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//! Utilities for formatting and printing strings.
#![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
use cell::{UnsafeCell, Cell, RefCell, Ref, RefMut};
use marker::PhantomData;
use mem;
use num::flt2dec;
use ops::Deref;
use result;
use slice;
use str;
mod float;
mod num;
mod builders;
#[stable(feature = "fmt_flags_align", since = "1.28.0")]
/// Possible alignments returned by `Formatter::align`
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum Alignment {
#[stable(feature = "fmt_flags_align", since = "1.28.0")]
/// Indication that contents should be left-aligned.
Left,
#[stable(feature = "fmt_flags_align", since = "1.28.0")]
/// Indication that contents should be right-aligned.
Right,
#[stable(feature = "fmt_flags_align", since = "1.28.0")]
/// Indication that contents should be center-aligned.
Center,
}
#[stable(feature = "debug_builders", since = "1.2.0")]
pub use self::builders::{DebugStruct, DebugTuple, DebugSet, DebugList, DebugMap};
#[unstable(feature = "fmt_internals", reason = "internal to format_args!",
issue = "0")]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub mod rt {
pub mod v1;
}
/// The type returned by formatter methods.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// #[derive(Debug)]
/// struct Triangle {
/// a: f32,
/// b: f32,
/// c: f32
/// }
///
/// impl fmt::Display for Triangle {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// write!(f, "({}, {}, {})", self.a, self.b, self.c)
/// }
/// }
///
/// let pythagorean_triple = Triangle { a: 3.0, b: 4.0, c: 5.0 };
///
/// println!("{}", pythagorean_triple);
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub type Result = result::Result<(), Error>;
/// The error type which is returned from formatting a message into a stream.
///
/// This type does not support transmission of an error other than that an error
/// occurred. Any extra information must be arranged to be transmitted through
/// some other means.
///
/// An important thing to remember is that the type `fmt::Error` should not be
/// confused with [`std::io::Error`] or [`std::error::Error`], which you may also
/// have in scope.
///
/// [`std::io::Error`]: ../../std/io/struct.Error.html
/// [`std::error::Error`]: ../../std/error/trait.Error.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// use std::fmt::{self, write};
///
/// let mut output = String::new();
/// if let Err(fmt::Error) = write(&mut output, format_args!("Hello {}!", "world")) {
/// panic!("An error occurred");
/// }
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
pub struct Error;
/// A collection of methods that are required to format a message into a stream.
///
/// This trait is the type which this modules requires when formatting
/// information. This is similar to the standard library's [`io::Write`] trait,
/// but it is only intended for use in libcore.
///
/// This trait should generally not be implemented by consumers of the standard
/// library. The [`write!`] macro accepts an instance of [`io::Write`], and the
/// [`io::Write`] trait is favored over implementing this trait.
///
/// [`write!`]: ../../std/macro.write.html
/// [`io::Write`]: ../../std/io/trait.Write.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub trait Write {
/// Writes a slice of bytes into this writer, returning whether the write
/// succeeded.
///
/// This method can only succeed if the entire byte slice was successfully
/// written, and this method will not return until all data has been
/// written or an error occurs.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// This function will return an instance of [`Error`] on error.
///
/// [`Error`]: struct.Error.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt::{Error, Write};
///
/// fn writer<W: Write>(f: &mut W, s: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
/// f.write_str(s)
/// }
///
/// let mut buf = String::new();
/// writer(&mut buf, "hola").unwrap();
/// assert_eq!(&buf, "hola");
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result;
/// Writes a [`char`] into this writer, returning whether the write succeeded.
///
/// A single [`char`] may be encoded as more than one byte.
/// This method can only succeed if the entire byte sequence was successfully
/// written, and this method will not return until all data has been
/// written or an error occurs.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// This function will return an instance of [`Error`] on error.
///
/// [`char`]: ../../std/primitive.char.html
/// [`Error`]: struct.Error.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt::{Error, Write};
///
/// fn writer<W: Write>(f: &mut W, c: char) -> Result<(), Error> {
/// f.write_char(c)
/// }
///
/// let mut buf = String::new();
/// writer(&mut buf, 'a').unwrap();
/// writer(&mut buf, 'b').unwrap();
/// assert_eq!(&buf, "ab");
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "fmt_write_char", since = "1.1.0")]
fn write_char(&mut self, c: char) -> Result {
self.write_str(c.encode_utf8(&mut [0; 4]))
}
/// Glue for usage of the [`write!`] macro with implementors of this trait.
///
/// This method should generally not be invoked manually, but rather through
/// the [`write!`] macro itself.
///
/// [`write!`]: ../../std/macro.write.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt::{Error, Write};
///
/// fn writer<W: Write>(f: &mut W, s: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
/// f.write_fmt(format_args!("{}", s))
/// }
///
/// let mut buf = String::new();
/// writer(&mut buf, "world").unwrap();
/// assert_eq!(&buf, "world");
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
fn write_fmt(mut self: &mut Self, args: Arguments) -> Result {
write(&mut self, args)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "fmt_write_blanket_impl", since = "1.4.0")]
impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for &mut W {
fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result {
(**self).write_str(s)
}
fn write_char(&mut self, c: char) -> Result {
(**self).write_char(c)
}
fn write_fmt(&mut self, args: Arguments) -> Result {
(**self).write_fmt(args)
}
}
/// Configuration for formatting.
///
/// A `Formatter` represents various options related to formatting. Users do not
/// construct `Formatter`s directly; a mutable reference to one is passed to
/// the `fmt` method of all formatting traits, like [`Debug`] and [`Display`].
///
/// To interact with a `Formatter`, you'll call various methods to change the
/// various options related to formatting. For examples, please see the
/// documentation of the methods defined on `Formatter` below.
///
/// [`Debug`]: trait.Debug.html
/// [`Display`]: trait.Display.html
#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub struct Formatter<'a> {
flags: u32,
fill: char,
align: rt::v1::Alignment,
width: Option<usize>,
precision: Option<usize>,
buf: &'a mut (dyn Write+'a),
curarg: slice::Iter<'a, ArgumentV1<'a>>,
args: &'a [ArgumentV1<'a>],
}
// NB. Argument is essentially an optimized partially applied formatting function,
// equivalent to `exists T.(&T, fn(&T, &mut Formatter) -> Result`.
struct Void {
_priv: (),
/// Erases all oibits, because `Void` erases the type of the object that
/// will be used to produce formatted output. Since we do not know what
/// oibits the real types have (and they can have any or none), we need to
/// take the most conservative approach and forbid all oibits.
///
/// It was added after #45197 showed that one could share a `!Sync`
/// object across threads by passing it into `format_args!`.
_oibit_remover: PhantomData<*mut dyn Fn()>,
}
/// This struct represents the generic "argument" which is taken by the Xprintf
/// family of functions. It contains a function to format the given value. At
/// compile time it is ensured that the function and the value have the correct
/// types, and then this struct is used to canonicalize arguments to one type.
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
#[unstable(feature = "fmt_internals", reason = "internal to format_args!",
issue = "0")]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct ArgumentV1<'a> {
value: &'a Void,
formatter: fn(&Void, &mut Formatter) -> Result,
}
impl<'a> ArgumentV1<'a> {
#[inline(never)]
fn show_usize(x: &usize, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
Display::fmt(x, f)
}
#[doc(hidden)]
#[unstable(feature = "fmt_internals", reason = "internal to format_args!",
issue = "0")]
pub fn new<'b, T>(x: &'b T,
f: fn(&T, &mut Formatter) -> Result) -> ArgumentV1<'b> {
unsafe {
ArgumentV1 {
formatter: mem::transmute(f),
value: mem::transmute(x)
}
}
}
#[doc(hidden)]
#[unstable(feature = "fmt_internals", reason = "internal to format_args!",
issue = "0")]
pub fn from_usize(x: &usize) -> ArgumentV1 {
ArgumentV1::new(x, ArgumentV1::show_usize)
}
fn as_usize(&self) -> Option<usize> {
if self.formatter as usize == ArgumentV1::show_usize as usize {
Some(unsafe { *(self.value as *const _ as *const usize) })
} else {
None
}
}
}
// flags available in the v1 format of format_args
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
enum FlagV1 { SignPlus, SignMinus, Alternate, SignAwareZeroPad, DebugLowerHex, DebugUpperHex }
impl<'a> Arguments<'a> {
/// When using the format_args!() macro, this function is used to generate the
/// Arguments structure.
#[doc(hidden)] #[inline]
#[unstable(feature = "fmt_internals", reason = "internal to format_args!",
issue = "0")]
pub fn new_v1(pieces: &'a [&'a str],
args: &'a [ArgumentV1<'a>]) -> Arguments<'a> {
Arguments {
pieces,
fmt: None,
args,
}
}
/// This function is used to specify nonstandard formatting parameters.
/// The `pieces` array must be at least as long as `fmt` to construct
/// a valid Arguments structure. Also, any `Count` within `fmt` that is
/// `CountIsParam` or `CountIsNextParam` has to point to an argument
/// created with `argumentusize`. However, failing to do so doesn't cause
/// unsafety, but will ignore invalid .
#[doc(hidden)] #[inline]
#[unstable(feature = "fmt_internals", reason = "internal to format_args!",
issue = "0")]
pub fn new_v1_formatted(pieces: &'a [&'a str],
args: &'a [ArgumentV1<'a>],
fmt: &'a [rt::v1::Argument]) -> Arguments<'a> {
Arguments {
pieces,
fmt: Some(fmt),
args,
}
}
/// Estimates the length of the formatted text.
///
/// This is intended to be used for setting initial `String` capacity
/// when using `format!`. Note: this is neither the lower nor upper bound.
#[doc(hidden)] #[inline]
#[unstable(feature = "fmt_internals", reason = "internal to format_args!",
issue = "0")]
pub fn estimated_capacity(&self) -> usize {
let pieces_length: usize = self.pieces.iter()
.map(|x| x.len()).sum();
if self.args.is_empty() {
pieces_length
} else if self.pieces[0] == "" && pieces_length < 16 {
// If the format string starts with an argument,
// don't preallocate anything, unless length
// of pieces is significant.
0
} else {
// There are some arguments, so any additional push
// will reallocate the string. To avoid that,
// we're "pre-doubling" the capacity here.
pieces_length.checked_mul(2).unwrap_or(0)
}
}
}
/// This structure represents a safely precompiled version of a format string
/// and its arguments. This cannot be generated at runtime because it cannot
/// safely be done, so no constructors are given and the fields are private
/// to prevent modification.
///
/// The [`format_args!`] macro will safely create an instance of this structure.
/// The macro validates the format string at compile-time so usage of the
/// [`write`] and [`format`] functions can be safely performed.
///
/// You can use the `Arguments<'a>` that [`format_args!`] returns in `Debug`
/// and `Display` contexts as seen below. The example also shows that `Debug`
/// and `Display` format to the same thing: the interpolated format string
/// in `format_args!`.
///
/// ```rust
/// let debug = format!("{:?}", format_args!("{} foo {:?}", 1, 2));
/// let display = format!("{}", format_args!("{} foo {:?}", 1, 2));
/// assert_eq!("1 foo 2", display);
/// assert_eq!(display, debug);
/// ```
///
/// [`format_args!`]: ../../std/macro.format_args.html
/// [`format`]: ../../std/fmt/fn.format.html
/// [`write`]: ../../std/fmt/fn.write.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct Arguments<'a> {
// Format string pieces to print.
pieces: &'a [&'a str],
// Placeholder specs, or `None` if all specs are default (as in "{}{}").
fmt: Option<&'a [rt::v1::Argument]>,
// Dynamic arguments for interpolation, to be interleaved with string
// pieces. (Every argument is preceded by a string piece.)
args: &'a [ArgumentV1<'a>],
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl Debug for Arguments<'_> {
fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
Display::fmt(self, fmt)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl Display for Arguments<'_> {
fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
write(fmt.buf, *self)
}
}
/// `?` formatting.
///
/// `Debug` should format the output in a programmer-facing, debugging context.
///
/// Generally speaking, you should just `derive` a `Debug` implementation.
///
/// When used with the alternate format specifier `#?`, the output is pretty-printed.
///
/// For more information on formatters, see [the module-level documentation][module].
///
/// [module]: ../../std/fmt/index.html
///
/// This trait can be used with `#[derive]` if all fields implement `Debug`. When
/// `derive`d for structs, it will use the name of the `struct`, then `{`, then a
/// comma-separated list of each field's name and `Debug` value, then `}`. For
/// `enum`s, it will use the name of the variant and, if applicable, `(`, then the
/// `Debug` values of the fields, then `)`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Deriving an implementation:
///
/// ```
/// #[derive(Debug)]
/// struct Point {
/// x: i32,
/// y: i32,
/// }
///
/// let origin = Point { x: 0, y: 0 };
///
/// println!("The origin is: {:?}", origin);
/// ```
///
/// Manually implementing:
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Point {
/// x: i32,
/// y: i32,
/// }
///
/// impl fmt::Debug for Point {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// write!(f, "Point {{ x: {}, y: {} }}", self.x, self.y)
/// }
/// }
///
/// let origin = Point { x: 0, y: 0 };
///
/// println!("The origin is: {:?}", origin);
/// ```
///
/// This outputs:
///
/// ```text
/// The origin is: Point { x: 0, y: 0 }
/// ```
///
/// There are a number of `debug_*` methods on [`Formatter`] to help you with manual
/// implementations, such as [`debug_struct`][debug_struct].
///
/// `Debug` implementations using either `derive` or the debug builder API
/// on [`Formatter`] support pretty-printing using the alternate flag: `{:#?}`.
///
/// [debug_struct]: ../../std/fmt/struct.Formatter.html#method.debug_struct
/// [`Formatter`]: ../../std/fmt/struct.Formatter.html
///
/// Pretty-printing with `#?`:
///
/// ```
/// #[derive(Debug)]
/// struct Point {
/// x: i32,
/// y: i32,
/// }
///
/// let origin = Point { x: 0, y: 0 };
///
/// println!("The origin is: {:#?}", origin);
/// ```
///
/// This outputs:
///
/// ```text
/// The origin is: Point {
/// x: 0,
/// y: 0
/// }
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[rustc_on_unimplemented(
on(crate_local, label="`{Self}` cannot be formatted using `{{:?}}`",
note="add `#[derive(Debug)]` or manually implement `{Debug}`"),
message="`{Self}` doesn't implement `{Debug}`",
label="`{Self}` cannot be formatted using `{{:?}}` because it doesn't implement `{Debug}`",
)]
#[doc(alias = "{:?}")]
#[lang = "debug_trait"]
pub trait Debug {
/// Formats the value using the given formatter.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Position {
/// longitude: f32,
/// latitude: f32,
/// }
///
/// impl fmt::Debug for Position {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// write!(f, "({:?}, {:?})", self.longitude, self.latitude)
/// }
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!("(1.987, 2.983)".to_owned(),
/// format!("{:?}", Position { longitude: 1.987, latitude: 2.983, }));
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result;
}
/// Format trait for an empty format, `{}`.
///
/// `Display` is similar to [`Debug`][debug], but `Display` is for user-facing
/// output, and so cannot be derived.
///
/// [debug]: trait.Debug.html
///
/// For more information on formatters, see [the module-level documentation][module].
///
/// [module]: ../../std/fmt/index.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Implementing `Display` on a type:
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Point {
/// x: i32,
/// y: i32,
/// }
///
/// impl fmt::Display for Point {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// write!(f, "({}, {})", self.x, self.y)
/// }
/// }
///
/// let origin = Point { x: 0, y: 0 };
///
/// println!("The origin is: {}", origin);
/// ```
#[rustc_on_unimplemented(
on(
_Self="std::path::Path",
label="`{Self}` cannot be formatted with the default formatter; call `.display()` on it",
note="call `.display()` or `.to_string_lossy()` to safely print paths, \
as they may contain non-Unicode data"
),
message="`{Self}` doesn't implement `{Display}`",
label="`{Self}` cannot be formatted with the default formatter",
note="in format strings you may be able to use `{{:?}}` (or {{:#?}} for pretty-print) instead",
)]
#[doc(alias = "{}")]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub trait Display {
/// Formats the value using the given formatter.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Position {
/// longitude: f32,
/// latitude: f32,
/// }
///
/// impl fmt::Display for Position {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// write!(f, "({}, {})", self.longitude, self.latitude)
/// }
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!("(1.987, 2.983)".to_owned(),
/// format!("{}", Position { longitude: 1.987, latitude: 2.983, }));
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result;
}
/// `o` formatting.
///
/// The `Octal` trait should format its output as a number in base-8.
///
/// For primitive signed integers (`i8` to `i128`, and `isize`),
/// negative values are formatted as the two’s complement representation.
///
/// The alternate flag, `#`, adds a `0o` in front of the output.
///
/// For more information on formatters, see [the module-level documentation][module].
///
/// [module]: ../../std/fmt/index.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Basic usage with `i32`:
///
/// ```
/// let x = 42; // 42 is '52' in octal
///
/// assert_eq!(format!("{:o}", x), "52");
/// assert_eq!(format!("{:#o}", x), "0o52");
///
/// assert_eq!(format!("{:o}", -16), "37777777760");
/// ```
///
/// Implementing `Octal` on a type:
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Length(i32);
///
/// impl fmt::Octal for Length {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// let val = self.0;
///
/// write!(f, "{:o}", val) // delegate to i32's implementation
/// }
/// }
///
/// let l = Length(9);
///
/// println!("l as octal is: {:o}", l);
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub trait Octal {
/// Formats the value using the given formatter.
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result;
}
/// `b` formatting.
///
/// The `Binary` trait should format its output as a number in binary.
///
/// For primitive signed integers ([`i8`] to [`i128`], and [`isize`]),
/// negative values are formatted as the two’s complement representation.
///
/// The alternate flag, `#`, adds a `0b` in front of the output.
///
/// For more information on formatters, see [the module-level documentation][module].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Basic usage with [`i32`]:
///
/// ```
/// let x = 42; // 42 is '101010' in binary
///
/// assert_eq!(format!("{:b}", x), "101010");
/// assert_eq!(format!("{:#b}", x), "0b101010");
///
/// assert_eq!(format!("{:b}", -16), "11111111111111111111111111110000");
/// ```
///
/// Implementing `Binary` on a type:
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Length(i32);
///
/// impl fmt::Binary for Length {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// let val = self.0;
///
/// write!(f, "{:b}", val) // delegate to i32's implementation
/// }
/// }
///
/// let l = Length(107);
///
/// println!("l as binary is: {:b}", l);
/// ```
///
/// [module]: ../../std/fmt/index.html
/// [`i8`]: ../../std/primitive.i8.html
/// [`i128`]: ../../std/primitive.i128.html
/// [`isize`]: ../../std/primitive.isize.html
/// [`i32`]: ../../std/primitive.i32.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub trait Binary {
/// Formats the value using the given formatter.
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result;
}
/// `x` formatting.
///
/// The `LowerHex` trait should format its output as a number in hexadecimal, with `a` through `f`
/// in lower case.
///
/// For primitive signed integers (`i8` to `i128`, and `isize`),
/// negative values are formatted as the two’s complement representation.
///
/// The alternate flag, `#`, adds a `0x` in front of the output.
///
/// For more information on formatters, see [the module-level documentation][module].
///
/// [module]: ../../std/fmt/index.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Basic usage with `i32`:
///
/// ```
/// let x = 42; // 42 is '2a' in hex
///
/// assert_eq!(format!("{:x}", x), "2a");
/// assert_eq!(format!("{:#x}", x), "0x2a");
///
/// assert_eq!(format!("{:x}", -16), "fffffff0");
/// ```
///
/// Implementing `LowerHex` on a type:
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Length(i32);
///
/// impl fmt::LowerHex for Length {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// let val = self.0;
///
/// write!(f, "{:x}", val) // delegate to i32's implementation
/// }
/// }
///
/// let l = Length(9);
///
/// println!("l as hex is: {:x}", l);
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub trait LowerHex {
/// Formats the value using the given formatter.
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result;
}
/// `X` formatting.
///
/// The `UpperHex` trait should format its output as a number in hexadecimal, with `A` through `F`
/// in upper case.
///
/// For primitive signed integers (`i8` to `i128`, and `isize`),
/// negative values are formatted as the two’s complement representation.
///
/// The alternate flag, `#`, adds a `0x` in front of the output.
///
/// For more information on formatters, see [the module-level documentation][module].
///
/// [module]: ../../std/fmt/index.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Basic usage with `i32`:
///
/// ```
/// let x = 42; // 42 is '2A' in hex
///
/// assert_eq!(format!("{:X}", x), "2A");
/// assert_eq!(format!("{:#X}", x), "0x2A");
///
/// assert_eq!(format!("{:X}", -16), "FFFFFFF0");
/// ```
///
/// Implementing `UpperHex` on a type:
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Length(i32);
///
/// impl fmt::UpperHex for Length {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// let val = self.0;
///
/// write!(f, "{:X}", val) // delegate to i32's implementation
/// }
/// }
///
/// let l = Length(9);
///
/// println!("l as hex is: {:X}", l);
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub trait UpperHex {
/// Formats the value using the given formatter.
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result;
}
/// `p` formatting.
///
/// The `Pointer` trait should format its output as a memory location. This is commonly presented
/// as hexadecimal.
///
/// For more information on formatters, see [the module-level documentation][module].
///
/// [module]: ../../std/fmt/index.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Basic usage with `&i32`:
///
/// ```
/// let x = &42;
///
/// let address = format!("{:p}", x); // this produces something like '0x7f06092ac6d0'
/// ```
///
/// Implementing `Pointer` on a type:
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Length(i32);
///
/// impl fmt::Pointer for Length {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// // use `as` to convert to a `*const T`, which implements Pointer, which we can use
///
/// write!(f, "{:p}", self as *const Length)
/// }
/// }
///
/// let l = Length(42);
///
/// println!("l is in memory here: {:p}", l);
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub trait Pointer {
/// Formats the value using the given formatter.
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result;
}
/// `e` formatting.
///
/// The `LowerExp` trait should format its output in scientific notation with a lower-case `e`.
///
/// For more information on formatters, see [the module-level documentation][module].
///
/// [module]: ../../std/fmt/index.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Basic usage with `i32`:
///
/// ```
/// let x = 42.0; // 42.0 is '4.2e1' in scientific notation
///
/// assert_eq!(format!("{:e}", x), "4.2e1");
/// ```
///
/// Implementing `LowerExp` on a type:
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Length(i32);
///
/// impl fmt::LowerExp for Length {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// let val = self.0;
/// write!(f, "{}e1", val / 10)
/// }
/// }
///
/// let l = Length(100);
///
/// println!("l in scientific notation is: {:e}", l);
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub trait LowerExp {
/// Formats the value using the given formatter.
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result;
}
/// `E` formatting.
///
/// The `UpperExp` trait should format its output in scientific notation with an upper-case `E`.
///
/// For more information on formatters, see [the module-level documentation][module].
///
/// [module]: ../../std/fmt/index.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Basic usage with `f32`:
///
/// ```
/// let x = 42.0; // 42.0 is '4.2E1' in scientific notation
///
/// assert_eq!(format!("{:E}", x), "4.2E1");
/// ```
///
/// Implementing `UpperExp` on a type:
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Length(i32);
///
/// impl fmt::UpperExp for Length {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// let val = self.0;
/// write!(f, "{}E1", val / 10)
/// }
/// }
///
/// let l = Length(100);
///
/// println!("l in scientific notation is: {:E}", l);
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub trait UpperExp {
/// Formats the value using the given formatter.
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result;
}
/// The `write` function takes an output stream, and an `Arguments` struct
/// that can be precompiled with the `format_args!` macro.
///
/// The arguments will be formatted according to the specified format string
/// into the output stream provided.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Basic usage:
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// let mut output = String::new();
/// fmt::write(&mut output, format_args!("Hello {}!", "world"))
/// .expect("Error occurred while trying to write in String");
/// assert_eq!(output, "Hello world!");
/// ```
///
/// Please note that using [`write!`] might be preferable. Example:
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt::Write;
///
/// let mut output = String::new();
/// write!(&mut output, "Hello {}!", "world")
/// .expect("Error occurred while trying to write in String");
/// assert_eq!(output, "Hello world!");
/// ```
///
/// [`write!`]: ../../std/macro.write.html
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn write(output: &mut dyn Write, args: Arguments) -> Result {
let mut formatter = Formatter {
flags: 0,
width: None,
precision: None,
buf: output,
align: rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
fill: ' ',
args: args.args,
curarg: args.args.iter(),
};
let mut idx = 0;
match args.fmt {
None => {
// We can use default formatting parameters for all arguments.
for (arg, piece) in args.args.iter().zip(args.pieces.iter()) {
formatter.buf.write_str(*piece)?;
(arg.formatter)(arg.value, &mut formatter)?;
idx += 1;
}
}
Some(fmt) => {
// Every spec has a corresponding argument that is preceded by
// a string piece.
for (arg, piece) in fmt.iter().zip(args.pieces.iter()) {
formatter.buf.write_str(*piece)?;
formatter.run(arg)?;
idx += 1;
}
}
}
// There can be only one trailing string piece left.
if let Some(piece) = args.pieces.get(idx) {
formatter.buf.write_str(*piece)?;
}
Ok(())
}
/// Padding after the end of something. Returned by `Formatter::padding`.
#[must_use = "don't forget to write the post padding"]
struct PostPadding {
fill: char,
padding: usize,
}
impl PostPadding {
fn new(fill: char, padding: usize) -> PostPadding {
PostPadding { fill, padding }
}
/// Write this post padding.
fn write(self, buf: &mut dyn Write) -> Result {
for _ in 0..self.padding {
buf.write_char(self.fill)?;
}
Ok(())
}
}
impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
fn wrap_buf<'b, 'c, F>(&'b mut self, wrap: F) -> Formatter<'c>
where 'b: 'c, F: FnOnce(&'b mut (dyn Write+'b)) -> &'c mut (dyn Write+'c)
{
Formatter {
// We want to change this
buf: wrap(self.buf),
// And preserve these
flags: self.flags,
fill: self.fill,
align: self.align,
width: self.width,
precision: self.precision,
// These only exist in the struct for the `run` method,
// which won’t be used together with this method.
curarg: self.curarg.clone(),
args: self.args,
}
}
// First up is the collection of functions used to execute a format string
// at runtime. This consumes all of the compile-time statics generated by
// the format! syntax extension.
fn run(&mut self, arg: &rt::v1::Argument) -> Result {
// Fill in the format parameters into the formatter
self.fill = arg.format.fill;
self.align = arg.format.align;
self.flags = arg.format.flags;
self.width = self.getcount(&arg.format.width);
self.precision = self.getcount(&arg.format.precision);
// Extract the correct argument
let value = match arg.position {
rt::v1::Position::Next => { *self.curarg.next().unwrap() }
rt::v1::Position::At(i) => self.args[i],
};
// Then actually do some printing
(value.formatter)(value.value, self)
}
fn getcount(&mut self, cnt: &rt::v1::Count) -> Option<usize> {
match *cnt {
rt::v1::Count::Is(n) => Some(n),
rt::v1::Count::Implied => None,
rt::v1::Count::Param(i) => {
self.args[i].as_usize()
}
rt::v1::Count::NextParam => {
self.curarg.next()?.as_usize()
}
}
}
// Helper methods used for padding and processing formatting arguments that
// all formatting traits can use.
/// Performs the correct padding for an integer which has already been
/// emitted into a str. The str should *not* contain the sign for the
/// integer, that will be added by this method.
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * is_nonnegative - whether the original integer was either positive or zero.
/// * prefix - if the '#' character (Alternate) is provided, this
/// is the prefix to put in front of the number.
/// * buf - the byte array that the number has been formatted into
///
/// This function will correctly account for the flags provided as well as
/// the minimum width. It will not take precision into account.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Foo { nb: i32 };
///
/// impl Foo {
/// fn new(nb: i32) -> Foo {
/// Foo {
/// nb,
/// }
/// }
/// }
///
/// impl fmt::Display for Foo {
/// fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// // We need to remove "-" from the number output.
/// let tmp = self.nb.abs().to_string();
///
/// formatter.pad_integral(self.nb > 0, "Foo ", &tmp)
/// }
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{}", Foo::new(2)), "2");
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{}", Foo::new(-1)), "-1");
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:#}", Foo::new(-1)), "-Foo 1");
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:0>#8}", Foo::new(-1)), "00-Foo 1");
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn pad_integral(&mut self,
is_nonnegative: bool,
prefix: &str,
buf: &str)
-> Result {
let mut width = buf.len();
let mut sign = None;
if !is_nonnegative {
sign = Some('-'); width += 1;
} else if self.sign_plus() {
sign = Some('+'); width += 1;
}
let prefix = if self.alternate() {
width += prefix.chars().count();
Some(prefix)
} else {
None
};
// Writes the sign if it exists, and then the prefix if it was requested
#[inline(never)]
fn write_prefix(f: &mut Formatter, sign: Option<char>, prefix: Option<&str>) -> Result {
if let Some(c) = sign {
f.buf.write_char(c)?;
}
if let Some(prefix) = prefix {
f.buf.write_str(prefix)
} else {
Ok(())
}
}
// The `width` field is more of a `min-width` parameter at this point.
match self.width {
// If there's no minimum length requirements then we can just
// write the bytes.
None => {
write_prefix(self, sign, prefix)?;
self.buf.write_str(buf)
}
// Check if we're over the minimum width, if so then we can also
// just write the bytes.
Some(min) if width >= min => {
write_prefix(self, sign, prefix)?;
self.buf.write_str(buf)
}
// The sign and prefix goes before the padding if the fill character
// is zero
Some(min) if self.sign_aware_zero_pad() => {
self.fill = '0';
self.align = rt::v1::Alignment::Right;
write_prefix(self, sign, prefix)?;
let post_padding = self.padding(min - width, rt::v1::Alignment::Right)?;
self.buf.write_str(buf)?;
post_padding.write(self.buf)
}
// Otherwise, the sign and prefix goes after the padding
Some(min) => {
let post_padding = self.padding(min - width, rt::v1::Alignment::Right)?;
write_prefix(self, sign, prefix)?;
self.buf.write_str(buf)?;
post_padding.write(self.buf)
}
}
}
/// This function takes a string slice and emits it to the internal buffer
/// after applying the relevant formatting flags specified. The flags
/// recognized for generic strings are:
///
/// * width - the minimum width of what to emit
/// * fill/align - what to emit and where to emit it if the string
/// provided needs to be padded
/// * precision - the maximum length to emit, the string is truncated if it
/// is longer than this length
///
/// Notably this function ignores the `flag` parameters.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Foo;
///
/// impl fmt::Display for Foo {
/// fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// formatter.pad("Foo")
/// }
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:<4}", Foo), "Foo ");
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:0>4}", Foo), "0Foo");
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn pad(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result {
// Make sure there's a fast path up front
if self.width.is_none() && self.precision.is_none() {
return self.buf.write_str(s);
}
// The `precision` field can be interpreted as a `max-width` for the
// string being formatted.
let s = if let Some(max) = self.precision {
// If our string is longer that the precision, then we must have
// truncation. However other flags like `fill`, `width` and `align`
// must act as always.
if let Some((i, _)) = s.char_indices().nth(max) {
// LLVM here can't prove that `..i` won't panic `&s[..i]`, but
// we know that it can't panic. Use `get` + `unwrap_or` to avoid
// `unsafe` and otherwise don't emit any panic-related code
// here.
s.get(..i).unwrap_or(&s)
} else {
&s
}
} else {
&s
};
// The `width` field is more of a `min-width` parameter at this point.
match self.width {
// If we're under the maximum length, and there's no minimum length
// requirements, then we can just emit the string
None => self.buf.write_str(s),
// If we're under the maximum width, check if we're over the minimum
// width, if so it's as easy as just emitting the string.
Some(width) if s.chars().count() >= width => {
self.buf.write_str(s)
}
// If we're under both the maximum and the minimum width, then fill
// up the minimum width with the specified string + some alignment.
Some(width) => {
let align = rt::v1::Alignment::Left;
let post_padding = self.padding(width - s.chars().count(), align)?;
self.buf.write_str(s)?;
post_padding.write(self.buf)
}
}
}
/// Write the pre-padding and return the unwritten post-padding. Callers are
/// responsible for ensuring post-padding is written after the thing that is
/// being padded.
fn padding(
&mut self,
padding: usize,
default: rt::v1::Alignment
) -> result::Result<PostPadding, Error> {
let align = match self.align {
rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown => default,
_ => self.align
};
let (pre_pad, post_pad) = match align {
rt::v1::Alignment::Left => (0, padding),
rt::v1::Alignment::Right |
rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown => (padding, 0),
rt::v1::Alignment::Center => (padding / 2, (padding + 1) / 2),
};
for _ in 0..pre_pad {
self.buf.write_char(self.fill)?;
}
Ok(PostPadding::new(self.fill, post_pad))
}
/// Takes the formatted parts and applies the padding.
/// Assumes that the caller already has rendered the parts with required precision,
/// so that `self.precision` can be ignored.
fn pad_formatted_parts(&mut self, formatted: &flt2dec::Formatted) -> Result {
if let Some(mut width) = self.width {
// for the sign-aware zero padding, we render the sign first and
// behave as if we had no sign from the beginning.
let mut formatted = formatted.clone();
let old_fill = self.fill;
let old_align = self.align;
let mut align = old_align;
if self.sign_aware_zero_pad() {
// a sign always goes first
let sign = unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(formatted.sign) };
self.buf.write_str(sign)?;
// remove the sign from the formatted parts
formatted.sign = b"";
width = width.saturating_sub(sign.len());
align = rt::v1::Alignment::Right;
self.fill = '0';
self.align = rt::v1::Alignment::Right;
}
// remaining parts go through the ordinary padding process.
let len = formatted.len();
let ret = if width <= len { // no padding
self.write_formatted_parts(&formatted)
} else {
let post_padding = self.padding(width - len, align)?;
self.write_formatted_parts(&formatted)?;
post_padding.write(self.buf)
};
self.fill = old_fill;
self.align = old_align;
ret
} else {
// this is the common case and we take a shortcut
self.write_formatted_parts(formatted)
}
}
fn write_formatted_parts(&mut self, formatted: &flt2dec::Formatted) -> Result {
fn write_bytes(buf: &mut dyn Write, s: &[u8]) -> Result {
buf.write_str(unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(s) })
}
if !formatted.sign.is_empty() {
write_bytes(self.buf, formatted.sign)?;
}
for part in formatted.parts {
match *part {
flt2dec::Part::Zero(mut nzeroes) => {
const ZEROES: &str = // 64 zeroes
"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";
while nzeroes > ZEROES.len() {
self.buf.write_str(ZEROES)?;
nzeroes -= ZEROES.len();
}
if nzeroes > 0 {
self.buf.write_str(&ZEROES[..nzeroes])?;
}
}
flt2dec::Part::Num(mut v) => {
let mut s = [0; 5];
let len = part.len();
for c in s[..len].iter_mut().rev() {
*c = b'0' + (v % 10) as u8;
v /= 10;
}
write_bytes(self.buf, &s[..len])?;
}
flt2dec::Part::Copy(buf) => {
write_bytes(self.buf, buf)?;
}
}
}
Ok(())
}
/// Writes some data to the underlying buffer contained within this
/// formatter.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Foo;
///
/// impl fmt::Display for Foo {
/// fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// formatter.write_str("Foo")
/// // This is equivalent to:
/// // write!(formatter, "Foo")
/// }
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{}", Foo), "Foo");
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:0>8}", Foo), "Foo");
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn write_str(&mut self, data: &str) -> Result {
self.buf.write_str(data)
}
/// Writes some formatted information into this instance.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Foo(i32);
///
/// impl fmt::Display for Foo {
/// fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// formatter.write_fmt(format_args!("Foo {}", self.0))
/// }
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{}", Foo(-1)), "Foo -1");
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:0>8}", Foo(2)), "Foo 2");
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn write_fmt(&mut self, fmt: Arguments) -> Result {
write(self.buf, fmt)
}
/// Flags for formatting
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[rustc_deprecated(since = "1.24.0",
reason = "use the `sign_plus`, `sign_minus`, `alternate`, \
or `sign_aware_zero_pad` methods instead")]
pub fn flags(&self) -> u32 { self.flags }
/// Character used as 'fill' whenever there is alignment.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Foo;
///
/// impl fmt::Display for Foo {
/// fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// let c = formatter.fill();
/// if let Some(width) = formatter.width() {
/// for _ in 0..width {
/// write!(formatter, "{}", c)?;
/// }
/// Ok(())
/// } else {
/// write!(formatter, "{}", c)
/// }
/// }
/// }
///
/// // We set alignment to the left with ">".
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:G>3}", Foo), "GGG");
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:t>6}", Foo), "tttttt");
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "fmt_flags", since = "1.5.0")]
pub fn fill(&self) -> char { self.fill }
/// Flag indicating what form of alignment was requested.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// extern crate core;
///
/// use std::fmt::{self, Alignment};
///
/// struct Foo;
///
/// impl fmt::Display for Foo {
/// fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// let s = if let Some(s) = formatter.align() {
/// match s {
/// Alignment::Left => "left",
/// Alignment::Right => "right",
/// Alignment::Center => "center",
/// }
/// } else {
/// "into the void"
/// };
/// write!(formatter, "{}", s)
/// }
/// }
///
/// fn main() {
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:<}", Foo), "left");
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:>}", Foo), "right");
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:^}", Foo), "center");
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{}", Foo), "into the void");
/// }
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "fmt_flags_align", since = "1.28.0")]
pub fn align(&self) -> Option<Alignment> {
match self.align {
rt::v1::Alignment::Left => Some(Alignment::Left),
rt::v1::Alignment::Right => Some(Alignment::Right),
rt::v1::Alignment::Center => Some(Alignment::Center),
rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown => None,
}
}
/// Optionally specified integer width that the output should be.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Foo(i32);
///
/// impl fmt::Display for Foo {
/// fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// if let Some(width) = formatter.width() {
/// // If we received a width, we use it
/// write!(formatter, "{:width$}", &format!("Foo({})", self.0), width = width)
/// } else {
/// // Otherwise we do nothing special
/// write!(formatter, "Foo({})", self.0)
/// }
/// }
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:10}", Foo(23)), "Foo(23) ");
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{}", Foo(23)), "Foo(23)");
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "fmt_flags", since = "1.5.0")]
pub fn width(&self) -> Option<usize> { self.width }
/// Optionally specified precision for numeric types.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Foo(f32);
///
/// impl fmt::Display for Foo {
/// fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// if let Some(precision) = formatter.precision() {
/// // If we received a precision, we use it.
/// write!(formatter, "Foo({1:.*})", precision, self.0)
/// } else {
/// // Otherwise we default to 2.
/// write!(formatter, "Foo({:.2})", self.0)
/// }
/// }
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:.4}", Foo(23.2)), "Foo(23.2000)");
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{}", Foo(23.2)), "Foo(23.20)");
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "fmt_flags", since = "1.5.0")]
pub fn precision(&self) -> Option<usize> { self.precision }
/// Determines if the `+` flag was specified.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Foo(i32);
///
/// impl fmt::Display for Foo {
/// fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// if formatter.sign_plus() {
/// write!(formatter,
/// "Foo({}{})",
/// if self.0 < 0 { '-' } else { '+' },
/// self.0)
/// } else {
/// write!(formatter, "Foo({})", self.0)
/// }
/// }
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:+}", Foo(23)), "Foo(+23)");
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{}", Foo(23)), "Foo(23)");
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "fmt_flags", since = "1.5.0")]
pub fn sign_plus(&self) -> bool { self.flags & (1 << FlagV1::SignPlus as u32) != 0 }
/// Determines if the `-` flag was specified.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Foo(i32);
///
/// impl fmt::Display for Foo {
/// fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// if formatter.sign_minus() {
/// // You want a minus sign? Have one!
/// write!(formatter, "-Foo({})", self.0)
/// } else {
/// write!(formatter, "Foo({})", self.0)
/// }
/// }
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:-}", Foo(23)), "-Foo(23)");
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{}", Foo(23)), "Foo(23)");
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "fmt_flags", since = "1.5.0")]
pub fn sign_minus(&self) -> bool { self.flags & (1 << FlagV1::SignMinus as u32) != 0 }
/// Determines if the `#` flag was specified.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Foo(i32);
///
/// impl fmt::Display for Foo {
/// fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// if formatter.alternate() {
/// write!(formatter, "Foo({})", self.0)
/// } else {
/// write!(formatter, "{}", self.0)
/// }
/// }
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:#}", Foo(23)), "Foo(23)");
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{}", Foo(23)), "23");
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "fmt_flags", since = "1.5.0")]
pub fn alternate(&self) -> bool { self.flags & (1 << FlagV1::Alternate as u32) != 0 }
/// Determines if the `0` flag was specified.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Foo(i32);
///
/// impl fmt::Display for Foo {
/// fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// assert!(formatter.sign_aware_zero_pad());
/// assert_eq!(formatter.width(), Some(4));
/// // We ignore the formatter's options.
/// write!(formatter, "{}", self.0)
/// }
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(&format!("{:04}", Foo(23)), "23");
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "fmt_flags", since = "1.5.0")]
pub fn sign_aware_zero_pad(&self) -> bool {
self.flags & (1 << FlagV1::SignAwareZeroPad as u32) != 0
}
// FIXME: Decide what public API we want for these two flags.
// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/48584
fn debug_lower_hex(&self) -> bool { self.flags & (1 << FlagV1::DebugLowerHex as u32) != 0 }
fn debug_upper_hex(&self) -> bool { self.flags & (1 << FlagV1::DebugUpperHex as u32) != 0 }
/// Creates a [`DebugStruct`] builder designed to assist with creation of
/// [`fmt::Debug`] implementations for structs.
///
/// [`DebugStruct`]: ../../std/fmt/struct.DebugStruct.html
/// [`fmt::Debug`]: ../../std/fmt/trait.Debug.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// use std::fmt;
/// use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
///
/// struct Foo {
/// bar: i32,
/// baz: String,
/// addr: Ipv4Addr,
/// }
///
/// impl fmt::Debug for Foo {
/// fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// fmt.debug_struct("Foo")
/// .field("bar", &self.bar)
/// .field("baz", &self.baz)
/// .field("addr", &format_args!("{}", self.addr))
/// .finish()
/// }
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(
/// "Foo { bar: 10, baz: \"Hello World\", addr: 127.0.0.1 }",
/// format!("{:?}", Foo {
/// bar: 10,
/// baz: "Hello World".to_string(),
/// addr: Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 0, 1),
/// })
/// );
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "debug_builders", since = "1.2.0")]
pub fn debug_struct<'b>(&'b mut self, name: &str) -> DebugStruct<'b, 'a> {
builders::debug_struct_new(self, name)
}
/// Creates a `DebugTuple` builder designed to assist with creation of
/// `fmt::Debug` implementations for tuple structs.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// use std::fmt;
/// use std::marker::PhantomData;
///
/// struct Foo<T>(i32, String, PhantomData<T>);
///
/// impl<T> fmt::Debug for Foo<T> {
/// fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// fmt.debug_tuple("Foo")
/// .field(&self.0)
/// .field(&self.1)
/// .field(&format_args!("_"))
/// .finish()
/// }
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(
/// "Foo(10, \"Hello\", _)",
/// format!("{:?}", Foo(10, "Hello".to_string(), PhantomData::<u8>))
/// );
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "debug_builders", since = "1.2.0")]
pub fn debug_tuple<'b>(&'b mut self, name: &str) -> DebugTuple<'b, 'a> {
builders::debug_tuple_new(self, name)
}
/// Creates a `DebugList` builder designed to assist with creation of
/// `fmt::Debug` implementations for list-like structures.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Foo(Vec<i32>);
///
/// impl fmt::Debug for Foo {
/// fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// fmt.debug_list().entries(self.0.iter()).finish()
/// }
/// }
///
/// // prints "[10, 11]"
/// println!("{:?}", Foo(vec![10, 11]));
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "debug_builders", since = "1.2.0")]
pub fn debug_list<'b>(&'b mut self) -> DebugList<'b, 'a> {
builders::debug_list_new(self)
}
/// Creates a `DebugSet` builder designed to assist with creation of
/// `fmt::Debug` implementations for set-like structures.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Foo(Vec<i32>);
///
/// impl fmt::Debug for Foo {
/// fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// fmt.debug_set().entries(self.0.iter()).finish()
/// }
/// }
///
/// // prints "{10, 11}"
/// println!("{:?}", Foo(vec![10, 11]));
/// ```
///
/// [`format_args!`]: ../../std/macro.format_args.html
///
/// In this more complex example, we use [`format_args!`] and `.debug_set()`
/// to build a list of match arms:
///
/// ```rust
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Arm<'a, L: 'a, R: 'a>(&'a (L, R));
/// struct Table<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a>(&'a [(K, V)], V);
///
/// impl<'a, L, R> fmt::Debug for Arm<'a, L, R>
/// where
/// L: 'a + fmt::Debug, R: 'a + fmt::Debug
/// {
/// fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// L::fmt(&(self.0).0, fmt)?;
/// fmt.write_str(" => ")?;
/// R::fmt(&(self.0).1, fmt)
/// }
/// }
///
/// impl<'a, K, V> fmt::Debug for Table<'a, K, V>
/// where
/// K: 'a + fmt::Debug, V: 'a + fmt::Debug
/// {
/// fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// fmt.debug_set()
/// .entries(self.0.iter().map(Arm))
/// .entry(&Arm(&(format_args!("_"), &self.1)))
/// .finish()
/// }
/// }
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "debug_builders", since = "1.2.0")]
pub fn debug_set<'b>(&'b mut self) -> DebugSet<'b, 'a> {
builders::debug_set_new(self)
}
/// Creates a `DebugMap` builder designed to assist with creation of
/// `fmt::Debug` implementations for map-like structures.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// struct Foo(Vec<(String, i32)>);
///
/// impl fmt::Debug for Foo {
/// fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
/// fmt.debug_map().entries(self.0.iter().map(|&(ref k, ref v)| (k, v))).finish()
/// }
/// }
///
/// // prints "{"A": 10, "B": 11}"
/// println!("{:?}", Foo(vec![("A".to_string(), 10), ("B".to_string(), 11)]));
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "debug_builders", since = "1.2.0")]
pub fn debug_map<'b>(&'b mut self) -> DebugMap<'b, 'a> {
builders::debug_map_new(self)
}
}
#[stable(since = "1.2.0", feature = "formatter_write")]
impl Write for Formatter<'_> {
fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result {
self.buf.write_str(s)
}
fn write_char(&mut self, c: char) -> Result {
self.buf.write_char(c)
}
fn write_fmt(&mut self, args: Arguments) -> Result {
write(self.buf, args)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl Display for Error {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
Display::fmt("an error occurred when formatting an argument", f)
}
}
// Implementations of the core formatting traits
macro_rules! fmt_refs {
($($tr:ident),*) => {
$(
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + $tr> $tr for &T {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result { $tr::fmt(&**self, f) }
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + $tr> $tr for &mut T {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result { $tr::fmt(&**self, f) }
}
)*
}
}
fmt_refs! { Debug, Display, Octal, Binary, LowerHex, UpperHex, LowerExp, UpperExp }
#[unstable(feature = "never_type", issue = "35121")]
impl Debug for ! {
fn fmt(&self, _: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
*self
}
}
#[unstable(feature = "never_type", issue = "35121")]
impl Display for ! {
fn fmt(&self, _: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
*self
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl Debug for bool {
#[inline]
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
Display::fmt(self, f)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl Display for bool {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
Display::fmt(if *self { "true" } else { "false" }, f)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl Debug for str {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
f.write_char('"')?;
let mut from = 0;
for (i, c) in self.char_indices() {
let esc = c.escape_debug();
// If char needs escaping, flush backlog so far and write, else skip
if esc.len() != 1 {
f.write_str(&self[from..i])?;
for c in esc {
f.write_char(c)?;
}
from = i + c.len_utf8();
}
}
f.write_str(&self[from..])?;
f.write_char('"')
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl Display for str {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
f.pad(self)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl Debug for char {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
f.write_char('\'')?;
for c in self.escape_debug() {
f.write_char(c)?
}
f.write_char('\'')
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl Display for char {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
if f.width.is_none() && f.precision.is_none() {
f.write_char(*self)
} else {
f.pad(self.encode_utf8(&mut [0; 4]))
}
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> Pointer for *const T {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
let old_width = f.width;
let old_flags = f.flags;
// The alternate flag is already treated by LowerHex as being special-
// it denotes whether to prefix with 0x. We use it to work out whether
// or not to zero extend, and then unconditionally set it to get the
// prefix.
if f.alternate() {
f.flags |= 1 << (FlagV1::SignAwareZeroPad as u32);
if let None = f.width {
f.width = Some(((mem::size_of::<usize>() * 8) / 4) + 2);
}
}
f.flags |= 1 << (FlagV1::Alternate as u32);
let ret = LowerHex::fmt(&(*self as *const () as usize), f);
f.width = old_width;
f.flags = old_flags;
ret
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> Pointer for *mut T {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
Pointer::fmt(&(*self as *const T), f)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> Pointer for &T {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
Pointer::fmt(&(*self as *const T), f)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> Pointer for &mut T {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
Pointer::fmt(&(&**self as *const T), f)
}
}
// Implementation of Display/Debug for various core types
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> Debug for *const T {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result { Pointer::fmt(self, f) }
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> Debug for *mut T {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result { Pointer::fmt(self, f) }
}
macro_rules! peel {
($name:ident, $($other:ident,)*) => (tuple! { $($other,)* })
}
macro_rules! tuple {
() => ();
( $($name:ident,)+ ) => (
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<$($name:Debug),*> Debug for ($($name,)*) where last_type!($($name,)+): ?Sized {
#[allow(non_snake_case, unused_assignments)]
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
let mut builder = f.debug_tuple("");
let ($(ref $name,)*) = *self;
$(
builder.field(&$name);
)*
builder.finish()
}
}
peel! { $($name,)* }
)
}
macro_rules! last_type {
($a:ident,) => { $a };
($a:ident, $($rest_a:ident,)+) => { last_type!($($rest_a,)+) };
}
tuple! { T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, }
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: Debug> Debug for [T] {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
f.debug_list().entries(self.iter()).finish()
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl Debug for () {
#[inline]
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
f.pad("()")
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> Debug for PhantomData<T> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
f.pad("PhantomData")
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: Copy + Debug> Debug for Cell<T> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
f.debug_struct("Cell")
.field("value", &self.get())
.finish()
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Debug> Debug for RefCell<T> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
match self.try_borrow() {
Ok(borrow) => {
f.debug_struct("RefCell")
.field("value", &borrow)
.finish()
}
Err(_) => {
// The RefCell is mutably borrowed so we can't look at its value
// here. Show a placeholder instead.
struct BorrowedPlaceholder;
impl Debug for BorrowedPlaceholder {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
f.write_str("<borrowed>")
}
}
f.debug_struct("RefCell")
.field("value", &BorrowedPlaceholder)
.finish()
}
}
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Debug> Debug for Ref<'_, T> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
Debug::fmt(&**self, f)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Debug> Debug for RefMut<'_, T> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
Debug::fmt(&*(self.deref()), f)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "core_impl_debug", since = "1.9.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Debug> Debug for UnsafeCell<T> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result {
f.pad("UnsafeCell")
}
}
// If you expected tests to be here, look instead at the run-pass/ifmt.rs test,
// it's a lot easier than creating all of the rt::Piece structures here.
You can’t perform that action at this time.