With no explanation, chose the best option from "A", "B", "C" or "D". the challenged action creates a ‘direct and immediate’ dilemma for the parties.” Id. (citation omitted). The relationship between these two parts of the test — fitness and hardship — has never been precisely defined. Though some commentators have suggested that either of the two showings may suffice to allay ripeness concerns, see, e.g., Laurence H. Tribe, American Constitutional Law § 3-10, at 80 (2d ed. 1987), the predominant weight of authority supports the opposite view, see, e.g., Poe v. Ullman, 367 U.S. 497, 509, 81 S.Ct. 1752, 1759, 6 L.Ed.2d 989 (1961) (dismissing for lack of ripeness despite the predominantly legal nature of the question presented and the minimal need for an extensive factual record); Cedars-Sinai Medical Ctr., v. Watkins, 11 F.3d 1573,1581 (Fed.Cir.1993) (<HOLDING>); see also Erwin Chemerinsky, Federal

A: holding that these prongs are distinct statutory definitions
B: holding that medical expenses must be proven to be both reasonable and necessary
C: holding that it is inappropriate to conclude that because both sides moved for summary judgement that both concede that the case is ready for disposition
D: holding that a ripe case must meet both prongs of abbott labs
D.