With no explanation, chose the best option from "A", "B", "C" or "D". also assume an independent tort duty. Adherence to professional standards is an implicit term of any contract for services from a professional engineer. See Nelson v. Commonwealth, 235 Va. 228, 368 S.E.2d 239, 243 (1988) (“Absent a provision to the contrary, implicit in every contract of employment between an owner and an architect is the duty of the architect to ‘exercise the care of those ordinarily skilled in the business.’ ” (quoting Surf Realty Corp. v. Standing, 195 Va. 431, 78 S.E.2d 901, 907 (1953))). However, this does not create an independent tort duty. See Blake Construction Co., 353 S.E.2d at 726 (“While such a duty may be imposed by contract, no common-law duty requires an architect to protect the contractor from purely economic loss.”); Sensenbrenner, 374 S.E.2d at 58 (<HOLDING>). Though Servinsky’s seal was placed as a stamp

A: holding that duty to ensure that independent contractor performs its work in safe manner arises if the general contractor retains some control over the manner in which the independent contractor performs its work
B: holding that despite providing valuable services to its community a volunteer fire department was a private entity and an independent contractor not clothed with immunity under the mtca
C: holding that an action for the negligence of an architect in the performance of professional services is an action for breach of contract
D: holding that no independent tort duty attached to an architect and a pool contractor providing contractual services
D.