Merge pull request #1758 from nox/repr-transparent

Specify #[repr(transparent)]

text/1758-repr-transparent.md

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+- Feature Name: `repr_transparent`
+- Start Date: 2016-09-26
+- RFC PR: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/1758
+- Rust Issue:https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/43036
+
+# Summary
+[summary]: #summary
+
+Extend the existing `#[repr]` attribute on newtypes with a `transparent` option
+specifying that the type representation is the representation of its only field.
+This matters in FFI context where `struct Foo(T)` might not behave the same
+as `T`.
+
+
+# Motivation
+[motivation]: #motivation
+
+On some ABIs, structures with one field aren't handled the same way as values of
+the same type as the single field. For example on ARM64, functions returning
+a structure with a single `f64` field return nothing and take a pointer to be
+filled with the return value, whereas functions returning a `f64` return the
+floating-point number directly.
+
+This means that if someone wants to wrap a `f64` value in a struct tuple
+wrapper and use that wrapper as the return type of a FFI function that actually
+returns a bare `f64`, the calls to this function will be compiled incorrectly
+by Rust and the execution of the program will segfault.
+
+This also means that `UnsafeCell<T>` cannot be soundly used in place of a
+bare `T` in FFI context, which might be necessary to signal to the Rust side
+of things that this `T` value may unexpectedly be mutated.
+
+```c
+// The value is returned directly in a floating-point register on ARM64.
+double do_something_and_return_a_double(void);
+```
+
+```rust
+mod bogus {
+    #[repr(C)]
+    struct FancyWrapper(f64);
+
+    extern {
+        // Incorrect: the wrapped value on ARM64 is indirectly returned and the
+        // function takes a pointer to where the return value must be stored.
+        fn do_something_and_return_a_double() -> FancyWrapper;
+    }
+}
+
+mod correct {
+    #[repr(transparent)]
+    struct FancyWrapper(f64);
+
+    extern {
+        // Correct: FancyWrapper is handled exactly the same as f64 on all
+        // platforms.
+        fn do_something_and_return_a_double() -> FancyWrapper;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Given this attribute delegates all representation concerns, no other `repr`
+attribute should be present on the type. This means the following definitions
+are illegal:
+
+```rust
+#[repr(transparent, align = "128")]
+struct BogusAlign(f64);
+
+#[repr(transparent, packed)]
+struct BogusPacked(f64);
+```
+
+# Detailed design
+[design]: #detailed-design
+
+The `#[repr]` attribute on newtypes will be extended to include a form such as:
+
+```rust
+#[repr(transparent)]
+struct TransparentNewtype(f64);
+```
+
+This structure will still have the same representation as a raw `f64` value.
+
+Syntactically, the `repr` meta list will be extended to accept a meta item
+with the name "transparent". This attribute can be placed on newtypes,
+i.e. structures (and structure tuples) with a single field, and on structures
+that are logically equivalent to a newtype, i.e. structures with multiple fields
+where only a single one of them has a non-zero size.
+
+Some examples of `#[repr(transparent)]` are:
+
+```rust
+// Transparent struct tuple.
+#[repr(transparent)]
+struct TransparentStructTuple(i32);
+
+// Transparent structure.
+#[repr(transparent)]
+struct TransparentStructure { only_field: f64 }
+
+// Transparent struct wrapper with a marker.
+#[repr(transparent)]
+struct TransparentWrapper<T> {
+    only_non_zero_sized_field: f64,
+    marker: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+```
+
+This new representation is mostly useful when the structure it is put on must be
+used in FFI context as a wrapper to the underlying type without actually being
+affected by any ABI semantics.
+
+It is also useful for `AtomicUsize`-like types, which [RFC 1649] states should
+have the same representation as their underlying types.
+
+[RFC 1649]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/1649
+
+This new representation cannot be used with any other representation attribute
+but alignment, to be able to specify a transparent wrapper with additional
+alignment constraints:
+
+```rust
+#[repr(transparent, align = "128")]
+struct OverAligned(f64); // Behaves as a bare f64 with 128 bits alignment.
+
+#[repr(C, transparent)]
+struct BogusRepr(f64); // Nonsensical, repr cannot be C and transparent.
+```
+
+As a matter of optimisation, eligible `#[repr(Rust)]` structs behave as if
+they were `#[repr(transparent)]` but as an implementation detail that can't be
+relied upon by users.
+
+```rust
+struct ImplicitlyTransparentWrapper(f64);
+
+#[repr(C)]
+struct BogusRepr {
+    // While ImplicitlyTransparentWrapper implicitly has the same representation
+    // as f64, this will fail to compile because ImplicitlyTransparentWrapper
+    // has no explicit transparent or C representation.
+    wrapper: ImplicitlyTransparentWrapper,
+}
+```
+
+The representation of a transparent wrapper is the representation of its
+only non-zero-sized field, transitively:
+
+```rust
+#[repr(transparent)]
+struct Transparent<T>(T);
+
+#[repr(transparent)]
+struct F64(f64);
+
+#[repr(C)]
+struct C(usize);
+
+type TransparentF64 = Transparent<F64>; // Behaves as f64.
+
+type TransparentString = Transparent<String>; // Representation is Rust.
+
+type TransparentC = Transparent<C>; // Representation is C.
+
+type TransparentTransparentC = Transparent<Transparent<C>>; // Transitively C.
+```
+
+Coercions and casting between the transparent wrapper and its non-zero-sized
+types are forbidden.
+
+# Drawbacks
+[drawbacks]: #drawbacks
+
+None.
+
+# Alternatives
+[alternatives]: #alternatives
+
+The only alternative to such a construct for FFI purposes is to use the exact
+same types as specified in the C header (or wherever the FFI types come from)
+and to make additional wrappers for them in Rust. This does not help if a
+field using interior mutability (i.e. uses `UnsafeCell<T>`) has to be passed
+to the FFI side, so this alternative does not actually cover all the uses cases
+allowed by `#[repr(transparent)]`.
+
+# Unresolved questions
+[unresolved]: #unresolved-questions
+
+* None