diff --git a/lib/rspec/mocks/argument_list_matcher.rb b/lib/rspec/mocks/argument_list_matcher.rb
index 9abed7af6..f8adcd931 100644
--- a/lib/rspec/mocks/argument_list_matcher.rb
+++ b/lib/rspec/mocks/argument_list_matcher.rb
@@ -61,9 +61,11 @@ def args_match?(*actual_args)
         return false if expected_args.size != actual_args.size
 
         if RUBY_VERSION >= "3"
-          # if both arguments end with Hashes, and if one is a keyword hash and the other is not, they don't match
+          # If the expectation was set with keywords, while the actual method was called with a positional hash argument, they don't match.
+          # If the expectation was set without keywords, e.g., with({a: 1}), then it fine to call it with either foo(a: 1) or foo({a: 1}).
+          # This corresponds to Ruby semantics, as if the method was def foo(options).
           if Hash === expected_args.last && Hash === actual_args.last
-            if Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?(actual_args.last) != Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?(expected_args.last)
+            if !Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?(actual_args.last) && Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?(expected_args.last)
               return false
             end
           end
diff --git a/spec/rspec/mocks/argument_matchers_spec.rb b/spec/rspec/mocks/argument_matchers_spec.rb
index 8435a11bc..b5f29b6cf 100644
--- a/spec/rspec/mocks/argument_matchers_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/rspec/mocks/argument_matchers_spec.rb
@@ -381,23 +381,10 @@ def ==(other)
           a_double.random_call(:a => "a", :b => "b")
         end
 
-        if RUBY_VERSION >= "3"
-          it "fails to match against a hash submitted as keyword arguments a and received as a positional argument in Ruby 3" do
-            expect do
-              opts = {:a => "a", :b => "b"}
-              expect(a_double).to receive(:random_call).with(opts)
-              a_double.random_call(:a => "a", :b => "b")
-            end.to fail_with do |failure|
-              expect(failure.message).to include('received unexpected message :random_call with ({:a=>"a", :b=>"b"})')
-              reset_all
-            end
-          end
-        else
-          it "matches against a hash submitted as keyword arguments a and received as a positional argument in Ruby 2" do
-            opts = {:a => "a", :b => "b"}
-            expect(a_double).to receive(:random_call).with(opts)
-            a_double.random_call(:a => "a", :b => "b")
-          end
+        it "matches against a hash submitted as keyword arguments a and received as a positional argument in Ruby 2" do
+          opts = {:a => "a", :b => "b"}
+          expect(a_double).to receive(:random_call).with(opts)
+          a_double.random_call(:a => "a", :b => "b")
         end
 
         if RUBY_VERSION >= "3"
diff --git a/spec/rspec/mocks/matchers/receive_spec.rb b/spec/rspec/mocks/matchers/receive_spec.rb
index a2ace4d7f..45dc6e272 100644
--- a/spec/rspec/mocks/matchers/receive_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/rspec/mocks/matchers/receive_spec.rb
@@ -130,24 +130,30 @@ def kw_args_method(a:, b:); end
               dbl.kw_args_method(a: 1, b: 2)
             end
 
-            if RUBY_VERSION >= "3"
-              it "fails to expect to receive keyword args with a hash" do
-                expect {
-                  dbl = instance_double(TestObject)
-                  expect(dbl).to receive(:kw_args_method).with({a: 1, b: 2})
-                  dbl.kw_args_method(a: 1, b: 2)
-                }.to fail_with do |failure|
-                  reset_all
-                  expect(failure.message).to include("received unexpected message :kw_args_method with ({:a=>1, :b=>2})")
-                end
-              end
-            else
-              it "expects to receive keyword args with a hash" do
+            it "fails to expect to receive keyword args with a hash" do
+              expect {
                 dbl = instance_double(TestObject)
-                expect(dbl).to receive(:kw_args_method).with({a: 1, b: 2})
-                dbl.kw_args_method(a: 1, b: 2)
+                expect(dbl).to receive(:kw_args_method).with(a: 1, b: 2)
+                dbl.kw_args_method({a: 1, b: 2})
+              }.to fail_with do |failure|
+                reset_all
+                expect(failure.message)
+                  .to include('expected: ({:a=>1, :b=>2}) (keyword arguments)')
+                  .and include('got: ({:a=>1, :b=>2}) (options hash)')
               end
             end
+
+            it "expects to receive hash with a hash" do
+              dbl = instance_double(TestObject)
+              expect(dbl).to receive(:kw_args_method).with({a: 1, b: 2})
+              dbl.kw_args_method({a: 1, b: 2})
+            end
+
+            it "expects to receive keyword args with a hash" do
+              dbl = instance_double(TestObject)
+              expect(dbl).to receive(:kw_args_method).with({a: 1, b: 2})
+              dbl.kw_args_method(a: 1, b: 2)
+            end
             RUBY
           end
         end
diff --git a/spec/rspec/mocks/verifying_doubles/expected_arg_verification_spec.rb b/spec/rspec/mocks/verifying_doubles/expected_arg_verification_spec.rb
index f8a52274c..1167f7453 100644
--- a/spec/rspec/mocks/verifying_doubles/expected_arg_verification_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/rspec/mocks/verifying_doubles/expected_arg_verification_spec.rb
@@ -125,18 +125,9 @@ module Mocks
 
         if RSpec::Support::RubyFeatures.required_kw_args_supported?
           context "for a method with keyword args" do
-            if RUBY_VERSION >= "3"
-              it "fails to match against a hash submitted as keyword arguments and received as positional argument in Ruby 3" do
-                expect {
-                  expect(dbl).to receive(:kw_args_method).with(1, {:required_arg => 2, :optional_arg => 3})
-                  dbl.kw_args_method(1, :required_arg => 2, :optional_arg => 3)
-                }.to fail_with(/received unexpected message :kw_args_method with \(1, \{:optional_arg=>3, :required_arg=>2\}\)/)
-              end
-            else
-              it "matches against a hash submitted as keyword arguments and received as positional argument in Ruby 2" do
-                expect(dbl).to receive(:kw_args_method).with(1, {:required_arg => 2, :optional_arg => 3})
-                dbl.kw_args_method(1, :required_arg => 2, :optional_arg => 3)
-              end
+            it "matches against a hash submitted as keyword arguments and received as positional argument (in both Ruby 2 and 3)" do
+              expect(dbl).to receive(:kw_args_method).with(1, {:required_arg => 2, :optional_arg => 3})
+              dbl.kw_args_method(1, :required_arg => 2, :optional_arg => 3)
             end
 
             if RUBY_VERSION >= "3"