With no explanation, chose the best option from "A", "B", "C" or "D". cert. denied, 464 U.S. 818, 104 S.Ct. 77, 78 L.Ed.2d 89 (1983). Moreover, in Shepherd v. Am. Broad. Cos., Inc., 62 F.3d 1469, 1476-1478 (D.C.Cir.1995), the D.C. Circuit held that prior to imposing the sanction of dismissal or default for fraud upon the court, the fraud must be proven by clear and convincing evidence. (citing Aoude v. Mobil Oil Corp., 892 F.2d 1115 (1st Cir.1989); Pfizer, Inc. v. Int’l Rectifier Corp., 538 F.2d 180, 195 (8th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1040, 97 S.Ct. 738, 50 L.Ed.2d 751 (1977)). Courts are split as to whether perjury or false statements, standing alone, provide a sufficient basis for the imposition of sanctions pursuant to the Court’s inherent authority. See Kadri v. Johnson, No. 03-2562 MW, 2005 WL 3454330, *2-*3 (W.D.Tenn. Dec.16, 2005) (<HOLDING>) (citing Quality Tech. Co. v. Stone & Webster

A: holding that perjured testimony standing alone does not constitute fraud upon the court
B: holding that threats standing alone generally do not constitute past persecution
C: holding that probation does not constitute a sentence
D: holding witnesss testimony identifying appellant is sufficient standing alone to support conviction
A.