With no explanation, chose the best option from "A", "B", "C" or "D". ‘knowingly and intentionally committed an act in conscious disregard for the rights of others.’ ” Beuster, 435 F.Supp.2d at 479 (quoting Wiggins v. Equifax Servs., Inc., 848 F.Supp. 213, 219 (D.D.C.1993)). As for malice, “Plaintiff must allege that a defendant published material while entertaining serious doubts as to the truth of the publication or with a high degree of awareness of probable falsity [or actual knowledge of falsity].” Id. at 480 (citing Foretich v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 37 F.3d 1541,1551 n. 8 (4th Cir.1994)). Pursuant to Rule 9(b), “malice, intent, knowledge, and other , condition of mind of a person may be averred generally.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b); see Beuster, 435 F.Supp.2d at 480 (citing Rule 9(b); Hatfill v. N.Y. Times Co., 416 F.3d 320, 329 (4th Cir.2005)) (<HOLDING>). Magruder claims that Educational Credit

A: holding that a court may not apply a heightened pleading standard more stringent than the usual pleading requirements of rule 8 in civil rights cases alleging municipal liability under  1983
B: holding that the federal false claims act is an antifraud statute to which rule 9bs heightened pleading requirements apply
C: holding that heightened pleading standards of fed rcivp 9b apply to fraud elements of rico claim
D: holding that heightened pleading standards do not apply to defamation actions
D.