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Minor sentence structure and wording changes for `lab8-system_and_pro… #1814

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72 changes: 36 additions & 36 deletions docs/labs/systems_administration_I/lab8-system_and_process_monitoring-I.md
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Expand Up @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Estimated time to complete this lab: 60 minutes

## Introduction

These exercises cover a wide range of topics related to monitoring and managing processes on a Linux systems. Topics covered include process identification and control, process priority management, signal handling, resource monitoring, and "cgroups" management.
These exercises cover various topics related to monitoring and managing processes on a Linux systems. Topics covered include process identification and control, process priority management, signal handling, resource monitoring, and "cgroups" management.

## Exercise 1

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ These exercises cover a wide range of topics related to monitoring and managing

#### To display detailed process information using `ps`

The following steps show how to use `ps` for displaying basic process information.
The following steps show how to use `ps` to display basic process information.

1. Use the `ps` command to display a list of all processes in a tree structure.

Expand All @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ The following steps show how to use `ps` for displaying basic process informatio

What is the structure of the process list, and what information is displayed?

2. Filter the list to only show processes associated with a specific user, e.g., the user "root."
2. Filter the list only to show processes associated with a specific user, e.g., the user "root."

```bash
ps -U root
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ The following steps show how to use `ps` for displaying basic process informatio

#### To terminate a process using `kill`

1. Start a long running sleep process in the background and display the PID for the process on your terminal. Type:
1. Start a long running sleep process in the background and display the PID on your terminal. Type:

```bash
(sleep 3600 & MYPROC1=$! && echo PID is: $MYPROC1) 2>/dev/null
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ The following steps show how to use `ps` for displaying basic process informatio

#### To terminate processes using `kill` signals

1. Start a new sleep process and make note of its PID. Type:
1. Start a new sleep process and make a note of its PID. Type:

```bash
(sleep 3600 & MYPROC2=$! && echo PID is: $MYPROC2) 2>/dev/null
Expand All @@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ The following steps show how to use `ps` for displaying basic process informatio

Confirm that $MYPROC2 is no longer in the process table.

3. Start a new ping process and make note of its PID. Type:
3. Start a new ping process and make a note of its PID. Type:

```bash
{ ping localhost > /dev/null 2>&1 & MYPROC3=$!; } \
Expand All @@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ The following steps show how to use `ps` for displaying basic process informatio

Replace MYPROC3 with the actual PID of the process on your system.

5. Start a long running process using the `cat` command. Type:
5. Start a long-running process using the `cat` command. Type:

```bash
{ cat /dev/random > /dev/null 2>&1 & MYPROC4=$!; } \
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ The following steps show how to use `ps` for displaying basic process informatio

What processes are consuming the most CPU and memory?

3. Sort the processes in top by CPU usage (press P) and by memory usage (press M).
3. Sort the processes in `top` by CPU usage (press P) and by memory usage (press M).

!!! question

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -273,13 +273,13 @@ The following steps show how to use `ps` for displaying basic process informatio

What is the process ID and resource utilization of the intensive process?

5. Change the sorting order in top to display processes using the most CPU or memory (press P or M).
5. Change the sorting order in `top` to display processes using the most CPU or memory (press P or M).

!!! question

What process is at the top of the list after sorting?

6. Exit top by pressing `q`.
6. Exit `top` by pressing `q`.

#### To monitor processes and resource usage using `top`

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -311,11 +311,11 @@ The following steps show how to use `ps` for displaying basic process informatio

What processes are using the most memory?

5. Exit top by pressing q.
5. Exit top by pressing ++"q"++.

!!! question

Explain the significance of monitoring system resources using the top command and how it can help in troubleshooting performance issues.
Explain the significance of monitoring system resources using the `top` command and how it can help troubleshoot performance issues.

## Exercise 4

Expand All @@ -342,27 +342,27 @@ The following steps show how to use `ps` for displaying basic process informatio

The value of the PID will be different on your system.

Make note of the value of PID being continuously displayed on the screen on your system.
Note of the value of the PID being continuously displayed on the screen on your system.

2. In a different terminal, using your value of the PID, check the process' default priority using `ps`. Type:
2. In a different terminal, using your PID value, check the process' default priority using `ps`. Type:

```bash
ps -p <PID> -o ni
```

!!! question

What is the default process priority (`nice` value) of the running process?
What is the running process' default process priority (`nice` value)?

3. Using the PID of the process printed, end the process using the `kill` command.

4. Using the `nice` command, relaunch a similar process but with a lower niceness value (i.e. more favorable to the process OR higher priority). Use a `nice` value of `-20`. Type:
4. Using the `nice` command, relaunch a similar process with a lower niceness value (i.e. more favorable to the process OR higher priority). Use a `nice` value of `-20`. Type:

```bash
nice -n -20 bash -c 'while true; do echo "High priority: The PID is $$"; done'
```

5. Using your own value of the PID, check the process' priority using `ps`. Type:
5. Using your value of the PID, check the process' priority using `ps`. Type:

```bash
ps -p <PID> -o ni
Expand All @@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ The following steps show how to use `ps` for displaying basic process informatio

Has the process priority been successfully set?

6. Simultaneously press the ++ctrl+c++ keys on your keyboard to `kill` the new high priority process.
6. Simultaneously press the ++ctrl+c++ keys on your keyboard to `kill` the new high-priority process.

7. Using the `nice` command again relaunch another process but this time with a higher niceness value (i.e. least favorable to the process OR lower priority). Use a `nice` value of `19` Type:

Expand All @@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ The following steps show how to use `ps` for displaying basic process informatio
ps -p <PID> -o ni
```

9. Simultaneously press the ++ctrl+c++ keys on your keyboard to kill the new low priority process.
9. Simultaneously press the ++ctrl+c++ keys on your keyboard to kill the new low-priority process.

10. Experiment with altering the priority of different processes to higher and lower values and observe the impact on the process's resource usage.

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ The following steps show how to use `ps` for displaying basic process informatio

The value of the PID will be different on your system.

Make note of the value of the PID on your system.
Make a note of the value of the PID on your system.

3. Use the `renice` command to adjust the priority of the running `find/md5sum` process to a lower niceness value (e.g., -10, higher priority). Type:

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -490,9 +490,9 @@ The following steps show how to use `ps` for displaying basic process informatio
ps -p <PID1,PID2,...>
```

Replace "<PID1,PID2,...>" with the actual process IDs obtained from step 1.
Replace "<PID1,PID2,...>" with the process IDs obtained from step 1.

3. Use the `pgrep` command to identify any processes with a specific name, e.g., "cron."
3. Use the `pgrep` command to identify processes with a specific name, e.g., "cron."

```bash
pgrep cron
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -554,11 +554,11 @@ This exercise covers managing processes with `fg` and `bg`

!!! question

Explain the purpose of foreground and background processes, and how they are managed using `fg` and `bg` commands.
Explain the foreground and background process' purpose, and how they are managed using `fg` and `bg` commands.

#### To start a process in the background

1. The `&` symbol can be used to launch a process that immediately runs in the background. For example to start off the `sleep` command in the background type:
1. The `&` symbol can launch a process that immediately runs in the background. For example, to start the `sleep` command in the background type:

```bash
sleep 300 &
Expand All @@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ This exercise covers managing processes with `fg` and `bg`

What is the status of the `sleep 300` process?

3. Bring the background process back to the foreground using the `fg` command.
3. Return the background process to the foreground using the `fg` command.

```bash
fg
Expand All @@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ This exercise covers managing processes with `fg` and `bg`

#### To manage interactive processes using `bg` and `fg`

1. Start an interactive process such as the `vi` text editor to create and edit a sample file text file named "foobar.txt". Type:
1. Start an interactive process like the `vi` text editor to create and edit a sample file text file named "foobar.txt". Type:

```bash
vi foobar1.txt
Expand All @@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ This exercise covers managing processes with `fg` and `bg`

Is the process now running in the background?

2. Enter the text "Hello" inside `foobar1.txt` in your `vi` editor.
2. Enter "Hello" inside `foobar1.txt` in your `vi` editor.

3. Suspend the running `vi` text editing session by pressing ++ctrl+z++.

Expand All @@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ This exercise covers managing processes with `fg` and `bg`
[2]+ 2977612 Stopped vi foobar2.txt
```

You should have at least 2 jobs listed in your output. The number in the 1st column of the output shows the job number - [1] and [2].
You should have at least 2 jobs listed in your output. The number in the 1st column of the output shows the job numbers - [1] and [2].

8. Resume ==and bring to the foreground== the 1st `vi` session by typing:

Expand All @@ -647,7 +647,7 @@ This exercise covers managing processes with `fg` and `bg`
fg %2
```

11. Ungracefully terminate both `vi` editing sessions by sending the KILL signal to both jobs. Follow the `kill` command with the jobs command. Type:
11. Ungracefully terminate both `vi` editing sessions by sending the KILL signal to both jobs. Follow the `kill` command with the jobs command. Type:

```bash
kill -SIGKILL %1 %2 && jobs
Expand All @@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ This exercise covers managing processes with `fg` and `bg`
pidof systemd
```

Make a note of the process ID(s) of `systemd`.
Note the process ID(s) of `systemd`.

3. Verify the existence of the identified process using the `ps` command.

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ This exercise covers using the powerful `exec` command.
bash
```

2. In the new shell, run a command that does not exit, such as a simple while loop.
2. Run a command that does not exit in the new shell, such as a simple while loop.

```bash
while true; do echo "Running..."; done
Expand All @@ -802,13 +802,13 @@ This exercise covers using the powerful `exec` command.

!!! question

Explain how the `exec` command can be used to replace the current shell process with a different command.
Explain how the `exec` command can replace the current shell process with a different command.

## Exercise 11

### Process management with `killall`

Similar to `kill`, `killall` is a command to terminate processes by name. Some similarities can be observed between the usage of `killall` , `kill`, and `pkill` in process termination.
Like `kill`, `killall` is a command to terminate processes by name instead of PID. Some similarities can be observed between the usage of `killall` , `kill`, and `pkill` in process termination.

#### To terminate processes by name using `killall`

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ Similar to `kill`, `killall` is a command to terminate processes by name. Some s

!!! question

How does `killall` differ from `pkill` and `kill` when it comes to terminating processes by name?
How does `killall` differ from `pkill` and `kill` when terminating processes by name?

## Exercise 12

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -886,7 +886,7 @@ Similar to `kill`, `killall` is a command to terminate processes by name. Some s

!!! question

Explain the concept of `cgroups` in Linux and how they can be used to manage and control resource allocation for processes.
Explain the concept of `cgroups` in Linux and how they can manage and control resource allocation for processes.

## Exercise 13

Expand All @@ -912,7 +912,7 @@ Similar to `kill`, `killall` is a command to terminate processes by name. Some s

Replace <PRIORITY> with the new priority value you want to set, and <PID> with the actual PID of the process.

3. Verify that the priority of the process has been changed using `ps`.
3. Verify that the process' priority has changed using `ps`.

```bash
ps -p <PID> -o ni
Expand Down