With no explanation, chose the best option from "A", "B", "C" or "D". claim. 1. Does the Supremacy Clause Supply a Preemption Right of Action? By its terms, § 247c(c) merely authorizes the HHS Secretary to make grants to the states for surveillance activities relating to sexually transmitted diseases. The statute confers no individual rights and therefore the remedy of § 1983 is unavailable. Planned Parenthood acknowledges as much, but persuaded the district court that the Supremacy Clause supplies a preemption right of action of its own force. We have our doubts. It is well-established that the Supremacy Clause is “not a source of any federal rights.” Chapman v. Hous. Welfare Rights Org., 441 U.S. 600, 613, 99 S.Ct. 1905, 60 L.Ed.2d 508 (1979); see also m. Ass’n of Mortg. Brokers v. Office of Banks & Real Estate, 308 F.3d 762, 765 (7th Cir.2002) (<HOLDING>). The Supremacy Clause “ ‘secure[s] federal

A: recognizing that the supremacy clause is not a source of any federal rights
B: holding federal regulations have the force of law and may create enforceable rights
C: holding the takings clause inapplicable to the states of its own force
D: recognizing that the supremacy clause does not of its own force create rights
D.