Numeric fallbacks don't work when inherent methods are involved

[XMPPwocky]

I would expect 2.0.sqrt() to return sqrt(2) as a f64. Instead,

<anon>:9:13: 9:19 error: type `_` does not implement any method in scope named `sqrt`
<anon>:9         2.0.sqrt()

<anon>:9:19: 9:19 help: methods from traits can only be called if the trait is in scope; the following traits are implemented but not in scope, perhaps add a `use` for one of them:
<anon>:9:19: 9:19 help: candidate #1: use `std::num::Float`
<anon>:9:19: 9:19 help: candidate #2: use `core::num::Float`

... and the Float trait is deprecated!

This also occurs with integer literals.

I ran into this in the wild while doing an exponential decay:

let k = c * 2.0.powf(-1.0 * scale * dt);

A workaround is to annotate the literal's type explicitly.

[azar77]

I encountered a similar problem:

fn sqrt2() -> f64 {
    let x = 2.0;
    x.sqrt()
}

fn two_plus_three() -> u64 {
    let x = 2;
    x.checked_add(3).unwrap()
}

In both cases, the compiler fails to infer the type of x even though it has enough information to do so (from the return value of the functions).

[IvanUkhov]

Moreover, the language reference says that

If the program context under-constrains the type, it defaults to f64.

So, if the reference was respected, it would default to f64 and call the right method.

[CasualX]

I just ran into this writing some example codes (where it's more likely to have a lot of 'unconstrained' hard coded constants), note the very unhelpful error message:

fn main() {
    let _ = 0.5.sqrt();
}

error: no method named `sqrt` found for type `{float}` in the current scope
 --> src/main.rs:2:21
  |
2 |         let _ = 0.5.sqrt();
  |                     ^^^^
  |
  = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is in scope; the following trait is implemented but not in scope, perhaps add a `use` for it:
  = help: candidate #1: `use rand::FloatMath;`

error: aborting due to previous error

error: Could not compile `playground`.

To learn more, run the command again with --verbose.

https://play.rust-lang.org/?gist=24e7667d5a1ea0c7b8702e9ac4a075b4&version=stable

[zackw]

This was also reported as a pain point in the "Ideas for making Rust easier for beginners" internals thread: https://internals.rust-lang.org/t/ideas-for-making-rust-easier-for-beginners/4761/37