With no explanation, chose the best option from "A", "B", "C" or "D". part of the legislative process; and (2) whether the actions were legislative “in substance” and “bore newing their motion with respect to the applicability of the doctrine of legislative immunity after sufficient discovery and development of the record. II. Contracts Clause Defendants move to dismiss Plaintiffs’ federal claims for impairment of contract. Article I, Section 10 of the U.S. Constitution prohibits states from passing any law “impairing the Obligation of Contracts.” While the language of the Contracts Clause is absolute on its face, “[i]t does not trump the police power of a state to protect the general welfare of its citizens, a power which is ‘paramount to any rights under contracts between individuals.’ ” Buffalo Teachers Fed’n v. Tobe, 464 F.3d 362, 367 (2d Cir.2006) (<HOLDING>) (quoting Allied Structural Steel Co. v.

A: recognizing the inherent power of the court to coerce compliance with its orders
B: recognizing inherent power of courts of appeals
C: holding that the inherent power of the district court includes the power  to santion attorneys for  violations of court orders or other conduct which interferes with the courts power to manage its calendar and the courtroom  
D: holding that courts must accommodate the contracts clause with the inherent police power of the state to safeguard the vital interests of its people
D.