With no explanation, chose the best option from "A", "B", "C" or "D". commands, induces or procures its commission, is punishable as a principal. (b) Whoever willfully causes an act to be done which if directly performed by him or another would be an offense against the United States, is punishable as a principal. This statute does not create an independent or separate crime, but rather simply “abolishes the common-law distinction between principal and accessory.” United States v. Cook, 745 F.2d 1311, 1315 (10th Cir.1984). Consistent with this principle, “[w]e have held that [a] defendant can be convicted as an aider and abettor even though he was indicted as a principal for commission of the underlying offense and not as an aider and abettor.” United States v. Scroger, 98 F.3d 1256, 1262 (10th Cir.1996) (quotation omitted); see Cook, 745 F.2d at 1315 (<HOLDING>). Consequently, the government need not

A: holding punishment must be proportional to the crime convicted
B: holding that the defendant could be convicted of sexual battery a lesser crime not included in the offense for which he was indicted where the defendant requested that sexual battery be submitted to the jury
C: holding that before the accessory to a crime can be convicted as such it must be shown that the crime has been committed by the principal
D: holding that an individual may be indicted as a principal for commission of a substantive crime and he she may be convicted by proof showing himher to be an aider and abettor
D.