diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md
index 570f16a7053d36..b8aabd0f3105ef 100644
--- a/NEWS.md
+++ b/NEWS.md
@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@ Note: We're only listing outstanding class updates.
       The class use equality semantic to lookup keys like a regular hash,
       but it doesn't hold strong references on the keys. [[Feature #18498]]
 
+* Module
+
+    * `Module#set_temporary_name` added for setting a temporary name for a module. [[Feature #19521]]
+
 ## Stdlib updates
 
 The following default gems are updated.
@@ -134,3 +138,4 @@ changelog for details of the default gems or bundled gems.
 [Feature #19347]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19347
 [Feature #19538]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19538
 [Feature #19591]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19591
+[Feature #19521]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19521
diff --git a/internal/variable.h b/internal/variable.h
index 4436cd789cbec4..4fb7b23cf5b62b 100644
--- a/internal/variable.h
+++ b/internal/variable.h
@@ -36,6 +36,22 @@ static inline bool ROBJ_TRANSIENT_P(VALUE obj);
 static inline void ROBJ_TRANSIENT_SET(VALUE obj);
 static inline void ROBJ_TRANSIENT_UNSET(VALUE obj);
 
+/**
+ * Sets the name of a module.
+ *
+ * Non-permanently named classes can have a temporary name assigned (or
+ * cleared). In that case the name will be used for `#inspect` and `#to_s`, and
+ * nested classes/modules will be named with the temporary name as a prefix.
+ *
+ * After the module is assigned to a constant, the temporary name will be
+ * discarded, and the name will be computed based on the nesting.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  mod        An instance of ::rb_cModule.
+ * @param[in]  name       An instance of ::rb_cString.
+ * @retval     mod
+ */
+VALUE rb_mod_set_temporary_name(VALUE, VALUE);
+
 struct gen_ivtbl;
 int rb_gen_ivtbl_get(VALUE obj, ID id, struct gen_ivtbl **ivtbl);
 int rb_obj_evacuate_ivs_to_hash_table(ID key, VALUE val, st_data_t arg);
diff --git a/object.c b/object.c
index 94e85ed3165a86..823b8df2cf6305 100644
--- a/object.c
+++ b/object.c
@@ -4508,6 +4508,7 @@ InitVM_Object(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "included_modules", rb_mod_included_modules, 0); /* in class.c */
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "include?", rb_mod_include_p, 1); /* in class.c */
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "name", rb_mod_name, 0);  /* in variable.c */
+    rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "set_temporary_name", rb_mod_set_temporary_name, 1);  /* in variable.c */
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "ancestors", rb_mod_ancestors, 0); /* in class.c */
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cModule, "attr", rb_mod_attr, -1);
diff --git a/spec/ruby/core/module/name_spec.rb b/spec/ruby/core/module/name_spec.rb
index b78bbfcc804f26..bbc18412393d02 100644
--- a/spec/ruby/core/module/name_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/ruby/core/module/name_spec.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,55 @@
     Module.new.name.should be_nil
   end
 
+  ruby_version_is "3.3" do
+    it "can assign a temporary name" do
+      m = Module.new
+      m.name.should be_nil
+
+      m.set_temporary_name("fake_name")
+      m.name.should == "fake_name"
+
+      m.set_temporary_name(nil)
+      m.name.should be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "can't assign empty string as name" do
+      m = Module.new
+      -> { m.set_temporary_name("") }.should raise_error(ArgumentError, "empty class/module name")
+    end
+
+    it "can't assign a constant name as a temporary name" do
+      m = Module.new
+      -> { m.set_temporary_name("Object") }.should raise_error(ArgumentError, "name must not be valid constant name")
+    end
+
+    it "can't assign name to permanent module" do
+      -> { Object.set_temporary_name("fake_name") }.should raise_error(RuntimeError, "can't change permanent name")
+    end
+
+    it "can assign a temporary name to a nested module" do
+      m = Module.new
+      module m::N; end
+      m::N.name.should =~ /\A#<Module:0x\h+>::N\z/
+
+      m::N.set_temporary_name("fake_name")
+      m::N.name.should == "fake_name"
+
+      m::N.set_temporary_name(nil)
+      m::N.name.should be_nil
+    end
+
+    it "can update the name when assigned to a constant" do
+      m = Module.new
+      m::N = Module.new
+      m::N.name.should =~ /\A#<Module:0x\h+>::N\z/
+      m::N.set_temporary_name(nil)
+
+      m::M = m::N
+      m::M.name.should =~ /\A#<Module:0x\h+>::M\z/m
+    end
+  end
+
   ruby_version_is ""..."3.0" do
     it "is nil when assigned to a constant in an anonymous module" do
       m = Module.new
diff --git a/variable.c b/variable.c
index ce6feda885b707..1e6367e3c51cb6 100644
--- a/variable.c
+++ b/variable.c
@@ -134,6 +134,79 @@ rb_mod_name(VALUE mod)
     return classname(mod, &permanent);
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     mod.set_temporary_name(string) -> self
+ *     mod.set_temporary_name(nil) -> self
+ *
+ *  Sets the temporary name of the module +mod+. This name is used as a prefix
+ *  for the names of constants declared in +mod+. If the module is assigned a
+ *  permanent name, the temporary name is discarded.
+ *
+ *  After a permanent name is assigned, a temporary name can no longer be set,
+ *  and this method raises a RuntimeError.
+ *
+ *  If the name given is not a string or is a zero length string, this method
+ *  raises an ArgumentError.
+ *
+ *  The temporary name must not be a valid constant name, to avoid confusion
+ *  with actual constants. If you attempt to set a temporary name that is a
+ *  a valid constant name, this method raises an ArgumentError.
+ *
+ *  If the given name is +nil+, the module becomes anonymous.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *
+ *    m = Module.new # => #<Module:0x0000000102c68f38>
+ *    m.name #=> nil
+ *
+ *    m.set_temporary_name("fake_name") # => fake_name
+ *    m.name #=> "fake_name"
+ *
+ *    m.set_temporary_name(nil) # => #<Module:0x0000000102c68f38>
+ *    m.name #=> nil
+ *
+ *    n = Module.new
+ *    n.set_temporary_name("fake_name")
+ *
+ *    n::M = m
+ *    n::M.name #=> "fake_name::M"
+ *    N = n
+ *
+ *    N.name #=> "nested_fake_name"
+ *    N::M.name #=> "N::M"
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_mod_set_temporary_name(VALUE mod, VALUE name)
+{
+    // We don't allow setting the name if the classpath is already permanent:
+    if (RCLASS_EXT(mod)->permanent_classpath) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't change permanent name");
+    }
+
+    if (NIL_P(name)) {
+        // Set the temporary classpath to NULL (anonymous):
+        RCLASS_SET_CLASSPATH(mod, 0, FALSE);
+    } else {
+        // Ensure the name is a string:
+        StringValue(name);
+
+        if (RSTRING_LEN(name) == 0) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "empty class/module name");
+        }
+
+        if (rb_is_const_name(name)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "name must not be valid constant name");
+        }
+
+        // Set the temporary classpath to the given name:
+        RCLASS_SET_CLASSPATH(mod, name, FALSE);
+    }
+
+    return mod;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 make_temporary_path(VALUE obj, VALUE klass)
 {