diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
index 91c2df8465afc..fd7b4aaf9eaae 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
@@ -17,23 +17,23 @@ def ==(other)
 
     def build(attributes = nil, &block)
       block = _deprecated_scope_block("new", &block)
-      @association.enable_scoping do
-        scoping { @association.build(attributes, &block) }
+      @association.scoping(self) do
+        @association.build(attributes, &block)
       end
     end
     alias new build
 
     def create(attributes = nil, &block)
       block = _deprecated_scope_block("create", &block)
-      @association.enable_scoping do
-        scoping { @association.create(attributes, &block) }
+      @association.scoping(self) do
+        @association.create(attributes, &block)
       end
     end
 
     def create!(attributes = nil, &block)
       block = _deprecated_scope_block("create!", &block)
-      @association.enable_scoping do
-        scoping { @association.create!(attributes, &block) }
+      @association.scoping(self) do
+        @association.create!(attributes, &block)
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
index d1334650c6575..5d68d6d188b3b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def initialize(owner, reflection)
         reflection.check_validity!
 
         @owner, @reflection = owner, reflection
-        @enable_scoping = false
+        @_scope = nil
 
         reset
         reset_scope
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def target=(target)
       end
 
       def scope
-        target_scope.merge!(association_scope)
+        @_scope&.spawn || target_scope.merge!(association_scope)
       end
 
       def reset_scope
@@ -198,11 +198,11 @@ def create!(attributes = nil, &block)
         _create_record(attributes, true, &block)
       end
 
-      def enable_scoping
-        @enable_scoping = true
-        yield
+      def scoping(relation, &block)
+        @_scope = relation
+        relation.scoping(&block)
       ensure
-        @enable_scoping = false
+        @_scope = nil
       end
 
       private
@@ -235,11 +235,7 @@ def association_scope
         # Can be overridden (i.e. in ThroughAssociation) to merge in other scopes (i.e. the
         # through association's scope)
         def target_scope
-          AssociationRelation.create(klass, self).merge!(scope_for_association)
-        end
-
-        def scope_for_association
-          @enable_scoping ? klass.all : klass.scope_for_association
+          AssociationRelation.create(klass, self).merge!(klass.scope_for_association)
         end
 
         def scope_for_create
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
index 8e6008027b097..cb3985a45cbd3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -254,6 +254,15 @@ def test_build_and_create_from_association_should_respect_unscope_over_default_s
 
     bulb = car.bulbs.unscope(where: :name).create!
     assert_nil bulb.name
+
+    bulb = car.awesome_bulbs.unscope(where: :frickinawesome).build
+    assert_equal false, bulb.frickinawesome
+
+    bulb = car.awesome_bulbs.unscope(where: :frickinawesome).create
+    assert_equal false, bulb.frickinawesome
+
+    bulb = car.awesome_bulbs.unscope(where: :frickinawesome).create!
+    assert_equal false, bulb.frickinawesome
   end
 
   def test_build_from_association_should_respect_scope
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
index 6faa9664f7c62..9d05ee0820779 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -688,8 +688,10 @@ def test_associate_with_create
 
   def test_through_record_is_built_when_created_with_where
     assert_difference("posts(:thinking).readers.count", 1) do
-      posts(:thinking).people.where(first_name: "Jeb").create
+      posts(:thinking).people.where(readers: { skimmer: true }).create(first_name: "Jeb")
     end
+    reader = posts(:thinking).readers.last
+    assert_equal true, reader.skimmer
   end
 
   def test_associate_with_create_and_no_options