With no explanation, chose the best option from "A", "B", "C" or "D". The “Collective Knowledge” Doctrine The collective knowledge doctrine allows a court, under certain circumstances, to consider the information known to all of the law enforcement officers involved in a criminal investigation when determining whether the officers had probable cause to arrest a suspect or search for and seize evidence. See, e.g., United States v. Shareef, 100 F.3d 1491, 1503-04 (10th Cir.1996). The doctrine is frequently applied when officers in the field make an arrest or conduct a search based upon orders previously issued by a supervising officer who possesses information sufficient to justify the search or seizure under the Fourth Amendment. Shareef, 100 F.3d at 1503 n. 4. See also United States v. Hensley, 469 U.S. 221, 231, 105 S.Ct. 675, 681, 83 L.Ed.2d 604 (1985) (<HOLDING>) (emphasis in original); United States v.

A: holding that when evidence is uncovered during a search incident to an arrest in reliance merely on a flyer or bulletin issued by another law enforcement agency its admissibility turns on whether the officers who issued the flier possessed probable cause to make the arrest it does not turn on whether those relying on the flyer were themselves aware of the specific facts which led their colleagues to seek their assistance
B: holding that whether an arrest is supported by probable cause turns upon whether at the moment of the arrest the facts and circumstances within the arresting officials knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information were sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing that the petitioner had committed or was committing an offense emphasis added
C: holding that arrest was unsupported by probable cause but granting qualified immunity to defendants who made the arrest in reliance on communications with other officers
D: holding that when a police communique has been issued on the basis of articulable facts supporting a reasonable suspicion any authorized officer may make an investigatory stop on the basis of that bulletin even though the officer making the stop is not aware of the underlying facts
A.