This page proposes some R codes to compute the kernel density estimates of two-dimensional data points, using an extension of Ripley's circumference method to correct for border bias.
An R package is available on another repository: kdeborder
First, the functions computing the estimates are given. Then, we provide a function to plot the result on a map. And we finish with three examples:
- a vizualisation of the density of car accidents in two French "départements";
- a vizualisation of the density of bike thefts locations in San Francisco;
- a vizualisation of the density of camping locations in France.
The function sCircle() returns n points on a circle centered in centre with a radius of radius.
# @n: number of points to define the circle
# @centre: center of the circle
# @radius: radius of the circle
sCircle <- function(n = 100, centre = c(0, 0), radius){
theta <- seq(0, 2*pi, length = n)
m <- cbind(cos(theta), sin(theta)) * radius
m[, 1] <- m[, 1] + centre[1]
m[, 2] <- m[, 2] + centre[2]
colnames(m) <- c("x", "y")
m
}# End of sCircle()
The function sWeights() returns the proportion of the area of a circle of center x and radius 1.759*h on the area of a polygon names polygon.
# @x: center of the circle,
# @h: bandwidth scalar,
# @polygon: polygon on which data points lie.
sWeights <- function(x, h, polygon) {
leCercle <- sCircle(centre = x, radius = 1.759*h)
POLcercle <- as(leCercle[-nrow(leCercle),], "gpc.poly")
return(area.poly(intersect(polygon, POLcercle)) / area.poly(POLcercle))
}# End of sWeights()
The function sKDE() computes the kernel density estimates, correcting for a possible frontier bias. It returns a list, whose elements are :
X: x coordinates at wich estimate is evaluated;Y: y coordinates at wich estimate is evaluated;Z: density estimates;ZNA: density estimates with NA values for points outside the polygon;H: bandwidth matrix;W: vector of weights.
# @U: data points,
# @polygon: polygon on which points lie,
# @optimal: if TRUE, uses Hpi() to select the optimal bandwidth,
# @h: only if optimal=FALSE, scalar bandwidth,
# @parallel: if TRUE, computes the weights using SNOW clusters,
# @n_clusters: only if n_clusters=TRUE, defines the number of clusters.
sKDE <- function(U, polygon, optimal = TRUE, h = .1, parallel = FALSE, n_clusters = 4){
if(!class(polygon) == "gpc.poly") polygon <- as(polygon, "gpc.poly")
if(class(U) == "data.frame") U <- as.matrix(U)
IND <- which(is.na(U[, 1]) == FALSE)
U <- U[IND,]
n <- nrow(U)
if(optimal){
H <- Hpi(U, binned = FALSE)
H <- matrix(c(sqrt(H[1, 1] * H[2, 2]), 0, 0, sqrt(H[1, 1] * H[2, 2])), 2, 2)
}
if(!optimal){
H <- matrix(c(h, 0, 0, h), 2, 2)
}
# Help function to compute weights
poidsU <- function(i, U, h, POL){
x <- as.numeric(U[i,])
sWeights(x, h, POL)
}
# Use parallel methods to compute if the number of observation is a bit high
# Change the number of slaves according to the number of cores your processor has
# It is recommended to use a maximum of the number of cores minus one.
if(parallel){
cl <- makeCluster(n_clusters, type = "SOCK")
clusterEvalQ(cl, library("gpclib"))
clusterEvalQ(cl, library("sp"))
clusterExport(cl, c("sCircle", "sWeights"))
OMEGA <- parLapply(cl, 1:n, poidsU, U = U, h = sqrt(H[1, 1]), POL = polygon)
OMEGA <- do.call("c", OMEGA)
stopCluster(cl)
}else{
OMEGA <- NULL
for(i in 1:n){
OMEGA <- c(OMEGA, poidsU(i, U, h = sqrt(H[1, 1]), POL = polygon))
}
}
# Kernel Density Estimator
fhat <- kde(U, H, w = 1/OMEGA,
xmin = c(min(get.bbox(polygon)$x), min(get.bbox(polygon)$y)),
xmax = c(max(get.bbox(polygon)$x), max(get.bbox(polygon)$y)))
fhat$estimate <- fhat$estimate * sum(1/OMEGA) / n
vx <- unlist(fhat$eval.points[1])
vy <- unlist(fhat$eval.points[2])
VX <- cbind(rep(vx, each = length(vy)))
VY <- cbind(rep(vy, length(vx)))
VXY <- cbind(VX, VY)
Ind <- matrix(inside.gpc.poly(x = VX, y = VY, polyregion = polygon), length(vy), length(vx))
f0 <- fhat
f0$estimate[t(Ind) == 0] <- NA
list(
X = fhat$eval.points[[1]],
Y = fhat$eval.points[[2]],
Z = fhat$estimate,
ZNA = f0$estimate,
H = fhat$H,
W = fhat$w)
}# End of sKDE()
The function sKDE_without_c() computes the kernel density estimates, without correcting for a possible frontier bias. It returns a list, whose elements are :
X: x coordinates at wich estimate is evaluated;Y: y coordinates at wich estimate is evaluated;Z: density estimates;ZNA: density estimates with NA values for points outside the polygon;H: bandwidth matrix;W: vector of weights.
# @U: data points,
# @polygon: polygon on which points lie,
# @optimal: if TRUE, uses Hpi() to select the optimal bandwidth,
# @h: only if optimal=FALSE, scalar bandwidth,
sKDE_without_c = function(U, polygon, optimal = TRUE, h = .1){
polygon <- as(polygon, "gpc.poly")
IND <- which(is.na(U[,1]) == FALSE)
U <- U[IND,]
n <- nrow(U)
if(optimal){
H <- Hpi(U,binned=FALSE)
H <- matrix(c(sqrt(H[1, 1] * H[2, 2]), 0, 0, sqrt(H[1, 1] * H[2, 2])), 2, 2)
}
if(!optimal){
H <- matrix(c(h, 0, 0, h), 2, 2)
}
# Kernel density estimator
fhat <- kde(U, H,
xmin = c(min(get.bbox(polygon)$x), min(get.bbox(polygon)$y)),
xmax = c(max(get.bbox(polygon)$x), max(get.bbox(polygon)$y)))
vx <- unlist(fhat$eval.points[1])
vy <- unlist(fhat$eval.points[2])
VX <- cbind(rep(vx, each = length(vy)))
VY <- cbind(rep(vy, length(vx)))
VXY <- cbind(VX,VY)
Ind <- matrix(inside.gpc.poly(x = VX, y = VY, polyregion = polygon), length(vy), length(vx))
f0 <- fhat
f0$estimate[t(Ind) == 0] <- NA
list(
X = fhat$eval.points[[1]],
Y = fhat$eval.points[[2]],
Z = fhat$estimate,
ZNA = f0$estimate,
H = fhat$H,
W = fhat$W)
}# End of sKDE_without_c()
Using the result obtained by the evaluation of the functions sKDE() or sKDE_without_c(), the function plot_sKDE() creates a visualization of the kernel density estimates.
# @smooth : result from sKDE() or sKDE_without_c();
# @breaks : breaks for the legend (seq(min(smooth$Z)*.95,max(smooth$Z)*1.05,length=21) by default);
# @polygon : polygon on which data points lie;
# @coord : coordinates (long, lat) of data points;
# @alpha_coords : transparency for data points (.8 by default);
# @size_coords : size for data points (.8 by default);
# @many_points : if TRUE, @coord must be the result of condense() (package bigvis). It is helpful when there are too many points to display (FALSE by default);
# @colContour : colour of the contour of the polygon ("white" by default);
# @colPoints : colour of the data points ("dodger blue" by default);
# @title : title (if provided) to give to the plot;
# @contour : if FALSE, contour are not plotted (TRUE by default);
# @round : round value for the legend (2 by default);
# @text_size : text size (22 by default).
plot_sKDE <- function(smooth, breaks, polygon, coord, alpha_coords = .8, size_coords = .8,
many_points = FALSE,
colContour="white",
colPoints="dodger blue", title, contour=TRUE,
round = 2, text_size = 22){
# Get the right format for ggplot2
obtenirMelt <- function(smoothed){
res <- melt(smoothed$ZNA)
res[,1] <- smoothed$X[res[,1]]
res[,2] <- smoothed$Y[res[,2]]
names(res) <- list("X","Y","ZNA")
return(res)
}
smCont <- obtenirMelt(smooth)
if(missing(breaks)) breaks <- seq(min(smooth$Z)*.95,max(smooth$Z)*1.05,length=21)
smCont$colour <- cut(smCont[,"ZNA"],breaks=breaks,labels=round(breaks[-1],digits=round))
smCont$colour2 <- as.character(cut(smCont[,"ZNA"],breaks=breaks,labels=rev(heat.colors(length(breaks)-1))))
if(is.null(polygon$group)) polygon$group <- factor(1)
P <- ggplot() +
geom_polygon(data = polygon, aes(x = long, y = lat, group = group),
fill = NA, col = "black") +
geom_tile(aes(x = X, y = Y, fill = ZNA),
alpha = .9, data = smCont[!is.na(smCont$ZNA),], na.rm=TRUE)
lesLabels <- round(breaks,round)
lesIndicesLabels <- floor(seq(1,length(lesLabels),length.out=5)) # Only keep 5 points for the legend values
lesIndicesLabels[length(lesIndicesLabels)] <- length(lesLabels) # Making sure we display the last value
lesLabels <- as.character(lesLabels[lesIndicesLabels])
lesLabels[lesLabels=="0"] <- "0.00"
if(contour) P <- P + geom_contour(data = smCont[!is.na(smCont$ZNA),],
aes(x = X, y = Y, z = ZNA),
alpha=0.6, colour = colContour,
breaks = breaks[lesIndicesLabels])
if(many_points){
P <- P + geom_point(data = coord, aes(x = long, y = lat, alpha = .count),
col = "blue", size = size_coords) +
scale_alpha_continuous(guide=FALSE)
}else{
P <- P + geom_point(data = coord[,c("long", "lat")], aes(x = long, y = lat),
alpha = alpha_coords, col = "blue", size = size_coords)
}
if(contour){
# To add contour levels
ind_level <- which(unlist(lapply(ggplot_build(P)$data, function(x) "level" %in% colnames(x))))
tmp <- ggplot_build(P)$data[[ind_level]]
ind <- unlist(lapply(unique(tmp$piece), function(x){
corresp <- which(tmp$piece == x)
corresp[round(length(corresp)/2)]
}))
tmp$level_r <- round(tmp$level, round)
P <- P + geom_text(aes(label = level_r, z = NULL, x = x, y = y), data=tmp[ind,])
}
P <- P + scale_fill_gradient(name="",low='yellow', high='red',
breaks=breaks[lesIndicesLabels],
limits=range(breaks),labels=lesLabels)
P <- P + theme(axis.text.x=element_blank(),
axis.text.y=element_blank(),
axis.ticks.x=element_blank(),
axis.ticks.y=element_blank(),
axis.title=element_blank(),
text = element_text(size = text_size))
P <- P + geom_polygon(data=polygon, mapping=(aes(x=long, y=lat)),
colour="black", fill=NA)
# Add a title if one was provided
if(!missing(title)) P <- P + ggtitle(title)
P
}
This page provides three example on how to estimate the density of car accidents that happened in Finistère and Morbihan, two French "départements", on bike thefts in San Francisco and on camping locations in France. Once the estimates are computed, they are plotted on a map. Two estimations are provided: one using a border correction, and the other ignoring this possible issue.
But before going further, some packages need to be loaded.
library(rgdal)
library(surveillance)
library(maptools)
library(ggplot2)
library(plyr)
library(ellipse)
library(fields)
library(gpclib)
library(ks)
library(maps)
library(rgeos)
library(snow)
library(sp)
library(ggmap)
library(reshape2)
Data are available in the "data" folder.
load("../data/car_accidents/acci.RData")
They are contained in the object names acci, which is a list of two elements:
finistere: concerns only the "département" Finistère. It is also a list, whose elements are:- points: data.frame of data points (long, lat),
- polygon: data.frame of bounding surface - Finistere's frontier - (long, lat);
morbihan: concerns only the "département" Morbihan. It is also a list, whose elements are:- points: data.frame of data points (long, lat),
- polygon: data.frame of bounding surface - Finistere's frontier - (long, lat).
# Finistere accidents locations
ggplot() + geom_polygon(data = acci$finistere$polygon, aes(x = long, y = lat), fill = "grey75") +
geom_point(data = acci$finistere$points, aes(x = long, y = lat), col = "dodger blue", alpha = .5) + coord_equal() +
ggtitle("Accidents in Finistere")
<img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/26878989/kde_ripley/images/obs_acci_fin.png" style="display: block; margin: auto; alt="Accidents in Finistere" />
# Morbihan accidents location
ggplot() + geom_polygon(data = acci$morbihan$polygon, aes(x = long, y = lat), fill = "grey75") +
geom_point(data = acci$morbihan$points, aes(x = long, y = lat), col = "dodger blue", alpha = .5) + coord_equal() +
ggtitle("Accidents in Morbihan")
<img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/26878989/kde_ripley/images/obs_acci_fin.png" style="display: block; margin: auto; alt="Accidents in Finistere" />
Now, let's see how to use the functions sKDE() and sKDE_without_c() to compute the kernel density estimates, taking care of possible border bias, and without considering them respectively.
Let's do this for Finistère first.
# Estimation with correction
smoothed_fin <- sKDE(U = acci$finistere$points, polygon = acci$finistere$polygon,
optimal=TRUE, parallel = FALSE)
# Estimation without correction
smoothed_fin_nc <- sKDE_without_c(U = acci$finistere$points, polygon = acci$finistere$polygon,
optimal=TRUE)
To visualize the estimates, it is possible to use the plot_sKDE() function.
First, taking care of the border effects:
p_acci_fin <- plot_sKDE(smooth = smoothed_fin,
coord = acci$finistere$points,
alpha_coords = .8,
size_coords = 1,
breaks = seq(min(smoothed_fin$ZNA,
smoothed_fin_nc$ZNA,na.rm=T)*.95,
max(smoothed_fin$ZNA,
smoothed_fin_nc$ZNA,na.rm=T)*1.05,
length=21),
polygon = acci$finistere$polygon,
round = 3,
colContour = "black") +
ggtitle("With correction") +
coord_equal()
print(p_acci_fin)
<img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/26878989/kde_ripley/images/kde_acci_fin.png" style="display: block; margin: auto; alt="Estimation of the density of accidents in Finistere" />
And secondly, without considering the possible border effect:
p_acci_fin_nc <- plot_sKDE(smooth = smoothed_fin_nc,
coord = acci$finistere$points,
alpha_coords = .8,
size_coords = 1,
breaks = seq(min(smoothed_fin$ZNA,
smoothed_fin_nc$ZNA,na.rm=T)*.95,
max(smoothed_fin$ZNA,
smoothed_fin_nc$ZNA,na.rm=T)*1.05,
length=21),
polygon = acci$finistere$polygon,
round = 3,
colContour = "black") +
ggtitle("Without correction") +
coord_equal()
print(p_acci_fin_nc)
<img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/26878989/kde_ripley/images/kde_acci_fin_nc.png" style="display: block; margin: auto; alt="Estimation of the density of accidents in Finistere, without correction" />
The estimation for Morbihan follows the same scheme.
# Estimation with correction
smoothed_morb <- sKDE(U = acci$morbihan$points, polygon = acci$morbihan$polygon,
optimal=TRUE, parallel = FALSE)
# Estimation without correction
smoothed_morb_nc <- sKDE_without_c(U = acci$morbihan$points, polygon = acci$morbihan$polygon,
optimal=TRUE)
Plotting the result using the plot_sKDE() function, first using the estimates taking the border bias into account, and secondly using the estimates computed without considering a border bias.
p_acci_morb <- plot_sKDE(smooth = smoothed_morb,
coord = acci$morbihan$points,
alpha_coords = .8,
size_coords = 1,
breaks = seq(min(smoothed_morb$ZNA,
smoothed_morb_nc$ZNA,na.rm=T)*.95,
max(smoothed_morb$ZNA,
smoothed_morb_nc$ZNA,na.rm=T)*1.05,
length=21),
polygon = acci$morbihan$polygon,
round = 3,
colContour = "black") +
ggtitle("With correction") +
coord_equal()
print(p_acci_morb)
<img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/26878989/kde_ripley/images/kde_acci_morb.png" style="display: block; margin: auto; alt="Estimation of the density of accidents in Morbihan" />
p_acci_morb_nc <- plot_sKDE(smooth = smoothed_morb_nc,
coord = acci$morbihan$points,
alpha_coords = .8,
size_coords = 1,
breaks = seq(min(smoothed_morb$ZNA,
smoothed_morb_nc$ZNA,na.rm=T)*.95,
max(smoothed_morb$ZNA,
smoothed_morb_nc$ZNA,na.rm=T)*1.05,
length=21),
polygon = acci$morbihan$polygon,
round = 3,
colContour = "black") +
ggtitle("Without correction") +
coord_equal()
print(p_acci_morb_nc)
<img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/26878989/kde_ripley/images/kde_acci_morb_nc.png" style="display: block; margin: auto; alt="Estimation of the density of accidents in Morbihan, without correction" />
A map of San Francisco can be obtained from the Bay Area Census (2000) (http://www.mtc.ca.gov/maps_and_data/GIS/data.htm). The information contained in the shapefile that can be downloaded on that website, is also available, in a more R friendly format, in the "data" folder.
load("../data/bike_thefts/sf_df.rda")
The loaded object is called sf_df. It is a data.frame that can be used by ggplot().
Data about crimes reported in San Francisco are available on <a href="https://data.sfgov.org/"">https://data.sfgov.org/. A focus on bike thefts reported in 2013 can be found in the "data" folder.
load("../data/bike_thefts/incidents_bikes.RData")
These data are contained in an object called incidents_bikes, which is a data.frame, whose variables are:
IncidntNum: incident number;Category: category;Descript: decription;DayOfWeek: name of the day;Date: date;Time: time;PdDistrict: Police Department District;Resolution: resolution;Location: address;long: longitude;lat: latitude;date: date.
# San Francisco bike thefts' locations (2013)
ggplot() +
geom_polygon(data = sf_df, aes(x = long, y = lat, group = group), fill = "grey75") +
geom_point(data = incidents_bikes, aes(x = long, y = lat),
alpha = .5, col = "dodger blue") +
ggtitle("Bike thefts in San Francisco (2013)") +
coord_equal()
<img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/26878989/kde_ripley/images/obs_bike_thefts_sf.png" style="display: block; margin: auto; alt="Reported bike thefts in San Francisco, CA (2013)" />
Now, let's see how to use the functions sKDE() and sKDE_without_c() to compute the kernel density estimates, taking care of possible border bias, and without considering them respectively.
The estimates are calculated as follows:
# Estimation with correction
smoothed_sf_bikes <- sKDE(U = incidents_bikes[, c("long", "lat")],
polygon = sf_df[, c("long", "lat")],
optimal=TRUE, parallel=FALSE)
# Estimation without correction
smoothed_sf_bikes_nc <- sKDE_without_c(U = incidents_bikes[, c("long", "lat")],
polygon = sf_df[, c("long", "lat")],
optimal=TRUE)
To visualize the estimates, it is possible to use the plot_sKDE() function.
First, taking care of the border effects:
p_bikes_sf <- plot_sKDE(smooth = smoothed_sf_bikes,
coord = incidents_bikes[, c("long", "lat")],
alpha_coords = .8,
size_coords = 1,
breaks = seq(min(smoothed_sf_bikes$ZNA,
smoothed_sf_bikes_nc$ZNA,na.rm=T)*.95,
max(smoothed_sf_bikes$ZNA,
smoothed_sf_bikes_nc$ZNA,na.rm=T)*1.05,
length=21),
polygon = sf_df[, c("long", "lat")],
round = 2,
colContour = "black") +
ggtitle("With correction") +
coord_equal()
print(p_bikes_sf)
<img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/26878989/kde_ripley/images/kde_bike_thefts_sf.png" style="display: block; margin: auto; alt="Estimation of the density of bike thefts in San Francisco, CA" />
And secondly, without considering the possible border effect:
p_bikes_sf_nc <- plot_sKDE(smooth = smoothed_sf_bikes_nc,
coord = incidents_bikes[, c("long", "lat")],
alpha_coords = .8,
size_coords = 1,
breaks = seq(min(smoothed_sf_bikes$ZNA,
smoothed_sf_bikes_nc$ZNA,na.rm=T)*.95,
max(smoothed_sf_bikes$ZNA,
smoothed_sf_bikes_nc$ZNA,na.rm=T)*1.05,
length=21),
polygon = sf_df[, c("long", "lat")],
round = 2,
colContour = "black") +
ggtitle("Without correction") +
coord_equal()
print(p_bikes_sf_nc)
<img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/26878989/kde_ripley/images/kde_bike_thefts_sf_nc.png" style="display: block; margin: auto; alt="Estimation of the density of bike thefts in San Francisco, CA, without correction" />
We need a French map, with a bit more details than the one that can be found in the maps package. We extracted the French border on the EuroGeographics european map (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/GISCO/geodatafiles/CNTR_2014_03M_SH.zip, © EuroGeographics for the administrative boundaries). The French frontier, which is extracted from this shapefile, can be obtained in the "data" folder.
Data can also be downloaded from the "data" folder.
load("../data/french_campings/tourisme_camping.RData")
load("../data/french_campings/france.RData")
These data were downloaded from https://www.classement.atout-france.fr/web/guest;jsessionid=8436e9995ac3be992904b79690c0, and geocoded using the function geocode() from the ggmaps package, available on CRAN.
These data are contained in an object called tourisme_camping, which is a data.frame, whose variables are:
ranking: number of stars attributed;commercial_name: name;address: address;zip: French area code;town: town;no_pitches: number of pitches;long: longitude;lat: latitude.
# French campings locations
ggplot() + geom_polygon(data = france, aes(x = long, y = lat, group = group), fill = "grey75") +
geom_point(data = tourisme_camping, aes(x = long, y = lat),
col = "dodger blue", alpha = .5, size = 1.5) +
coord_equal()
<img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/26878989/kde_ripley/images/obs_campings_fr.png" style="display: block; margin: auto; alt="Campings spots in France" />
Now, let's see how to use the functions sKDE() and sKDE_without_c() to compute the kernel density estimates, taking care of possible border bias, and without considering them respectively.
Although it is possible to estimate the density with all 5494 points, it takes a lot of time. Hence, in this example, we'll focus on a sample of 1000 points.
set.seed(1)
ind <- sample(x = seq_len(nrow(tourisme_camping)), size = 1000)
tourisme_camping_samp <- tourisme_camping[ind,]
ggplot() + geom_polygon(data = france, aes(x = long, y = lat, group = group), fill = "grey75") +
geom_point(data = tourisme_camping_samp, aes(x = long, y = lat),
col = "dodger blue", alpha = .5, size = 1.5) +
coord_equal()
<img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/26878989/kde_ripley/images/obs_campings_fr_samp.png" style="display: block; margin: auto; alt="Campings spots in France (Random sample of size 1000)" />
The estimates are calculated as follows:
# Estimation with correction (using parallel computation on three clusters)
smoothed_camping <- sKDE(U = tourisme_camping_samp[,c("long", "lat")],
polygon = france[,c("long", "lat")], optimal=TRUE,
parallel=TRUE, n_clusters = 3)
# Estimation without correction
smoothed_camping_nc <- sKDE_without_c(U = tourisme_camping_samp[,c("long", "lat")],
polygon = france[,c("long", "lat")], optimal=TRUE)
To visualize the estimates, it is possible to use the plot_sKDE() function.
First, taking care of the border effects:
p_camping <- plot_sKDE(smooth = smoothed_camping,
coord = tourisme_camping_samp[, c("long", "lat")],
alpha_coords = .8,
size_coords = 1,
breaks = seq(min(smoothed_camping$ZNA,
smoothed_camping_nc$ZNA,na.rm=T)*.95,
max(smoothed_camping$ZNA,
smoothed_camping_nc$ZNA,na.rm=T)*1.05,
length=21),
polygon = france[, c("long", "lat")],
round = 3,
colContour = "black") +
ggtitle("With correction") +
coord_equal()
print(p_camping)
<img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/26878989/kde_ripley/images/kde_campings_fr_samp.png" style="display: block; margin: auto; alt="Estimation of the density of camping spots in France" />
And secondly, without considering the possible border effect:
p_camping_nc <- plot_sKDE(smooth = smoothed_camping_nc,
coord = tourisme_camping_samp[, c("long", "lat")],
alpha_coords = .8,
size_coords = 1,
breaks = seq(min(smoothed_camping$ZNA,
smoothed_camping_nc$ZNA,na.rm=T)*.95,
max(smoothed_camping$ZNA,
smoothed_camping_nc$ZNA,na.rm=T)*1.05,
length=21),
polygon = france[, c("long", "lat")],
round = 3,
colContour = "black") +
ggtitle("Without correction") +
coord_equal()
print(p_camping_nc)
<img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/26878989/kde_ripley/images/kde_campings_fr_samp_nc.png" style="display: block; margin: auto; alt="Estimation of the density of camping spots in France, without correction" />
