With no explanation, chose the best option from "A", "B", "C" or "D". not usurp its position relative to the balance of a tripartite government in an effort to address all-important issues confronting the criminal justice system. For example, our legislature considered the intrusion on citizens by police in passing a law making seatbelt violations a secondary offense to prevent police from using such violation as authority to stop a vehicle to investigate the possibility of a criminal offense. See Va. Code § 46.2-1094(F). The executive branch, from the Secretary of Public Safety down to local police chiefs and sheriffs, may also choose to limit by policy the manner of law enforcement contact with the public. Police conduct does not necessarily need to be established at constitutional limits. See Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318, 354 (2001) (<HOLDING>). The test of constitutionality, as applied by

A: holding that a warrantless arrest does not violate the fourth amendment if at the time of the defendants arrest police had probable cause to believe that an offense has been is being or will be committed
B: holding a warrantless arrest by a law officer is reasonable under the fourth amendment where there is probable cause to believe that a criminal offense has been or is being committed
C: holding that the standard of probable cause applies to all arrests without the need to balance the interests and circumstances involved in particular situations thus an officer may without violating the fourth amendment arrest an offender if probable cause exists to believe that an individual has committed even a very minor criminal offense in his presence
D: holding that if an officer smells the odor of marijuana in circumstances where the officer can localize its source to a person the officer has probable cause to believe that the person has committed or is committing the crime of possession of marijuana and thus has authority to arrest him without a warrant in a public place
C.