With no explanation, chose the best option from "A", "B", "C" or "D". safeguards students from the risk of re-identification, id. ¶ 24; • By designating non-governmental actors as “authorized representatives” of state educational institutions, the Department would perform an “unauthorized, unlawful sub-delegation of its own authority,” id. ¶ 22; and • By expanding the definition of educational programs, the Department would “expose troves of sensitive, non-academic data,” id. ¶ 23. ANALYSIS This ease begins and ends with plaintiffs’ constitutional standing to bring their claims. “To state a case or controversy under Article III, a plaintiff must establish standing.” Ariz. Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn, — U.S. -, 131 S.Ct. 1436, 179 L.Ed.2d 523 (2011); accord Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992) (<HOLDING>). Standing is a necessary predicate to any

A: holding that article iii standing is necessary for intervention
B: holding that article iii standing is not a prerequisite to intervention
C: holding that because article iii standing is jurisdictional it must be decided before other legal issues
D: holding that standing is an essential and unchanging part of the easeorcontroversy requirement of article iii
D.