From b885faf2fcbce5f2dabf698d84ecc29b95e2d698 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Meyer <75644492+ameyer-rigetti@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Apr 2021 11:44:12 -0700
Subject: [PATCH] Update: Add concurrent programming support (#1326)

---
 .github/workflows/test.yml            |  33 ++-
 .gitlab-ci.yml                        |  20 +-
 CHANGELOG.md                          |   2 +
 CONTRIBUTING.md                       |   7 +-
 Makefile                              |   2 +-
 docs/source/advanced_usage.rst        |  85 ++++++-
 poetry.lock                           | 304 +++++++++++++-------------
 pyquil/api/_benchmark.py              |   2 +-
 pyquil/api/_compiler.py               |   4 +-
 pyquil/api/_compiler_client.py        |   2 +-
 pyquil/api/_engagement_manager.py     |  28 ++-
 pyquil/api/_qcs_client.py             |  18 +-
 pyquil/api/_qpu.py                    |   2 +-
 pyquil/api/_qpu_client.py             |   6 +-
 pyquil/api/_quantum_computer.py       |   4 +-
 pyquil/api/_qvm.py                    |   4 +-
 pyquil/api/_qvm_client.py             |   2 +-
 pyquil/api/_wavefunction_simulator.py |   2 +-
 pyquil/quantum_processor/qcs.py       |   4 +-
 scripts/ci_install_deps               |   1 -
 test/e2e/conftest.py                  |  26 +++
 test/e2e/test_e2e.py                  |  81 ++++---
 test/unit/utils.py                    |  11 +
 23 files changed, 438 insertions(+), 212 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 test/e2e/conftest.py

diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index 35bf2a5b0..abedf401a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ jobs:
           sudo apt update
           . scripts/ci_install_deps
           poetry run make check-format
+
   check-style:
     name: Check style
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ jobs:
           sudo apt update
           . scripts/ci_install_deps
           poetry run make check-style
+
   check-types:
     name: Check types
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -82,8 +84,9 @@ jobs:
           sudo apt update
           . scripts/ci_install_deps
           poetry run make check-types
-  test-pyquil:
-    name: Test pyQuil
+
+  test-unit:
+    name: Test Unit
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       matrix:
@@ -98,10 +101,34 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: .venv
           key: poetry-${{ hashFiles('poetry.lock') }}
-      - name: Test pyQuil (Python ${{ matrix.python-version }})
+      - name: Test Unit (Python ${{ matrix.python-version }})
         run: |
           sudo apt update
           . scripts/ci_install_deps
           docker run --rm -itd -p 5555:5555 rigetti/quilc -R
           docker run --rm -itd -p 5000:5000 rigetti/qvm -S
           poetry run make test
+
+  test-e2e:
+    name: Test e2e QVM
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        python-version: [3.7, 3.8]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+        with:
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      - uses: actions/cache@v2
+        with:
+          path: .venv
+          key: poetry-${{ hashFiles('poetry.lock') }}
+      - name: Test e2e QVM (Python ${{ matrix.python-version }})
+        run: |
+          sudo apt update
+          . scripts/ci_install_deps
+          docker run --rm -itd -p 5555:5555 rigetti/quilc -R
+          docker run --rm -itd -p 5000:5000 rigetti/qvm -S
+          poetry run make e2e TEST_QUANTUM_PROCESSOR=2q-qvm
diff --git a/.gitlab-ci.yml b/.gitlab-ci.yml
index 1b45351b2..c4aee62ea 100644
--- a/.gitlab-ci.yml
+++ b/.gitlab-ci.yml
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Test Unit (3.7):
     - . scripts/ci_install_deps
     - poetry run make test
 
-Test e2e (3.7):
+Test e2e QPU (3.7):
   stage: test
   image: python:3.7
   coverage: '/TOTAL.*?(\d+)\%/'
@@ -83,6 +83,14 @@ Test e2e (3.7):
   rules:
     - if: '$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH || $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "rc"'
 
+Test e2e QVM (3.7):
+  stage: test
+  image: python:3.7
+  coverage: '/TOTAL.*?(\d+)\%/'
+  script:
+    - . scripts/ci_install_deps
+    - poetry run make e2e TEST_QUANTUM_PROCESSOR=2q-qvm
+
 Test Unit (3.8):
   stage: test
   image: python:3.8
@@ -91,7 +99,7 @@ Test Unit (3.8):
     - . scripts/ci_install_deps
     - poetry run make test
 
-Test e2e (3.8):
+Test e2e QPU (3.8):
   stage: test
   image: python:3.8
   coverage: '/TOTAL.*?(\d+)\%/'
@@ -101,6 +109,14 @@ Test e2e (3.8):
   rules:
     - if: '$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH || $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "rc"'
 
+Test e2e QVM (3.8):
+  stage: test
+  image: python:3.8
+  coverage: '/TOTAL.*?(\d+)\%/'
+  script:
+    - . scripts/ci_install_deps
+    - poetry run make e2e TEST_QUANTUM_PROCESSOR=2q-qvm
+
 Coverage:
   stage: test
   script:
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index ff4bf630a..cf3756d4b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ Changelog
 
 ### Improvements and Changes
 
+- Added support and documentation for concurrent compilation and execution (see "Advanced Usage" in docs)
+
 - `pyquil.version.__version__` has been moved to `pyquil.__version__`.
 
 - `PyquilConfig` has been replaced by `api.QCSClientConfiguration`. As a result, the only supported configuration-related
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 5dda9a095..87383f8ff 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -175,8 +175,7 @@ To skip [slow tests](#slow-tests), you may run:
 make test-fast
 ```
 
-If you have access to a real Rigetti QPU via QCS (as opposed to a local QVM), you can run end-to-end
-tests with:
+You can run end-to-end tests with:
 
 ```bash
 make e2e TEST_QUANTUM_PROCESSOR=<quantum processor ID>
@@ -188,6 +187,10 @@ Or you may run all tests (unit/integration/e2e) with:
 make test-all TEST_QUANTUM_PROCESSOR=<quantum processor ID>
 ```
 
+> **Note:** for `TEST_QUANTUM_PROCESSOR`, supply a value similar to what you would supply to
+> `get_qc()`. End-to-end tests are most useful against a real QPU, but they can also be run
+> against a QVM (e.g. `make e2e TEST_QUANTUM_PROCESSOR=2q-qvm`).
+
 #### Slow Tests
 
 Some tests (particularly those related to operator estimation and readout symmetrization)
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 8b125934b..7e9c3510d 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ test-fast:
 
 .PHONY: e2e
 e2e:
-	pytest -n auto -v --cov=pyquil test/e2e
+	pytest -n 1 -v --cov=pyquil test/e2e
 
 .PHONY: test-all
 test-all: test e2e
diff --git a/docs/source/advanced_usage.rst b/docs/source/advanced_usage.rst
index e9ffee1a8..1d3b857de 100644
--- a/docs/source/advanced_usage.rst
+++ b/docs/source/advanced_usage.rst
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ pyQuil Configuration
 
 :py:class:`~pyquil.api.QCSClientConfiguration` instructs pyQuil on how to connect with the
 components needed to compile and run programs (quilc, QVMs, and QCS). Any APIs that take a configuration object
-as input (e.g. :func:`get_qc()`) typically do so optionally, so that a default configuration can be loaded for
-you if one is not provided. You can override this default configuration by either instantiating your own
+as input (e.g. :py:func:`~pyquil.get_qc()`) typically do so optionally, so that a default configuration can be loaded
+for you if one is not provided. You can override this default configuration by either instantiating your own
 :py:class:`~pyquil.api.QCSClientConfiguration` object and providing it as input to the function in question,
 or by setting the ``QCS_SETTINGS_FILE_PATH`` and/or ``QCS_SECRETS_FILE_PATH`` environment variables to have
 pyQuil load its settings and secrets from specific locations. By default, configuration will be loaded from
@@ -32,6 +32,87 @@ locally):
 - QVM URL: ``http://127.0.0.1:5000``
 - quilc URL: ``tcp://127.0.0.1:5555``
 
+Concurrency
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Using pyQuil for concurrent programming is as simple as calling :py:func:`~pyquil.get_qc()` from within a given thread
+or process, then using the returned :py:class:`~pyquil.api.QuantumComputer` as usual. While
+:py:class:`~pyquil.api.QuantumComputer` objects as a whole are not safe to share between threads or processes (due to
+state related to currently-running compilation or execution requests), some information they use is. Information related
+to client configuration (:py:class:`~pyquil.api.QCSClientConfiguration`) and QPU auth
+(:py:class:`~pyquil.api.EngagementManager`) can be safely extracted and shared among
+:py:class:`~pyquil.api.QuantumComputer` instances, as shown below, to save your code from redundant disk reads and
+auth-related HTTP requests.
+
+.. note::
+    QVMs process incoming requests in parallel, while QPUs process them sequentially. If you encounter timeouts while
+    trying to run large numbers of programs against a QPU, try increasing the ``timeout`` parameter on calls to
+    :py:func:`~pyquil.get_qc()` (specified in seconds).
+
+Using Multithreading
+--------------------
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from multiprocessing.pool import ThreadPool
+
+    from pyquil import get_qc, Program
+    from pyquil.api import EngagementManager, QCSClientConfiguration
+
+
+    configuration = QCSClientConfiguration.load()
+    engagement_manager = EngagementManager(client_configuration=configuration)
+
+
+    def run(program: Program):
+        qc = get_qc("Aspen-8", client_configuration=configuration, engagement_manager=engagement_manager)
+        return qc.run(qc.compile(program))
+
+
+    programs = [Program("DECLARE ro BIT", "RX(pi) 0", "MEASURE 0 ro").wrap_in_numshots_loop(10)] * 20
+    with ThreadPool(5) as pool:
+        results = pool.map(run, programs)
+
+    for i, result in enumerate(results):
+        print(f"Results for program {i}:\n{result}\n")
+
+
+Using Multiprocessing
+---------------------
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from multiprocessing.pool import Pool
+
+    from pyquil import get_qc, Program
+    from pyquil.api import EngagementManager, QCSClientConfiguration
+
+
+    configuration = QCSClientConfiguration.load()
+    engagement_manager = EngagementManager(client_configuration=configuration)
+
+
+    def run(program: Program):
+        qc = get_qc("Aspen-8", client_configuration=configuration, engagement_manager=engagement_manager)
+        return qc.run(qc.compile(program))
+
+
+    programs = [Program("DECLARE ro BIT", "RX(pi) 0", "MEASURE 0 ro").wrap_in_numshots_loop(10)] * 20
+    with Pool(5) as pool:
+        results = pool.map(run, programs)
+
+    for i, result in enumerate(results):
+        print(f"Results for program {i}:\n{result}\n")
+
+.. note::
+    If you encounter error messages on macOS similar to the following:
+
+    .. parsed-literal::
+        +[__NSCFConstantString initialize] may have been in progress in another thread when fork() was called.
+
+    try setting the environment variable ``OBJC_DISABLE_INITIALIZE_FORK_SAFETY=YES``.
+
+
 Using Qubit Placeholders
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
index 97756b087..dcce37ea8 100644
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "importlib-metadata"
-version = "3.7.3"
+version = "3.10.1"
 description = "Read metadata from Python packages"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ zipp = ">=0.5"
 
 [package.extras]
 docs = ["sphinx", "jaraco.packaging (>=8.2)", "rst.linker (>=1.9)"]
-testing = ["pytest (>=3.5,!=3.7.3)", "pytest-checkdocs (>=1.2.3)", "pytest-flake8", "pytest-cov", "pytest-enabler", "packaging", "pep517", "pyfakefs", "flufl.flake8", "pytest-black (>=0.3.7)", "pytest-mypy", "importlib-resources (>=1.3)"]
+testing = ["pytest (>=4.6)", "pytest-checkdocs (>=2.4)", "pytest-flake8", "pytest-cov", "pytest-enabler (>=1.0.1)", "packaging", "pep517", "pyfakefs", "flufl.flake8", "pytest-black (>=0.3.7)", "pytest-mypy", "importlib-resources (>=1.3)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "iniconfig"
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ python-versions = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ipython"
-version = "7.21.0"
+version = "7.22.0"
 description = "IPython: Productive Interactive Computing"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ pygments = "*"
 traitlets = ">=4.2"
 
 [package.extras]
-all = ["Sphinx (>=1.3)", "ipykernel", "ipyparallel", "ipywidgets", "nbconvert", "nbformat", "nose (>=0.10.1)", "notebook", "numpy (>=1.14)", "pygments", "qtconsole", "requests", "testpath"]
+all = ["Sphinx (>=1.3)", "ipykernel", "ipyparallel", "ipywidgets", "nbconvert", "nbformat", "nose (>=0.10.1)", "notebook", "numpy (>=1.16)", "pygments", "qtconsole", "requests", "testpath"]
 doc = ["Sphinx (>=1.3)"]
 kernel = ["ipykernel"]
 nbconvert = ["nbconvert"]
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ nbformat = ["nbformat"]
 notebook = ["notebook", "ipywidgets"]
 parallel = ["ipyparallel"]
 qtconsole = ["qtconsole"]
-test = ["nose (>=0.10.1)", "requests", "testpath", "pygments", "nbformat", "ipykernel", "numpy (>=1.14)"]
+test = ["nose (>=0.10.1)", "requests", "testpath", "pygments", "nbformat", "ipykernel", "numpy (>=1.16)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ipython-genutils"
@@ -416,14 +416,15 @@ format_nongpl = ["idna", "jsonpointer (>1.13)", "webcolors", "rfc3986-validator
 
 [[package]]
 name = "jupyter-client"
-version = "6.1.12"
+version = "6.2.0"
 description = "Jupyter protocol implementation and client libraries"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.5"
+python-versions = ">=3.6.1"
 
 [package.dependencies]
 jupyter-core = ">=4.6.0"
+nest-asyncio = ">=1.5"
 python-dateutil = ">=2.1"
 pyzmq = ">=13"
 tornado = ">=4.1"
@@ -431,7 +432,7 @@ traitlets = "*"
 
 [package.extras]
 doc = ["sphinx (>=1.3.6)", "sphinx-rtd-theme", "sphinxcontrib-github-alt"]
-test = ["async-generator", "ipykernel", "ipython", "mock", "pytest-asyncio", "pytest-timeout", "pytest", "jedi (<0.18)"]
+test = ["async-generator", "ipykernel", "ipython", "mock", "pytest-asyncio", "pytest-timeout", "pytest", "mypy", "pre-commit", "jedi (<0.18)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "jupyter-core"
@@ -576,7 +577,7 @@ webpdf = ["pyppeteer (==0.2.2)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nbformat"
-version = "5.1.2"
+version = "5.1.3"
 description = "The Jupyter Notebook format"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -594,7 +595,7 @@ test = ["check-manifest", "fastjsonschema", "testpath", "pytest", "pytest-cov"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nbsphinx"
-version = "0.8.2"
+version = "0.8.3"
 description = "Jupyter Notebook Tools for Sphinx"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -618,14 +619,14 @@ python-versions = ">=3.5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "networkx"
-version = "2.5"
+version = "2.5.1"
 description = "Python package for creating and manipulating graphs and networks"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.6"
 
 [package.dependencies]
-decorator = ">=4.3.0"
+decorator = ">=4.3,<5"
 
 [package.extras]
 all = ["numpy", "scipy", "pandas", "matplotlib", "pygraphviz", "pydot", "pyyaml", "lxml", "pytest"]
@@ -642,7 +643,7 @@ scipy = ["scipy"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "numpy"
-version = "1.20.1"
+version = "1.20.2"
 description = "NumPy is the fundamental package for array computing with Python."
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -669,7 +670,7 @@ python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "parso"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.8.2"
 description = "A Python Parser"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -722,7 +723,7 @@ dev = ["pre-commit", "tox"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "prompt-toolkit"
-version = "3.0.17"
+version = "3.0.18"
 description = "Library for building powerful interactive command lines in Python"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -780,7 +781,7 @@ email = ["email-validator (>=1.0.3)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyflakes"
-version = "2.3.0"
+version = "2.3.1"
 description = "passive checker of Python programs"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
@@ -825,7 +826,7 @@ python-versions = ">=3.5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pytest"
-version = "6.2.2"
+version = "6.2.3"
 description = "pytest: simple powerful testing with Python"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
@@ -1007,7 +1008,7 @@ sphinx = ">=1.3.1"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex"
-version = "2021.3.17"
+version = "2021.4.4"
 description = "Alternative regular expression module, to replace re."
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
@@ -1078,7 +1079,7 @@ idna2008 = ["idna"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rpcq"
-version = "3.7.0"
+version = "3.9.1"
 description = "The RPC framework and message specification for Rigetti QCS."
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -1092,11 +1093,11 @@ pyzmq = ">=17"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ruamel.yaml"
-version = "0.16.13"
+version = "0.17.4"
 description = "ruamel.yaml is a YAML parser/emitter that supports roundtrip preservation of comments, seq/map flow style, and map key order"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
-python-versions = "*"
+python-versions = ">=3"
 
 [package.dependencies]
 "ruamel.yaml.clib" = {version = ">=0.1.2", markers = "platform_python_implementation == \"CPython\" and python_version < \"3.10\""}
@@ -1150,7 +1151,7 @@ python-versions = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sphinx"
-version = "3.5.2"
+version = "3.5.4"
 description = "Python documentation generator"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -1160,7 +1161,7 @@ python-versions = ">=3.5"
 alabaster = ">=0.7,<0.8"
 babel = ">=1.3"
 colorama = {version = ">=0.3.5", markers = "sys_platform == \"win32\""}
-docutils = ">=0.12"
+docutils = ">=0.12,<0.17"
 imagesize = "*"
 Jinja2 = ">=2.3"
 packaging = "*"
@@ -1181,11 +1182,11 @@ test = ["pytest", "pytest-cov", "html5lib", "cython", "typed-ast"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sphinx-autodoc-typehints"
-version = "1.11.1"
+version = "1.12.0"
 description = "Type hints (PEP 484) support for the Sphinx autodoc extension"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.5.2"
+python-versions = ">=3.6"
 
 [package.dependencies]
 Sphinx = ">=3.0"
@@ -1196,13 +1197,14 @@ type_comments = ["typed-ast (>=1.4.0)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sphinx-rtd-theme"
-version = "0.5.1"
+version = "0.5.2"
 description = "Read the Docs theme for Sphinx"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
 python-versions = "*"
 
 [package.dependencies]
+docutils = "<0.17"
 sphinx = "*"
 
 [package.extras]
@@ -1322,7 +1324,7 @@ test = ["pytest"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "typed-ast"
-version = "1.4.2"
+version = "1.4.3"
 description = "a fork of Python 2 and 3 ast modules with type comment support"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
@@ -1587,16 +1589,16 @@ imagesize = [
     {file = "imagesize-1.2.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:b1f6b5a4eab1f73479a50fb79fcf729514a900c341d8503d62a62dbc4127a2b1"},
 ]
 importlib-metadata = [
-    {file = "importlib_metadata-3.7.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:b74159469b464a99cb8cc3e21973e4d96e05d3024d337313fedb618a6e86e6f4"},
-    {file = "importlib_metadata-3.7.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:742add720a20d0467df2f444ae41704000f50e1234f46174b51f9c6031a1bd71"},
+    {file = "importlib_metadata-3.10.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:2ec0faae539743ae6aaa84b49a169670a465f7f5d64e6add98388cc29fd1f2f6"},
+    {file = "importlib_metadata-3.10.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:c9356b657de65c53744046fa8f7358afe0714a1af7d570c00c3835c2d724a7c1"},
 ]
 iniconfig = [
     {file = "iniconfig-1.1.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:011e24c64b7f47f6ebd835bb12a743f2fbe9a26d4cecaa7f53bc4f35ee9da8b3"},
     {file = "iniconfig-1.1.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:bc3af051d7d14b2ee5ef9969666def0cd1a000e121eaea580d4a313df4b37f32"},
 ]
 ipython = [
-    {file = "ipython-7.21.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:34207ffb2f653bced2bc8e3756c1db86e7d93e44ed049daae9814fed66d408ec"},
-    {file = "ipython-7.21.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:04323f72d5b85b606330b6d7e2dc8d2683ad46c3905e955aa96ecc7a99388e70"},
+    {file = "ipython-7.22.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:c0ce02dfaa5f854809ab7413c601c4543846d9da81010258ecdab299b542d199"},
+    {file = "ipython-7.22.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:9c900332d4c5a6de534b4befeeb7de44ad0cc42e8327fa41b7685abde58cec74"},
 ]
 ipython-genutils = [
     {file = "ipython_genutils-0.2.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:72dd37233799e619666c9f639a9da83c34013a73e8bbc79a7a6348d93c61fab8"},
@@ -1619,8 +1621,8 @@ jsonschema = [
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 ]
 typing-extensions = [
     {file = "typing_extensions-3.7.4.3-py2-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:dafc7639cde7f1b6e1acc0f457842a83e722ccca8eef5270af2d74792619a89f"},
diff --git a/pyquil/api/_benchmark.py b/pyquil/api/_benchmark.py
index 11626fa97..1b99e14f7 100644
--- a/pyquil/api/_benchmark.py
+++ b/pyquil/api/_benchmark.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class BenchmarkConnection(AbstractBenchmarker):
     """
 
     @_record_call
-    def __init__(self, *, timeout: float = 5.0, client_configuration: Optional[QCSClientConfiguration] = None):
+    def __init__(self, *, timeout: float = 10.0, client_configuration: Optional[QCSClientConfiguration] = None):
         """
         Client to communicate with the benchmarking data endpoint.
 
diff --git a/pyquil/api/_compiler.py b/pyquil/api/_compiler.py
index 1e122483b..1c4c13590 100644
--- a/pyquil/api/_compiler.py
+++ b/pyquil/api/_compiler.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def __init__(
         *,
         quantum_processor_id: str,
         quantum_processor: AbstractQuantumProcessor,
-        timeout: float = 5.0,
+        timeout: float = 10.0,
         client_configuration: Optional[QCSClientConfiguration] = None,
     ) -> None:
         """
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         *,
         quantum_processor: AbstractQuantumProcessor,
-        timeout: float = 5.0,
+        timeout: float = 10.0,
         client_configuration: Optional[QCSClientConfiguration] = None,
     ) -> None:
         """
diff --git a/pyquil/api/_compiler_client.py b/pyquil/api/_compiler_client.py
index 9714ca304..1d8e2bc10 100644
--- a/pyquil/api/_compiler_client.py
+++ b/pyquil/api/_compiler_client.py
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class CompilerClient:
     Client for making requests to a Quil compiler.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, *, client_configuration: QCSClientConfiguration, request_timeout: float = 5.0) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *, client_configuration: QCSClientConfiguration, request_timeout: float = 10.0) -> None:
         """
         Instantiate a new compiler client.
 
diff --git a/pyquil/api/_engagement_manager.py b/pyquil/api/_engagement_manager.py
index 8d8736ebc..1d8032230 100644
--- a/pyquil/api/_engagement_manager.py
+++ b/pyquil/api/_engagement_manager.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 #    limitations under the License.
 ##############################################################################
+import threading
 from datetime import datetime
 from typing import Dict, Optional
 
@@ -31,6 +32,8 @@ class EngagementManager:
     Fetches (and caches) engagements for use when accessing a QPU.
     """
 
+    _lock = threading.Lock()
+
     def __init__(self, *, client_configuration: QCSClientConfiguration) -> None:
         """
         Instantiate a new engagement manager.
@@ -40,7 +43,7 @@ def __init__(self, *, client_configuration: QCSClientConfiguration) -> None:
         self._client_configuration = client_configuration
         self._cached_engagements: Dict[str, EngagementWithCredentials] = {}
 
-    def get_engagement(self, *, quantum_processor_id: str, request_timeout: float = 5.0) -> EngagementWithCredentials:
+    def get_engagement(self, *, quantum_processor_id: str, request_timeout: float = 10.0) -> EngagementWithCredentials:
         """
         Gets an engagement for the given quantum processor. If an engagement was already fetched previously and
         remains valid, it will be returned instead of creating a new engagement.
@@ -49,16 +52,19 @@ def get_engagement(self, *, quantum_processor_id: str, request_timeout: float =
         :param request_timeout: Timeout for request, in seconds.
         :return: Fetched or cached engagement.
         """
-        if not self._engagement_valid(self._cached_engagements.get(quantum_processor_id)):
-            with qcs_client(
-                client_configuration=self._client_configuration, request_timeout=request_timeout
-            ) as client:  # type: httpx.Client
-                request = CreateEngagementRequest(quantum_processor_id=quantum_processor_id)
-                self._cached_engagements[quantum_processor_id] = create_engagement(
-                    client=client, json_body=request
-                ).parsed
-
-        return self._cached_engagements[quantum_processor_id]
+        EngagementManager._lock.acquire()
+        try:
+            if not self._engagement_valid(self._cached_engagements.get(quantum_processor_id)):
+                with qcs_client(
+                    client_configuration=self._client_configuration, request_timeout=request_timeout
+                ) as client:  # type: httpx.Client
+                    request = CreateEngagementRequest(quantum_processor_id=quantum_processor_id)
+                    self._cached_engagements[quantum_processor_id] = create_engagement(
+                        client=client, json_body=request
+                    ).parsed
+            return self._cached_engagements[quantum_processor_id]
+        finally:
+            EngagementManager._lock.release()
 
     @staticmethod
     def _engagement_valid(engagement: Optional[EngagementWithCredentials]) -> bool:
diff --git a/pyquil/api/_qcs_client.py b/pyquil/api/_qcs_client.py
index 779b4ef32..98510a192 100644
--- a/pyquil/api/_qcs_client.py
+++ b/pyquil/api/_qcs_client.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 #    limitations under the License.
 ##############################################################################
+import asyncio
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from typing import Iterator
 
@@ -21,14 +22,29 @@
 
 
 @contextmanager
-def qcs_client(*, client_configuration: QCSClientConfiguration, request_timeout: float = 5.0) -> Iterator[httpx.Client]:
+def qcs_client(
+    *,
+    client_configuration: QCSClientConfiguration,
+    request_timeout: float = 10.0,
+) -> Iterator[httpx.Client]:
     """
     Build a QCS client.
 
     :param client_configuration: Client configuration.
     :param request_timeout: Time limit for requests, in seconds.
     """
+    _ensure_event_loop()
     with build_sync_client(
         configuration=client_configuration, client_kwargs={"timeout": request_timeout}
     ) as client:  # type: httpx.Client
         yield client
+
+
+def _ensure_event_loop() -> None:
+    try:
+        asyncio.get_event_loop()
+    except RuntimeError as ex:
+        if len(ex.args) > 0 and "There is no current event loop in thread" in ex.args[0]:
+            asyncio.set_event_loop(asyncio.new_event_loop())
+        else:
+            raise
diff --git a/pyquil/api/_qpu.py b/pyquil/api/_qpu.py
index 650f2ea73..a41697150 100644
--- a/pyquil/api/_qpu.py
+++ b/pyquil/api/_qpu.py
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ def __init__(
         *,
         quantum_processor_id: str,
         priority: int = 1,
-        timeout: float = 5.0,
+        timeout: float = 10.0,
         client_configuration: Optional[QCSClientConfiguration] = None,
         engagement_manager: Optional[EngagementManager] = None,
     ) -> None:
diff --git a/pyquil/api/_qpu_client.py b/pyquil/api/_qpu_client.py
index 021dc4549..c4d56864e 100644
--- a/pyquil/api/_qpu_client.py
+++ b/pyquil/api/_qpu_client.py
@@ -100,7 +100,11 @@ class QPUClient:
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, *, quantum_processor_id: str, engagement_manager: EngagementManager, request_timeout: float = 5.0
+        self,
+        *,
+        quantum_processor_id: str,
+        engagement_manager: EngagementManager,
+        request_timeout: float = 10.0,
     ) -> None:
         """
         Instantiate a new QPU client, authenticated using the given engagement.
diff --git a/pyquil/api/_quantum_computer.py b/pyquil/api/_quantum_computer.py
index 5479217f3..f1bf8023b 100644
--- a/pyquil/api/_quantum_computer.py
+++ b/pyquil/api/_quantum_computer.py
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
 def list_quantum_computers(
     qpus: bool = True,
     qvms: bool = True,
-    timeout: float = 5.0,
+    timeout: float = 10.0,
     client_configuration: Optional[QCSClientConfiguration] = None,
 ) -> List[str]:
     """
@@ -793,7 +793,7 @@ def get_qc(
     *,
     as_qvm: Optional[bool] = None,
     noisy: Optional[bool] = None,
-    timeout: float = 5.0,
+    timeout: float = 10.0,
     client_configuration: Optional[QCSClientConfiguration] = None,
     engagement_manager: Optional[EngagementManager] = None,
 ) -> QuantumComputer:
diff --git a/pyquil/api/_qvm.py b/pyquil/api/_qvm.py
index 08a47b5da..96fadf1b0 100644
--- a/pyquil/api/_qvm.py
+++ b/pyquil/api/_qvm.py
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def __init__(
         gate_noise: Optional[Tuple[float, float, float]] = None,
         measurement_noise: Optional[Tuple[float, float, float]] = None,
         random_seed: Optional[int] = None,
-        timeout: float = 5.0,
+        timeout: float = 10.0,
         client_configuration: Optional[QCSClientConfiguration] = None,
     ):
         """
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ def __init__(
         gate_noise: Optional[Tuple[float, float, float]] = None,
         measurement_noise: Optional[Tuple[float, float, float]] = None,
         random_seed: Optional[int] = None,
-        timeout: float = 5.0,
+        timeout: float = 10.0,
         client_configuration: Optional[QCSClientConfiguration] = None,
     ) -> None:
         """
diff --git a/pyquil/api/_qvm_client.py b/pyquil/api/_qvm_client.py
index ffffe654c..89384e2a4 100644
--- a/pyquil/api/_qvm_client.py
+++ b/pyquil/api/_qvm_client.py
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ class QVMClient:
     Client for making requests to a Quantum Virtual Machine.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, *, client_configuration: QCSClientConfiguration, request_timeout: float = 5.0) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *, client_configuration: QCSClientConfiguration, request_timeout: float = 10.0) -> None:
         """
         Instantiate a new compiler client.
 
diff --git a/pyquil/api/_wavefunction_simulator.py b/pyquil/api/_wavefunction_simulator.py
index 68c263b08..62d68a7f5 100644
--- a/pyquil/api/_wavefunction_simulator.py
+++ b/pyquil/api/_wavefunction_simulator.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         *,
         random_seed: Optional[int] = None,
-        timeout: float = 5.0,
+        timeout: float = 10.0,
         client_configuration: Optional[QCSClientConfiguration] = None,
     ) -> None:
         """
diff --git a/pyquil/quantum_processor/qcs.py b/pyquil/quantum_processor/qcs.py
index ba4ec883f..9690d0940 100644
--- a/pyquil/quantum_processor/qcs.py
+++ b/pyquil/quantum_processor/qcs.py
@@ -59,7 +59,9 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
 
 
 def get_qcs_quantum_processor(
-    quantum_processor_id: str, client_configuration: QCSClientConfiguration, timeout: float = 5.0
+    quantum_processor_id: str,
+    client_configuration: QCSClientConfiguration,
+    timeout: float = 10.0,
 ) -> QCSQuantumProcessor:
     with qcs_client(client_configuration=client_configuration, request_timeout=timeout) as client:  # type: httpx.Client
         isa = get_instruction_set_architecture(client=client, quantum_processor_id=quantum_processor_id).parsed
diff --git a/scripts/ci_install_deps b/scripts/ci_install_deps
index 8672c5ac0..aeb249d98 100755
--- a/scripts/ci_install_deps
+++ b/scripts/ci_install_deps
@@ -4,6 +4,5 @@ curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python-poetry/poetry/master/get-poet
 . $HOME/.poetry/env
 poetry --version
 poetry config virtualenvs.in-project true
-poetry config experimental.new-installer false  # Address flaky poetry installs, see: https://github.com/python-poetry/poetry/issues/3199
 poetry run python -m ensurepip --upgrade
 poetry install -vv
diff --git a/test/e2e/conftest.py b/test/e2e/conftest.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7bb6532bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/e2e/conftest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import os
+
+import pytest
+from qcs_api_client.client import QCSClientConfiguration
+
+from pyquil.api import EngagementManager
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def quantum_processor_id() -> str:
+    quantum_processor_id = os.environ.get("TEST_QUANTUM_PROCESSOR")
+
+    if quantum_processor_id is None:
+        raise Exception("'TEST_QUANTUM_PROCESSOR' env var required for e2e tests.")
+
+    return quantum_processor_id
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def client_configuration() -> QCSClientConfiguration:
+    return QCSClientConfiguration.load()
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def engagement_manager(client_configuration: QCSClientConfiguration) -> EngagementManager:
+    return EngagementManager(client_configuration=client_configuration)
diff --git a/test/e2e/test_e2e.py b/test/e2e/test_e2e.py
index b13ed8b84..bdfa36cae 100644
--- a/test/e2e/test_e2e.py
+++ b/test/e2e/test_e2e.py
@@ -13,35 +13,66 @@
 #    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 #    limitations under the License.
 ##############################################################################
-import pytest
-import os
+from multiprocessing.pool import Pool, ThreadPool
+
+from qcs_api_client.client import QCSClientConfiguration
 
 from pyquil import get_qc, Program
-from pyquil.api import QuantumComputer, QPU
+from pyquil.api import EngagementManager
 from pyquil.gates import H, CNOT, MEASURE
 from pyquil.quilbase import Declare
 
+TEST_PROGRAM = Program(
+    Declare("ro", "BIT", 2),
+    H(0),
+    CNOT(0, 1),
+    MEASURE(0, ("ro", 0)),
+    MEASURE(1, ("ro", 1)),
+).wrap_in_numshots_loop(1000)
+
+
+def test_basic_program(quantum_processor_id: str, client_configuration: QCSClientConfiguration):
+    qc = get_qc(quantum_processor_id, client_configuration=client_configuration)
+
+    results = qc.run(qc.compile(TEST_PROGRAM))
 
-@pytest.fixture()
-def qc() -> QuantumComputer:
-    quantum_processor_id = os.environ.get("TEST_QUANTUM_PROCESSOR")
-    if quantum_processor_id is None:
-        raise Exception("'TEST_QUANTUM_PROCESSOR' env var required for e2e tests.")
-
-    computer = get_qc(quantum_processor_id)
-    if not isinstance(computer.qam, QPU):
-        raise ValueError("'TARGET_QUANTUM_PROCESSOR' should name a QPU. Ensure it is not a QVM.")
-    return computer
-
-
-def test_basic_program(qc: QuantumComputer):
-    program = Program(
-        Declare("ro", "BIT", 2),
-        H(0),
-        CNOT(0, 1),
-        MEASURE(0, ("ro", 0)),
-        MEASURE(1, ("ro", 1)),
-    ).wrap_in_numshots_loop(1000)
-    compiled = qc.compile(program)
-    results = qc.run(compiled)
     assert results.shape == (1000, 2)
+
+
+def test_multithreading(
+    quantum_processor_id: str, client_configuration: QCSClientConfiguration, engagement_manager: EngagementManager
+):
+    args = [(TEST_PROGRAM, quantum_processor_id, client_configuration, engagement_manager) for _ in range(20)]
+    with ThreadPool(10) as pool:
+        results = pool.starmap(run_program, args)
+
+    assert len(results) == 20
+    for result in results:
+        assert result.shape == (1000, 2)
+
+
+def test_multiprocessing(
+    quantum_processor_id: str, client_configuration: QCSClientConfiguration, engagement_manager: EngagementManager
+):
+    args = [(TEST_PROGRAM, quantum_processor_id, client_configuration, engagement_manager) for _ in range(20)]
+    with Pool(10) as pool:
+        results = pool.starmap(run_program, args)
+
+    assert len(results) == 20
+    for result in results:
+        assert result.shape == (1000, 2)
+
+
+# NOTE: This must be outside of the test function, or multiprocessing complains that it can't be pickled
+def run_program(
+    program: Program,
+    quantum_processor_id: str,
+    client_configuration: QCSClientConfiguration,
+    engagement_manager: EngagementManager,
+):
+    qc = get_qc(
+        quantum_processor_id,
+        client_configuration=client_configuration,
+        engagement_manager=engagement_manager,
+    )
+    return qc.run(qc.compile(program))
diff --git a/test/unit/utils.py b/test/unit/utils.py
index 0f81805ab..ddccb2d91 100644
--- a/test/unit/utils.py
+++ b/test/unit/utils.py
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
 import signal
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from multiprocessing import Process
+from socket import socket
 
 import rpcq
 from qcs_api_client.client import QCSClientConfiguration
+from retry import retry
 
 from pyquil import Program
 from pyquil.api._abstract_compiler import AbstractCompiler
@@ -25,9 +27,18 @@ def run_rpcq_server(server: rpcq.Server, port: int):
     def run_server():
         server.run(endpoint=f"tcp://*:{port}", loop=asyncio.new_event_loop())
 
+    @retry(tries=10, delay=0.25)
+    def check_connection():
+        s = socket()
+        try:
+            s.connect(("localhost", port))
+        finally:
+            s.close()
+
     proc = Process(target=run_server)
     try:
         proc.start()
+        check_connection()
         yield
     finally:
         os.kill(proc.pid, signal.SIGINT)