US_ASCII,
+          "big5"     => Encoding::Big5,
+          "binary"   => Encoding::ASCII_8BIT,
+          "cp1250"   => Encoding::Windows_1250,
+          "cp1251"   => Encoding::Windows_1251,
+          "cp1256"   => Encoding::Windows_1256,
+          "cp1257"   => Encoding::Windows_1257,
+          "cp850"    => Encoding::CP850,
+          "cp852"    => Encoding::CP852,
+          "cp866"    => Encoding::IBM866,
+          "cp932"    => Encoding::Windows_31J,
+          "dec8"     => nil,
+          "eucjpms"  => Encoding::EucJP_ms,
+          "euckr"    => Encoding::EUC_KR,
+          "gb2312"   => Encoding::EUC_CN,
+          "gbk"      => Encoding::GBK,
+          "geostd8"  => nil,
+          "greek"    => Encoding::ISO_8859_7,
+          "hebrew"   => Encoding::ISO_8859_8,
+          "hp8"      => nil,
+          "keybcs2"  => nil,
+          "koi8r"    => Encoding::KOI8_R,
+          "koi8u"    => Encoding::KOI8_U,
+          "latin1"   => Encoding::ISO_8859_1,
+          "latin2"   => Encoding::ISO_8859_2,
+          "latin5"   => Encoding::ISO_8859_9,
+          "latin7"   => Encoding::ISO_8859_13,
+          "macce"    => Encoding::MacCentEuro,
+          "macroman" => Encoding::MacRoman,
+          "sjis"     => Encoding::SHIFT_JIS,
+          "swe7"     => nil,
+          "tis620"   => Encoding::TIS_620,
+          "ucs2"     => Encoding::UTF_16BE,
+          "ujis"     => Encoding::EucJP_ms,
+          "utf8"     => Encoding::UTF_8,
+          "utf8mb4"  => Encoding::UTF_8,
+        }
+      else
+        ENCODINGS = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = k }
+      end
+
+      # Get the client encoding for this database
+      def client_encoding
+        return @client_encoding if @client_encoding
+
+        result = exec_query(
+          "SHOW VARIABLES WHERE Variable_name = 'character_set_client'",
+          'SCHEMA')
+        @client_encoding = ENCODINGS[result.rows.last.last]
+      end
+
       def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
         log(sql, name, binds) do
           result = nil
@@ -363,6 +421,10 @@ def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
         end
       end
 
+      def exec_insert(sql, name, binds)
+        exec_query(sql, name, binds)
+      end
+
       def exec_without_stmt(sql, name = 'SQL') # :nodoc:
         # Some queries, like SHOW CREATE TABLE don't work through the prepared
         # statement API.  For those queries, we need to use this method. :'(
@@ -506,7 +568,7 @@ def collation
 
       def tables(name = nil, database = nil) #:nodoc:
         tables = []
-        result = execute(["SHOW TABLES", database].compact.join(' IN '), name)
+        result = execute(["SHOW TABLES", database].compact.join(' IN '), 'SCHEMA')
         result.each { |field| tables << field[0] }
         result.free
         tables
@@ -551,7 +613,7 @@ def indexes(table_name, name = nil)#:nodoc:
       def columns(table_name, name = nil)#:nodoc:
         sql = "SHOW FIELDS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
         columns = []
-        result = execute(sql)
+        result = execute(sql, 'SCHEMA')
         result.each { |field| columns << MysqlColumn.new(field[0], field[4], field[1], field[2] == "YES") }
         result.free
         columns
@@ -638,7 +700,7 @@ def show_variable(name)
       # Returns a table's primary key and belonging sequence.
       def pk_and_sequence_for(table) #:nodoc:
         keys = []
-        result = execute("describe #{quote_table_name(table)}")
+        result = execute("describe #{quote_table_name(table)}", 'SCHEMA')
         result.each_hash do |h|
           keys << h["Field"]if h["Key"] == "PRI"
         end
@@ -655,6 +717,11 @@ def primary_key(table)
       def case_sensitive_equality_operator
         "= BINARY"
       end
+      deprecate :case_sensitive_equality_operator
+
+      def case_sensitive_modifier(node)
+        Arel::Nodes::Bin.new(node)
+      end
 
       def limited_update_conditions(where_sql, quoted_table_name, quoted_primary_key)
         where_sql
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
index 5a830a50fb867..1c2cc7d5fa7d1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
@@ -229,7 +229,12 @@ def initialize(connection, logger, connection_parameters, config)
         @statements = {}
 
         connect
-        @local_tz = execute('SHOW TIME ZONE').first["TimeZone"]
+
+        if postgresql_version < 80200
+          raise "Your version of PostgreSQL (#{postgresql_version}) is too old, please upgrade!"
+        end
+
+        @local_tz = execute('SHOW TIME ZONE', 'SCHEMA').first["TimeZone"]
       end
 
       def clear_cache!
@@ -293,13 +298,13 @@ def supports_primary_key? #:nodoc:
       # Enable standard-conforming strings if available.
       def set_standard_conforming_strings
         old, self.client_min_messages = client_min_messages, 'panic'
-        execute('SET standard_conforming_strings = on') rescue nil
+        execute('SET standard_conforming_strings = on', 'SCHEMA') rescue nil
       ensure
         self.client_min_messages = old
       end
 
       def supports_insert_with_returning?
-        postgresql_version >= 80200
+        true
       end
 
       def supports_ddl_transactions?
@@ -310,10 +315,9 @@ def supports_savepoints?
         true
       end
 
-      # Returns the configured supported identifier length supported by PostgreSQL,
-      # or report the default of 63 on PostgreSQL 7.x.
+      # Returns the configured supported identifier length supported by PostgreSQL
       def table_alias_length
-        @table_alias_length ||= (postgresql_version >= 80000 ? query('SHOW max_identifier_length')[0][0].to_i : 63)
+        @table_alias_length ||= query('SHOW max_identifier_length')[0][0].to_i
       end
 
       # QUOTING ==================================================
@@ -404,7 +408,7 @@ def session_auth=(user)
       # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================
 
       def supports_disable_referential_integrity?() #:nodoc:
-        postgresql_version >= 80100
+        true
       end
 
       def disable_referential_integrity #:nodoc:
@@ -427,34 +431,16 @@ def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
       end
 
       # Executes an INSERT query and returns the new record's ID
-      def insert(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil)
+      def insert_sql(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil)
         # Extract the table from the insert sql. Yuck.
-        table = sql.split(" ", 4)[2].gsub('"', '')
-
-        # Try an insert with 'returning id' if available (PG >= 8.2)
-        if supports_insert_with_returning?
-          pk, sequence_name = *pk_and_sequence_for(table) unless pk
-          if pk
-            id = select_value("#{sql} RETURNING #{quote_column_name(pk)}")
-            clear_query_cache
-            return id
-          end
-        end
+        _, table = extract_schema_and_table(sql.split(" ", 4)[2])
 
-        # Otherwise, insert then grab last_insert_id.
-        if insert_id = super
-          insert_id
-        else
-          # If neither pk nor sequence name is given, look them up.
-          unless pk || sequence_name
-            pk, sequence_name = *pk_and_sequence_for(table)
-          end
+        pk ||= primary_key(table)
 
-          # If a pk is given, fallback to default sequence name.
-          # Don't fetch last insert id for a table without a pk.
-          if pk && sequence_name ||= default_sequence_name(table, pk)
-            last_insert_id(sequence_name)
-          end
+        if pk
+          select_value("#{sql} RETURNING #{quote_column_name(pk)}")
+        else
+          super
         end
       end
       alias :create :insert
@@ -554,6 +540,10 @@ def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
         end
       end
 
+      def exec_insert(sql, name, binds)
+        exec_query(sql, name, binds)
+      end
+
       # Executes an UPDATE query and returns the number of affected tuples.
       def update_sql(sql, name = nil)
         super.cmd_tuples
@@ -632,20 +622,12 @@ def create_database(name, options = {})
       # Example:
       #   drop_database 'matt_development'
       def drop_database(name) #:nodoc:
-        if postgresql_version >= 80200
-          execute "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name(name)}"
-        else
-          begin
-            execute "DROP DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)}"
-          rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-            @logger.warn "#{name} database doesn't exist." if @logger
-          end
-        end
+        execute "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name(name)}"
       end
 
       # Returns the list of all tables in the schema search path or a specified schema.
       def tables(name = nil)
-        query(<<-SQL, name).map { |row| row[0] }
+        query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').map { |row| row[0] }
           SELECT tablename
           FROM pg_tables
           WHERE schemaname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
@@ -653,7 +635,21 @@ def tables(name = nil)
       end
 
       def table_exists?(name)
-        name          = name.to_s
+        schema, table = extract_schema_and_table(name.to_s)
+
+        binds = [[nil, table.gsub(/(^"|"$)/,'')]]
+        binds << [nil, schema] if schema
+
+        exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA', binds).rows.first[0].to_i > 0
+            SELECT COUNT(*)
+            FROM pg_tables
+            WHERE tablename = $1
+            #{schema ? "AND schemaname = $2" : ''}
+        SQL
+      end
+
+      # Extracts the table and schema name from +name+
+      def extract_schema_and_table(name)
         schema, table = name.split('.', 2)
 
         unless table # A table was provided without a schema
@@ -665,13 +661,7 @@ def table_exists?(name)
           table  = name
           schema = nil
         end
-
-        query(<<-SQL).first[0].to_i > 0
-            SELECT COUNT(*)
-            FROM pg_tables
-            WHERE tablename = '#{table.gsub(/(^"|"$)/,'')}'
-            #{schema ? "AND schemaname = '#{schema}'" : ''}
-        SQL
+        [schema, table]
       end
 
       # Returns the list of all indexes for a table.
@@ -748,37 +738,47 @@ def schema_search_path
 
       # Returns the current client message level.
       def client_min_messages
-        query('SHOW client_min_messages')[0][0]
+        query('SHOW client_min_messages', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
       end
 
       # Set the client message level.
       def client_min_messages=(level)
-        execute("SET client_min_messages TO '#{level}'")
+        execute("SET client_min_messages TO '#{level}'", 'SCHEMA')
       end
 
       # Returns the sequence name for a table's primary key or some other specified key.
       def default_sequence_name(table_name, pk = nil) #:nodoc:
-        default_pk, default_seq = pk_and_sequence_for(table_name)
-        default_seq || "#{table_name}_#{pk || default_pk || 'id'}_seq"
+        serial_sequence(table_name, pk || 'id').split('.').last
+      rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+        "#{table_name}_#{pk || 'id'}_seq"
+      end
+
+      def serial_sequence(table, column)
+        result = exec_query(<<-eosql, 'SCHEMA', [[nil, table], [nil, column]])
+          SELECT pg_get_serial_sequence($1, $2)
+        eosql
+        result.rows.first.first
       end
 
       # Resets the sequence of a table's primary key to the maximum value.
       def reset_pk_sequence!(table, pk = nil, sequence = nil) #:nodoc:
         unless pk and sequence
           default_pk, default_sequence = pk_and_sequence_for(table)
+
           pk ||= default_pk
           sequence ||= default_sequence
         end
-        if pk
-          if sequence
-            quoted_sequence = quote_column_name(sequence)
 
-            select_value <<-end_sql, 'Reset sequence'
-              SELECT setval('#{quoted_sequence}', (SELECT COALESCE(MAX(#{quote_column_name pk})+(SELECT increment_by FROM #{quoted_sequence}), (SELECT min_value FROM #{quoted_sequence})) FROM #{quote_table_name(table)}), false)
-            end_sql
-          else
-            @logger.warn "#{table} has primary key #{pk} with no default sequence" if @logger
-          end
+        if @logger && pk && !sequence
+          @logger.warn "#{table} has primary key #{pk} with no default sequence"
+        end
+
+        if pk && sequence
+          quoted_sequence = quote_column_name(sequence)
+
+          select_value <<-end_sql, 'Reset sequence'
+            SELECT setval('#{quoted_sequence}', (SELECT COALESCE(MAX(#{quote_column_name pk})+(SELECT increment_by FROM #{quoted_sequence}), (SELECT min_value FROM #{quoted_sequence})) FROM #{quote_table_name(table)}), false)
+          end_sql
         end
       end
 
@@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ def reset_pk_sequence!(table, pk = nil, sequence = nil) #:nodoc:
       def pk_and_sequence_for(table) #:nodoc:
         # First try looking for a sequence with a dependency on the
         # given table's primary key.
-        result = exec_query(<<-end_sql, 'PK and serial sequence').rows.first
+        result = exec_query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA').rows.first
           SELECT attr.attname, seq.relname
           FROM pg_class      seq,
                pg_attribute  attr,
@@ -803,28 +803,6 @@ def pk_and_sequence_for(table) #:nodoc:
             AND dep.refobjid      = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
         end_sql
 
-        if result.nil? or result.empty?
-          # If that fails, try parsing the primary key's default value.
-          # Support the 7.x and 8.0 nextval('foo'::text) as well as
-          # the 8.1+ nextval('foo'::regclass).
-          result = query(<<-end_sql, 'PK and custom sequence')[0]
-            SELECT attr.attname,
-              CASE
-                WHEN split_part(def.adsrc, '''', 2) ~ '.' THEN
-                  substr(split_part(def.adsrc, '''', 2),
-                         strpos(split_part(def.adsrc, '''', 2), '.')+1)
-                ELSE split_part(def.adsrc, '''', 2)
-              END
-            FROM pg_class       t
-            JOIN pg_attribute   attr ON (t.oid = attrelid)
-            JOIN pg_attrdef     def  ON (adrelid = attrelid AND adnum = attnum)
-            JOIN pg_constraint  cons ON (conrelid = adrelid AND adnum = conkey[1])
-            WHERE t.oid = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
-              AND cons.contype = 'p'
-              AND def.adsrc ~* 'nextval'
-          end_sql
-        end
-
         # [primary_key, sequence]
         [result.first, result.last]
       rescue
@@ -833,8 +811,21 @@ def pk_and_sequence_for(table) #:nodoc:
 
       # Returns just a table's primary key
       def primary_key(table)
-        pk_and_sequence = pk_and_sequence_for(table)
-        pk_and_sequence && pk_and_sequence.first
+        row = exec_query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA', [[nil, table]]).rows.first
+          SELECT DISTINCT(attr.attname)
+          FROM pg_attribute  attr,
+               pg_depend     dep,
+               pg_namespace  name,
+               pg_constraint cons
+          WHERE attr.attrelid     = dep.refobjid
+            AND attr.attnum       = dep.refobjsubid
+            AND attr.attrelid     = cons.conrelid
+            AND attr.attnum       = cons.conkey[1]
+            AND cons.contype      = 'p'
+            AND dep.refobjid      = $1::regclass
+        end_sql
+
+        row && row.first
       end
 
       # Renames a table.
@@ -848,38 +839,14 @@ def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
         add_column_sql = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ADD COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"
         add_column_options!(add_column_sql, options)
 
-        begin
-          execute add_column_sql
-        rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => e
-          raise e if postgresql_version > 80000
-
-          execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ADD COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}")
-          change_column_default(table_name, column_name, options[:default]) if options_include_default?(options)
-          change_column_null(table_name, column_name, options[:null], options[:default]) if options.key?(:null)
-        end
+        execute add_column_sql
       end
 
       # Changes the column of a table.
       def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
         quoted_table_name = quote_table_name(table_name)
 
-        begin
-          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quoted_table_name} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TYPE #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"
-        rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => e
-          raise e if postgresql_version > 80000
-          # This is PostgreSQL 7.x, so we have to use a more arcane way of doing it.
-          begin
-            begin_db_transaction
-            tmp_column_name = "#{column_name}_ar_tmp"
-            add_column(table_name, tmp_column_name, type, options)
-            execute "UPDATE #{quoted_table_name} SET #{quote_column_name(tmp_column_name)} = CAST(#{quote_column_name(column_name)} AS #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])})"
-            remove_column(table_name, column_name)
-            rename_column(table_name, tmp_column_name, column_name)
-            commit_db_transaction
-          rescue
-            rollback_db_transaction
-          end
-        end
+        execute "ALTER TABLE #{quoted_table_name} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TYPE #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"
 
         change_column_default(table_name, column_name, options[:default]) if options_include_default?(options)
         change_column_null(table_name, column_name, options[:null], options[:default]) if options.key?(:null)
@@ -1031,9 +998,9 @@ def configure_connection
           # If using Active Record's time zone support configure the connection to return
           # TIMESTAMP WITH ZONE types in UTC.
           if ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc
-            execute("SET time zone 'UTC'")
+            execute("SET time zone 'UTC'", 'SCHEMA')
           elsif @local_tz
-            execute("SET time zone '#{@local_tz}'")
+            execute("SET time zone '#{@local_tz}'", 'SCHEMA')
           end
         end
 
@@ -1076,7 +1043,7 @@ def select_raw(sql, name = nil)
         #  - format_type includes the column size constraint, e.g. varchar(50)
         #  - ::regclass is a function that gives the id for a table name
         def column_definitions(table_name) #:nodoc:
-          exec_query(<<-end_sql).rows
+          exec_query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA').rows
             SELECT a.attname, format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod), d.adsrc, a.attnotnull
               FROM pg_attribute a LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d
                 ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb
index 32229a84104fc..8ef286b473035 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite_adapter.rb
@@ -173,6 +173,10 @@ def exec_query(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
         end
       end
 
+      def exec_insert(sql, name, binds)
+        exec_query(sql, name, binds)
+      end
+
       def execute(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
         log(sql, name) { @connection.execute(sql) }
       end
@@ -188,7 +192,8 @@ def delete_sql(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
       end
 
       def insert_sql(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil) #:nodoc:
-        super || @connection.last_insert_row_id
+        super
+        id_value || @connection.last_insert_row_id
       end
       alias :create :insert_sql
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
index d523c643ba250..0939ec2626b70 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
@@ -173,10 +173,10 @@ class FixturesFileNotFound < StandardError; end
 # traversed in the database to create the fixture hash and/or instance variables. This is expensive for
 # large sets of fixtured data.
 #
-# = Dynamic fixtures with ERb
+# = Dynamic fixtures with ERB
 #
 # Some times you don't care about the content of the fixtures as much as you care about the volume. In these cases, you can
-# mix ERb in with your YAML or CSV fixtures to create a bunch of fixtures for load testing, like:
+# mix ERB in with your YAML or CSV fixtures to create a bunch of fixtures for load testing, like:
 #
 #   <% for i in 1..1000 %>
 #   fix_<%= i %>:
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ class FixturesFileNotFound < StandardError; end
 #
 # This will create 1000 very simple YAML fixtures.
 #
-# Using ERb, you can also inject dynamic values into your fixtures with inserts like <tt><%= Date.today.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") %></tt>.
+# Using ERB, you can also inject dynamic values into your fixtures with inserts like <tt><%= Date.today.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") %></tt>.
 # This is however a feature to be used with some caution. The point of fixtures are that they're
 # stable units of predictable sample data. If you feel that you need to inject dynamic values, then
 # perhaps you should reexamine whether your application is properly testable. Hence, dynamic values
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/identity_map.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/identity_map.rb
index d18b2b0a5413c..95a8e5cff78af 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/identity_map.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/identity_map.rb
@@ -50,7 +50,14 @@ def without
 
       def get(klass, primary_key)
         obj = repository[klass.symbolized_base_class][primary_key]
-        obj.is_a?(klass) ? obj : nil
+        if obj.is_a?(klass)
+          if ActiveRecord::Base.logger
+            ActiveRecord::Base.logger.debug "#{klass} with ID = #{primary_key} loaded from Identity Map"
+          end
+          obj
+        else
+          nil
+        end
       end
 
       def add(record)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
index d29163226024f..f1df04950b47d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/named_scope.rb
@@ -9,11 +9,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module NamedScope
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    included do
-      class_attribute :scopes
-      self.scopes = {}
-    end
-
     module ClassMethods
       # Returns an anonymous \scope.
       #
@@ -35,7 +30,13 @@ def scoped(options = nil)
         if options
           scoped.apply_finder_options(options)
         else
-          current_scoped_methods ? relation.merge(current_scoped_methods) : relation.clone
+          if current_scope
+            current_scope.clone
+          else
+            scope = relation.clone
+            scope.default_scoped = true
+            scope
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -50,6 +51,14 @@ def scoped(options = nil)
       # The above calls to <tt>scope</tt> define class methods Shirt.red and Shirt.dry_clean_only. Shirt.red,
       # in effect, represents the query <tt>Shirt.where(:color => 'red')</tt>.
       #
+      # Note that this is simply 'syntactic sugar' for defining an actual class method:
+      #
+      #   class Shirt < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     def self.red
+      #       where(:color => 'red')
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
       # Unlike <tt>Shirt.find(...)</tt>, however, the object returned by Shirt.red is not an Array; it
       # resembles the association object constructed by a <tt>has_many</tt> declaration. For instance,
       # you can invoke <tt>Shirt.red.first</tt>, <tt>Shirt.red.count</tt>, <tt>Shirt.red.where(:size => 'small')</tt>.
@@ -73,14 +82,34 @@ def scoped(options = nil)
       # then <tt>elton.shirts.red.dry_clean_only</tt> will return all of Elton's red, dry clean
       # only shirts.
       #
-      # Named \scopes can also be procedural:
+      # If you need to pass parameters to a scope, define it as a normal method:
       #
       #   class Shirt < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     scope :colored, lambda {|color| where(:color => color) }
+      #     def self.colored(color)
+      #       where(:color => color)
+      #     end
       #   end
       #
       # In this example, <tt>Shirt.colored('puce')</tt> finds all puce shirts.
       #
+      # Note that scopes defined with \scope will be evaluated when they are defined, rather than
+      # when they are used. For example, the following would be incorrect:
+      #
+      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     scope :recent, where('published_at >= ?', Time.now - 1.week)
+      #   end
+      #
+      # The example above would be 'frozen' to the <tt>Time.now</tt> value when the <tt>Post</tt>
+      # class was defined, and so the resultant SQL query would always be the same. The correct
+      # way to do this would be via a class method, which will re-evaluate the scope each time
+      # it is called:
+      #
+      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     def self.recent
+      #       where('published_at >= ?', Time.now - 1.week)
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
       # Named \scopes can also have extensions, just as with <tt>has_many</tt> declarations:
       #
       #   class Shirt < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -91,6 +120,18 @@ def scoped(options = nil)
       #     end
       #   end
       #
+      # The above could also be written as a class method like so:
+      #
+      #   class Shirt < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     def self.red
+      #       where(:color => 'red').extending do
+      #         def dom_id
+      #           'red_shirts'
+      #         end
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
       # Scopes can also be used while creating/building a record.
       #
       #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -99,34 +140,68 @@ def scoped(options = nil)
       #
       #   Article.published.new.published    # => true
       #   Article.published.create.published # => true
+      #
+      # Class methods on your model are automatically available
+      # on scopes. Assuming the following setup:
+      #
+      #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     scope :published, where(:published => true)
+      #     scope :featured, where(:featured => true)
+      #
+      #     def self.latest_article
+      #       order('published_at desc').first
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def self.titles
+      #       map(&:title)
+      #     end
+      #
+      #   end
+      #
+      # We are able to call the methods like this:
+      #
+      #   Article.published.featured.latest_article
+      #   Article.featured.titles
+
       def scope(name, scope_options = {})
         name = name.to_sym
         valid_scope_name?(name)
         extension = Module.new(&Proc.new) if block_given?
 
+        if !scope_options.is_a?(Relation) && scope_options.respond_to?(:call)
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-WARN
+Passing a proc (or other object that responds to #call) to scope is deprecated. If you need your scope to be lazily evaluated, or takes parameters, please define it as a normal class method instead. For example, change this:
+
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  scope :unpublished, lambda { where('published_at > ?', Time.now) }
+end
+
+To this:
+
+class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def self.unpublished
+    where('published_at > ?', Time.now)
+  end
+end
+          WARN
+        end
+
         scope_proc = lambda do |*args|
           options = scope_options.respond_to?(:call) ? scope_options.call(*args) : scope_options
+          options = scoped.apply_finder_options(options) if options.is_a?(Hash)
 
-          relation = if options.is_a?(Hash)
-            scoped.apply_finder_options(options)
-          elsif options
-            scoped.merge(options)
-          else
-            scoped
-          end
+          relation = scoped.merge(options)
 
           extension ? relation.extending(extension) : relation
         end
 
-        self.scopes = self.scopes.merge name => scope_proc
-
-        singleton_class.send(:redefine_method, name, &scopes[name])
+        singleton_class.send(:redefine_method, name, &scope_proc)
       end
 
     protected
 
       def valid_scope_name?(name)
-        if !scopes[name] && respond_to?(name, true)
+        if respond_to?(name, true)
           logger.warn "Creating scope :#{name}. " \
                       "Overwriting existing method #{self.name}.#{name}."
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
index 522c0cfc9f14c..08b27b6a8e4fd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
@@ -403,12 +403,6 @@ def assign_nested_attributes_for_collection_association(association_name, attrib
           unless reject_new_record?(association_name, attributes)
             association.build(attributes.except(*UNASSIGNABLE_KEYS))
           end
-        elsif existing_records.count == 0 #Existing record but not yet associated
-          existing_record = self.class.reflect_on_association(association_name).klass.find(attributes['id'])
-          if !call_reject_if(association_name, attributes)
-            association.send(:add_record_to_target_with_callbacks, existing_record) if !association.loaded?
-            assign_to_or_mark_for_destruction(existing_record, attributes, options[:allow_destroy])
-          end
         elsif existing_record = existing_records.detect { |record| record.id.to_s == attributes['id'].to_s }
           unless association.loaded? || call_reject_if(association_name, attributes)
             # Make sure we are operating on the actual object which is in the association's
@@ -452,6 +446,7 @@ def reject_new_record?(association_name, attributes)
     end
 
     def call_reject_if(association_name, attributes)
+      return false if has_destroy_flag?(attributes)
       case callback = self.nested_attributes_options[association_name][:reject_if]
       when Symbol
         method(callback).arity == 0 ? send(callback) : send(callback, attributes)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
index ff368146842b7..944a29a3e64a4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
 db_namespace = namespace :db do
   task :load_config => :rails_env do
     require 'active_record'
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
   end
 
   def local_database?(config, &block)
-    if %w( 127.0.0.1 localhost ).include?(config['host']) || config['host'].blank?
+    if config['host'].among?("127.0.0.1", "localhost") || config['host'].blank?
       yield
     else
       $stderr.puts "This task only modifies local databases. #{config['database']} is on a remote host."
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
index e801bc4afae54..eac6a5dcad563 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Reflection
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ def klass
 
       def initialize(macro, name, options, active_record)
         super
-        @collection = [:has_many, :has_and_belongs_to_many].include?(macro)
+        @collection = macro.among?(:has_many, :has_and_belongs_to_many)
       end
 
       # Returns a new, unsaved instance of the associated class. +options+ will
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
index 896daf516e6c6..490360ccb536d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ class Relation
     JoinOperation = Struct.new(:relation, :join_class, :on)
     ASSOCIATION_METHODS = [:includes, :eager_load, :preload]
     MULTI_VALUE_METHODS = [:select, :group, :order, :joins, :where, :having, :bind]
-    SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :create_with, :from]
+    SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :create_with, :from, :reorder]
 
     include FinderMethods, Calculations, SpawnMethods, QueryMethods, Batches
 
@@ -15,14 +15,16 @@ class Relation
     delegate :table_name, :quoted_table_name, :primary_key, :quoted_primary_key, :to => :klass
 
     attr_reader :table, :klass, :loaded
-    attr_accessor :extensions
+    attr_accessor :extensions, :default_scoped
     alias :loaded? :loaded
+    alias :default_scoped? :default_scoped
 
     def initialize(klass, table)
       @klass, @table = klass, table
 
       @implicit_readonly = nil
       @loaded            = false
+      @default_scoped    = false
 
       SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.each {|v| instance_variable_set(:"@#{v}_value", nil)}
       (ASSOCIATION_METHODS + MULTI_VALUE_METHODS).each {|v| instance_variable_set(:"@#{v}_values", [])}
@@ -154,12 +156,7 @@ def many?
     # Please check unscoped if you want to remove all previous scopes (including
     # the default_scope) during the execution of a block.
     def scoping
-      @klass.scoped_methods << self
-      begin
-        yield
-      ensure
-        @klass.scoped_methods.pop
-      end
+      @klass.send(:with_scope, self, :overwrite) { yield }
     end
 
     # Updates all records with details given if they match a set of conditions supplied, limits and order can
@@ -194,6 +191,7 @@ def scoping
     #   # The same idea applies to limit and order
     #   Book.where('title LIKE ?', '%Rails%').order(:created_at).limit(5).update_all(:author => 'David')
     def update_all(updates, conditions = nil, options = {})
+      IdentityMap.repository[symbolized_base_class].clear if IdentityMap.enabled?
       if conditions || options.present?
         where(conditions).apply_finder_options(options.slice(:limit, :order)).update_all(updates)
       else
@@ -322,6 +320,7 @@ def destroy(id)
     # If you need to destroy dependent associations or call your <tt>before_*</tt> or
     # +after_destroy+ callbacks, use the +destroy_all+ method instead.
     def delete_all(conditions = nil)
+      IdentityMap.repository[symbolized_base_class] = {} if IdentityMap.enabled?
       if conditions
         where(conditions).delete_all
       else
@@ -353,6 +352,7 @@ def delete_all(conditions = nil)
     #   # Delete multiple rows
     #   Todo.delete([2,3,4])
     def delete(id_or_array)
+      IdentityMap.remove_by_id(self.symbolized_base_class, id_or_array) if IdentityMap.enabled?
       where(primary_key => id_or_array).delete_all
     end
 
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ def to_sql
     end
 
     def where_values_hash
-      equalities = @where_values.grep(Arel::Nodes::Equality).find_all { |node|
+      equalities = with_default_scope.where_values.grep(Arel::Nodes::Equality).find_all { |node|
         node.left.relation.name == table_name
       }
 
@@ -402,13 +402,20 @@ def inspect
       to_a.inspect
     end
 
+    def with_default_scope #:nodoc:
+      if default_scoped?
+        default_scope = @klass.send(:build_default_scope)
+        default_scope ? default_scope.merge(self) : self
+      else
+        self
+      end
+    end
+
     protected
 
     def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
       if Array.method_defined?(method)
         to_a.send(method, *args, &block)
-      elsif @klass.scopes[method]
-        merge(@klass.send(method, *args, &block))
       elsif @klass.respond_to?(method)
         scoping { @klass.send(method, *args, &block) }
       elsif arel.respond_to?(method)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
index 8fa315bdf39c2..673e47942bac3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
@@ -309,6 +309,15 @@ def find_with_ids(*ids)
     def find_one(id)
       id = id.id if ActiveRecord::Base === id
 
+      if IdentityMap.enabled? && where_values.blank? &&
+        limit_value.blank? && order_values.blank? &&
+        includes_values.blank? && preload_values.blank? &&
+        readonly_value.nil? && joins_values.blank? &&
+        !@klass.locking_enabled? &&
+        record = IdentityMap.get(@klass, id)
+        return record
+      end
+
       column = columns_hash[primary_key]
 
       substitute = connection.substitute_for(column, @bind_values)
@@ -343,8 +352,8 @@ def find_some(ids)
       if result.size == expected_size
         result
       else
-        conditions = arel.wheres.map { |x| x.value }.join(', ')
-        conditions = " [WHERE #{conditions}]" if conditions.present?
+        conditions = arel.where_sql
+        conditions = " [#{conditions}]" if conditions
 
         error = "Couldn't find all #{@klass.name.pluralize} with IDs "
         error << "(#{ids.join(", ")})#{conditions} (found #{result.size} results, but was looking for #{expected_size})"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
index 02b7056989b5f..94aa9997159f6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ module QueryMethods
     attr_accessor :includes_values, :eager_load_values, :preload_values,
                   :select_values, :group_values, :order_values, :joins_values,
                   :where_values, :having_values, :bind_values,
-                  :limit_value, :offset_value, :lock_value, :readonly_value, :create_with_value, :from_value
+                  :limit_value, :offset_value, :lock_value, :readonly_value, :create_with_value,
+                  :from_value, :reorder_value
 
     def includes(*args)
       args.reject! {|a| a.blank? }
@@ -63,7 +64,11 @@ def order(*args)
     end
 
     def reorder(*args)
-      except(:order).order(args)
+      return self if args.blank?
+
+      relation = clone
+      relation.reorder_value = args.flatten
+      relation
     end
 
     def joins(*args)
@@ -163,7 +168,7 @@ def reverse_order
     end
 
     def arel
-      @arel ||= build_arel
+      @arel ||= with_default_scope.build_arel
     end
 
     def build_arel
@@ -180,7 +185,8 @@ def build_arel
 
       arel.group(*@group_values.uniq.reject{|g| g.blank?}) unless @group_values.empty?
 
-      arel.order(*@order_values.uniq.reject{|o| o.blank?}) unless @order_values.empty?
+      order = @reorder_value ? @reorder_value : @order_values
+      arel.order(*order.uniq.reject{|o| o.blank?}) unless order.empty?
 
       build_select(arel, @select_values.uniq)
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
index 128e0fbd86743..69706b5ead9d5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ def merge(r)
 
       merged_relation = clone
 
+      r = r.with_default_scope if r.default_scoped? && r.klass != klass
+
       Relation::ASSOCIATION_METHODS.each do |method|
         value = r.send(:"#{method}_values")
 
@@ -70,6 +72,7 @@ def merge(r)
     #
     def except(*skips)
       result = self.class.new(@klass, table)
+      result.default_scoped = default_scoped
 
       ((Relation::ASSOCIATION_METHODS + Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS) - skips).each do |method|
         result.send(:"#{method}_values=", send(:"#{method}_values"))
@@ -94,6 +97,7 @@ def except(*skips)
     #
     def only(*onlies)
       result = self.class.new(@klass, table)
+      result.default_scoped = default_scoped
 
       ((Relation::ASSOCIATION_METHODS + Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS) & onlies).each do |method|
         result.send(:"#{method}_values=", send(:"#{method}_values"))
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
index 0465b21e88790..243012f88c1a7 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   ###
-  # This class encapsulates a Result returned from calling +exec+ on any
+  # This class encapsulates a Result returned from calling +exec_query+ on any
   # database connection adapter.  For example:
   #
-  #   x = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec('SELECT * FROM foo')
+  #   x = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query('SELECT * FROM foo')
   #   x # => #<ActiveRecord::Result:0xdeadbeef>
   class Result
     include Enumerable
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
index 60d4c256c4ae3..d363f361087ce 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
@@ -270,6 +270,7 @@ def committed! #:nodoc:
     def rolledback!(force_restore_state = false) #:nodoc:
       run_callbacks :rollback
     ensure
+      IdentityMap.remove(self) if IdentityMap.enabled?
       restore_transaction_record_state(force_restore_state)
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
index 9cd6c26322968..d1225a9ed959e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ def setup(klass)
 
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
         finder_class = find_finder_class_for(record)
+        table = finder_class.arel_table
 
         coder = record.class.serialized_attributes[attribute.to_s]
 
@@ -21,21 +22,15 @@ def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
           value = coder.dump value
         end
 
-        sql, params = mount_sql_and_params(finder_class, record.class.quoted_table_name, attribute, value)
-
-        relation = finder_class.unscoped.where(sql, *params)
+        relation = build_relation(finder_class, table, attribute, value)
+        relation = relation.and(table[finder_class.primary_key.to_sym].not_eq(record.send(:id))) if record.persisted?
 
         Array.wrap(options[:scope]).each do |scope_item|
           scope_value = record.send(scope_item)
-          relation = relation.where(scope_item => scope_value)
-        end
-
-        if record.persisted?
-          # TODO : This should be in Arel
-          relation = relation.where("#{record.class.quoted_table_name}.#{record.class.primary_key} <> ?", record.send(:id))
+          relation = relation.and(table[scope_item].eq(scope_value))
         end
 
-        if relation.exists?
+        if finder_class.unscoped.where(relation).exists?
           record.errors.add(attribute, :taken, options.except(:case_sensitive, :scope).merge(:value => value))
         end
       end
@@ -57,27 +52,18 @@ def find_finder_class_for(record) #:nodoc:
         class_hierarchy.detect { |klass| !klass.abstract_class? }
       end
 
-      def mount_sql_and_params(klass, table_name, attribute, value) #:nodoc:
+      def build_relation(klass, table, attribute, value) #:nodoc:
         column = klass.columns_hash[attribute.to_s]
+        value = column.limit ? value.to_s.mb_chars[0, column.limit] : value.to_s if column.text?
 
-        operator = if value.nil?
-          "IS ?"
-        elsif column.text?
-          value = column.limit ? value.to_s.mb_chars[0, column.limit] : value.to_s
-          "#{klass.connection.case_sensitive_equality_operator} ?"
-        else
-          "= ?"
-        end
-
-        sql_attribute = "#{table_name}.#{klass.connection.quote_column_name(attribute)}"
-
-        if value.nil? || (options[:case_sensitive] || !column.text?)
-          sql = "#{sql_attribute} #{operator}"
+        if !options[:case_sensitive] && column.text?
+          relation = table[attribute].matches(value)
         else
-          sql = "LOWER(#{sql_attribute}) = LOWER(?)"
+          value    = klass.connection.case_sensitive_modifier(value)
+          relation = table[attribute].eq(value)
         end
 
-        [sql, [value]]
+        relation
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/session_migration/session_migration_generator.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/session_migration/session_migration_generator.rb
index afcda2a98a494..d80c8ba996bf5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/session_migration/session_migration_generator.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/session_migration/session_migration_generator.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'rails/generators/active_record'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Generators
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ def create_migration_file
 
         def session_table_name
           current_table_name = ActiveRecord::SessionStore::Session.table_name
-          if ["sessions", "session"].include?(current_table_name)
+          if current_table_name.among?("sessions", "session")
             current_table_name = (ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names ? 'session'.pluralize : 'session')
           end
           current_table_name
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..146b77a95c966
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class MysqlAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def setup
+        @conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
+        @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
+          CREATE TABLE `ex` (
+            `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
+            `number` integer,
+            `data` varchar(255))
+        eosql
+      end
+
+      def test_client_encoding
+        if "<3".respond_to?(:encoding)
+          assert_equal Encoding::UTF_8, @conn.client_encoding
+        else
+          assert_equal 'utf8', @conn.client_encoding
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_exec_insert_number
+        insert(@conn, 'number' => 10)
+
+        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT number FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
+
+        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+        assert_equal 10, result.rows.last.last
+      end
+
+      def test_exec_insert_string
+        str = 'いただきます！'
+        insert(@conn, 'number' => 10, 'data' => str)
+
+        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT number, data FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
+
+        value = result.rows.last.last
+
+        if "<3".respond_to?(:encoding)
+          # FIXME: this should probably be inside the mysql AR adapter?
+          value.force_encoding(@conn.client_encoding)
+
+          # The strings in this file are utf-8, so transcode to utf-8
+          value.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8)
+        end
+
+        assert_equal str, value
+      end
+
+      private
+      def insert(ctx, data)
+        binds   = data.map { |name, value|
+          [ctx.columns('ex').find { |x| x.name == name }, value]
+        }
+        columns = binds.map(&:first).map(&:name)
+
+        sql = "INSERT INTO ex (#{columns.join(", ")})
+               VALUES (#{(['?'] * columns.length).join(', ')})"
+
+        ctx.exec_insert(sql, 'SQL', binds)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
index b0a4a4e39db2a..2d412a6e2af30 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -6,7 +7,52 @@ class PostgreSQLAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       def setup
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(id serial primary key, data character varying(255))')
+        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(id serial primary key, number integer, data character varying(255))')
+      end
+
+      def test_serial_sequence
+        assert_equal 'public.accounts_id_seq',
+          @connection.serial_sequence('accounts', 'id')
+
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+          @connection.serial_sequence('zomg', 'id')
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_default_sequence_name
+        assert_equal 'accounts_id_seq',
+          @connection.default_sequence_name('accounts', 'id')
+
+        assert_equal 'accounts_id_seq',
+          @connection.default_sequence_name('accounts')
+      end
+
+      def test_default_sequence_name_bad_table
+        assert_equal 'zomg_id_seq',
+          @connection.default_sequence_name('zomg', 'id')
+
+        assert_equal 'zomg_id_seq',
+          @connection.default_sequence_name('zomg')
+      end
+
+      def test_exec_insert_number
+        insert(@connection, 'number' => 10)
+
+        result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT number FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
+
+        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+        assert_equal "10", result.rows.last.last
+      end
+
+      def test_exec_insert_string
+        str = 'いただきます！'
+        insert(@connection, 'number' => 10, 'data' => str)
+
+        result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT number, data FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
+
+        value = result.rows.last.last
+
+        assert_equal str, value
       end
 
       def test_table_alias_length
@@ -63,6 +109,21 @@ def test_substitute_for
         bind = @connection.substitute_for(nil, [nil])
         assert_equal Arel.sql('$2'), bind
       end
+
+      private
+      def insert(ctx, data)
+        binds   = data.map { |name, value|
+          [ctx.columns('ex').find { |x| x.name == name }, value]
+        }
+        columns = binds.map(&:first).map(&:name)
+
+        bind_subs = columns.length.times.map { |x| "$#{x + 1}" }
+
+        sql = "INSERT INTO ex (#{columns.join(", ")})
+               VALUES (#{bind_subs.join(', ')})"
+
+        ctx.exec_insert(sql, 'SQL', binds)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite/sqlite_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite/sqlite_adapter_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d1fc470907fad..0000000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite/sqlite_adapter_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,229 +0,0 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/binary'
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module ConnectionAdapters
-    class SQLiteAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      class DualEncoding < ActiveRecord::Base
-      end
-
-      def setup
-        @ctx = Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
-                                      :adapter => 'sqlite3',
-                                      :timeout => nil
-        @ctx.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE items (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer
-          )
-        eosql
-      end
-
-      def test_quote_binary_column_escapes_it
-        DualEncoding.connection.execute(<<-eosql)
-          CREATE TABLE dual_encodings (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            name string,
-            data binary
-          )
-        eosql
-        str = "\x80".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
-        binary = DualEncoding.new :name => 'いただきます！', :data => str
-        binary.save!
-        assert_equal str, binary.data
-      end
-
-      def test_execute
-        @ctx.execute "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
-        records = @ctx.execute "SELECT * FROM items"
-        assert_equal 1, records.length
-
-        record = records.first
-        assert_equal 10, record['number']
-        assert_equal 1, record['id']
-      end
-
-      def test_quote_string
-        assert_equal "''", @ctx.quote_string("'")
-      end
-
-      def test_insert_sql
-        2.times do |i|
-          rv = @ctx.insert_sql "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (#{i})"
-          assert_equal(i + 1, rv)
-        end
-
-        records = @ctx.execute "SELECT * FROM items"
-        assert_equal 2, records.length
-      end
-
-      def test_insert_sql_logged
-        sql = "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
-        name = "foo"
-
-        assert_logged([[sql, name]]) do
-          @ctx.insert_sql sql, name
-        end
-      end
-
-      def test_insert_id_value_returned
-        sql = "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
-        idval = 'vuvuzela'
-        id = @ctx.insert_sql sql, nil, nil, idval
-        assert_equal idval, id
-      end
-
-      def test_select_rows
-        2.times do |i|
-          @ctx.create "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (#{i})"
-        end
-        rows = @ctx.select_rows 'select number, id from items'
-        assert_equal [[0, 1], [1, 2]], rows
-      end
-
-      def test_select_rows_logged
-        sql = "select * from items"
-        name = "foo"
-
-        assert_logged([[sql, name]]) do
-          @ctx.select_rows sql, name
-        end
-      end
-
-      def test_transaction
-        count_sql = 'select count(*) from items'
-
-        @ctx.begin_db_transaction
-        @ctx.create "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
-
-        assert_equal 1, @ctx.select_rows(count_sql).first.first
-        @ctx.rollback_db_transaction
-        assert_equal 0, @ctx.select_rows(count_sql).first.first
-      end
-
-      def test_tables
-        assert_equal %w{ items }, @ctx.tables
-
-        @ctx.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE people (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer
-          )
-        eosql
-        assert_equal %w{ items people }.sort, @ctx.tables.sort
-      end
-
-      def test_tables_logs_name
-        name = "hello"
-        assert_logged [[name]] do
-          @ctx.tables(name)
-          assert_not_nil @ctx.logged.first.shift
-        end
-      end
-
-      def test_columns
-        columns = @ctx.columns('items').sort_by { |x| x.name }
-        assert_equal 2, columns.length
-        assert_equal %w{ id number }.sort, columns.map { |x| x.name }
-        assert_equal [nil, nil], columns.map { |x| x.default }
-        assert_equal [true, true], columns.map { |x| x.null }
-      end
-
-      def test_columns_with_default
-        @ctx.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE columns_with_default (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer default 10
-          )
-        eosql
-        column = @ctx.columns('columns_with_default').find { |x|
-          x.name == 'number'
-        }
-        assert_equal 10, column.default
-      end
-
-      def test_columns_with_not_null
-        @ctx.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE columns_with_default (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer not null
-          )
-        eosql
-        column = @ctx.columns('columns_with_default').find { |x|
-          x.name == 'number'
-        }
-        assert !column.null, "column should not be null"
-      end
-
-      def test_indexes_logs
-        intercept_logs_on @ctx
-        assert_difference('@ctx.logged.length') do
-          @ctx.indexes('items')
-        end
-        assert_match(/items/, @ctx.logged.last.first)
-      end
-
-      def test_no_indexes
-        assert_equal [], @ctx.indexes('items')
-      end
-
-      def test_index
-        @ctx.add_index 'items', 'id', :unique => true, :name => 'fun'
-        index = @ctx.indexes('items').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
-
-        assert_equal 'items', index.table
-        assert index.unique, 'index is unique'
-        assert_equal ['id'], index.columns
-      end
-
-      def test_non_unique_index
-        @ctx.add_index 'items', 'id', :name => 'fun'
-        index = @ctx.indexes('items').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
-        assert !index.unique, 'index is not unique'
-      end
-
-      def test_compound_index
-        @ctx.add_index 'items', %w{ id number }, :name => 'fun'
-        index = @ctx.indexes('items').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
-        assert_equal %w{ id number }.sort, index.columns.sort
-      end
-
-      def test_primary_key
-        assert_equal 'id', @ctx.primary_key('items')
-
-        @ctx.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE foos (
-            internet integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer not null
-          )
-        eosql
-        assert_equal 'internet', @ctx.primary_key('foos')
-      end
-
-      def test_no_primary_key
-        @ctx.execute 'CREATE TABLE failboat (number integer not null)'
-        assert_nil @ctx.primary_key('failboat')
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def assert_logged logs
-        intercept_logs_on @ctx
-        yield
-        assert_equal logs, @ctx.logged
-      end
-
-      def intercept_logs_on ctx
-        @ctx.extend(Module.new {
-          attr_accessor :logged
-          def log sql, name
-            @logged << [sql, name]
-            yield
-          end
-        })
-        @ctx.logged = []
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
index b8abdface441a..0e2f468908e95 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,34 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class SQLite3AdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      class DualEncoding < ActiveRecord::Base
+      end
+
       def setup
         @conn = Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
                                        :adapter => 'sqlite3',
                                        :timeout => 100
+        @conn.execute <<-eosql
+          CREATE TABLE items (
+            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+            number integer
+          )
+        eosql
+      end
+
+      def test_exec_insert
+        column = @conn.columns('items').find { |col| col.name == 'number' }
+        vals   = [[column, 10]]
+        @conn.exec_insert('insert into items (number) VALUES (?)', 'SQL', vals)
+
+        result = @conn.exec_query(
+          'select number from items where number = ?', 'SQL', vals)
+
+        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+        assert_equal 10, result.rows.first.first
       end
 
       def test_primary_key_returns_nil_for_no_pk
@@ -102,6 +124,213 @@ def test_exec_query_typecasts_bind_vals
 
         assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
       end
+
+      def test_quote_binary_column_escapes_it
+        return unless "<3".respond_to?(:encode)
+
+        DualEncoding.connection.execute(<<-eosql)
+          CREATE TABLE dual_encodings (
+            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+            name string,
+            data binary
+          )
+        eosql
+        str = "\x80".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
+        binary = DualEncoding.new :name => 'いただきます！', :data => str
+        binary.save!
+        assert_equal str, binary.data
+      end
+
+      def test_execute
+        @conn.execute "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
+        records = @conn.execute "SELECT * FROM items"
+        assert_equal 1, records.length
+
+        record = records.first
+        assert_equal 10, record['number']
+        assert_equal 1, record['id']
+      end
+
+      def test_quote_string
+        assert_equal "''", @conn.quote_string("'")
+      end
+
+      def test_insert_sql
+        2.times do |i|
+          rv = @conn.insert_sql "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (#{i})"
+          assert_equal(i + 1, rv)
+        end
+
+        records = @conn.execute "SELECT * FROM items"
+        assert_equal 2, records.length
+      end
+
+      def test_insert_sql_logged
+        sql = "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
+        name = "foo"
+
+        assert_logged([[sql, name, []]]) do
+          @conn.insert_sql sql, name
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_insert_id_value_returned
+        sql = "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
+        idval = 'vuvuzela'
+        id = @conn.insert_sql sql, nil, nil, idval
+        assert_equal idval, id
+      end
+
+      def test_select_rows
+        2.times do |i|
+          @conn.create "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (#{i})"
+        end
+        rows = @conn.select_rows 'select number, id from items'
+        assert_equal [[0, 1], [1, 2]], rows
+      end
+
+      def test_select_rows_logged
+        sql = "select * from items"
+        name = "foo"
+
+        assert_logged([[sql, name, []]]) do
+          @conn.select_rows sql, name
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_transaction
+        count_sql = 'select count(*) from items'
+
+        @conn.begin_db_transaction
+        @conn.create "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
+
+        assert_equal 1, @conn.select_rows(count_sql).first.first
+        @conn.rollback_db_transaction
+        assert_equal 0, @conn.select_rows(count_sql).first.first
+      end
+
+      def test_tables
+        assert_equal %w{ items }, @conn.tables
+
+        @conn.execute <<-eosql
+          CREATE TABLE people (
+            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+            number integer
+          )
+        eosql
+        assert_equal %w{ items people }.sort, @conn.tables.sort
+      end
+
+      def test_tables_logs_name
+        name = "hello"
+        assert_logged [[name, []]] do
+          @conn.tables(name)
+          assert_not_nil @conn.logged.first.shift
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_columns
+        columns = @conn.columns('items').sort_by { |x| x.name }
+        assert_equal 2, columns.length
+        assert_equal %w{ id number }.sort, columns.map { |x| x.name }
+        assert_equal [nil, nil], columns.map { |x| x.default }
+        assert_equal [true, true], columns.map { |x| x.null }
+      end
+
+      def test_columns_with_default
+        @conn.execute <<-eosql
+          CREATE TABLE columns_with_default (
+            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+            number integer default 10
+          )
+        eosql
+        column = @conn.columns('columns_with_default').find { |x|
+          x.name == 'number'
+        }
+        assert_equal 10, column.default
+      end
+
+      def test_columns_with_not_null
+        @conn.execute <<-eosql
+          CREATE TABLE columns_with_default (
+            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+            number integer not null
+          )
+        eosql
+        column = @conn.columns('columns_with_default').find { |x|
+          x.name == 'number'
+        }
+        assert !column.null, "column should not be null"
+      end
+
+      def test_indexes_logs
+        intercept_logs_on @conn
+        assert_difference('@conn.logged.length') do
+          @conn.indexes('items')
+        end
+        assert_match(/items/, @conn.logged.last.first)
+      end
+
+      def test_no_indexes
+        assert_equal [], @conn.indexes('items')
+      end
+
+      def test_index
+        @conn.add_index 'items', 'id', :unique => true, :name => 'fun'
+        index = @conn.indexes('items').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
+
+        assert_equal 'items', index.table
+        assert index.unique, 'index is unique'
+        assert_equal ['id'], index.columns
+      end
+
+      def test_non_unique_index
+        @conn.add_index 'items', 'id', :name => 'fun'
+        index = @conn.indexes('items').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
+        assert !index.unique, 'index is not unique'
+      end
+
+      def test_compound_index
+        @conn.add_index 'items', %w{ id number }, :name => 'fun'
+        index = @conn.indexes('items').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
+        assert_equal %w{ id number }.sort, index.columns.sort
+      end
+
+      def test_primary_key
+        assert_equal 'id', @conn.primary_key('items')
+
+        @conn.execute <<-eosql
+          CREATE TABLE foos (
+            internet integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+            number integer not null
+          )
+        eosql
+        assert_equal 'internet', @conn.primary_key('foos')
+      end
+
+      def test_no_primary_key
+        @conn.execute 'CREATE TABLE failboat (number integer not null)'
+        assert_nil @conn.primary_key('failboat')
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def assert_logged logs
+        intercept_logs_on @conn
+        yield
+        assert_equal logs, @conn.logged
+      end
+
+      def intercept_logs_on ctx
+        @conn.extend(Module.new {
+          attr_accessor :logged
+          def log sql, name, binds = []
+            @logged << [sql, name, binds]
+            yield
+          end
+        })
+        @conn.logged = []
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
index 16d4877fe8031..007f11b535de7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -70,16 +70,16 @@ def test_create_from_association_should_respect_default_scope
   # would be convenient), because this would cause that scope to be applied to any callbacks etc.
   def test_build_and_create_should_not_happen_within_scope
     car = cars(:honda)
-    original_scoped_methods = Bulb.scoped_methods
+    scoped_count = car.foo_bulbs.scoped.where_values.count
 
-    bulb = car.bulbs.build
-    assert_equal original_scoped_methods, bulb.scoped_methods_after_initialize
+    bulb = car.foo_bulbs.build
+    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
 
-    bulb = car.bulbs.create
-    assert_equal original_scoped_methods, bulb.scoped_methods_after_initialize
+    bulb = car.foo_bulbs.create
+    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
 
-    bulb = car.bulbs.create!
-    assert_equal original_scoped_methods, bulb.scoped_methods_after_initialize
+    bulb = car.foo_bulbs.create!
+    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
   end
 
   def test_no_sql_should_be_fired_if_association_already_loaded
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
index c1dad5e246592..f3c96ccbe6f14 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
@@ -165,16 +165,16 @@ def test_successful_build_association
 
   def test_build_and_create_should_not_happen_within_scope
     pirate = pirates(:blackbeard)
-    original_scoped_methods = Bulb.scoped_methods.dup
+    scoped_count = pirate.association(:foo_bulb).scoped.where_values.count
 
-    bulb = pirate.build_bulb
-    assert_equal original_scoped_methods, bulb.scoped_methods_after_initialize
+    bulb = pirate.build_foo_bulb
+    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
 
-    bulb = pirate.create_bulb
-    assert_equal original_scoped_methods, bulb.scoped_methods_after_initialize
+    bulb = pirate.create_foo_bulb
+    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
 
-    bulb = pirate.create_bulb!
-    assert_equal original_scoped_methods, bulb.scoped_methods_after_initialize
+    bulb = pirate.create_foo_bulb!
+    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
   end
 
   def test_create_association
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
index 5a7b13903031b..afc830cae9e99 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 require 'models/tag'
 require 'models/tagging'
 require 'models/post'
@@ -453,7 +454,7 @@ def test_associating_unsaved_records_with_has_many_through
     assert saved_post.tags.include?(new_tag)
 
     assert new_tag.persisted?
-    assert saved_post.reload.tags(true).include?(new_tag)
+    assert new_tag.in?(saved_post.reload.tags(true))
 
 
     new_post = Post.new(:title => "Association replacmenet works!", :body => "You best believe it.")
@@ -466,7 +467,7 @@ def test_associating_unsaved_records_with_has_many_through
 
     new_post.save!
     assert new_post.persisted?
-    assert new_post.reload.tags(true).include?(saved_tag)
+    assert saved_tag.in?(new_post.reload.tags(true))
 
     assert !posts(:thinking).tags.build.persisted?
     assert !posts(:thinking).tags.new.persisted?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
index d0a90282646cb..3641031d12cba 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeMethods
@@ -41,13 +42,13 @@ def test_define_attribute_methods
         instance = @klass.new
 
         @klass.column_names.each do |name|
-          assert ! instance.methods.map(&:to_s).include?(name)
+          assert !name.in?(instance.methods.map(&:to_s))
         end
 
         @klass.define_attribute_methods
 
         @klass.column_names.each do |name|
-          assert(instance.methods.map(&:to_s).include?(name), "#{name} is not defined")
+          assert name.in?(instance.methods.map(&:to_s)), "#{name} is not defined"
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index 84f75cc803fb3..a3c5c14758d50 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 require 'models/minimalistic'
 require 'models/developer'
 require 'models/auto_id'
@@ -638,7 +639,7 @@ def cached_columns
   end
 
   def time_related_columns_on_topic
-    Topic.columns.select { |c| [:time, :date, :datetime, :timestamp].include?(c.type) }
+    Topic.columns.select { |c| c.type.among?(:time, :date, :datetime, :timestamp) }
   end
 
   def serialized_columns_on_topic
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
index aeb0b28bab6db..e57c5b3b87525 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ def test_preserving_time_objects_with_local_time_conversion_to_default_timezone_
       with_active_record_default_timezone :utc do
         time = Time.local(2000)
         topic = Topic.create('written_on' => time)
-        saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).written_on
+        saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).reload.written_on
         assert_equal time, saved_time
         assert_equal [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "EST"], time.to_a
         assert_equal [0, 0, 5, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "UTC"], saved_time.to_a
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ def test_preserving_time_objects_with_time_with_zone_conversion_to_default_timez
         Time.use_zone 'Central Time (US & Canada)' do
           time = Time.zone.local(2000)
           topic = Topic.create('written_on' => time)
-          saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).written_on
+          saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).reload.written_on
           assert_equal time, saved_time
           assert_equal [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "CST"], time.to_a
           assert_equal [0, 0, 6, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "UTC"], saved_time.to_a
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ def test_preserving_time_objects_with_utc_time_conversion_to_default_timezone_lo
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
       time = Time.utc(2000)
       topic = Topic.create('written_on' => time)
-      saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).written_on
+      saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).reload.written_on
       assert_equal time, saved_time
       assert_equal [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "UTC"], time.to_a
       assert_equal [0, 0, 19, 31, 12, 1999, 5, 365, false, "EST"], saved_time.to_a
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ def test_preserving_time_objects_with_time_with_zone_conversion_to_default_timez
         Time.use_zone 'Central Time (US & Canada)' do
           time = Time.zone.local(2000)
           topic = Topic.create('written_on' => time)
-          saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).written_on
+          saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).reload.written_on
           assert_equal time, saved_time
           assert_equal [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "CST"], time.to_a
           assert_equal [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "EST"], saved_time.to_a
@@ -1048,7 +1048,7 @@ def test_should_raise_exception_on_serialized_attribute_with_type_mismatch
     topic = Topic.new(:content => myobj)
     assert topic.save
     Topic.serialize(:content, Hash)
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SerializationTypeMismatch) { Topic.find(topic.id).content }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SerializationTypeMismatch) { Topic.find(topic.id).reload.content }
   ensure
     Topic.serialize(:content)
   end
@@ -1626,18 +1626,14 @@ def test_clear_cache!
     assert_not_equal c1, c2
   end
 
-  def test_default_scope_is_reset
+  def test_current_scope_is_reset
     Object.const_set :UnloadablePost, Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    UnloadablePost.table_name = 'posts'
-    UnloadablePost.class_eval do
-      default_scope order('posts.comments_count ASC')
-    end
-    UnloadablePost.scoped_methods # make Thread.current[:UnloadablePost_scoped_methods] not nil
+    UnloadablePost.send(:current_scope=, UnloadablePost.scoped)
 
     UnloadablePost.unloadable
-    assert_not_nil Thread.current[:UnloadablePost_scoped_methods]
+    assert_not_nil Thread.current[:UnloadablePost_current_scope]
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_unloadable_constants!
-    assert_nil Thread.current[:UnloadablePost_scoped_methods]
+    assert_nil Thread.current[:UnloadablePost_current_scope]
   ensure
     Object.class_eval{ remove_const :UnloadablePost } if defined?(UnloadablePost)
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
index deaf5252db5bf..42b14bd25c937 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 require 'models/default'
 require 'models/entrant'
 
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ def test_mysql_integer_not_null_defaults
       assert_equal 0, klass.columns_hash['zero'].default
       assert !klass.columns_hash['zero'].null
       # 0 in MySQL 4, nil in 5.
-      assert [0, nil].include?(klass.columns_hash['omit'].default)
+      assert klass.columns_hash['omit'].default.among?(0, nil)
       assert !klass.columns_hash['omit'].null
 
       assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { klass.create! }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/identity_map_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/identity_map_test.rb
index 89f7b92d097c4..199e59657d921 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/identity_map_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/identity_map_test.rb
@@ -90,6 +90,13 @@ def test_find_first_pkey
     )
   end
 
+  def test_queries_are_not_executed_when_finding_by_id
+    Post.find 1
+    assert_no_queries do
+      Post.find 1
+    end
+  end
+
   ##############################################################################
   # Tests checking if IM is functioning properly on more advanced finds        #
   # and associations                                                           #
@@ -144,7 +151,7 @@ def test_loading_new_instance_should_change_dirty_attribute_original_value
 
     s = Subscriber.find('swistak')
 
-    assert_equal({'name' => ["Raczkowski Marcin", "Swistak Sreberkowiec"]}, swistak.changes)
+    assert_equal({"name"=>["Marcin Raczkowski", "Swistak Sreberkowiec"]}, swistak.changes)
     assert_equal("Swistak Sreberkowiec", swistak.name)
   end
 
@@ -159,8 +166,8 @@ def test_loading_new_instance_should_remove_dirt
     s = Subscriber.find('swistak')
 
     assert_equal("Swistak Sreberkowiec", swistak.name)
-    assert_equal({}, swistak.changes)
-    assert !swistak.name_changed?
+    assert_equal({"name"=>["Marcin Raczkowski", "Swistak Sreberkowiec"]}, swistak.changes)
+    assert swistak.name_changed?
   end
 
   def test_has_many_associations
@@ -381,6 +388,15 @@ def test_find_using_select_and_identity_map
     assert_not_nil post.title
   end
 
+  def test_log
+    log = StringIO.new
+    ActiveRecord::Base.logger = Logger.new(log)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.logger.level = Logger::DEBUG
+    Post.find 1
+    Post.find 1
+    assert_match(/Post with ID = 1 loaded from Identity Map/, log.string)
+  end
+
 # Currently AR is not allowing changing primary key (see Persistence#update)
 # So we ignore it. If this changes, this test needs to be uncommented.
 #  def test_updating_of_pkey
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 8ebde933b46f1..5f552990651b9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ class LogSubscriberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def setup
     @old_logger = ActiveRecord::Base.logger
+    @using_identity_map = ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled?
+    ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled = false
     super
     ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber.attach_to(:active_record)
   end
@@ -16,6 +18,7 @@ def teardown
     super
     ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber.log_subscribers.pop
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger = @old_logger
+    ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled = @using_identity_map
   end
 
   def set_logger(logger)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/method_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/method_scoping_test.rb
index 7e8383da9edf4..7f0f007a70e4e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/method_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/method_scoping_test.rb
@@ -249,22 +249,21 @@ def test_immutable_scope
   end
 
   def test_scoped_with_duck_typing
-    scoping = Struct.new(:method_scoping).new(:find => { :conditions => ["name = ?", 'David'] })
+    scoping = Struct.new(:current_scope).new(:find => { :conditions => ["name = ?", 'David'] })
     Developer.send(:with_scope, scoping) do
        assert_equal %w(David), Developer.find(:all).map { |d| d.name }
     end
   end
 
   def test_ensure_that_method_scoping_is_correctly_restored
-    scoped_methods = Developer.instance_eval('current_scoped_methods')
-
     begin
       Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'Jamis'" }) do
         raise "an exception"
       end
     rescue
     end
-    assert_equal scoped_methods, Developer.instance_eval('current_scoped_methods')
+
+    assert !Developer.scoped.where_values.include?("name = 'Jamis'")
   end
 end
 
@@ -509,14 +508,15 @@ def test_immutable_merged_scope
 
   def test_ensure_that_method_scoping_is_correctly_restored
     Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'David'" }) do
-      scoped_methods = Developer.instance_eval('current_scoped_methods')
       begin
         Developer.send(:with_scope, :find => { :conditions => "name = 'Maiha'" }) do
           raise "an exception"
         end
       rescue
       end
-      assert_equal scoped_methods, Developer.instance_eval('current_scoped_methods')
+
+      assert Developer.scoped.where_values.include?("name = 'David'")
+      assert !Developer.scoped.where_values.include?("name = 'Maiha'")
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
index 9b20ea08de055..2880fdc651444 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/named_scope_test.rb
@@ -58,17 +58,6 @@ def test_respond_to_respects_include_private_parameter
     assert Topic.approved.respond_to?(:tables_in_string, true)
   end
 
-  def test_subclasses_inherit_scopes
-    assert Topic.scopes.include?(:base)
-
-    assert Reply.scopes.include?(:base)
-    assert_equal Reply.find(:all), Reply.base
-  end
-
-  def test_classes_dont_inherit_subclasses_scopes
-    assert !ActiveRecord::Base.scopes.include?(:base)
-  end
-
   def test_scopes_with_options_limit_finds_to_those_matching_the_criteria_specified
     assert !Topic.find(:all, :conditions => {:approved => true}).empty?
 
@@ -440,26 +429,31 @@ def test_nested_scopes_queries_size
     end
   end
 
+  # Note: these next two are kinda odd because they are essentially just testing that the
+  # query cache works as it should, but they are here for legacy reasons as they was previously
+  # a separate cache on association proxies, and these show that that is not necessary.
   def test_scopes_are_cached_on_associations
     post = posts(:welcome)
 
-    assert_equal post.comments.containing_the_letter_e.object_id, post.comments.containing_the_letter_e.object_id
-
-    post.comments.containing_the_letter_e.all # force load
-    assert_no_queries { post.comments.containing_the_letter_e.all }
+    Post.cache do
+      assert_queries(1) { post.comments.containing_the_letter_e.all }
+      assert_no_queries { post.comments.containing_the_letter_e.all }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_scopes_with_arguments_are_cached_on_associations
     post = posts(:welcome)
 
-    one = post.comments.limit_by(1).all
-    assert_equal 1, one.size
+    Post.cache do
+      one = assert_queries(1) { post.comments.limit_by(1).all }
+      assert_equal 1, one.size
 
-    two = post.comments.limit_by(2).all
-    assert_equal 2, two.size
+      two = assert_queries(1) { post.comments.limit_by(2).all }
+      assert_equal 2, two.size
 
-    assert_no_queries { post.comments.limit_by(1).all }
-    assert_no_queries { post.comments.limit_by(2).all }
+      assert_no_queries { post.comments.limit_by(1).all }
+      assert_no_queries { post.comments.limit_by(2).all }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_scopes_are_reset_on_association_reload
@@ -477,6 +471,12 @@ def test_scoped_are_lazy_loaded_if_table_still_does_not_exist
       require "models/without_table"
     end
   end
+
+  def test_scopes_with_callables_are_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Post.scope :WE_SO_EXCITED, lambda { |partyingpartyingpartying, yeah| fun!.fun!.fun! }
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class DynamicScopeMatchTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
index c57ab7ed281d8..6568eb1d18054 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
@@ -131,6 +131,14 @@ def test_reject_if_with_a_proc_which_returns_true_always_for_has_many
     assert_equal 'photography', interest.reload.topic
   end
 
+  def test_destroy_works_independent_of_reject_if
+    Man.accepts_nested_attributes_for :interests, :reject_if => proc {|attributes| true }, :allow_destroy => true
+    man = Man.create(:name => "Jon")
+    interest = man.interests.create(:topic => 'the ladies')
+    man.update_attributes({:interests_attributes => { :_destroy => "1", :id => interest.id } })
+    assert man.reload.interests.empty?
+  end
+
   def test_has_many_association_updating_a_single_record
     Man.accepts_nested_attributes_for(:interests)
     man = Man.create(:name => 'John')
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
index 53aefc7b5807c..287f7e255b450 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def setup
   end
 
   def test_find_queries
-    assert_queries(2) { Task.find(1); Task.find(1) }
+    assert_queries(ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? ? 1 : 2) { Task.find(1); Task.find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_queries_with_cache
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_scoping_test.rb
index 30a783d5a225b..5079aec9ba26d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_scoping_test.rb
@@ -132,8 +132,6 @@ def test_scoped_create_with_create_with_has_higher_priority
   end
 
   def test_ensure_that_method_scoping_is_correctly_restored
-    scoped_methods = Developer.send(:current_scoped_methods)
-
     begin
       Developer.where("name = 'Jamis'").scoping do
         raise "an exception"
@@ -141,7 +139,7 @@ def test_ensure_that_method_scoping_is_correctly_restored
     rescue
     end
 
-    assert_equal scoped_methods, Developer.send(:current_scoped_methods)
+    assert !Developer.scoped.where_values.include?("name = 'Jamis'")
   end
 end
 
@@ -310,72 +308,178 @@ def test_default_scope
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
-  def test_default_scope_with_lambda
-    expected = Post.find_all_by_author_id(2)
-    PostForAuthor.selected_author = 2
-    received = PostForAuthor.all
-    assert_equal expected, received
-    expected = Post.find_all_by_author_id(1)
-    PostForAuthor.selected_author = 1
-    received = PostForAuthor.all
+  def test_default_scope_is_unscoped_on_find
+    assert_equal 1, DeveloperCalledDavid.count
+    assert_equal 11, DeveloperCalledDavid.unscoped.count
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scope_is_unscoped_on_create
+    assert_nil DeveloperCalledJamis.unscoped.create!.name
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scope_with_conditions_string
+    assert_equal Developer.find_all_by_name('David').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledDavid.find(:all).map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal nil, DeveloperCalledDavid.create!.name
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scope_with_conditions_hash
+    assert_equal Developer.find_all_by_name('Jamis').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledJamis.find(:all).map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal 'Jamis', DeveloperCalledJamis.create!.name
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scoping_with_threads
+    2.times do
+      Thread.new { assert DeveloperOrderedBySalary.scoped.to_sql.include?('salary DESC') }.join
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scope_with_inheritance
+    wheres = InheritedPoorDeveloperCalledJamis.scoped.where_values_hash
+    assert_equal "Jamis", wheres[:name]
+    assert_equal 50000,   wheres[:salary]
+  end
+
+  def test_method_scope
+    expected = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary DESC, name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all_ordered_by_name.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
-  def test_default_scope_with_thing_that_responds_to_call
-    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
-      self.table_name = 'posts'
+  def test_nested_scope
+    expected = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary DESC, name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.send(:with_scope, :find => { :order => 'name DESC'}) do
+      DeveloperOrderedBySalary.find(:all).collect { |dev| dev.salary }
     end
+    assert_equal expected, received
+  end
 
-    klass.class_eval do
-      default_scope Class.new(Struct.new(:klass)) {
-        def call
-          klass.where(:author_id => 2)
-        end
-      }.new(self)
+  def test_scope_overwrites_default
+    expected = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary DESC, name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.by_name.find(:all).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    assert_equal expected, received
+  end
+
+  def test_reorder_overrides_default_scope_order
+    expected = Developer.order('name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.reorder('name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    assert_equal expected, received
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_exclusive_scope
+    expected = Developer.find(:all, :limit => 100).collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.send(:with_exclusive_scope, :find => { :limit => 100 }) do
+      DeveloperOrderedBySalary.find(:all).collect { |dev| dev.salary }
     end
+    assert_equal expected, received
+  end
+
+  def test_order_in_default_scope_should_prevail
+    expected = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary desc').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.find(:all, :order => 'salary').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    assert_equal expected, received
+  end
+
+  def test_create_attribute_overwrites_default_scoping
+    assert_equal 'David', PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create!(:name => 'David').name
+    assert_equal 200000, PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create!(:name => 'David', :salary => 200000).salary
+  end
+
+  def test_create_attribute_overwrites_default_values
+    assert_equal nil, PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create!(:salary => nil).salary
+    assert_equal 50000, PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create!(:name => 'David').salary
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scope_attribute
+    jamis = PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.new(:name => 'David')
+    assert_equal 50000, jamis.salary
+  end
 
-    records = klass.all
-    assert_equal 3, records.length
-    assert_equal 2, records.first.author_id
+  def test_where_attribute
+    aaron = PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.where(:salary => 20).new(:name => 'Aaron')
+    assert_equal 20, aaron.salary
+    assert_equal 'Aaron', aaron.name
+  end
+
+  def test_where_attribute_merge
+    aaron = PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.where(:name => 'foo').new(:name => 'Aaron')
+    assert_equal 'Aaron', aaron.name
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_composed_by_limit_and_then_offset_is_equal_to_scope_composed_by_offset_and_then_limit
+    posts_limit_offset = Post.limit(3).offset(2)
+    posts_offset_limit = Post.offset(2).limit(3)
+    assert_equal posts_limit_offset, posts_offset_limit
+  end
+
+  def test_create_with_merge
+    aaron = PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create_with(:name => 'foo', :salary => 20).merge(
+              PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create_with(:name => 'Aaron')).new
+    assert_equal 20, aaron.salary
+    assert_equal 'Aaron', aaron.name
+
+    aaron = PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create_with(:name => 'foo', :salary => 20).
+                                     create_with(:name => 'Aaron').new
+    assert_equal 20, aaron.salary
+    assert_equal 'Aaron', aaron.name
+  end
+
+  def test_create_with_reset
+    jamis = PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create_with(:name => 'Aaron').create_with(nil).new
+    assert_equal 'Jamis', jamis.name
+  end
+
+  def test_unscoped_with_named_scope_should_not_have_default_scope
+    assert_equal [DeveloperCalledJamis.find(developers(:poor_jamis).id)], DeveloperCalledJamis.poor
+
+    assert DeveloperCalledJamis.unscoped.poor.include?(developers(:david).becomes(DeveloperCalledJamis))
+    assert_equal 10, DeveloperCalledJamis.unscoped.poor.length
+  end
+end
+
+class DeprecatedDefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :developers, :posts
+
+  def test_default_scope
+    expected = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    received = DeprecatedDeveloperOrderedBySalary.find(:all).collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_default_scope_is_unscoped_on_find
-    assert_equal 1, DeveloperCalledDavid.count
-    assert_equal 11, DeveloperCalledDavid.unscoped.count
+    assert_equal 1, DeprecatedDeveloperCalledDavid.count
+    assert_equal 11, DeprecatedDeveloperCalledDavid.unscoped.count
   end
 
   def test_default_scope_is_unscoped_on_create
-    assert_nil DeveloperCalledJamis.unscoped.create!.name
+    assert_nil DeprecatedDeveloperCalledJamis.unscoped.create!.name
   end
 
   def test_default_scope_with_conditions_string
-    assert_equal Developer.find_all_by_name('David').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledDavid.find(:all).map(&:id).sort
-    assert_equal nil, DeveloperCalledDavid.create!.name
+    assert_equal Developer.find_all_by_name('David').map(&:id).sort, DeprecatedDeveloperCalledDavid.find(:all).map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal nil, DeprecatedDeveloperCalledDavid.create!.name
   end
 
   def test_default_scope_with_conditions_hash
-    assert_equal Developer.find_all_by_name('Jamis').map(&:id).sort, DeveloperCalledJamis.find(:all).map(&:id).sort
-    assert_equal 'Jamis', DeveloperCalledJamis.create!.name
+    assert_equal Developer.find_all_by_name('Jamis').map(&:id).sort, DeprecatedDeveloperCalledJamis.find(:all).map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal 'Jamis', DeprecatedDeveloperCalledJamis.create!.name
   end
 
   def test_default_scoping_with_threads
     2.times do
-      Thread.new { assert_equal ['salary DESC'], DeveloperOrderedBySalary.scoped.order_values }.join
+      Thread.new { assert DeprecatedDeveloperOrderedBySalary.scoped.to_sql.include?('salary DESC') }.join
     end
   end
 
   def test_default_scoping_with_inheritance
     # Inherit a class having a default scope and define a new default scope
-    klass = Class.new(DeveloperOrderedBySalary)
-    klass.send :default_scope, :limit => 1
+    klass = Class.new(DeprecatedDeveloperOrderedBySalary)
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { klass.send :default_scope, :limit => 1 }
 
     # Scopes added on children should append to parent scope
-    assert_equal 1,               klass.scoped.limit_value
-    assert_equal ['salary DESC'], klass.scoped.order_values
+    assert_equal [developers(:jamis).id], klass.all.map(&:id)
 
     # Parent should still have the original scope
-    assert_nil DeveloperOrderedBySalary.scoped.limit_value
-    assert_equal ['salary DESC'], DeveloperOrderedBySalary.scoped.order_values
+    assert_equal Developer.order('salary DESC').map(&:id), DeprecatedDeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.map(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_default_scope_called_twice_merges_conditions
@@ -385,8 +489,10 @@ def test_default_scope_called_twice_merges_conditions
     Developer.create!(:name => "Brian", :salary => 100000)
 
     klass = Class.new(Developer)
-    klass.__send__ :default_scope, :conditions => { :name => "David" }
-    klass.__send__ :default_scope, :conditions => { :salary => 100000 }
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      klass.__send__ :default_scope, :conditions => { :name => "David" }
+      klass.__send__ :default_scope, :conditions => { :salary => 100000 }
+    end
     assert_equal 1,       klass.count
     assert_equal "David", klass.first.name
     assert_equal 100000,  klass.first.salary
@@ -399,9 +505,11 @@ def test_default_scope_called_twice_in_different_place_merges_where_clause
     Developer.create!(:name => "Brian", :salary => 100000)
 
     klass = Class.new(Developer)
-    klass.class_eval do
-      default_scope where("name = 'David'")
-      default_scope where("salary = 100000")
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      klass.class_eval do
+        default_scope where("name = 'David'")
+        default_scope where("salary = 100000")
+      end
     end
 
     assert_equal 1,       klass.count
@@ -411,96 +519,90 @@ def test_default_scope_called_twice_in_different_place_merges_where_clause
 
   def test_method_scope
     expected = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary DESC, name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all_ordered_by_name.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    received = DeprecatedDeveloperOrderedBySalary.all_ordered_by_name.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_nested_scope
     expected = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary DESC, name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.send(:with_scope, :find => { :order => 'name DESC'}) do
-      DeveloperOrderedBySalary.find(:all).collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    received = DeprecatedDeveloperOrderedBySalary.send(:with_scope, :find => { :order => 'name DESC'}) do
+      DeprecatedDeveloperOrderedBySalary.find(:all).collect { |dev| dev.salary }
     end
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_scope_overwrites_default
     expected = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary DESC, name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.by_name.find(:all).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    received = DeprecatedDeveloperOrderedBySalary.by_name.find(:all).collect { |dev| dev.name }
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_reorder_overrides_default_scope_order
     expected = Developer.order('name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.reorder('name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    received = DeprecatedDeveloperOrderedBySalary.reorder('name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_nested_exclusive_scope
     expected = Developer.find(:all, :limit => 100).collect { |dev| dev.salary }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.send(:with_exclusive_scope, :find => { :limit => 100 }) do
-      DeveloperOrderedBySalary.find(:all).collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    received = DeprecatedDeveloperOrderedBySalary.send(:with_exclusive_scope, :find => { :limit => 100 }) do
+      DeprecatedDeveloperOrderedBySalary.find(:all).collect { |dev| dev.salary }
     end
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_order_in_default_scope_should_prevail
     expected = Developer.find(:all, :order => 'salary desc').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.find(:all, :order => 'salary').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    received = DeprecatedDeveloperOrderedBySalary.find(:all, :order => 'salary').collect { |dev| dev.salary }
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_default_scope_using_relation
-    posts = PostWithComment.scoped
-    assert_equal 2, posts.count
+    posts = DeprecatedPostWithComment.scoped
+    assert_equal 2, posts.to_a.length
     assert_equal posts(:thinking), posts.first
   end
 
   def test_create_attribute_overwrites_default_scoping
-    assert_equal 'David', PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create!(:name => 'David').name
-    assert_equal 200000, PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create!(:name => 'David', :salary => 200000).salary
+    assert_equal 'David', DeprecatedPoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create!(:name => 'David').name
+    assert_equal 200000, DeprecatedPoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create!(:name => 'David', :salary => 200000).salary
   end
 
   def test_create_attribute_overwrites_default_values
-    assert_equal nil, PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create!(:salary => nil).salary
-    assert_equal 50000, PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create!(:name => 'David').salary
+    assert_equal nil, DeprecatedPoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create!(:salary => nil).salary
+    assert_equal 50000, DeprecatedPoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create!(:name => 'David').salary
   end
 
   def test_default_scope_attribute
-    jamis = PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.new(:name => 'David')
+    jamis = DeprecatedPoorDeveloperCalledJamis.new(:name => 'David')
     assert_equal 50000, jamis.salary
   end
 
   def test_where_attribute
-    aaron = PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.where(:salary => 20).new(:name => 'Aaron')
+    aaron = DeprecatedPoorDeveloperCalledJamis.where(:salary => 20).new(:name => 'Aaron')
     assert_equal 20, aaron.salary
     assert_equal 'Aaron', aaron.name
   end
 
   def test_where_attribute_merge
-    aaron = PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.where(:name => 'foo').new(:name => 'Aaron')
+    aaron = DeprecatedPoorDeveloperCalledJamis.where(:name => 'foo').new(:name => 'Aaron')
     assert_equal 'Aaron', aaron.name
   end
 
-  def test_scope_composed_by_limit_and_then_offset_is_equal_to_scope_composed_by_offset_and_then_limit
-    posts_limit_offset = Post.limit(3).offset(2)
-    posts_offset_limit = Post.offset(2).limit(3)
-    assert_equal posts_limit_offset, posts_offset_limit
-  end
-
   def test_create_with_merge
-    aaron = PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create_with(:name => 'foo', :salary => 20).merge(
-              PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create_with(:name => 'Aaron')).new
+    aaron = DeprecatedPoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create_with(:name => 'foo', :salary => 20).merge(
+              DeprecatedPoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create_with(:name => 'Aaron')).new
     assert_equal 20, aaron.salary
     assert_equal 'Aaron', aaron.name
 
-    aaron = PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create_with(:name => 'foo', :salary => 20).
+    aaron = DeprecatedPoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create_with(:name => 'foo', :salary => 20).
                                      create_with(:name => 'Aaron').new
     assert_equal 20, aaron.salary
     assert_equal 'Aaron', aaron.name
   end
 
   def test_create_with_reset
-    jamis = PoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create_with(:name => 'Aaron').create_with(nil).new
+    jamis = DeprecatedPoorDeveloperCalledJamis.create_with(:name => 'Aaron').create_with(nil).new
     assert_equal 'Jamis', jamis.name
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
index 7bdbd773b6587..6874bd18f87d4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def test_construction
     end
 
     def test_single_values
-      assert_equal [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :create_with, :from].map(&:to_s).sort,
+      assert_equal [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :create_with, :from, :reorder].map(&:to_s).sort,
         Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.map(&:to_s).sort
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb b/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
index 7178bb0d0072a..89ee5416bf72c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 class Bulb < ActiveRecord::Base
-
-  default_scope :conditions => {:name => 'defaulty' }
+  def self.default_scope
+    where :name => 'defaulty'
+  end
 
   belongs_to :car
 
-  attr_reader :scoped_methods_after_initialize
+  attr_reader :scope_after_initialize
 
-  after_initialize :record_scoped_methods_after_initialize
-  def record_scoped_methods_after_initialize
-    @scoped_methods_after_initialize = self.class.scoped_methods.dup
+  after_initialize :record_scope_after_initialize
+  def record_scope_after_initialize
+    @scope_after_initialize = self.class.scoped
   end
 
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/car.rb b/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
index e7db3d3423a28..a978debb58238 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 class Car < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   has_many :bulbs
+  has_many :foo_bulbs, :class_name => "Bulb", :conditions => { :name => 'foo' }
   has_many :tyres
   has_many :engines
   has_many :wheels, :as => :wheelable
@@ -14,9 +15,13 @@ class Car < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 class CoolCar < Car
-  default_scope :order => 'name desc'
+  def self.default_scope
+    order 'name desc'
+  end
 end
 
 class FastCar < Car
-  default_scope order('name desc')
+  def self.default_scope
+    order 'name desc'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/categorization.rb b/activerecord/test/models/categorization.rb
index 09489b8ea4e7b..39441e86109ac 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/categorization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/categorization.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ class Categorization < ActiveRecord::Base
 class SpecialCategorization < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'categorizations'
 
-  default_scope where(:special => true)
+  def self.default_scope
+    where(:special => true)
+  end
 
   belongs_to :author
   belongs_to :category
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb b/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
index 2a4c37089a3b2..3bd7db7834f3d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
-  scope :limit_by, lambda {|l| limit(l) }
+  def self.limit_by(l)
+    limit(l)
+  end
+
   scope :containing_the_letter_e, :conditions => "comments.body LIKE '%e%'"
   scope :not_again, where("comments.body NOT LIKE '%again%'")
   scope :for_first_post, :conditions => { :post_id => 1 }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
index 32d060cf09013..10385ba899db8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
@@ -86,7 +86,11 @@ def raise_if_projects_empty!
 
 class DeveloperOrderedBySalary < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
-  default_scope :order => 'salary DESC'
+
+  def self.default_scope
+    order('salary DESC')
+  end
+
   scope :by_name, order('name DESC')
 
   def self.all_ordered_by_name
@@ -98,15 +102,74 @@ def self.all_ordered_by_name
 
 class DeveloperCalledDavid < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
-  default_scope :conditions => "name = 'David'"
+
+  def self.default_scope
+    where "name = 'David'"
+  end
 end
 
 class DeveloperCalledJamis < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
-  default_scope :conditions => { :name => 'Jamis' }
+
+  def self.default_scope
+    where :name => 'Jamis'
+  end
+
+  scope :poor, where('salary < 150000')
+end
+
+class AbstractDeveloperCalledJamis < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.abstract_class = true
+
+  def self.default_scope
+    where :name => 'Jamis'
+  end
 end
 
 class PoorDeveloperCalledJamis < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
-  default_scope :conditions => { :name => 'Jamis', :salary => 50000 }
+
+  def self.default_scope
+    where :name => 'Jamis', :salary => 50000
+  end
+end
+
+class InheritedPoorDeveloperCalledJamis < DeveloperCalledJamis
+  self.table_name = 'developers'
+
+  def self.default_scope
+    super.where :salary => 50000
+  end
+end
+
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+  class DeprecatedDeveloperOrderedBySalary < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = 'developers'
+    default_scope :order => 'salary DESC'
+
+    def self.by_name
+      order('name DESC')
+    end
+
+    def self.all_ordered_by_name
+      with_scope(:find => { :order => 'name DESC' }) do
+        find(:all)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DeprecatedDeveloperCalledDavid < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = 'developers'
+    default_scope :conditions => "name = 'David'"
+  end
+
+  class DeprecatedDeveloperCalledJamis < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = 'developers'
+    default_scope :conditions => { :name => 'Jamis' }
+  end
+
+  class DeprecatedPoorDeveloperCalledJamis < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = 'developers'
+    default_scope :conditions => { :name => 'Jamis', :salary => 50000 }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb b/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
index 0d3f62bb339dd..5e0f5323e6cf6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class Pirate < ActiveRecord::Base
     :after_remove   => proc {|p,b| p.ship_log << "after_removing_proc_bird_#{b.id}"}
   has_many :birds_with_reject_all_blank, :class_name => "Bird"
 
-  has_one :bulb, :foreign_key => :car_id
+  has_one :foo_bulb, :foreign_key => :car_id, :class_name => "Bulb", :conditions => { :name => 'foo' }
 
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :parrots, :birds, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
index 82894a3d57ff1..7055380d85fe8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
@@ -7,12 +7,15 @@ def author
 
   scope :containing_the_letter_a, where("body LIKE '%a%'")
   scope :ranked_by_comments, order("comments_count DESC")
-  scope :limit_by, lambda {|l| limit(l) }
-  scope :with_authors_at_address, lambda { |address| {
-      :conditions => [ 'authors.author_address_id = ?', address.id ],
-      :joins => 'JOIN authors ON authors.id = posts.author_id'
-    }
-  }
+
+  def self.limit_by(l)
+    limit(l)
+  end
+
+  def self.with_authors_at_address(address)
+    where('authors.author_address_id = ?', address.id)
+      .joins('JOIN authors ON authors.id = posts.author_id')
+  end
 
   belongs_to :author do
     def greeting
@@ -27,9 +30,10 @@ def greeting
 
   scope :with_special_comments, :joins => :comments, :conditions => {:comments => {:type => 'SpecialComment'} }
   scope :with_very_special_comments, joins(:comments).where(:comments => {:type => 'VerySpecialComment'})
-  scope :with_post, lambda {|post_id|
-    { :joins => :comments, :conditions => {:comments => {:post_id => post_id} } }
-  }
+
+  def self.with_post(post_id)
+    joins(:comments).where(:comments => { :post_id => post_id })
+  end
 
   has_many   :comments do
     def find_most_recent
@@ -142,20 +146,25 @@ class SubStiPost < StiPost
   self.table_name = Post.table_name
 end
 
-class PostWithComment < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = 'posts'
-  default_scope where("posts.comments_count > 0").order("posts.comments_count ASC")
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+  class DeprecatedPostWithComment < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = 'posts'
+    default_scope where("posts.comments_count > 0").order("posts.comments_count ASC")
+  end
 end
 
 class PostForAuthor < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'posts'
   cattr_accessor :selected_author
-  default_scope lambda { where(:author_id => PostForAuthor.selected_author) }
 end
 
 class FirstPost < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'posts'
-  default_scope where(:id => 1)
+
+  def self.default_scope
+    where(:id => 1)
+  end
+
   has_many :comments, :foreign_key => :post_id
   has_one  :comment,  :foreign_key => :post_id
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/reference.rb b/activerecord/test/models/reference.rb
index e33a0f2acc4f5..76c0a1a32ed98 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/reference.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/reference.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ def make_comments
 end
 
 class BadReference < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name ='references'
-  default_scope :conditions => {:favourite => false }
+  self.table_name = 'references'
+
+  def self.default_scope
+    where :favourite => false
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb b/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
index 6440dbe8abc91..60e750e6c442f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,20 @@
 class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :base
-  scope :written_before, lambda { |time|
-    if time
-      { :conditions => ['written_on < ?', time] }
-    end
-  }
+
+  ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+    scope :written_before, lambda { |time|
+      if time
+        { :conditions => ['written_on < ?', time] }
+      end
+    }
+
+    scope :with_object, Class.new(Struct.new(:klass)) {
+      def call
+        klass.where(:approved => true)
+      end
+    }.new(self)
+  end
+
   scope :approved, :conditions => {:approved => true}
   scope :rejected, :conditions => {:approved => false}
 
@@ -19,12 +29,6 @@ def one
     end
   end
 
-  scope :with_object, Class.new(Struct.new(:klass)) {
-    def call
-      klass.where(:approved => true)
-    end
-  }.new(self)
-
   module NamedExtension
     def two
       2
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/without_table.rb b/activerecord/test/models/without_table.rb
index 87f80911e1adb..1a63d6ceb6a48 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/without_table.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/without_table.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 class WithoutTable < ActiveRecord::Base
-  default_scope where(:published => true)
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+  def self.default_scope
+    where(:published => true)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activeresource/activeresource.gemspec b/activeresource/activeresource.gemspec
index a71168722b15f..c2fd707e9bc57 100644
--- a/activeresource/activeresource.gemspec
+++ b/activeresource/activeresource.gemspec
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.files        = Dir['CHANGELOG', 'README.rdoc', 'examples/**/*', 'lib/**/*']
   s.require_path = 'lib'
 
-  s.has_rdoc         = true
   s.extra_rdoc_files = %w( README.rdoc )
   s.rdoc_options.concat ['--main',  'README.rdoc']
 
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/connection.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/connection.rb
index 480f2fbecbae7..e286362f8751f 100644
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/connection.rb
+++ b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/connection.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/benchmark'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/uri'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 require 'net/https'
 require 'date'
 require 'time'
@@ -277,7 +278,7 @@ def http_format_header(http_method)
       def legitimize_auth_type(auth_type)
         return :basic if auth_type.nil?
         auth_type = auth_type.to_sym
-        [:basic, :digest].include?(auth_type) ? auth_type : :basic
+        auth_type.among?(:basic, :digest) ? auth_type : :basic
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/http_mock.rb b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/http_mock.rb
index 75649053d0284..e085a05f6d0bd 100644
--- a/activeresource/lib/active_resource/http_mock.rb
+++ b/activeresource/lib/active_resource/http_mock.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 module ActiveResource
   class InvalidRequestError < StandardError; end #:nodoc:
@@ -299,7 +300,7 @@ def initialize(body, message = 200, headers = {})
     end
 
     def success?
-      (200..299).include?(code)
+      code.in?(200..299)
     end
 
     def [](key)
diff --git a/activeresource/test/cases/http_mock_test.rb b/activeresource/test/cases/http_mock_test.rb
index 43cf5f5ef0d32..dfb097315ecf0 100644
--- a/activeresource/test/cases/http_mock_test.rb
+++ b/activeresource/test/cases/http_mock_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 class HttpMockTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   setup do
@@ -192,7 +193,7 @@ class HttpMockTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def request(method, path, headers = {}, body = nil)
-    if [:put, :post].include? method
+    if method.among?(:put, :post)
       @http.send(method, path, body, headers)
     else
       @http.send(method, path, headers)
diff --git a/activesupport/CHANGELOG b/activesupport/CHANGELOG
index 373236ce9a27a..eb027795a8d06 100644
--- a/activesupport/CHANGELOG
+++ b/activesupport/CHANGELOG
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 *Rails 3.1.0 (unreleased)*
 
+* Add Object#in? to test if an object is included in another object, and Object#among? to test if an object is included in a list of objects which will be passed as arguments. [Prem Sichanugrist, Brian Morearty, John Reitano]
+
 * LocalCache strategy is now a real middleware class, not an anonymous class
 posing for pictures.
 
diff --git a/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec b/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
index df7f68fecf9f4..eaecb30090c76 100644
--- a/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
+++ b/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
@@ -16,6 +16,4 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.files        = Dir['CHANGELOG', 'README.rdoc', 'lib/**/*']
   s.require_path = 'lib'
-
-  s.has_rdoc = true
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
index 18182bbb40bf3..bdef47a237698 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/file/atomic'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/conversions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 require 'rack/utils'
 
 module ActiveSupport
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ def initialize(cache_path, options = nil)
       end
 
       def clear(options = nil)
-        root_dirs = Dir.entries(cache_path).reject{|f| ['.', '..'].include?(f)}
+        root_dirs = Dir.entries(cache_path).reject{|f| f.among?('.', '..')}
         FileUtils.rm_r(root_dirs.collect{|f| File.join(cache_path, f)})
       end
 
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ def file_path_key(path)
         # Delete empty directories in the cache.
         def delete_empty_directories(dir)
           return if dir == cache_path
-          if Dir.entries(dir).reject{|f| ['.', '..'].include?(f)}.empty?
+          if Dir.entries(dir).reject{|f| f.among?('.', '..')}.empty?
             File.delete(dir) rescue nil
             delete_empty_directories(File.dirname(dir))
           end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
index 418102352fc96..6a0bffb6d7c96 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   # \Callbacks are code hooks that are run at key points in an object's lifecycle.
@@ -412,7 +413,7 @@ def #{name}() #{str} end
       # CallbackChain.
       #
       def __update_callbacks(name, filters = [], block = nil) #:nodoc:
-        type = [:before, :after, :around].include?(filters.first) ? filters.shift : :before
+        type = filters.first.among?(:before, :after, :around) ? filters.shift : :before
         options = filters.last.is_a?(Hash) ? filters.pop : {}
         filters.unshift(block) if block
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/zones.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/zones.rb
index 82a4f7ac5ab23..6fa55a925554f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/zones.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/zones.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ class DateTime
   def in_time_zone(zone = ::Time.zone)
     return self unless zone
 
-    ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(utc? ? self : getutc, ::Time.__send__(:get_zone, zone))
+    ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(utc? ? self : getutc, ::Time.find_zone!(zone))
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb
index 790a26f5c197c..9ad1e1269955b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..cf89288aede25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+class Object
+  # Returns true if this object is included in the argument. Argument must be
+  # any object which respond to +#include?+. Usage:
+  #
+  #   characters = ["Konata", "Kagami", "Tsukasa"]
+  #   "Konata".in?(characters) # => true
+  #
+  def in?(another_object)
+    another_object.include?(self)
+  end
+
+  # Returns true if this object is included in the argument list. Usage:
+  #
+  #   username = "sikachu"
+  #   username.among?("josevalim", "dhh", "wycats") # => false
+  #
+  def among?(*objects)
+    objects.include?(self)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
index addd4dab95d5b..c27cbc37c500d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module Util
     # A utility method for escaping HTML tag characters.
     # This method is also aliased as <tt>h</tt>.
     #
-    # In your ERb templates, use this method to escape any unsafe content. For example:
+    # In your ERB templates, use this method to escape any unsafe content. For example:
     #   <%=h @person.name %>
     #
     # ==== Example:
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
index ff90d7ca58c1e..0c5962858eb1e 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
@@ -34,29 +34,36 @@ def zone
     #     end
     #   end
     def zone=(time_zone)
-      Thread.current[:time_zone] = get_zone(time_zone)
+      Thread.current[:time_zone] = find_zone!(time_zone)
     end
 
     # Allows override of <tt>Time.zone</tt> locally inside supplied block; resets <tt>Time.zone</tt> to existing value when done.
     def use_zone(time_zone)
-      old_zone, ::Time.zone = ::Time.zone, get_zone(time_zone)
-      yield
-    ensure
-      ::Time.zone = old_zone
+      new_zone = find_zone!(time_zone)
+      begin
+        old_zone, ::Time.zone = ::Time.zone, new_zone
+        yield
+      ensure
+        ::Time.zone = old_zone
+      end
     end
 
-    private
-      def get_zone(time_zone)
-        return time_zone if time_zone.nil? || time_zone.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone)
-        # lookup timezone based on identifier (unless we've been passed a TZInfo::Timezone)
-        unless time_zone.respond_to?(:period_for_local)
-          time_zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[time_zone] || TZInfo::Timezone.get(time_zone) rescue nil
-        end
-        # Return if a TimeZone instance, or wrap in a TimeZone instance if a TZInfo::Timezone
-        if time_zone
-          time_zone.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone) ? time_zone : ActiveSupport::TimeZone.create(time_zone.name, nil, time_zone)
-        end
+    # Returns a TimeZone instance or nil, or raises an ArgumentError for invalid timezones.
+    def find_zone!(time_zone)
+      return time_zone if time_zone.nil? || time_zone.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone)
+      # lookup timezone based on identifier (unless we've been passed a TZInfo::Timezone)
+      unless time_zone.respond_to?(:period_for_local)
+        time_zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[time_zone] || TZInfo::Timezone.get(time_zone)
       end
+      # Return if a TimeZone instance, or wrap in a TimeZone instance if a TZInfo::Timezone
+      time_zone.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone) ? time_zone : ActiveSupport::TimeZone.create(time_zone.name, nil, time_zone)
+    rescue TZInfo::InvalidTimezoneIdentifier
+      raise ArgumentError, "Invalid Timezone: #{time_zone}"
+    end
+
+    def find_zone(time_zone)
+      find_zone!(time_zone) rescue nil
+    end
   end
 
   # Returns the simultaneous time in <tt>Time.zone</tt>.
@@ -74,6 +81,6 @@ def get_zone(time_zone)
   def in_time_zone(zone = ::Time.zone)
     return self unless zone
 
-    ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(utc? ? self : getutc, ::Time.__send__(:get_zone, zone))
+    ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(utc? ? self : getutc, ::Time.find_zone!(zone))
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb
index c2deba3b1bd4e..04df2ea562ea6 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class Railtie < Rails::Railtie
     # If assigned value cannot be matched to a TimeZone, an exception will be raised.
     initializer "active_support.initialize_time_zone" do |app|
       require 'active_support/core_ext/time/zones'
-      zone_default = Time.__send__(:get_zone, app.config.time_zone)
+      zone_default = Time.find_zone!(app.config.time_zone)
 
       unless zone_default
         raise \
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
index fb52fc708358d..8d6c27e381b97 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
@@ -5,16 +5,9 @@
 require 'active_support/testing/declarative'
 require 'active_support/testing/pending'
 require 'active_support/testing/isolation'
+require 'active_support/testing/mochaing'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 
-begin
-  silence_warnings { require 'mocha' }
-rescue LoadError
-  # Fake Mocha::ExpectationError so we can rescue it in #run. Bleh.
-  Object.const_set :Mocha, Module.new
-  Mocha.const_set :ExpectationError, Class.new(StandardError)
-end
-
 module ActiveSupport
   class TestCase < ::Test::Unit::TestCase
     if defined? MiniTest
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/mochaing.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/mochaing.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..4ad75a668153f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/mochaing.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+begin
+  silence_warnings { require 'mocha' }
+rescue LoadError
+  # Fake Mocha::ExpectationError so we can rescue it in #run. Bleh.
+  Object.const_set :Mocha, Module.new
+  Mocha.const_set :ExpectationError, Class.new(StandardError)
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/pending.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/pending.rb
index 3d119e2fba3c4..feac7bc34746c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/pending.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/pending.rb
@@ -11,32 +11,36 @@ module Pending
         @@at_exit = false
 
         def pending(description = "", &block)
-          if description.is_a?(Symbol)
-            is_pending = $tags[description]
-            return block.call unless is_pending
-          end
+          if defined?(::MiniTest)
+            skip(description.blank? ? nil : description)
+          else
+            if description.is_a?(Symbol)
+              is_pending = $tags[description]
+              return block.call unless is_pending
+            end
 
-          if block_given?
-            failed = false
+            if block_given?
+              failed = false
 
-            begin
-              block.call
-            rescue Exception
-              failed = true
-            end
+              begin
+                block.call
+              rescue Exception
+                failed = true
+              end
 
-            flunk("<#{description}> did not fail.") unless failed
-          end
+              flunk("<#{description}> did not fail.") unless failed
+            end
 
-          caller[0] =~ (/(.*):(.*):in `(.*)'/)
-          @@pending_cases << "#{$3} at #{$1}, line #{$2}"
-          print "P"
+            caller[0] =~ (/(.*):(.*):in `(.*)'/)
+            @@pending_cases << "#{$3} at #{$1}, line #{$2}"
+            print "P"
 
-          @@at_exit ||= begin
-            at_exit do
-              puts "\nPending Cases:"
-              @@pending_cases.each do |test_case|
-                puts test_case
+            @@at_exit ||= begin
+              at_exit do
+                puts "\nPending Cases:"
+                @@pending_cases.each do |test_case|
+                  puts test_case
+                end
               end
             end
           end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
index c66aa78ce846e..6b9120e51f5d4 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require "active_support/values/time_zone"
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/acts_like'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   # A Time-like class that can represent a time in any time zone. Necessary because standard Ruby Time instances are
@@ -309,7 +310,7 @@ def marshal_dump
     end
 
     def marshal_load(variables)
-      initialize(variables[0].utc, ::Time.__send__(:get_zone, variables[1]), variables[2].utc)
+      initialize(variables[0].utc, ::Time.find_zone(variables[1]), variables[2].utc)
     end
 
     # Ensure proxy class responds to all methods that underlying time instance responds to.
@@ -344,7 +345,7 @@ def transfer_time_values_to_utc_constructor(time)
       end
 
       def duration_of_variable_length?(obj)
-        ActiveSupport::Duration === obj && obj.parts.any? {|p| [:years, :months, :days].include? p[0] }
+        ActiveSupport::Duration === obj && obj.parts.any? {|p| p[0].among?(:years, :months, :days) }
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..9f2ace0ef70ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
+class InTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  def test_in_array
+    assert 1.in?([1,2])
+    assert !3.in?([1,2])
+  end
+
+  def test_in_hash
+    h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
+    assert "a".in?(h)
+    assert !"z".in?(h)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_string
+    assert "lo".in?("hello")
+    assert !"ol".in?("hello")
+    assert ?h.in?("hello")
+  end
+
+  def test_in_range
+    assert 25.in?(1..50)
+    assert !75.in?(1..50)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_set
+    s = Set.new([1,2])
+    assert 1.in?(s)
+    assert !3.in?(s)
+  end
+
+  def test_among
+    assert 1.among?(1,2,3)
+    assert !5.among?(1,2,3)
+    assert [1,2,3].among?([1,2,3], 2, [3,4,5])
+  end
+
+  module A
+  end
+  class B
+    include A
+  end
+  class C < B
+  end
+
+  def test_in_module
+    assert A.in?(B)
+    assert A.in?(C)
+    assert !A.in?(A)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
index bafa335a09cdf..72b55183ba8d1 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
@@ -36,6 +36,12 @@ def test_in_time_zone_with_new_zone_equal_to_old_zone_does_not_create_new_object
     assert_equal @twz.object_id, @twz.in_time_zone(ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']).object_id
   end
 
+  def test_in_time_zone_with_bad_argument
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @twz.in_time_zone('No such timezone exists') }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @twz.in_time_zone(-15.hours) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @twz.in_time_zone(Object.new) }
+  end
+
   def test_localtime
     assert_equal @twz.localtime, @twz.utc.getlocal
   end
@@ -760,6 +766,15 @@ def test_in_time_zone_with_argument
     end
   end
 
+  def test_in_time_zone_with_invalid_argument
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {  @t.in_time_zone("No such timezone exists") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @dt.in_time_zone("No such timezone exists") }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {  @t.in_time_zone(-15.hours) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @dt.in_time_zone(-15.hours) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) {  @t.in_time_zone(Object.new) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @dt.in_time_zone(Object.new) }
+  end
+
   def test_in_time_zone_with_time_local_instance
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
       time = Time.local(1999, 12, 31, 19) # == Time.utc(2000)
@@ -790,6 +805,14 @@ def test_use_zone_with_exception_raised
     assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Alaska'], Time.zone
   end
 
+  def test_use_zone_raises_on_invalid_timezone
+    Time.zone = 'Alaska'
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      Time.use_zone("No such timezone exists") { }
+    end
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Alaska'], Time.zone
+  end
+
   def test_time_zone_getter_and_setter
     Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Alaska']
     assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Alaska'], Time.zone
@@ -843,11 +866,27 @@ def test_time_zone_setter_with_tzinfo_timezone_identifier_does_lookup_and_wraps_
   end
 
   def test_time_zone_setter_with_invalid_zone
-    Time.zone = 'foo'
-    assert_nil Time.zone
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Time.zone = "No such timezone exists" }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Time.zone = -15.hours }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError){ Time.zone = Object.new }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_zone_without_bang_returns_nil_if_time_zone_can_not_be_found
+    assert_nil Time.find_zone('No such timezone exists')
+    assert_nil Time.find_zone(-15.hours)
+    assert_nil Time.find_zone(Object.new)
+  end
+
+  def test_find_zone_with_bang_raises_if_time_zone_can_not_be_found
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.find_zone!('No such timezone exists') }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.find_zone!(-15.hours) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.find_zone!(Object.new) }
+  end
 
-    Time.zone = -15.hours
-    assert_nil Time.zone
+  def test_time_zone_setter_with_find_zone_without_bang
+    assert_nil Time.zone = Time.find_zone('No such timezone exists')
+    assert_nil Time.zone = Time.find_zone(-15.hours)
+    assert_nil Time.zone = Time.find_zone(Object.new)
   end
 
   def test_current_returns_time_now_when_zone_not_set
diff --git a/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb b/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
index b054855d0870b..90b40b547848c 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/inflector/transliterate'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 class TransliterateTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
 
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ def test_transliterate_should_approximate_ascii
     # create string with range of Unicode"s western characters with
     # diacritics, excluding the division and multiplication signs which for
     # some reason or other are floating in the middle of all the letters.
-    string = (0xC0..0x17E).to_a.reject {|c| [0xD7, 0xF7].include? c}.pack("U*")
+    string = (0xC0..0x17E).to_a.reject {|c| c.among?(0xD7, 0xF7)}.pack("U*")
     string.each_char do |char|
       assert_match %r{^[a-zA-Z']*$}, ActiveSupport::Inflector.transliterate(string)
     end
diff --git a/bin/rails b/bin/rails
index a628cc35ca3a6..f9725d78d0c40 100755
--- a/bin/rails
+++ b/bin/rails
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
 
-begin
-  require "rails/cli"
-rescue LoadError
+if File.exists?(File.join(File.expand_path('../..', __FILE__), '.git'))
   railties_path = File.expand_path('../../railties/lib', __FILE__)
   $:.unshift(railties_path)
-  require "rails/cli"
 end
+require "rails/cli"
diff --git a/rails.gemspec b/rails.gemspec
index 98b5f46554546..4ee814c507625 100644
--- a/rails.gemspec
+++ b/rails.gemspec
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.bindir             = 'bin'
   s.executables        = ['rails']
-  s.default_executable = 'rails'
 
   s.add_dependency('activesupport',  version)
   s.add_dependency('actionpack',     version)
diff --git a/railties/CHANGELOG b/railties/CHANGELOG
index c1e0a214d24b9..90faad613168a 100644
--- a/railties/CHANGELOG
+++ b/railties/CHANGELOG
@@ -1,5 +1,23 @@
 *Rails 3.1.0 (unreleased)*
 
+* Changed scaffold and app generator to create Ruby 1.9 style hash when running on Ruby 1.9 [Prem Sichanugrist]
+
+  So instead of creating something like:
+
+    redirect_to users_path, :notice => "User has been created"
+
+  it will now be like this:
+
+    redirect_to users_path, notice: "User has been created"
+
+  You can also passing `--old-style-hash` to make Rails generate old style hash even you're on Ruby 1.9
+
+* Changed scaffold_controller generator to create format block for JSON instead of XML [Prem Sichanugrist]
+
+* Add using Turn with natural language test case names for test_help.rb when running with minitest (Ruby 1.9.2+) [DHH]
+
+* Direct logging of Active Record to STDOUT so it's shown inline with the results in the console [DHH]
+
 * Added `config.force_ssl` configuration which loads Rack::SSL middleware and force all requests to be under HTTPS protocol [DHH, Prem Sichanugrist, and Josh Peek]
 
 * Added `rails plugin new` command which generates rails plugin with gemspec, tests and dummy application for testing [Piotr Sarnacki]
diff --git a/railties/guides/rails_guides/textile_extensions.rb b/railties/guides/rails_guides/textile_extensions.rb
index affef1ccb08b7..9beeefb551e68 100644
--- a/railties/guides/rails_guides/textile_extensions.rb
+++ b/railties/guides/rails_guides/textile_extensions.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
 module RailsGuides
   module TextileExtensions
     def notestuff(body)
       body.gsub!(/^(IMPORTANT|CAUTION|WARNING|NOTE|INFO)[.:](.*)$/) do |m|
         css_class = $1.downcase
-        css_class = 'warning' if ['caution', 'important'].include?(css_class)
+        css_class = 'warning' if css_class.among?('caution', 'important')
 
         result = "<div class='#{css_class}'><p>"
         result << $2.strip
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ def plusplus(body)
     def code(body)
       body.gsub!(%r{<(yaml|shell|ruby|erb|html|sql|plain)>(.*?)</\1>}m) do |m|
         es = ERB::Util.h($2)
-        css_class = ['erb', 'shell'].include?($1) ? 'html' : $1
+        css_class = $1.among?('erb', 'shell') ? 'html' : $1
         %{<notextile><div class="code_container"><code class="#{css_class}">#{es}</code></div></notextile>}
       end
     end
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.textile b/railties/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.textile
index 67743a47974d0..15abba66ab4a7 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.textile
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ You're likely familiar with Rails' practice of adding timestamps to static asset
 
 h4. Asset Hosts as Objects
 
-Asset hosts get more flexible in edge Rails with the ability to declare an asset host as a specific object that responds to a call. This allows you to to implement any complex logic you need in your asset hosting.
+Asset hosts get more flexible in edge Rails with the ability to declare an asset host as a specific object that responds to a call. This allows you to implement any complex logic you need in your asset hosting.
 
 * More Information: "asset-hosting-with-minimum-ssl":http://github.com/dhh/asset-hosting-with-minimum-ssl/tree/master
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/action_controller_overview.textile b/railties/guides/source/action_controller_overview.textile
index 178d98c2d6b8f..496dc7224b2f9 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/action_controller_overview.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/action_controller_overview.textile
@@ -615,26 +615,15 @@ Rails comes with two built-in HTTP authentication mechanisms:
 
 h4. HTTP Basic Authentication
 
-HTTP basic authentication is an authentication scheme that is supported by the majority of browsers and other HTTP clients. As an example, consider an administration section which will only be available by entering a username and a password into the browser's HTTP basic dialog window. Using the built-in authentication is quite easy and only requires you to use one method, +authenticate_or_request_with_http_basic+.
+HTTP basic authentication is an authentication scheme that is supported by the majority of browsers and other HTTP clients. As an example, consider an administration section which will only be available by entering a username and a password into the browser's HTTP basic dialog window. Using the built-in authentication is quite easy and only requires you to use one method, +http_basic_authenticate_with+.
 
 <ruby>
 class AdminController < ApplicationController
-  USERNAME, PASSWORD = "humbaba", "5baa61e4"
-
-  before_filter :authenticate
-
-  private
-
-  def authenticate
-    authenticate_or_request_with_http_basic do |username, password|
-      username == USERNAME &&
-      Digest::SHA1.hexdigest(password) == PASSWORD
-    end
-  end
+  http_basic_authenticate_with :name => "humbaba", :password => "5baa61e4"
 end
 </ruby>
 
-With this in place, you can create namespaced controllers that inherit from +AdminController+. The before filter will thus be run for all actions in those controllers, protecting them with HTTP basic authentication.
+With this in place, you can create namespaced controllers that inherit from +AdminController+. The filter will thus be run for all actions in those controllers, protecting them with HTTP basic authentication.
 
 h4. HTTP Digest Authentication
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/action_view_overview.textile b/railties/guides/source/action_view_overview.textile
index cfd71ad28719d..d0b3ee6bfc9f0 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/action_view_overview.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/action_view_overview.textile
@@ -1295,7 +1295,7 @@ end
 
 h5. update_page_tag
 
-Works like update_page but wraps the generated JavaScript in a +script+ tag. Use this to include generated JavaScript in an ERb template.
+Works like update_page but wraps the generated JavaScript in a +script+ tag. Use this to include generated JavaScript in an ERB template.
 
 h4. PrototypeHelper::JavaScriptGenerator::GeneratorMethods
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/active_record_querying.textile b/railties/guides/source/active_record_querying.textile
index f3a10b8b9230f..df8e35ed33922 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/active_record_querying.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/active_record_querying.textile
@@ -790,7 +790,7 @@ Post.includes(:comments).where("comments.visible", true)
 This would generate a query which contains a +LEFT OUTER JOIN+ whereas the +joins+ method would generate one using the +INNER JOIN+ function instead.
 
 <ruby>
-  SELECT "posts"."id" AS t0_r0, ... "comments"."updated_at" AS t1_r5 FROM "posts" LEFT OUTER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."post_id" = "posts"."id" WHERE (comments.visible)
+  SELECT "posts"."id" AS t0_r0, ... "comments"."updated_at" AS t1_r5 FROM "posts" LEFT OUTER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."post_id" = "posts"."id" WHERE (comments.visible = 1)
 </ruby>
 
 If there was no +where+ condition, this would generate the normal set of two queries.
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.textile b/railties/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.textile
index 788f5286547ef..3ba840c044658 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.textile
@@ -442,6 +442,28 @@ require_library_or_gem('mysql')
 
 NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/kernel/requires.rb+.
 
+h4. +in?+ and +either?+
+
+The predicate +in?+ tests if an object is included in another object, and the predicate +either?+ tests if an object is included in a list of objects which will be passed as arguments.
+
+Examples of +in?+:
+
+<ruby>
+  1.in?([1,2])        # => true
+  "lo".in?("hello")   # => true
+  25.in?(30..50)      # => false
+</ruby>
+
+Examples of +either?+:
+
+<ruby>
+  1.either?(1,2,3)                      # => true
+  5.either?(1,2,3)                      # => false
+  [1,2,3].either?([1,2,3], 2, [3,4,5])  # => true
+</ruby>
+
+NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb+.
+
 h3. Extensions to +Module+
 
 h4. +alias_method_chain+
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.textile b/railties/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.textile
index 7433507866ad6..e22ffa4c04a68 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.textile
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Documentation has to be concise but comprehensive. Explore and document edge cas
 
 The proper names of Rails components have a space in between the words, like "Active Support". +ActiveRecord+ is a Ruby module, whereas Active Record is an ORM. All Rails documentation should consistently refer to Rails components by their proper name, and if in your next blog post or presentation you remember this tidbit and take it into account that'd be phenomenal.
 
-Spell names correctly: Arel, Test::Unit, RSpec, HTML, MySQL, JavaScript, ERb. When in doubt, please have a look at some authoritative source like their official documentation.
+Spell names correctly: Arel, Test::Unit, RSpec, HTML, MySQL, JavaScript, ERB. When in doubt, please have a look at some authoritative source like their official documentation.
 
 Use the article "an" for "SQL", as in "an SQL statement". Also "an SQLite database".
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/command_line.textile b/railties/guides/source/command_line.textile
index 581fece1ab0e2..f3e8d880dfbf2 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/command_line.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/command_line.textile
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ end
 We take whatever args are supplied, save them to an instance variable, and literally copying from the Rails source, implement a +manifest+ method, which calls +record+ with a block, and we:
 
 * Check there's a *public* directory. You bet there is.
-* Run the ERb template called "tutorial.erb".
+* Run the ERB template called "tutorial.erb".
 * Save it into "Rails.root/public/tutorial.txt".
 * Pass in the arguments we saved through the +:assigns+ parameter.
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/configuring.textile b/railties/guides/source/configuring.textile
index 298335d48493c..9ca567129bc83 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/configuring.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/configuring.textile
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ h4. Configuring Middleware
 
 Every Rails application comes with a standard set of middleware which it uses in this order in the development environment:
 
-* +Rack::SSL+ Will force every requests to be under HTTPS protocol. Will be available if +config.force_ssl+ is set to _true_.
+* +Rack::SSL+ Will force every request to be under HTTPS protocol. Will be available if +config.force_ssl+ is set to _true_.
 * +ActionDispatch::Static+ is used to serve static assets. Disabled if +config.serve_static_assets+ is _true_.
 * +Rack::Lock+ Will wrap the app in mutex so it can only be called by a single thread at a time. Only enabled if +config.action_controller.allow_concurrency+ is set to _false_, which it is by default.
 * +ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache+ Serves as a basic memory backed cache. This cache is not thread safe and is intended only for serving as a temporary memory cache for a single thread.
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/getting_started.textile b/railties/guides/source/getting_started.textile
index 0661549644023..5906f953bff0b 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/getting_started.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/getting_started.textile
@@ -501,8 +501,8 @@ def index
   @posts = Post.all
 
   respond_to do |format|
-    format.html # index.html.erb
-    format.xml  { render :xml => @posts }
+    format.html  # index.html.erb
+    format.json  { render :json => @posts }
   end
 end
 </ruby>
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ end
 
 TIP: For more information on finding records with Active Record, see "Active Record Query Interface":active_record_querying.html.
 
-The +respond_to+ block handles both HTML and XML calls to this action. If you browse to "http://localhost:3000/posts.xml":http://localhost:3000/posts.xml, you'll see all of the posts in XML format. The HTML format looks for a view in +app/views/posts/+ with a name that corresponds to the action name. Rails makes all of the instance variables from the action available to the view. Here's +app/views/posts/index.html.erb+:
+The +respond_to+ block handles both HTML and JSON calls to this action. If you browse to "http://localhost:3000/posts.json":http://localhost:3000/posts.json, you'll see a JSON containing all of the posts. The HTML format looks for a view in +app/views/posts/+ with a name that corresponds to the action name. Rails makes all of the instance variables from the action available to the view. Here's +app/views/posts/index.html.erb+:
 
 <erb>
 <h1>Listing posts</h1>
@@ -584,8 +584,8 @@ def new
   @post = Post.new
 
   respond_to do |format|
-    format.html # new.html.erb
-    format.xml  { render :xml => @post }
+    format.html  # new.html.erb
+    format.json  { render :json => @post }
   end
 end
 </ruby>
@@ -653,13 +653,13 @@ def create
 
   respond_to do |format|
     if @post.save
-      format.html { redirect_to(@post,
+      format.html  { redirect_to(@post,
                     :notice => 'Post was successfully created.') }
-      format.xml  { render :xml => @post,
+      format.json  { render :json => @post,
                     :status => :created, :location => @post }
     else
-      format.html { render :action => "new" }
-      format.xml  { render :xml => @post.errors,
+      format.html  { render :action => "new" }
+      format.json  { render :json => @post.errors,
                     :status => :unprocessable_entity }
     end
   end
@@ -681,8 +681,8 @@ def show
   @post = Post.find(params[:id])
 
   respond_to do |format|
-    format.html # show.html.erb
-    format.xml  { render :xml => @post }
+    format.html  # show.html.erb
+    format.json  { render :json => @post }
   end
 end
 </ruby>
@@ -743,12 +743,12 @@ def update
 
   respond_to do |format|
     if @post.update_attributes(params[:post])
-      format.html { redirect_to(@post,
+      format.html  { redirect_to(@post,
                     :notice => 'Post was successfully updated.') }
-      format.xml  { head :ok }
+      format.json  { render :json => {}, :status => :ok }
     else
-      format.html { render :action => "edit" }
-      format.xml  { render :xml => @post.errors,
+      format.html  { render :action => "edit" }
+      format.json  { render :json => @post.errors,
                     :status => :unprocessable_entity }
     end
   end
@@ -767,8 +767,8 @@ def destroy
   @post.destroy
 
   respond_to do |format|
-    format.html { redirect_to(posts_url) }
-    format.xml  { head :ok }
+    format.html  { redirect_to(posts_url) }
+    format.json  { render :json => {}, :status => :ok }
   end
 end
 </ruby>
@@ -1201,36 +1201,19 @@ h3. Security
 
 If you were to publish your blog online, anybody would be able to add, edit and delete posts or delete comments.
 
-Rails provides a very simple HTTP authentication system that will work nicely in this situation. First, we enable simple HTTP based authentication in our <tt>app/controllers/application_controller.rb</tt>:
+Rails provides a very simple HTTP authentication system that will work nicely in this situation.
 
-<ruby>
-class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
-  protect_from_forgery
-
-  private
-
-  def authenticate
-    authenticate_or_request_with_http_basic do |user_name, password|
-      user_name == 'admin' && password == 'password'
-    end
-  end
-
-end
-</ruby>
-
-You can obviously change the username and password to whatever you want.  We put this method inside of +ApplicationController+ so that it is available to all of our controllers.
-
-Then in the +PostsController+ we need to have a way to block access to the various actions if the person is not authenticated, here we can use the Rails <tt>before_filter</tt> method, which allows us to specify that Rails must run a method and only then allow access to the requested action if that method allows it.
+In the +PostsController+ we need to have a way to block access to the various actions if the person is not authenticated, here we can use the Rails <tt>http_basic_authenticate_with</tt> method, allowing access to the requested action if that method allows it.
 
-To use the before filter, we specify it at the top of our +PostsController+, in this case, we want the user to be authenticated on every action, except for +index+ and +show+, so we write that:
+To use the authentication system, we specify it at the top of our +PostsController+, in this case, we want the user to be authenticated on every action, except for +index+ and +show+, so we write that:
 
 <ruby>
 class PostsController < ApplicationController
 
-  before_filter :authenticate, :except => [:index, :show]
+  http_basic_authenticate_with :name => "dhh", :password => "secret", :except => :index
 
   # GET /posts
-  # GET /posts.xml
+  # GET /posts.json
   def index
     @posts = Post.all
     respond_to do |format|
@@ -1242,7 +1225,7 @@ We also only want to allow authenticated users to delete comments, so in the +Co
 <ruby>
 class CommentsController < ApplicationController
 
-  before_filter :authenticate, :only => :destroy
+  http_basic_authenticate_with :name => "dhh", :password => "secret", :only => :destroy
 
   def create
     @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
@@ -1475,6 +1458,7 @@ Two very common sources of data that are not UTF-8:
 
 h3. Changelog
 
+* April 11, 2011: Changed scaffold_controller generator to create format block for JSON instead of XML "Sebastian Martinez":http://www.wyeworks.com
 * August 30, 2010: Minor editing after Rails 3 release by "Joost Baaij":http://www.spacebabies.nl
 * July 12, 2010: Fixes, editing and updating of code samples by "Jaime Iniesta":http://jaimeiniesta.com
 * May 16, 2010: Added a section on configuration gotchas to address common encoding problems that people might have by "Yehuda Katz":http://www.yehudakatz.com
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/initialization.textile b/railties/guides/source/initialization.textile
index 0cbbe1f389383..7c01f01b2472e 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/initialization.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/initialization.textile
@@ -478,8 +478,7 @@ The next line in +config/application.rb+ is:
   require 'rails/all'
 </ruby>
 
-h4 +railties/lib/rails/all.rb+
-
+h4. +railties/lib/rails/all.rb+
 
 This file is responsible for requiring all the individual parts of Rails like so:
 
@@ -591,7 +590,7 @@ h4. +activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb+
 
 This file defines the behavior of the +ActiveSupport::Deprecation+ module, setting up the +DEFAULT_BEHAVIORS+ hash constant which contains the three defaults to outputting deprecation warnings: +:stderr+, +:log+ and +:notify+. This file begins by requiring +activesupport/notifications+ and +activesupport/core_ext/array/wrap+.
 
-h4 +activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb+
+h4. +activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb+
 
 TODO: document +ActiveSupport::Notifications+.
 
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/layout.html.erb b/railties/guides/source/layout.html.erb
index f2681c64612e6..911655e0f4cbb 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/layout.html.erb
+++ b/railties/guides/source/layout.html.erb
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
 
         <h3>Feedback</h3>
         <p>
-          You're encouraged to help in keeping the quality of this guide.
+          You're encouraged to help improve the quality of this guide.
         </p>
         <p>
           If you see any typos or factual errors you are confident to
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.textile b/railties/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.textile
index 657675885640b..8e55780dcae81 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.textile
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ Guides are written in "Textile":http://www.textism.com/tools/textile/. There's c
 
 h3. Prologue
 
-Each guide should start with motivational text at the top. That's the little introduction in the blue area. The prologue should tell the readers what's the guide about, and what will they learn. See for example the "Routing Guide":routing.html.
+Each guide should start with motivational text at the top (that's the little introduction in the blue area.) The prologue should tell the reader what the guide is about, and what they will learn. See for example the "Routing Guide":routing.html.
 
 h3. Titles
-
+ 
 The title of every guide uses +h2+, guide sections use +h3+, subsections +h4+, etc.
 
 Capitalize all words except for internal articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and forms of the verb to be:
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ h5. Middleware Stack is an Array
 h5. When are Objects Saved?
 </plain>
 
-Use same typography as in regular text:
+Use the same typography as in regular text:
 
 <plain>
 h6. The +:content_type+ Option
@@ -42,13 +42,13 @@ Those guidelines apply also to guides.
 
 h3. HTML Generation
 
-To generate all the guides just cd into the +railties+ directory and execute
+To generate all the guides, just +cd+ into the +railties+ directory and execute:
 
 <plain>
 bundle exec rake generate_guides
 </plain>
 
-You'll need the gems erubis, i18n, and RedCloth.
+(You may need to run +bundle install+ first to install the required gems.)
 
 To process +my_guide.textile+ and nothing else use the +ONLY+ environment variable:
 
@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@ To process +my_guide.textile+ and nothing else use the +ONLY+ environment variab
 bundle exec rake generate_guides ONLY=my_guide
 </plain>
 
-Although by default guides that have not been modified are not processed, so +ONLY+ is rarely needed in practice.
+By default, guides that have not been modified are not processed, so +ONLY+ is rarely needed in practice.
 
 To force process of all the guides, pass +ALL=1+.
 
-It is also recommended that you work with +WARNINGS=1+, this detects duplicate IDs and warns about broken internal links.
+It is also recommended that you work with +WARNINGS=1+. This detects duplicate IDs and warns about broken internal links.
 
-If you want to generate guides in languages other than English, you can keep them in a separate directory under +source+ (eg. <tt>source/es</tt>) and use the +LANGUAGE+ environment variable.
+If you want to generate guides in languages other than English, you can keep them in a separate directory under +source+ (eg. <tt>source/es</tt>) and use the +LANGUAGE+ environment variable:
 
 <plain>
 rake generate_guides LANGUAGE=es
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ rake generate_guides LANGUAGE=es
 
 h3. HTML Validation
 
-Please do validate the generated HTML with
+Please validate the generated HTML with:
 
 <plain>
 rake validate_guides
@@ -80,4 +80,5 @@ Particularly, titles get an ID generated from their content and this often leads
 
 h3. Changelog
 
+* March 31, 2011: grammar tweaks by "Josiah Ivey":http://twitter.com/josiahivey
 * October 5, 2010: ported from the docrails wiki and revised by "Xavier Noria":credits.html#fxn
diff --git a/railties/guides/source/testing.textile b/railties/guides/source/testing.textile
index d3f72509c6009..2809c6d076ef3 100644
--- a/railties/guides/source/testing.textile
+++ b/railties/guides/source/testing.textile
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ steve:
 
 Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are separated by a blank space. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column.
 
-h5. ERb'in It Up
+h5. ERB'in It Up
 
-ERb allows you to embed ruby code within templates. Both the YAML and CSV fixture formats are pre-processed with ERb when you load fixtures. This allows you to use Ruby to help you generate some sample data.
+ERB allows you to embed ruby code within templates. Both the YAML and CSV fixture formats are pre-processed with ERB when you load fixtures. This allows you to use Ruby to help you generate some sample data.
 
 <erb>
 <% earth_size = 20 %>
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ There are a bunch of different types of assertions you can use. Here's the compl
 |+assert_nil( obj, [msg] )+                                        |Ensures that +obj.nil?+ is true.|
 |+assert_not_nil( obj, [msg] )+                                    |Ensures that +obj.nil?+ is false.|
 |+assert_match( regexp, string, [msg] )+                           |Ensures that a string matches the regular expression.|
-|+assert_no_match( regexp, string, [msg] )+                        |Ensures that a string doesn't matches the regular expression.|
+|+assert_no_match( regexp, string, [msg] )+                        |Ensures that a string doesn't match the regular expression.|
 |+assert_in_delta( expecting, actual, delta, [msg] )+              |Ensures that the numbers +expecting+ and +actual+ are within +delta+ of each other.|
 |+assert_throws( symbol, [msg] ) { block }+                        |Ensures that the given block throws the symbol.|
 |+assert_raise( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }+           |Ensures that the given block raises one of the given exceptions.|
@@ -748,7 +748,8 @@ You don't need to set up and run your tests by hand on a test-by-test basis. Rai
 
 h3. Brief Note About +Test::Unit+
 
-Ruby ships with a boat load of libraries. One little gem of a library is +Test::Unit+, a framework for unit testing in Ruby. All the basic assertions discussed above are actually defined in +Test::Unit::Assertions+. The class +ActiveSupport::TestCase+ which we have been using in our unit and functional tests extends +Test::Unit::TestCase+ that it is how we can use all the basic assertions in our tests.
+Ruby ships with a boat load of libraries. One little gem of a library is +Test::Unit+, a framework for unit testing in Ruby. All the basic assertions discussed above are actually defined in +Test::Unit::Assertions+. The class +ActiveSupport::TestCase+ which we have been using in our unit and functional tests extends +Test::Unit::TestCase+, allowing
+us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests.
 
 NOTE: For more information on +Test::Unit+, refer to "test/unit Documentation":http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/test/unit/rdoc/
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands.rb
index 02ccdf80601f9..7108d4157ef89 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
 ARGV << '--help' if ARGV.empty?
 
 aliases = {
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@
   require 'rails/commands/application'
 
 else
-  puts "Error: Command not recognized" unless %w(-h --help).include?(command)
+  puts "Error: Command not recognized" unless command.among?('-h', '--help')
   puts <<-EOT
 Usage: rails COMMAND [ARGS]
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/application.rb
index 3b57b925ba223..f3fa1fd54d700 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/application.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'rails/version'
-if %w(--version -v).include? ARGV.first
+
+if ['--version', '-v'].include?(ARGV.first)
   puts "Rails #{Rails::VERSION::STRING}"
   exit(0)
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/benchmarker.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/benchmarker.rb
index 0432261802e8e..e10ec8fd38e9d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/benchmarker.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/benchmarker.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-if [nil, "-h", "--help"].include?(ARGV.first)
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
+if ARGV.first.among?(nil, "-h", "--help")
   puts "Usage: rails benchmarker [times] 'Person.expensive_way' 'Person.another_expensive_way' ..."
   exit 1
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
index de2f190ad50ca..2b7faf9715781 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ def start
           exit
         end
       end
+      
+      if defined?(ActiveRecord)
+        ActiveRecord::Base.logger = Logger.new(STDERR)
+      end
 
       if options[:sandbox]
         puts "Loading #{Rails.env} environment in sandbox (Rails #{Rails.version})"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/destroy.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/destroy.rb
index db59cd8ad9de6..d082ba592c470 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/destroy.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/destroy.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 require 'rails/generators'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
 Rails::Generators.configure!
 
-if [nil, "-h", "--help"].include?(ARGV.first)
+if ARGV.first.among?(nil, "-h", "--help")
   Rails::Generators.help 'destroy'
   exit
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/generate.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/generate.rb
index 1b3eef504ac0b..789e5ebedb4de 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/generate.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/generate.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 require 'rails/generators'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
 Rails::Generators.configure!
 
-if [nil, "-h", "--help"].include?(ARGV.first)
+if ARGV.first.among?(nil, "-h", "--help")
   Rails::Generators.help 'generate'
   exit
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/profiler.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/profiler.rb
index 6d9717b5cdf0c..d3195a204e08d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/profiler.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/profiler.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-if [nil, "-h", "--help"].include?(ARGV.first)
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
+if ARGV.first.among?(nil, "-h", "--help")
   $stderr.puts "Usage: rails profiler 'Person.expensive_method(10)' [times] [flat|graph|graph_html]"
   exit(1)
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
index a2eaf7a6fb259..93db5106ce0bc 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
@@ -53,6 +53,9 @@ def self.add_shared_options_for(name)
 
         class_option :help,               :type => :boolean, :aliases => "-h", :group => :rails,
                                           :desc => "Show this help message and quit"
+
+        class_option :old_style_hash,     :type => :boolean, :default => false,
+                                          :desc => "Force using old style hash (:foo => 'bar') on Ruby >= 1.9"
       end
 
       def initialize(*args)
@@ -174,6 +177,15 @@ def empty_directory_with_gitkeep(destination, config = {})
         create_file("#{destination}/.gitkeep") unless options[:skip_git]
       end
 
+      # Returns Ruby 1.9 style key-value pair if current code is running on
+      # Ruby 1.9.x. Returns the old-style (with hash rocket) otherwise.
+      def key_value(key, value)
+        if options[:old_style_hash] || RUBY_VERSION < '1.9'
+          ":#{key} => #{value}"
+        else
+          "#{key}: #{value}"
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
index dfecd2a6e4b21..2b0eaea3a4ae8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 end
 
 require 'rails/generators/actions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 module Rails
   module Generators
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ def self.hook_for(*names, &block)
         names.each do |name|
           defaults = if options[:type] == :boolean
             { }
-          elsif [true, false].include?(default_value_for_option(name, options))
+          elsif default_value_for_option(name, options).among?(true, false)
             { :banner => "" }
           else
             { :desc => "#{name.to_s.humanize} to be invoked", :banner => "NAME" }
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
index 4c46db4d67449..a7393cfe18608 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 <% end -%>
     <td><%%= link_to 'Show', <%= singular_table_name %> %></td>
     <td><%%= link_to 'Edit', edit_<%= singular_table_name %>_path(<%= singular_table_name %>) %></td>
-    <td><%%= link_to 'Destroy', <%= singular_table_name %>, :confirm => 'Are you sure?', :method => :delete %></td>
+    <td><%%= link_to 'Destroy', <%= singular_table_name %>, <%= key_value :confirm, "'Are you sure?'" %>, <%= key_value :method, ":delete" %> %></td>
   </tr>
 <%% end %>
 </table>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
index 64273e4ca429c..f85375b2a37a8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/time'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 
 module Rails
   module Generators
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ def human_name
       end
 
       def reference?
-        [ :references, :belongs_to ].include?(self.type)
+        self.type.among?(:references, :belongs_to)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
index 2af7f85463096..36bc9e055c0df 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ class NamedBase < Base
       class_option :skip_namespace, :type => :boolean, :default => false,
                                     :desc => "Skip namespace (affects only isolated applications)"
 
+      class_option :old_style_hash, :type => :boolean, :default => false,
+                                    :desc => "Force using old style hash (:foo => 'bar') on Ruby >= 1.9"
+
       def initialize(args, *options) #:nodoc:
         # Unfreeze name in case it's given as a frozen string
         args[0] = args[0].dup if args[0].is_a?(String) && args[0].frozen?
@@ -181,6 +184,16 @@ def self.check_class_collision(options={})
             class_collisions "#{options[:prefix]}#{name}#{options[:suffix]}"
           end
         end
+
+        # Returns Ruby 1.9 style key-value pair if current code is running on
+        # Ruby 1.9.x. Returns the old-style (with hash rocket) otherwise.
+        def key_value(key, value)
+          if options[:old_style_hash] || RUBY_VERSION < '1.9'
+            ":#{key} => #{value}"
+          else
+            "#{key}: #{value}"
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
index c383d4842ff18..61daefef9010c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
@@ -23,9 +23,13 @@ source 'http://rubygems.org'
 # Bundle gems for the local environment. Make sure to
 # put test-only gems in this group so their generators
 # and rake tasks are available in development mode:
-# group :development, :test do
-#   gem 'webrat'
-# end
+
+group :development, :test do
+  # Depend "turn" for pretty printing test output, but disable autorequire.
+  gem 'turn', :require => false
+
+  # gem 'webrat'
+end
 
 # Needed for guides generation
 # gem "RedCloth", "~> 4.2"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/session_store.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/session_store.rb.tt
index 62aa06dc3e91d..ddfe4ba1e1d36 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/session_store.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/session_store.rb.tt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
 
-<%= app_const %>.config.session_store :cookie_store, :key => '_<%= app_name %>_session'
+<%= app_const %>.config.session_store :cookie_store, <%= key_value :key, "'_#{app_name}_session'" %>
 
 # Use the database for sessions instead of the cookie-based default,
 # which shouldn't be used to store highly confidential information
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/db/seeds.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/db/seeds.rb
index 664d8c74c8819..9a2efa68a7a8b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/db/seeds.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/db/seeds.rb
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
 #
 # Examples:
 #
-#   cities = City.create([{ :name => 'Chicago' }, { :name => 'Copenhagen' }])
-#   Mayor.create(:name => 'Daley', :city => cities.first)
+#   cities = City.create([{ <%= key_value :name, "'Chicago'" %> }, { <%= key_value :name, "'Copenhagen'" %> }])
+#   Mayor.create(<%= key_value :name, "'Daley'" %>, <%= key_value :city, "cities.first" %>)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
index b5317a055b3ca..32b961d9fc259 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
@@ -1,35 +1,35 @@
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
 class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
   # GET <%= route_url %>
-  # GET <%= route_url %>.xml
+  # GET <%= route_url %>.json
   def index
     @<%= plural_table_name %> = <%= orm_class.all(class_name) %>
 
     respond_to do |format|
       format.html # index.html.erb
-      format.xml  { render :xml => @<%= plural_table_name %> }
+      format.json { render <%= key_value :json, "@#{plural_table_name}" %> }
     end
   end
 
   # GET <%= route_url %>/1
-  # GET <%= route_url %>/1.xml
+  # GET <%= route_url %>/1.json
   def show
     @<%= singular_table_name %> = <%= orm_class.find(class_name, "params[:id]") %>
 
     respond_to do |format|
       format.html # show.html.erb
-      format.xml  { render :xml => @<%= singular_table_name %> }
+      format.json { render <%= key_value :json, "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
     end
   end
 
   # GET <%= route_url %>/new
-  # GET <%= route_url %>/new.xml
+  # GET <%= route_url %>/new.json
   def new
     @<%= singular_table_name %> = <%= orm_class.build(class_name) %>
 
     respond_to do |format|
       format.html # new.html.erb
-      format.xml  { render :xml => @<%= singular_table_name %> }
+      format.json { render <%= key_value :json, "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
     end
   end
 
@@ -39,46 +39,46 @@ def edit
   end
 
   # POST <%= route_url %>
-  # POST <%= route_url %>.xml
+  # POST <%= route_url %>.json
   def create
     @<%= singular_table_name %> = <%= orm_class.build(class_name, "params[:#{singular_table_name}]") %>
 
     respond_to do |format|
       if @<%= orm_instance.save %>
-        format.html { redirect_to(@<%= singular_table_name %>, :notice => '<%= human_name %> was successfully created.') }
-        format.xml  { render :xml => @<%= singular_table_name %>, :status => :created, :location => @<%= singular_table_name %> }
+        format.html { redirect_to @<%= singular_table_name %>, <%= key_value :notice, "'#{human_name} was successfully created.'" %> }
+        format.json { render <%= key_value :json, "@#{singular_table_name}" %>, <%= key_value :status, ':created' %>, <%= key_value :location, "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
       else
-        format.html { render :action => "new" }
-        format.xml  { render :xml => @<%= orm_instance.errors %>, :status => :unprocessable_entity }
+        format.html { render <%= key_value :action, '"new"' %> }
+        format.json { render <%= key_value :json, "@#{orm_instance.errors}" %>, <%= key_value :status, ':unprocessable_entity' %> }
       end
     end
   end
 
   # PUT <%= route_url %>/1
-  # PUT <%= route_url %>/1.xml
+  # PUT <%= route_url %>/1.json
   def update
     @<%= singular_table_name %> = <%= orm_class.find(class_name, "params[:id]") %>
 
     respond_to do |format|
       if @<%= orm_instance.update_attributes("params[:#{singular_table_name}]") %>
-        format.html { redirect_to(@<%= singular_table_name %>, :notice => '<%= human_name %> was successfully updated.') }
-        format.xml  { head :ok }
+        format.html { redirect_to @<%= singular_table_name %>, <%= key_value :notice, "'#{human_name} was successfully updated.'" %> }
+        format.json { head :ok }
       else
-        format.html { render :action => "edit" }
-        format.xml  { render :xml => @<%= orm_instance.errors %>, :status => :unprocessable_entity }
+        format.html { render <%= key_value :action, '"edit"' %> }
+        format.json { render <%= key_value :json, "@#{orm_instance.errors}" %>, <%= key_value :status, ':unprocessable_entity' %> }
       end
     end
   end
 
   # DELETE <%= route_url %>/1
-  # DELETE <%= route_url %>/1.xml
+  # DELETE <%= route_url %>/1.json
   def destroy
     @<%= singular_table_name %> = <%= orm_class.find(class_name, "params[:id]") %>
     @<%= orm_instance.destroy %>
 
     respond_to do |format|
-      format.html { redirect_to(<%= index_helper %>_url) }
-      format.xml  { head :ok }
+      format.html { redirect_to <%= index_helper %>_url }
+      format.json { head :ok }
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb
index 964d59d84c66b..01fe6dda7a2ee 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb
@@ -19,30 +19,30 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>ControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   test "should create <%= singular_table_name %>" do
     assert_difference('<%= class_name %>.count') do
-      post :create, :<%= singular_table_name %> => @<%= singular_table_name %>.attributes
+      post :create, <%= key_value singular_table_name, "@#{singular_table_name}.attributes" %>
     end
 
     assert_redirected_to <%= singular_table_name %>_path(assigns(:<%= singular_table_name %>))
   end
 
   test "should show <%= singular_table_name %>" do
-    get :show, :id => @<%= singular_table_name %>.to_param
+    get :show, <%= key_value :id, "@#{singular_table_name}.to_param" %>
     assert_response :success
   end
 
   test "should get edit" do
-    get :edit, :id => @<%= singular_table_name %>.to_param
+    get :edit, <%= key_value :id, "@#{singular_table_name}.to_param" %>
     assert_response :success
   end
 
   test "should update <%= singular_table_name %>" do
-    put :update, :id => @<%= singular_table_name %>.to_param, :<%= singular_table_name %> => @<%= singular_table_name %>.attributes
+    put :update, <%= key_value :id, "@#{singular_table_name}.to_param" %>, <%= key_value singular_table_name, "@#{singular_table_name}.attributes" %>
     assert_redirected_to <%= singular_table_name %>_path(assigns(:<%= singular_table_name %>))
   end
 
   test "should destroy <%= singular_table_name %>" do
     assert_difference('<%= class_name %>.count', -1) do
-      delete :destroy, :id => @<%= singular_table_name %>.to_param
+      delete :destroy, <%= key_value :id, "@#{singular_table_name}.to_param" %>
     end
 
     assert_redirected_to <%= index_helper %>_path
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb b/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
index 591fd6f6bd33c..302206bbcdeac 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 #
 # Annotations are looked for in comments and modulus whitespace they have to
 # start with the tag optionally followed by a colon. Everything up to the end
-# of the line (or closing ERb comment tag) is considered to be their text.
+# of the line (or closing ERB comment tag) is considered to be their text.
 class SourceAnnotationExtractor
   class Annotation < Struct.new(:line, :tag, :text)
 
@@ -99,4 +99,4 @@ def display(results, options={})
       puts
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb b/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
index 00029e627e32d..41485c8bac76b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,18 @@
   Test::Unit::Util::BacktraceFilter.module_eval { include Rails::BacktraceFilterForTestUnit }
 end
 
+if defined?(MiniTest)
+  # Enable turn if it is available
+  begin
+    require 'turn'
+
+    if MiniTest::Unit.respond_to?(:use_natural_language_case_names=)
+      MiniTest::Unit.use_natural_language_case_names = true
+    end
+  rescue LoadError
+  end
+end
+
 if defined?(ActiveRecord)
   require 'active_record/test_case'
 
diff --git a/railties/railties.gemspec b/railties/railties.gemspec
index c51fe856bea9f..cd0646b8ed8ec 100644
--- a/railties/railties.gemspec
+++ b/railties/railties.gemspec
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.require_path       = 'lib'
 
   s.rdoc_options << '--exclude' << '.'
-  s.has_rdoc = false
 
   s.add_dependency('rake',          '>= 0.8.7')
   s.add_dependency('thor',          '~> 0.14.4')
diff --git a/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb b/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
index 044fd2a278293..62697b1bf9cb4 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,18 @@
 require "isolation/abstract_unit"
 
+class ::MyMailInterceptor
+  def self.delivering_email(email); email; end
+end
+
+class ::MyOtherMailInterceptor < ::MyMailInterceptor; end
+
+class ::MyMailObserver
+  def self.delivered_email(email); email; end
+end
+
+class ::MyOtherMailObserver < ::MyMailObserver; end
+
+
 module ApplicationTests
   class ConfigurationTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
@@ -245,6 +258,80 @@ def index
       assert_equal res, last_response.body # value should be unchanged
     end
 
+    test "registers interceptors with ActionMailer" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailer.interceptors = MyMailInterceptor
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      require "mail"
+
+      ActionMailer::Base
+
+      assert_equal [::MyMailInterceptor], ::Mail.send(:class_variable_get, "@@delivery_interceptors")
+    end
+
+    test "registers multiple interceptors with ActionMailer" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailer.interceptors = [MyMailInterceptor, "MyOtherMailInterceptor"]
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      require "mail"
+
+      ActionMailer::Base
+
+      assert_equal [::MyMailInterceptor, ::MyOtherMailInterceptor], ::Mail.send(:class_variable_get, "@@delivery_interceptors")
+    end
+
+    test "registers observers with ActionMailer" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailer.observers = MyMailObserver
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      require "mail"
+
+      ActionMailer::Base
+
+      assert_equal [::MyMailObserver], ::Mail.send(:class_variable_get, "@@delivery_notification_observers")
+    end
+
+    test "registers multiple observers with ActionMailer" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailer.observers = [MyMailObserver, "MyOtherMailObserver"]
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      require "mail"
+
+      ActionMailer::Base
+
+      assert_equal [::MyMailObserver, ::MyOtherMailObserver], ::Mail.send(:class_variable_get, "@@delivery_notification_observers")
+    end
+
+    test "valid timezone is setup correctly" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.root = "#{app_path}"
+          config.time_zone = "Wellington"
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal "Wellington", Rails.application.config.time_zone
+    end
+
+    test "raises when an invalid timezone is defined in the config" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.root = "#{app_path}"
+          config.time_zone = "That big hill over yonder hill"
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      end
+    end
+
     test "config.action_controller.perform_caching = false" do
       make_basic_app do |app|
         app.config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
index 018c2fa6bf7fb..43f2fbd71c990 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
@@ -216,6 +216,24 @@ def test_test_unit_is_removed_from_frameworks_if_skip_test_unit_is_given
     end
   end
 
+  def test_new_hash_style
+    run_generator [destination_root]
+    assert_file "config/initializers/session_store.rb" do |file|
+      if RUBY_VERSION < "1.9"
+        assert_match /config.session_store :cookie_store, :key => '_.+_session'/, file
+      else
+        assert_match /config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_.+_session'/, file
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_force_old_style_hash
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--old-style-hash"]
+    assert_file "config/initializers/session_store.rb" do |file|
+      assert_match /config.session_store :cookie_store, :key => '_.+_session'/, file
+    end
+  end
+
 protected
 
   def action(*args, &block)
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
index d55ed22975844..c7f45a807d27b 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
@@ -122,4 +122,22 @@ def self.all(klass)
   ensure
     Unknown::Generators.send :remove_const, :ActiveModel
   end
+
+  def test_new_hash_style
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "app/controllers/users_controller.rb" do |content|
+      if RUBY_VERSION < "1.9"
+        assert_match /\{ render :action => "new" \}/, content
+      else
+        assert_match /\{ render action: "new" \}/, content
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_force_old_style_hash
+    run_generator ["User", "--old-style-hash"]
+    assert_file "app/controllers/users_controller.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match /\{ render :action => "new" \}/, content
+    end
+  end
 end