diff --git a/old-english/learning-latin.rst b/old-english/learning-latin.rst index 5b8e91c..166ac63 100644 --- a/old-english/learning-latin.rst +++ b/old-english/learning-latin.rst @@ -61,10 +61,28 @@ Incipit de verbo ---------------- *Verbum est pars orationis cum tempore et persona sine casu aut agere aliquit aut pati aut neutrum significans*: 'a -*verbum* is a word which is part of Latin with time and person without case, signifying either the doing of somthing or +*verbum* is a word which is part of Latin with time and person without case, signifying either the doing of something or the enduring of something or neither'. *Verbum habet septum accidentia*: 'a verb has seven things which belong to it'. It has *significatio*, that is 'meaning', what that word means: a deed, a thing to be endured or neither; *tempus* 'time', *modus* 'mood', *species* 'function', *figura* 'form', *coniugatio*, 'conjugation', *persona* 'person', *numerus* 'number'. We shall now in order carefully consider each of these. - **At this point Ælfric expounds at length about the grammar of Latin verbs.** +*Significatio* is 'meaning', what the word means. Each complete word with *-o* or *-or*. An *-o* ending denotes an +*actiua uerba*, that is an 'active' word, one that shows what one does: *amo* 'I love' describes my action; likewise +*doceo* 'I teach', *lego* 'I read', *audio* 'I hear'. In each of these words it is my action which is described. These +and their like are called *actiua*, that is 'active', since they describe actions. Add an *-r* to these words and they +become *passiua*, that is 'passive', not in the sense that they denote suffering, rather that the other person's action +happened to me rather than to you; in Latin they are *passiuum uerbum*. I now say *amo* 'I love', then you say *quem +amas*? 'Whom do you love'? I say *te amo* 'I love you' and so my love is directed at you and you may say *amor a te* 'I +am loved by you'; *doceo te* 'I teach you', and you say: *doceor a te* 'I am taught by you', *et cetera*. + +So, there is a word called *actiua*, that is 'active', that you end with an *-o* and you make it *passiua uerba*, that is +a 'passive verb', by giving it an *-r*, as we said above. A word which ends with with an *-o* and may not be understood +to be *passiua* is called *neutra*, that is 'of neither kind' or 'neutral'; *uiuo* 'I live', *spiro* 'I breathe', *sto* +'I stand', *ambulo* 'I walk', *sedeo* 'I sit'. These words be cannot be *passiuum*, since their action cannot be +performed by any other person but the speaker. However, some which are *neutrum* are *passiuum* in the third person, not +in relation to a person but to another thing: *aro* 'I plough', *aras* 'you plough', *arat* 'he ploughs'. No one says 'I +am ploughed' but in the third person it is said: *aratur terra* 'the land is ploughed'; *bibo* 'I drink', *bibitur +uinum* 'the wine is drunk'; *manduco* 'I eat', *manducatur panis* 'the loaf is eaten'; *laboro* 'I toil', *laboratur +uestis* 'the clothing is worn out', *et cetera*. +