# sagemath/sagelib

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 r""" Interface to QEPCAD The basic function of QEPCAD is to construct cylindrical algebraic decompositions (CADs) of $\RR^k$, given a list of polynomials. Using this CAD, it is possible to perform quantifier elimination and formula simplification. A CAD for a set $A$ of $k$-variate polynomials decomposes $\RR^j$ into disjoint cells, for each $j$ in $0 \leq j \leq k$. The sign of each polynomial in $A$ is constant in each cell of $\RR^k$, and for each cell in $\RR^j$ ($j > 1$), the projection of that cell into $\RR^{j-1}$ is a cell of $\RR^{j-1}$. (This property makes the decomposition cylindrical''.) Given a formula $\exists x. P(a,b,x) = 0$ (for a polynomial $P$), and a cylindrical algebraic decomposition for $P$, we can eliminate the quantifier (find an equivalent formula in the two variables $a$, $b$ without the quantifier $\exists$) as follows. For each cell $C$ in $\RR^2$, find the cells of $\RR^3$ which project to $C$. (This collection is called the \emph{stack} over $C$.) Mark $C$ as true if some member of the stack has sign $= 0$; otherwise, mark $C$ as false. Then, construct a polynomial formula in $a$, $b$ which specifies exactly the true cells (this is always possible). The same technique works if the body of the quantifier is any boolean combination of polynomial equalities and inequalities. Formula simplification is a similar technique. Given a formula which describes a simple set of $\RR^k$ in a complicated way as a boolean combination of polynomial equalities and inequalities, QEPCAD can construct a CAD for the polynomials and recover a simple equivalent formula. Note that while the following documentation is tutorial in nature, and is written for people who may not be familiar with QEPCAD, it is documentation for the \sage interface rather than for QEPCAD. As such, it does not cover several issues that are very important to use QEPCAD efficiently, such as variable ordering, the efficient use of the alternate quantifiers and \code{_root_} expressions, the \code{measure-zero-error} command, etc. For more information on QEPCAD, see the online documentation at \url{http://www.cs.usna.edu/~qepcad/B/QEPCAD.html} and Chris Brown's tutorial handout and slides from \url{http://www.cs.usna.edu/~wcbrown/research/ISSAC04/Tutorial.html}. (Several of the examples in this documentation came from these sources.) The examples below require that the optional qepcad package is installed. QEPCAD can be run in a fully automatic fashion, or interactively. We first demonstrate the automatic use of QEPCAD. Since \sage has no built-in support for quantifiers, this interface provides \code{qepcad_formula} which helps construct quantified formulas in the syntax QEPCAD requires. :: sage: var('a,b,c,d,x,y,z') (a, b, c, d, x, y, z) sage: qf = qepcad_formula We start with a simple example. Consider an arbitrarily-selected ellipse:: sage: ellipse = 3*x^2 + 2*x*y + y^2 - x + y - 7 What is the projection onto the $x$ axis of this ellipse? First we construct a formula asking this question. :: sage: F = qf.exists(y, ellipse == 0); F (E y)[3 x^2 + 2 x y + y^2 - x + y - 7 = 0] Then we run qepcad to get the answer:: sage: qepcad(F) # optional - qepcad 8 x^2 - 8 x - 29 <= 0 How about the projection onto the $y$ axis? :: sage: qepcad(qf.exists(x, ellipse == 0)) # optional - qepcad 8 y^2 + 16 y - 85 <= 0 QEPCAD deals with more quantifiers than just exists'', of course. Besides the standard forall'', there are also for infinitely many'', for all but finitely many'', for a connected subset'', and for exactly $k$''. The \function{qepcad} documentation has examples of all of these; here we'll just give one example. First we construct a circle:: sage: circle = x^2 + y^2 - 3 For what values $k$ does a vertical line $x=k$ intersect the combined figure of the circle and ellipse exactly three times? :: sage: F = qf.exactly_k(3, y, circle * ellipse == 0); F # optional - qepcad (X3 y)[(x^2 + y^2 - 3) (3 x^2 + 2 x y + y^2 - x + y - 7) = 0] sage: qepcad(F) # optional - qepcad 8 x^2 - 8 x - 29 <= 0 /\ x^2 - 3 <= 0 /\ 8 x^4 - 26 x^2 - 4 x + 13 >= 0 /\ [ 8 x^4 - 26 x^2 - 4 x + 13 = 0 \/ x^2 - 3 = 0 \/ 8 x^2 - 8 x - 29 = 0 ] Here we see that the solutions are among the eight ($4 + 2 + 2$) roots of the three polynomials inside the brackets, but not all of these roots are solutions; the polynomial inequalities outside the brackets are needed to select those roots that are solutions. QEPCAD also supports an extended formula language, where $\mbox{_root_}k \quad P(\bar x, y)$ refers to a particular zero of $P(\bar x, y)$ (viewed as a polynomial in $y$). If there are $n$ roots, then _root_$1$ refers to the least root and _root_$n$ refers to the greatest; also, _root_$-n$ refers to the least root and _root_$-1$ refers to the greatest. This extended language is available both on input and output; see the QEPCAD documentation for more information on how to use this syntax on input. We can request output that's intended to be easy to interpret geometrically; then QEPCAD will use the extended language to produce a solution formula without the selection polynomials. :: sage: qepcad(F, solution='geometric') # optional - qepcad x = _root_1 8 x^2 - 8 x - 29 \/ 8 x^4 - 26 x^2 - 4 x + 13 = 0 \/ x = _root_-1 x^2 - 3 We then see that the 6 solutions correspond to the vertical tangent on the left side of the ellipse, the four intersections between the ellipse and the circle, and the vertical tangent on the right side of the circle. Let's do some basic formula simplification and visualization. We'll look at the region which is inside both the ellipse and the circle:: sage: F = qf.and_(ellipse < 0, circle < 0); F # optional - qepcad [3 x^2 + 2 x y + y^2 - x + y - 7 < 0 /\ x^2 + y^2 - 3 < 0] sage: qepcad(F) # optional - qepcad y^2 + 2 x y + y + 3 x^2 - x - 7 < 0 /\ y^2 + x^2 - 3 < 0 We get back the same formula we put in. This is not surprising (we started with a pretty simple formula, after all), but it's not very enlightening either. Again, if we ask for a 'geometric' output, then we see an output that lets us understand something about the shape of the solution set. :: sage: qepcad(F, solution='geometric') # optional - qepcad [ [ x = _root_-2 8 x^4 - 26 x^2 - 4 x + 13 \/ x = _root_2 8 x^4 - 26 x^2 - 4 x + 13 \/ 8 x^4 - 26 x^2 - 4 x + 13 < 0 ] /\ y^2 + 2 x y + y + 3 x^2 - x - 7 < 0 /\ y^2 + x^2 - 3 < 0 ] \/ [ x > _root_2 8 x^4 - 26 x^2 - 4 x + 13 /\ x < _root_-2 8 x^4 - 26 x^2 - 4 x + 13 /\ y^2 + x^2 - 3 < 0 ] There's another reason to prefer output using _root_ expressions; not only does it sometimes give added insight into the geometric structure, it also can be more efficient to construct. Consider this formula for the projection of a particular semicircle onto the $x$ axis:: sage: F = qf.exists(y, qf.and_(circle == 0, x + y > 0)); F # optional - qepcad (E y)[x^2 + y^2 - 3 = 0 /\ x + y > 0] sage: qepcad(F) # optional - qepcad x^2 - 3 <= 0 /\ [ x > 0 \/ 2 x^2 - 3 < 0 ] Here, the formula $x > 0$ had to be introduced in order to get a solution formula; the original CAD of F did not include the polynomial $x$. To avoid having QEPCAD do the extra work to come up with a solution formula, we can tell it to use the extended language; it's always possible to construct a solution formula in the extended language without introducing new polynomials. :: sage: qepcad(F, solution='extended') # optional - qepcad x^2 - 3 <= 0 /\ x > _root_1 2 x^2 - 3 Up to this point, all the output we've seen has basically been in the form of strings; there is no support (yet) for parsing these outputs back into \sage polynomials (partly because \sage does not yet have support for symbolic conjunctions and disjunctions). The function \function{qepcad} supports three more output types that give numbers which can be manipulated in \sage: any-point, all-points, and cell-points. These output types give dictionaries mapping variable names to values. With any-point, \function{qepcad} either produces a single dictionary specifying a point where the formula is true, or raises an exception if the formula is false everywhere. With all-points, \function{qepcad} either produces a list of dictionaries for all points where the formula is true, or raises an exception if the formula is true on infinitely many points. With cell-points, \function{qepcad} produces a list of dictionaries with one point for each cell where the formula is true. (This means you will have at least one point in each connected component of the solution, although you will often have many more points than that.) Let's revisit some of the above examples and get some points to play with. We'll start by finding a point on our ellipse. :: sage: p = qepcad(ellipse == 0, solution='any-point'); p # optional - qepcad {'y': 0.9685019685029527?, 'x': -1.468501968502953?} (Note that despite the decimal printing and the question marks, these are really exact numbers.) We can verify that this point is a solution. To do so, we create a copy of ellipse as a polynomial over QQ (instead of a symbolic expression). :: sage: pellipse = QQ['x,y'](ellipse) # optional - qepcad sage: pellipse(**p) == 0 # optional - qepcad True For cell-points, let's look at points \emph{not} on the ellipse. :: sage: pts = qepcad(ellipse != 0, solution='cell-points'); pts # optional - qepcad [{'y': 0, 'x': 4}, {'y': 1, 'x': 2.468501968502953?}, {'y': -9, 'x': 2.468501968502953?}, {'y': 9, 'x': 1/2}, {'y': -1, 'x': 1/2}, {'y': -5, 'x': 1/2}, {'y': 3, 'x': -1.468501968502953?}, {'y': -1, 'x': -1.468501968502953?}, {'y': 0, 'x': -3}] For the points here which are in full-dimensional cells, QEPCAD has the freedom to choose rational sample points, and it does so. And, of course, all these points really are not on the ellipse. :: sage: [pellipse(**p) != 0 for p in pts] # optional - qepcad [True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True] Finally, for all-points, let's look again at finding vertical lines that intersect the union of the circle and the ellipse exactly three times. :: sage: F = qf.exactly_k(3, y, circle * ellipse == 0); F # optional - qepcad (X3 y)[(x^2 + y^2 - 3) (3 x^2 + 2 x y + y^2 - x + y - 7) = 0] sage: pts = qepcad(F, solution='all-points'); pts # optional - qepcad [{'x': 1.732050807568878?}, {'x': 1.731054913462534?}, {'x': 0.678911384208004?}, {'x': -0.9417727377417167?}, {'x': -1.468193559928821?}, {'x': -1.468501968502953?}] Since $y$ is bound by the quantifier, the solutions only refer to $x$. We can substitute one of these solutions into the original equation:: sage: pt = pts[0] # optional - qepcad sage: pcombo = QQ['x,y'](circle * ellipse) # optional - qepcad sage: intersections = pcombo(y=polygen(AA, 'y'), **pt); intersections # optional - qepcad y^4 + 4.464101615137755?*y^3 + 0.2679491924311227?*y^2 and verify that it does have three roots:: sage: intersections.roots() # optional - qepcad [(-4.403249005600958?, 1), (-0.06085260953679653?, 1), (0, 2)] Let's check all six solutions. :: sage: [len(pcombo(y=polygen(AA, 'y'), **p).roots()) for p in pts] # optional - qepcad [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] We said earlier that we can run QEPCAD either automatically or interactively. Now that we've discussed the automatic modes, let's turn to interactive uses. If the \function{qepcad} function is passed \code{interact=True}, then instead of returning a result, it returns an object of class \class{Qepcad} representing a running instance of QEPCAD that you can interact with. For example:: sage: qe = qepcad(qf.forall(x, x^2 + b*x + c > 0), interact=True); qe # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object in phase 'Before Normalization' This object is a fairly thin wrapper over QEPCAD; most QEPCAD commands are available as methods on the \class{Qepcad} object. Given a \class{Qepcad} object \var{qe}, you can type \code{qe.[tab]} to see the available QEPCAD commands; to see the documentation for an individual QEPCAD command, for example \code{d_setting}, you can type \code{qe.d_setting?}. (In QEPCAD, this command is called \code{d-setting}; we systematically replace hyphens with underscores for this interface.) The execution of QEPCAD is divided into four phases; most commands are not available during all phases. We saw above that QEPCAD starts out in phase Before Normalization'; we see that the \code{d_cell} command is not available in this phase:: sage: qe.d_cell() # optional - qepcad Error GETCID: This command is not active here. We will focus here on the fourth (and last) phase, Before Solution', because this interface has special support for some operations in this phase. Consult the QEPCAD documentation for information on the other phases. We can tell QEPCAD to finish off the current phase and move to the next with its \code{go} command. (There is also the \code{step} command, which partially completes a phase for phases that have multiple steps, and the \code{finish} command, which runs QEPCAD to completion.) :: sage: qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Projection (x)' sage: qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' sage: qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' Note that the \class{Qepcad} object returns the new phase whenever the phase changes, as a convenience for interactive use; except that when the new phase is EXITED', the solution formula printed by QEPCAD is returned instead. :: sage: qe.go() # optional - qepcad 4 c - b^2 > 0 sage: qe # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object in phase 'EXITED' Let's pick a nice, simple example, return to phase 4, and explore the resulting \var{qe} object. :: sage: qe = qepcad(circle == 0, interact=True); qe # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object in phase 'Before Normalization' sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Projection (y)' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' We said before that QEPCAD creates cylindrical algebraic decompositions''; since we have a bivariate polynomial, we get decompositions of $\RR^0$, $\RR^1$, and $\RR^2$. In this case, where our example is a circle of radius $\sqrt{3}$ centered on the origin, these decompositions are as follows: The decomposition of $\RR^0$ is trivial (of course). The decomposition of $\RR^1$ has five cells: $x < -\sqrt{3}$, $x = -\sqrt{3}$, $-\sqrt{3} < x < \sqrt{3}$, $x = \sqrt{3}$, and $x > \sqrt{3}$. These five cells comprise the \emph{stack} over the single cell in the trivial decomposition of $\RR^0$. These five cells give rise to five stacks in $\RR^2$. The first and fifth stack have just one cell apiece. The second and fourth stacks have three cells: $y < 0$, $y = 0$, and $y > 0$. The third stack has five cells: below the circle, the lower semicircle, the interior of the circle, the upper semicircle, and above the circle. QEPCAD (and this QEPCAD interface) number the cells in a stack starting with 1. Each cell has an \emph{index}, which is a tuple of integers describing the path to the cell in the tree of all cells. For example, the cell below the circle'' has index (3,1) (the first cell in the stack over the third cell of $\RR^1$) and the interior of the circle has index (3,3). We can view these cells with the QEPCAD command \code{d_cell}. For instance, let's look at the cell for the upper semicircle:: sage: qe.d_cell(3, 4) # optional - qepcad ---------- Information about the cell (3,4) ---------- Level : 2 Dimension : 1 Number of children : 0 Truth value : T by trial evaluation. Degrees after substitution : Not known yet or No polynomial. Multiplicities : ((1,1)) Signs of Projection Factors Level 1 : (-) Level 2 : (0) ---------- Sample point ---------- The sample point is in a PRIMITIVE representation. alpha = the unique root of x^2 - 3 between 0 and 4 = 1.7320508076- Coordinate 1 = 0 = 0.0000000000 Coordinate 2 = alpha = 1.7320508076- ---------------------------------------------------- We see that, the level of this cell is 2, meaning that it is part of the decomposition of $\RR^2$. The dimension is 1, meaning that the cell is homeomorphic to a line (rather than a plane or a point). The sample point gives the coordinates of one point in the cell, both symbolically and numerically. For programmatic access to cells, we've defined a \sage wrapper class \class{QepcadCell}. These cells can be created with the \method{cell} method; for example:: sage: c = qe.cell(3, 4); c # optional - qepcad QEPCAD cell (3, 4) A \class{QepcadCell} has accessor methods for the important state held within a cell. For instance:: sage: c.level() # optional - qepcad 2 sage: c.index() # optional - qepcad (3, 4) sage: qe.cell(3).number_of_children() # optional - qepcad 5 sage: len(qe.cell(3)) # optional - qepcad 5 One particularly useful thing we can get from a cell is its sample point, as \sage algebraic real numbers. :: sage: c.sample_point() # optional - qepcad (0, 1.732050807568878?) sage: c.sample_point_dict() # optional - qepcad {'y': 1.732050807568878?, 'x': 0} We've seen that we can get cells using the \method{cell} method. There are several QEPCAD commands that print lists of cells; we can also get cells using the \method{make_cells} method, passing it the output of one of these commands. :: sage: qe.make_cells(qe.d_true_cells()) # optional - qepcad [QEPCAD cell (4, 2), QEPCAD cell (3, 4), QEPCAD cell (3, 2), QEPCAD cell (2, 2)] Also, the cells in the stack over a given cell can be accessed using array subscripting or iteration. (Remember that cells in a stack are numbered starting with one; we preserve this convention in the array-subscripting syntax.) :: sage: c = qe.cell(3) # optional - qepcad sage: c[1] # optional - qepcad QEPCAD cell (3, 1) sage: [c2 for c2 in c] # optional - qepcad [QEPCAD cell (3, 1), QEPCAD cell (3, 2), QEPCAD cell (3, 3), QEPCAD cell (3, 4), QEPCAD cell (3, 5)] We can do one more thing with a cell: we can set its truth value. Once the truth values of the cells have been set, we can get QEPCAD to produce a formula which is true in exactly the cells we have selected. This is useful if QEPCAD's quantifier language is insufficient to express your problem. For example, consider again our combined figure of the circle and the ellipse. Suppose you want to find all vertical lines that intersect the circle twice, and also intersect the ellipse twice. The vertical lines that intersect the circle twice can be found by simplifying:: sage: F = qf.exactly_k(2, y, circle == 0); F # optional - qepcad (X2 y)[x^2 + y^2 - 3 = 0] and the vertical lines that intersect the ellipse twice are expressed by:: sage: G = qf.exactly_k(2, y, ellipse == 0); G # optional - qepcad (X2 y)[3 x^2 + 2 x y + y^2 - x + y - 7 = 0] and the lines that intersect both figures would be:: sage: qf.and_(F, G) # optional - qepcad Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: QEPCAD formulas must be in prenex (quantifiers outermost) form ...except that QEPCAD does not support formulas like this; in QEPCAD input, all logical connectives must be inside all quantifiers. Instead, we can get QEPCAD to construct a CAD for our combined figure and set the truth values ourselves. (The exact formula we use doesn't matter, since we're going to replace the truth values in the cells; we just need to use a formula that uses both polynomials.) :: sage: qe = qepcad(qf.and_(ellipse == 0, circle == 0), interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Projection (y)' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' Now we want to find all cells $c$ in the decomposition of $\RR^1$ such that the stack over $c$ contains exactly two cells on the ellipse, and also contains exactly two cells on the circle. Our input polynomials are level-2 projection factors'', we see:: sage: qe.d_proj_factors() # optional - qepcad P_1,1 = fac(J_1,1) = fac(dis(A_2,1)) = 8 x^2 - 8 x - 29 P_1,2 = fac(J_1,2) = fac(dis(A_2,2)) = x^2 - 3 P_1,3 = fac(J_1,3) = fac(res(A_2,1|A_2,2)) = 8 x^4 - 26 x^2 - 4 x + 13 A_2,1 = input = y^2 + 2 x y + y + 3 x^2 - x - 7 A_2,2 = input = y^2 + x^2 - 3 so we can test whether a cell is on the ellipse by checking that the sign of the corresponding projection factor is 0 in our cell. For instance, the cell (12,2) is on the ellipse:: sage: qe.cell(12,2).signs()[1][0] # optional - qepcad 0 So we can update the truth values as desired like this:: sage: for c in qe.cell(): # optional - qepcad ... count_ellipse = 0 # optional - qepcad ... count_circle = 0 # optional - qepcad ... for c2 in c: # optional - qepcad ... count_ellipse += (c2.signs()[1][0] == 0) # optional - qepcad ... count_circle += (c2.signs()[1][1] == 0) # optional - qepcad ... c.set_truth(count_ellipse == 2 and count_circle == 2) # optional - qepcad and then we can get our desired solution formula. (The 'G' stands for 'geometric', and gives solutions using the same rules as \code{solution='geometric'} described above.) :: sage: qe.solution_extension('G') # optional - qepcad 8 x^2 - 8 x - 29 < 0 /\ x^2 - 3 < 0 AUTHORS: - Carl Witty (2008-03): initial version """ #***************************************************************************** # Copyright (C) 2008 Carl Witty # # Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) # as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of # the License, or (at your option) any later version. # http://www.gnu.org/licenses/ #***************************************************************************** from __future__ import with_statement import sage.misc.misc import pexpect import re import sys from sage.misc.flatten import flatten from sage.misc.sage_eval import sage_eval from sage.misc.preparser import implicit_mul from expect import Expect, ExpectFunction, AsciiArtString def _qepcad_cmd(memcells=None): r""" Construct a QEPCAD command line. Optionally set the number of memory cells to use. EXAMPLES:: sage: from sage.interfaces.qepcad import _qepcad_cmd sage: _qepcad_cmd() 'env qe=.../local/ qepcad ' sage: _qepcad_cmd(memcells=8000000) 'env qe=.../local/ qepcad +N8000000' """ if memcells is not None: memcells_arg = '+N%s' % memcells else: memcells_arg = '' return "env qe=%s qepcad %s"%(sage.misc.misc.SAGE_LOCAL, memcells_arg) _command_info_cache = None def _update_command_info(): r""" Read the file \file{qepcad.help} to find the list of commands supported by QEPCAD. Used for tab-completion and documentation. EXAMPLES:: sage: from sage.interfaces.qepcad import _update_command_info, _command_info_cache sage: _update_command_info() # optional - qepcad sage: _command_info_cache['approx_precision'] # optional - qepcad ('46', 'abcde', 'm', 'approx-precision N\n\nApproximate algeraic numbers to N decimal places.\n', None) """ global _command_info_cache if _command_info_cache is not None: return cache = {} with open('%s/bin/qepcad.help'%sage.misc.misc.SAGE_LOCAL) as help: assert(help.readline().strip() == '@') while True: cmd_line = help.readline() while len(cmd_line.strip()) == 0: cmd_line = help.readline() cmd_line = cmd_line.strip() if cmd_line == '@@@': break (cmd, id, phases, kind) = cmd_line.split() assert(help.readline().strip() == '@') help_text = '' help_line = help.readline() while help_line.strip() != '@': help_text += help_line help_line = help.readline() # I went through qepcad.help and picked out commands that # I thought might be worth a little extra tweaking... special = None # These commands have been tweaked. if cmd in ['d-all-cells-in-subtree', 'd-cell', 'd-pcad', 'd-pscad', 'd-stack', 'manual-choose-cell']: special = 'cell' if cmd in ['ipfzt', 'rational-sample', 'triv-convert', 'use-db', 'use-selected-cells-cond', 'verbose']: special = 'yn' # The tweaking for these commands has not been implemented yet. if cmd in ['selected-cells-cond']: special = 'formula' if cmd in ['ch-pivot', 'rem-pf', 'rem-pj']: special = 'i,j' if cmd in ['d-2d-cad', 'set-truth-value', 'solution-extension']: special = 'interactive' if cmd in ['p-2d-cad', 'trace-alg', 'trace-data']: special = 'optional' cmd = cmd.replace('-', '_') cache[cmd] = (id, phases, kind, help_text, special) _command_info_cache = cache _rewrote_qepcadrc = False def _rewrite_qepcadrc(): r""" Write the file \file{default.qepcadrc} to specify a path to Singular (which QEPCAD uses for Gr\"obner basis computations). EXAMPLES: sage: from sage.interfaces.qepcad import _rewrite_qepcadrc sage: _rewrite_qepcadrc() sage: from sage.misc.misc import SAGE_LOCAL sage: open('%s/default.qepcadrc'%SAGE_LOCAL).readlines()[-1] 'SINGULAR .../local//bin' """ global _rewrote_qepcadrc if _rewrote_qepcadrc: return SL = sage.misc.misc.SAGE_LOCAL fn = '%s/default.qepcadrc'%SL text = \ """# THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED -- DO NOT EDIT ##################################################### # QEPCAD rc file. # This file allows for some customization of QEPCADB. # Right now, the ability to give a path to Singular, # so that it gets used for some computer algebra # computations is the only feature. ##################################################### SINGULAR %s/bin""" % SL open(fn, 'w').write(text) # QEPCAD does not have a typical "computer algebra system" interaction # model. Instead, you run QEPCAD once for each problem you wish to solve, # then interact with it while you solve that problem. # For this reason, most of the methods on the Expect class are # inapplicable. To avoid confusing the user with useless commands # in tab completion, we split the control into two classes: # Qepcad_expect is a subclass of Expect, and is never seen by the user; # Qepcad is a wrapper for Qepcad_expect, and is what the user interacts with. class Qepcad_expect(Expect): r""" The low-level wrapper for QEPCAD. """ def __init__(self, memcells=None, maxread=100000, logfile=None, server=None): r""" Initialize a low-level wrapper for QEPCAD. You can specify the number of memory cells that QEPCAD allocates on startup (which controls the maximum problem size QEPCAD can handle), and specify a logfile. You can also specify a server, and the interface will run QEPCAD on that server, using ssh. (UNTESTED) EXAMPLES:: sage: from sage.interfaces.qepcad import Qepcad_expect sage: Qepcad_expect(memcells=100000, logfile=sys.stdout) Qepcad """ _rewrite_qepcadrc() Expect.__init__(self, name="QEPCAD", # yuck: when QEPCAD first starts, # it doesn't give prompts prompt="\nEnter an .*:\r", command=_qepcad_cmd(memcells), maxread=maxread, server=server, restart_on_ctrlc=False, verbose_start=False, logfile=logfile) class Qepcad: r""" The wrapper for QEPCAD. """ def __init__(self, formula, vars=None, logfile=None, verbose=False, memcells=None, server=None): r""" Construct a QEPCAD wrapper object. Requires a formula, which may be a \class{qformula} as returned by the methods of \code{qepcad_formula}, a symbolic equality or inequality, a polynomial $p$ (meaning $p = 0$), or a string, which is passed straight to QEPCAD. \var{vars} specifies the variables to use; this gives the variable ordering, which may be very important. If \var{formula} is given as a string, then \var{vars} is required; otherwise, if \var{vars} is omitted, then a default ordering is used (alphabetical ordering for the free variables). A logfile can be specified with \var{logfile}. If \code{verbose=True} is given, then the logfile is automatically set to \code{sys.stdout}, so all QEPCAD interaction is echoed to the terminal. You can set the amount of memory that QEPCAD allocates with \var{memcells}, and you can use \var{server} to run QEPCAD on another machine using ssh. (UNTESTED) Usually you will not call this directly, but use \function{qepcad} to do so. Check the \function{qepcad} documentation for more information. EXAMPLES:: sage: from sage.interfaces.qepcad import Qepcad sage: Qepcad(x^2 - 1 == 0) # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object in phase 'Before Normalization' """ self._cell_cache = {} if verbose: logfile=sys.stdout varlist = None if vars is not None: if isinstance(vars, str): varlist = vars.strip('()').split(',') else: varlist = [str(v) for v in vars] if isinstance(formula, str): if varlist is None: raise ValueError, "vars must be specified if formula is a string" free_vars = len(varlist) - formula.count('(') else: formula = qepcad_formula.formula(formula) fvars = formula.vars fqvars = formula.qvars if varlist is None: varlist = sorted(fvars) + fqvars else: # Do some error-checking here. Parse the given vars # and ensure they match up with the variables in the formula. if frozenset(varlist) != (fvars | frozenset(fqvars)): raise ValueError, "specified vars don't match vars in formula" if len(fqvars) and varlist[-len(fqvars):] != fqvars: raise ValueError, "specified vars don't match quantified vars" free_vars = len(fvars) formula = repr(formula) self._varlist = varlist self._free_vars = free_vars varlist = [v.replace('_', '') for v in varlist] if len(frozenset(varlist)) != len(varlist): raise ValueError, "variables collide after stripping underscores" formula = formula.replace('_', '') qex = Qepcad_expect(logfile=logfile) qex._send('[ input from Sage ]') qex._send('(' + ','.join(varlist) + ')') qex._send(str(free_vars)) # I hope this prompt is distinctive enough... # if not, we could list all the cases separately qex._change_prompt(['\r\n([^\r\n]*) >\r\n', pexpect.EOF]) qex.eval(formula + '.') self._qex = qex def __repr__(self): r""" Return a string representation of this \class{Qepcad} object. EXAMPLES:: sage: qepcad(x - 1 == 0, interact=True) # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object in phase 'Before Normalization' """ return "QEPCAD object in phase '%s'"%self.phase() def assume(self, assume): r""" The following documentation is from \file{qepcad.help}: Add an assumption to the problem. These will not be included in the solution formula. For example, with input (E x)[ a x^2 + b x + c = 0], if we issue the command assume [ a /= 0 ] we'll get the solution formula b^2 - 4 a c >= 0. Without the assumption we'd get something like [a = 0 /\ b /= 0] \/ [a /= 0 /\ 4 a c - b^2 <= 0] \/ [a = 0 /\ b = 0 /\ c = 0]. EXAMPLES:: sage: var('a,b,c,x') (a, b, c, x) sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qe = qepcad(qf.exists(x, a*x^2 + b*x + c == 0), interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.assume(a != 0) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.finish() # optional - qepcad 4 a c - b^2 <= 0 """ if not isinstance(assume, str): assume = qepcad_formula.formula(assume) if len(assume.qvars): raise ValueError, "assumptions cannot be quantified" if not assume.vars.issubset(frozenset(self._varlist[:self._free_vars])): raise ValueError, "assumption contains variables not present in formula" assume = repr(assume) assume = assume.replace('_', '') result = self._eval_line("assume [%s]" % assume) if len(result): return AsciiArtString(result) def solution_extension(self, kind): r""" The following documentation is modified from \file{qepcad.help}: solution-extension x Use an alternative solution formula construction method. The parameter x is allowed to be T,E, or G. If x is T, then a formula in the usual language of Tarski formulas is produced. If x is E, a formula in the language of Extended Tarski formulas is produced. If x is G, then a geometry-based formula is produced. EXAMPLES:: sage: var('x,y') (x, y) sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qe = qepcad(qf.and_(x^2 + y^2 - 3 == 0, x + y > 0), interact=True) # optional sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Projection (y)' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: qe.solution_extension('E') # optional - qepcad x > _root_1 2 x^2 - 3 /\ y^2 + x^2 - 3 = 0 /\ [ 2 x^2 - 3 > 0 \/ y = _root_-1 y^2 + x^2 - 3 ] sage: qe.solution_extension('G') # optional - qepcad [ [ 2 x^2 - 3 < 0 \/ x = _root_-1 2 x^2 - 3 ] /\ y = _root_-1 y^2 + x^2 - 3 ] \/ [ x^2 - 3 <= 0 /\ x > _root_-1 2 x^2 - 3 /\ y^2 + x^2 - 3 = 0 ] sage: qe.solution_extension('T') # optional - qepcad y + x > 0 /\ y^2 + x^2 - 3 = 0 """ if kind == 'I': raise ValueError, "Interactive solution construction not handled by Sage interface" result = self._eval_line('solution-extension %s'%kind) tagline = 'An equivalent quantifier-free formula:' loc = result.find(tagline) if loc >= 0: result = result[loc + len(tagline):] result = result.strip() if len(result): return AsciiArtString(result) def set_truth_value(self, index, nv): r""" Given a cell index (or a cell) and an integer, set the truth value of the cell to that integer. Valid integers are 0 (false), 1 (true), and 2 (undetermined). EXAMPLES:: sage: qe = qepcad(x == 1, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'At the end of projection phase' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: qe.set_truth_value(1, 1) # optional - qepcad """ index_str = _format_cell_index([index]) self._eval_line('set-truth-value\n%s\n%s' % (index_str, nv)) def phase(self): r""" Return the current phase of the QEPCAD program. EXAMPLES:: sage: qe = qepcad(x > 2/3, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.phase() # optional - qepcad 'Before Normalization' sage: qe.go() # optional QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'At the end of projection phase' sage: qe.phase() # optional - qepcad 'At the end of projection phase' sage: qe.go() # optional QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' sage: qe.phase() # optional - qepcad 'Before Choice' sage: qe.go() # optional QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: qe.phase() # optional - qepcad 'Before Solution' sage: qe.go() # optional - qepcad 3 x - 2 > 0 sage: qe.phase() # optional - qepcad 'EXITED' """ match = self._qex.expect().match if match == pexpect.EOF: return 'EXITED' else: return match.group(1) def _parse_answer_stats(self): r""" Parse the final string printed by QEPCAD, which should be the simplified quantifier-free formula followed by some statistics. Return a pair of the formula and the statistics (both as strings). EXAMPLES:: sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 > 2, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.finish() # optional - qepcad x^2 - 2 > 0 sage: (ans, stats) = qe._parse_answer_stats() # optional - qepcad sage: ans # optional - qepcad 'x^2 - 2 > 0' sage: stats # random, optional - qepcad '-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n0 Garbage collections, 0 Cells and 0 Arrays reclaimed, in 0 milliseconds.\r\n492514 Cells in AVAIL, 500000 Cells in SPACE.\r\n\r\nSystem time: 16 milliseconds.\r\nSystem time after the initialization: 4 milliseconds.\r\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n' """ if self.phase() != 'EXITED': raise ValueError, "QEPCAD is not finished yet" final = self._qex.expect().before match = re.search('\nAn equivalent quantifier-free formula:(.*)\n=+ The End =+\r\n\r\n(.*)$', final, re.DOTALL) if match: return (match.group(1).strip(), match.group(2)) else: return (final, '') def answer(self): r""" For a QEPCAD instance which is finished, return the simplified quantifier-free formula that it printed just before exiting. EXAMPLES:: sage: qe = qepcad(x^3 - x == 0, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.finish() # optional - qepcad x - 1 <= 0 /\ x + 1 >= 0 /\ [ x = 0 \/ x - 1 = 0 \/ x + 1 = 0 ] sage: qe.answer() # optional - qepcad x - 1 <= 0 /\ x + 1 >= 0 /\ [ x = 0 \/ x - 1 = 0 \/ x + 1 = 0 ] """ return AsciiArtString(self._parse_answer_stats()[0]) def final_stats(self): r""" For a QEPCAD instance which is finished, return the statistics that it printed just before exiting. EXAMPLES:: sage: qe = qepcad(x == 0, interact=True) # optional sage: qe.finish() # optional x = 0 sage: qe.final_stats() # random, optional ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 Garbage collections, 0 Cells and 0 Arrays reclaimed, in 0 milliseconds. 492840 Cells in AVAIL, 500000 Cells in SPACE. System time: 8 milliseconds. System time after the initialization: 4 milliseconds. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- """ return AsciiArtString(self._parse_answer_stats()[1]) def trait_names(self): r""" Returns a list of the QEPCAD commands which are available as extra methods on a \class{Qepcad} object. EXAMPLES:: sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 < 0, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: len(qe.trait_names()) # random, optional - qepcad 97 sage: 'd_cell' in qe.trait_names() # optional - qepcad True """ _update_command_info() return _command_info_cache.keys() def cell(self, *index): r""" Given a cell index, returns a \class{QepcadCell} wrapper for that cell. Uses a cache for efficiency. EXAMPLES:: sage: qe = qepcad(x + 3 == 42, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'At the end of projection phase' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: qe.cell(2) # optional - qepcad QEPCAD cell (2) sage: qe.cell(2) is qe.cell(2) # optional - qepcad True """ index_str = _format_cell_index(index) if self._cell_cache.has_key(index_str): return self._cell_cache[index_str] else: c = self.make_cells(self.d_cell(index))[0] self._cell_cache[index_str] = c return c def make_cells(self, text): r""" Given the result of some QEPCAD command that returns cells (such as \method{d_cell}, \method{d_witness_list}, etc.), return a list of cell objects. EXAMPLES:: sage: var('x,y') (x, y) sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 + y^2 == 1, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Projection (y)' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: qe.make_cells(qe.d_false_cells()) # optional - qepcad [QEPCAD cell (5, 1), QEPCAD cell (4, 3), QEPCAD cell (4, 1), QEPCAD cell (3, 5), QEPCAD cell (3, 3), QEPCAD cell (3, 1), QEPCAD cell (2, 3), QEPCAD cell (2, 1), QEPCAD cell (1, 1)] """ # get rid of AsciiArtString text = str(text) lines = text.strip().splitlines() cells = [] cell_lines = [] in_cell = False for line in lines: if 'Information about the cell' in line: in_cell = True if in_cell: cell_lines.append(line) if line == '----------------------------------------------------': cells.append(QepcadCell(self, cell_lines)) cell_lines = [] in_cell = False return cells def __getattr__(self, attrname): r""" Returns a \class{QepcadFunction} object for any QEPCAD command. EXAMPLES:: sage: qe = qepcad(x^3 == 8, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.d_cell # optional - qepcad d_cell """ if attrname[:1] == "_": raise AttributeError if not attrname in self.trait_names(): raise AttributeError return QepcadFunction(self, attrname) def _eval_line(self, cmd, restart_if_needed=False): r""" Send a command to QEPCAD, wait for a prompt, and return the text printed by QEPCAD before the prompt. Not intended for direct use. EXAMPLES:: sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 == x^3, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe._eval_line('d-formula') # optional - qepcad '-x^3 + x^2 = 0' """ # Evidently when the QEPCAD command parser reads a command, it # parses from the beginning of a line until it has found a command, # ignoring newlines. It then throws away the rest of the line # after the end of the command. There is no command terminator; # each command does its own argument parsing and executes # as soon as it sees all the arguments. # Thus, if the user gives a function call with a missing argument, # QEPCAD will wait forever for the missing argument to show up # (with no further prompting), and Sage will wait forever for # a prompt. Not good. # To avoid this, we add a trailing "&" to each command. # If there is a missing argument, then the QEPCAD argument parsing # will give a syntax error on the "&", instead of waiting forever; # if there is no missing argument then QEPCAD will silently # ignore the "&". (Hopefully all QEPCAD commands will treat "&" # as a syntax error; as far as I know that's the case.) # This trailing "&" also helps with another problem; sometimes # we get a copy of the command we send to QEPCAD echoed back as # the first line of the result. I'm guessing this is because # readline turns raw mode on when it's reading and off when it isn't; # if we manage to send a command with raw mode off, then it's # echoed twice (once by the normal UNIX tty handling and once by # readline). To work around this problem, we check for an "&" # in the first line of the input, and remove the text up to the "&" # if it is present. (Hopefully QEPCAD doesn't print "&" as part # of its normal operation.) result = self._qex._eval_line(cmd + ' &') nl = result.find('\n') if nl < 0: nl = len(result) amp = result.find('&', 0, nl) if amp > 0: result = result[amp+1:] result = result.strip() return result def _function_call(self, name, args): r""" Given a command name and a list of arguments, send the command to QEPCAD and return the result. Not intended for direct use. EXAMPLES:: sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 - 1 == 0, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'At the end of projection phase' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' sage: qe._function_call('d_level_factors', (1,)) # optional - qepcad A_1,1 = input = x + 1 A_1,2 = input = x - 1 """ name = name.replace('_', '-') args = map(str, args) pre_phase = self.phase() result = self._eval_line('%s %s'%(name, ' '.join(args))) post_phase = self.phase() if len(result) and post_phase != 'EXITED': return AsciiArtString(result) if pre_phase != post_phase: if post_phase == 'EXITED' and name != 'quit': return self.answer() return AsciiArtString("QEPCAD object has moved to phase '%s'"%post_phase) def _format_cell_index(a): """ Given a tuple (or list, etc.) containing a QEPCAD cell index, return a string with a properly-formatted index. The input is flattened, so extra levels of brackets are ignored. Also, if the first item in the flattened list is a \class{QepcadCell} object, then its index is used in place of the object. EXAMPLES:: sage: from sage.interfaces.qepcad import _format_cell_index sage: qe = qepcad(x == 0, interact=True); qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'At the end of projection phase' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: _format_cell_index(qe.cell(1)) # optional - qepcad '(1)' sage: _format_cell_index((qe.cell(1), 2, 3)) # optional - qepcad '(1, 2, 3)' sage: _format_cell_index(()) '()' sage: _format_cell_index(5) '(5)' """ a = flatten([a]) if len(a) and isinstance(a[0], QepcadCell): a[0:1] = a[0].index() if len(a) == 1: return '(%s)' % a[0] else: return str(tuple(a)) class QepcadFunction(ExpectFunction): r""" A wrapper for a QEPCAD command. """ def _sage_doc_(self): r""" Returns the documentation for a QEPCAD command, from \file{qepcad.help}. EXAMPLES:: sage: qe = qepcad(x == 17, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: cmd = qe.approx_precision # optional - qepcad sage: cmd._sage_doc_() # optional - qepcad 'approx-precision N\n\nApproximate algeraic numbers to N decimal places.\n' """ _update_command_info() return _command_info_cache[self._name][3] def __call__(self, *args): r""" Calls QEPCAD with the command this is a wrapper for. For commands which take cell indexes, \function{_format_cell_index} is automatically called. For commands which take 'y' or 'n', booleans are also allowed. (These special commands were hand-selected after reading \file{qepcad.help}.) EXAMPLES:: sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 < 1, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: cmd = qe.d_formula # optional - qepcad sage: cmd.__call__() # optional - qepcad x^2 - 1 < 0 """ _update_command_info() info = _command_info_cache[self._name] special = info[4] # Tweak the argument processing for a few commands. args = list(args) if special == 'cell': args = [_format_cell_index(args)] if special == 'yn': if isinstance(args[0], bool): args[0] = 'y' if args[0] else 'n' if special == 'interactive': raise ValueError, "Cannot call %s through Sage interface... interactive commands not handled" return self._parent._function_call(self._name, args) def qepcad(formula, assume=None, interact=False, solution=None, vars=None, **kwargs): r""" Quantifier elimination and formula simplification using QEPCAD B. If \var{assume} is specified, then the given formula is assumed'', which is taken into account during final solution formula construction. If \code{interact=True} is given, then a \class{Qepcad} object is returned which can be interacted with either at the command line or programmatically. The type of solution returned can be adjusted with \var{solution}. The options are \code{'geometric'}, which tries to construct a solution formula with geometric meaning; \code{'extended'}, which gives a solution formula in an extended language that may be more efficient to construct; \code{'any-point'}, which returns any point where the formula is true; \code{'all-points'}, which returns a list of all points where the formula is true (or raises an exception if there are infinitely many); and \code{'cell-points'}, which returns one point in each cell where the formula is true. All other keyword arguments are passed through to the \class{Qepcad} constructor. For much more documentation and many more examples, see the module docstring for this module (type \code{sage.interfaces.qepcad?} to read this docstring from the \sage command line). The examples below require that the optional qepcad package is installed. EXAMPLES:: sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: var('a,b,c,d,x,y,z,long_with_underscore_314159') (a, b, c, d, x, y, z, long_with_underscore_314159) sage: K. = QQ[] sage: qepcad('(E x)[a x + b > 0]', vars='(a,b,x)') # optional - qepcad a /= 0 \/ b > 0 sage: qepcad(a > b) # optional - qepcad b - a < 0 sage: qepcad(qf.exists(x, a*x^2 + b*x + c == 0)) # optional - qepcad 4 a c - b^2 <= 0 /\ [ c = 0 \/ a /= 0 \/ 4 a c - b^2 < 0 ] sage: qepcad(qf.exists(x, a*x^2 + b*x + c == 0), assume=(a != 0)) # optional - qepcad 4 a c - b^2 <= 0 For which values of$a$,$b$,$c$does$a x^2 + b x + c$have 2 real zeroes? :: sage: exact2 = qepcad(qf.exactly_k(2, x, a*x^2 + b*x + c == 0)); exact2 # optional - qepcad a /= 0 /\ 4 a c - b^2 < 0 one real zero? :: sage: exact1 = qepcad(qf.exactly_k(1, x, a*x^2 + b*x + c == 0)); exact1 # optional - qepcad [ a > 0 /\ 4 a c - b^2 = 0 ] \/ [ a < 0 /\ 4 a c - b^2 = 0 ] \/ [ a = 0 /\ 4 a c - b^2 < 0 ] No real zeroes? :: sage: exact0 = qepcad(qf.forall(x, a*x^2 + b*x + c != 0)); exact0 # optional - qepcad 4 a c - b^2 >= 0 /\ c /= 0 /\ [ b = 0 \/ 4 a c - b^2 > 0 ]$3^{75}$real zeroes? :: sage: qepcad(qf.exactly_k(3^75, x, a*x^2 + b*x + c == 0)) # optional - qepcad FALSE We can check that the results don't overlap:: sage: qepcad(r'[[%s] /\ [%s]]' % (exact0, exact1), vars='a,b,c') # optional - qepcad FALSE sage: qepcad(r'[[%s] /\ [%s]]' % (exact0, exact2), vars='a,b,c') # optional - qepcad FALSE sage: qepcad(r'[[%s] /\ [%s]]' % (exact1, exact2), vars='a,b,c') # optional - qepcad FALSE and that the union of the results is as expected:: sage: qepcad(r'[[%s] \/ [%s] \/ [%s]]' % (exact0, exact1, exact2), vars=(a,b,c)) # optional - qepcad b /= 0 \/ a /= 0 \/ c /= 0 So we have finitely many zeroes if$a$,$b$, or$c$is nonzero; which means we should have infinitely many zeroes if they are all zero. :: sage: qepcad(qf.infinitely_many(x, a*x^2 + b*x + c == 0)) # optional - qepcad a = 0 /\ b = 0 /\ c = 0 The polynomial is nonzero almost everywhere iff it is not identically zero. :: sage: qepcad(qf.all_but_finitely_many(x, a*x^2 + b*x + c != 0)) # optional - qepcad b /= 0 \/ a /= 0 \/ c /= 0 The non-zeroes are continuous iff there are no zeroes or if the polynomial is zero. :: sage: qepcad(qf.connected_subset(x, a*x^2 + b*x + c != 0)) # optional - qepcad 4 a c - b^2 >= 0 /\ [ a = 0 \/ 4 a c - b^2 > 0 ] The zeroes are continuous iff there are no or one zeroes, or if the polynomial is zero:: sage: qepcad(qf.connected_subset(x, a*x^2 + b*x + c == 0)) # optional - qepcad a = 0 \/ 4 a c - b^2 >= 0 sage: qepcad(r'[[%s] \/ [%s] \/ [a = 0 /\ b = 0 /\ c = 0]]' % (exact0, exact1), vars='a,b,c') # optional - qepcad a = 0 \/ 4 a c - b^2 >= 0 Since polynomials are continuous and$y > 0$is an open set, they are positive infinitely often iff they are positive at least once. :: sage: qepcad(qf.infinitely_many(x, a*x^2 + b*x + c > 0)) # optional - qepcad c > 0 \/ a > 0 \/ 4 a c - b^2 < 0 sage: qepcad(qf.exists(x, a*x^2 + b*x + c > 0)) # optional - qepcad c > 0 \/ a > 0 \/ 4 a c - b^2 < 0 However, since$y >= 0$is not open, the equivalence does not hold if you replace positive'' with nonnegative''. (We assume$a \neq 0$to get simpler formulas.) :: sage: qepcad(qf.infinitely_many(x, a*x^2 + b*x + c >= 0), assume=(a != 0)) # optional - qepcad a > 0 \/ 4 a c - b^2 < 0 sage: qepcad(qf.exists(x, a*x^2 + b*x + c >= 0), assume=(a != 0)) # optional - qepcad a > 0 \/ 4 a c - b^2 <= 0 TESTS: We verify that long variable names work. (Note that QEPCAD does not support underscores, so they are stripped from the formula.) :: sage: qepcad(qf.exists(a, a*long_with_underscore_314159 == 1)) # optional - qepcad longwithunderscore314159 /= 0 """ use_witness = False if solution == 'any-point': formula = qepcad_formula.formula(formula) if len(formula.qvars) == 0: if vars is None: vars = sorted(list(formula.vars)) formula = qepcad_formula.exists(vars, formula) vars = None use_witness = True qe = Qepcad(formula, vars=vars, **kwargs) if assume is not None: qe.assume(assume) if interact: if solution is not None: print "WARNING: 'solution=' is ignored for interactive use" return qe else: qe.go() qe.go() qe.go() if solution is None: qe.finish() return qe.answer() elif solution == 'geometric': s = qe.solution_extension('G') qe.quit() return s elif solution == 'extended': s = qe.solution_extension('E') qe.quit() return s elif solution == 'any-point': if use_witness: cells = qe.make_cells(qe.d_witness_list()) else: cells = qe.make_cells(qe.d_true_cells()) qe.quit() if len(cells) == 0: raise ValueError, "input formula is false everywhere" return cells[0].sample_point_dict() elif solution == 'cell-points': cells = qe.make_cells(qe.d_true_cells()) qe.quit() return [c.sample_point_dict() for c in cells] elif solution == 'all-points': cells = qe.make_cells(qe.d_true_cells()) qe.quit() for c in cells: if c._dimension > 0: raise ValueError, "input formula is true for infinitely many points" return [c.sample_point_dict() for c in cells] else: raise ValueError, "Unknown solution type (%s)" % solution import os def qepcad_console(memcells=None): r""" Run QEPCAD directly. To exit early, press Control-C. EXAMPLES:: sage: qepcad_console() # not tested ... Enter an informal description between '[' and ']': """ _rewrite_qepcadrc() # This will only spawn local processes os.system(_qepcad_cmd(memcells)) def qepcad_banner(): """ Return the QEPCAD startup banner. EXAMPLES:: sage: from sage.interfaces.qepcad import qepcad_banner sage: qepcad_banner() # optional - qepcad ======================================================= Quantifier Elimination in Elementary Algebra and Geometry by Partial Cylindrical Algebraic Decomposition ... by Hoon Hong (hhong@math.ncsu.edu) With contributions by: Christopher W. Brown, George E. Collins, Mark J. Encarnacion, Jeremy R. Johnson Werner Krandick, Richard Liska, Scott McCallum, Nicolas Robidoux, and Stanly Steinberg ======================================================= """ qex = Qepcad_expect() qex._start() banner = qex.expect().before qex.quit(timeout=0) return AsciiArtString(banner) def qepcad_version(): """ Return a string containing the current QEPCAD version number. EXAMPLES:: sage: qepcad_version() # random, optional - qepcad 'Version B 1.48, 25 Oct 2007' TESTS:: sage: qepcad_version() # optional - qepcad 'Version B ..., ...' """ banner = str(qepcad_banner()) lines = banner.split('\n') for line in lines: if 'Version' in line: return line.strip() class qformula: """ A qformula holds a string describing a formula in QEPCAD's syntax, and a set of variables used. """ def __init__(self, formula, vars, qvars=[]): r""" Construct a qformula from a string, a frozenset of variable names, and (optionally) a list of ordered quantified names. EXAMPLES:: sage: from sage.interfaces.qepcad import qformula sage: f = qformula('x + y = 0', frozenset(['x','y'])) sage: f x + y = 0 sage: f.formula 'x + y = 0' sage: f.vars frozenset(['y', 'x']) sage: f.qvars [] """ self.formula = formula self.vars = vars self.qvars = qvars def __repr__(self): r""" Returns a string representation of a qformula (this is just the formula it holds). EXAMPLES:: sage: from sage.interfaces.qepcad import qformula sage: f = qformula('x + y = 0', frozenset(['x','y'])) sage: f.__repr__() 'x + y = 0' """ return self.formula class qepcad_formula_factory: r""" Contains routines to help construct formulas in QEPCAD syntax. """ def _normalize_op(self, op): r""" Given a relational operator (either a string, or a function from the \module{operator} module) return the corresponding QEPCAD operator. EXAMPLES:: sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qf._normalize_op(operator.ne) '/=' sage: qf._normalize_op('==') '=' """ import operator if op == operator.eq: return '=' if op == operator.ne: return '/=' if op == operator.lt: return '<' if op == operator.gt: return '>' if op == operator.le: return '<=' if op == operator.ge: return '>=' if op == '==': return '=' if op == '!=': return '/=' return op def _varset(self, p): r""" Given a polynomial or a symbolic expression, return a frozenset of the variables involved. EXAMPLES:: sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: var('x,y') (x, y) sage: K. = QQ[] sage: qf._varset(x) frozenset(['x']) sage: qf._varset(x*y) frozenset(['y', 'x']) sage: qf._varset(q) frozenset(['q']) sage: qf._varset(p*q) frozenset(['q', 'p']) """ try: vars = p.variables() except AttributeError: vars = [] return frozenset([str(v) for v in vars]) def _combine_formulas(self, formulas): r""" Given a list of formulas, convert them to strings and return the free variables found in the formulas. Since this is used to build boolean expressions for QEPCAD, and QEPCAD boolean expressions cannot be built from quantified formulas, an exception is raised if an input formula is quantified. INPUT: - formulas -- a list of unquantified formulas OUTPUT: form_strs -- a list of formulas as strings vars -- a frozenset of all variables in the formulas EXAMPLES:: sage: var('x,y') (x, y) sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qf._combine_formulas([x^2 == 0, y < 17]) (['x^2 = 0', 'y < 17'], frozenset(['y', 'x'])) """ formulas = map(self.atomic, formulas) formulas = map(self.atomic, formulas) formula_strs = map(repr, formulas) vars = frozenset() for f in formulas: vars = vars | f.vars if len(f.qvars): raise ValueError, "QEPCAD formulas must be in prenex (quantifiers outermost) form" return formula_strs, vars def atomic(self, lhs, op='=', rhs=0): r""" Constructs a QEPCAD formula from the given inputs. INPUT: - lhs -- a polynomial, or a symbolic equality or inequality - op -- a relational operator, default '=' - rhs -- a polynomial, default 0 If \var{lhs} is a symbolic equality or inequality, then \var{op} and \var{rhs} are ignored. This method works by printing the given polynomials, so we don't care what ring they are in (as long as they print with integral or rational coefficients). EXAMPLES:: sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: var('a,b,c') (a, b, c) sage: K. = QQ[] sage: def test_qf(qf): ... return qf, qf.vars sage: test_qf(qf.atomic(a^2 + 17)) (a^2 + 17 = 0, frozenset(['a'])) sage: test_qf(qf.atomic(a*b*c <= c^3)) (a b c <= c^3, frozenset(['a', 'c', 'b'])) sage: test_qf(qf.atomic(x+y^2, '!=', a+b)) (y^2 + x /= a + b, frozenset(['y', 'x', 'b', 'a'])) sage: test_qf(qf.atomic(x, operator.lt)) (x < 0, frozenset(['x'])) """ if isinstance(lhs, qformula): return lhs from sage.symbolic.expression import is_SymbolicEquation if is_SymbolicEquation(lhs): rhs = lhs.rhs() op = lhs.operator() lhs = lhs.lhs() op = self._normalize_op(op) formula = ('%r %s %r' % (lhs, op, rhs)) formula = formula.replace('*', ' ') vars = self._varset(lhs) | self._varset(rhs) return qformula(formula, vars) def formula(self, formula): r""" Constructs a QEPCAD formula from the given input. INPUTS: - formula -- a polynomial, a symbolic equality or inequality, or a list of polynomials, equalities, or inequalities A polynomial$p$is interpreted as the equation$p = 0$. A list is interpreted as the conjunction (and'') of the elements. EXAMPLES:: sage: var('a,b,c,x') (a, b, c, x) sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qf.formula(a*x + b) a x + b = 0 sage: qf.formula((a*x^2 + b*x + c, a != 0)) [a x^2 + b x + c = 0 /\ a /= 0] """ if isinstance(formula, (list, tuple)): return self.and_(formula) else: return self.atomic(formula) def and_(self, *formulas): r""" Returns the conjunction of its input formulas. (This method would be named and'' if that weren't a Python keyword.) Each input formula may be a \class{qformula} as returned by the methods of \code{qepcad_formula}, a symbolic equality or inequality, or a polynomial$p$(meaning$p = 0$). EXAMPLES:: sage: var('a,b,c,x') (a, b, c, x) sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qf.and_(a*b, a*c, b*c != 0) [a b = 0 /\ a c = 0 /\ b c /= 0] sage: qf.and_(a*x^2 == 3, qf.or_(a > b, b > c)) [a x^2 = 3 /\ [a > b \/ b > c]] """ formulas = flatten(formulas) formula_strs, vars = self._combine_formulas(formulas) formula = '[' + r' /\ '.join(formula_strs) + ']' return qformula(formula, vars) def or_(self, *formulas): r""" Returns the disjunction of its input formulas. (This method would be named or'' if that weren't a Python keyword.) Each input formula may be a \class{qformula} as returned by the methods of \code{qepcad_formula}, a symbolic equality or inequality, or a polynomial$p$(meaning$p = 0$). EXAMPLES:: sage: var('a,b,c,x') (a, b, c, x) sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qf.or_(a*b, a*c, b*c != 0) [a b = 0 \/ a c = 0 \/ b c /= 0] sage: qf.or_(a*x^2 == 3, qf.and_(a > b, b > c)) [a x^2 = 3 \/ [a > b /\ b > c]] """ formulas = flatten(formulas) formula_strs, vars = self._combine_formulas(formulas) formula = '[' + r' \/ '.join(formula_strs) + ']' return qformula(formula, vars) def not_(self, formula): r""" Returns the negation of its input formula. (This method would be named not'' if that weren't a Python keyword.) The input formula may be a \class{qformula} as returned by the methods of \code{qepcad_formula}, a symbolic equality or inequality, or a polynomial$p$(meaning$p = 0$). EXAMPLES:: sage: var('a,b') (a, b) sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qf.not_(a > b) [~a > b] sage: qf.not_(a^2 + b^2) [~a^2 + b^2 = 0] sage: qf.not_(qf.and_(a > 0, b < 0)) [~[a > 0 /\ b < 0]] """ (formula_str,), vars = self._combine_formulas([formula]) f = '[~' + formula_str + ']' return qformula(f, vars) def implies(self, f1, f2): r""" Returns the implication of its input formulas (that is, given formulas$P$and$Q$, returns $P$implies$Q$''). The input formulas may be a \class{qformula} as returned by the methods of \code{qepcad_formula}, a symbolic equality or inequality, or a polynomial$p$(meaning$p = 0$). EXAMPLES:: sage: var('a,b') (a, b) sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qf.implies(a, b) [a = 0 ==> b = 0] sage: qf.implies(a^2 < b, b^2 < a) [a^2 < b ==> b^2 < a] """ (f1s, f2s), vars = self._combine_formulas([f1, f2]) f = '[' + f1s + ' ==> ' + f2s + ']' return qformula(f, vars) # QEPCAD also has a "reverse implication" symbol "<==", which # I'm not bothering to support. def iff(self, f1, f2): r""" Returns the equivalence of its input formulas (that is, given formulas$P$and$Q$, returns $P$iff$Q$''). The input formulas may be a \class{qformula} as returned by the methods of \code{qepcad_formula}, a symbolic equality or inequality, or a polynomial$p$(meaning$p = 0$). EXAMPLES:: sage: var('a,b') (a, b) sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qf.iff(a, b) [a = 0 <==> b = 0] sage: qf.iff(a^2 < b, b^2 < a) [a^2 < b <==> b^2 < a] """ (f1s, f2s), vars = self._combine_formulas([f1, f2]) f = '[' + f1s + ' <==> ' + f2s + ']' return qformula(f, vars) def exists(self, v, formula): r""" Given a variable (or list of variables) and a formula, returns the existential quantification of the formula over the variables. This method is available both as \method{exists} and \method{E} (the QEPCAD name for this quantifier). The input formula may be a \class{qformula} as returned by the methods of \code{qepcad_formula}, a symbolic equality or inequality, or a polynomial$p$(meaning$p = 0$). EXAMPLE:: sage: var('a,b') (a, b) sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qf.exists(a, a^2 + b > b^2 + a) (E a)[a^2 + b > b^2 + a] sage: qf.exists((a, b), a^2 + b^2 < 0) (E a)(E b)[a^2 + b^2 < 0] sage: qf.E(b, b^2 == a) (E b)[b^2 = a] """ return self.quantifier('E', v, formula) E = exists def forall(self, v, formula): r""" Given a variable (or list of variables) and a formula, returns the universal quantification of the formula over the variables. This method is available both as \method{forall} and \method{A} (the QEPCAD name for this quantifier). The input formula may be a \class{qformula} as returned by the methods of \code{qepcad_formula}, a symbolic equality or inequality, or a polynomial$p$(meaning$p = 0$). EXAMPLE:: sage: var('a,b') (a, b) sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qf.forall(a, a^2 + b > b^2 + a) (A a)[a^2 + b > b^2 + a] sage: qf.forall((a, b), a^2 + b^2 > 0) (A a)(A b)[a^2 + b^2 > 0] sage: qf.A(b, b^2 != a) (A b)[b^2 /= a] """ return self.quantifier('A', v, formula) A = forall def infinitely_many(self, v, formula): r""" Given a variable and a formula, returns a new formula which is true iff the original formula was true for infinitely many values of the variable. This method is available both as \method{infinitely_many} and \method{F} (the QEPCAD name for this quantifier). The input formula may be a \class{qformula} as returned by the methods of \code{qepcad_formula}, a symbolic equality or inequality, or a polynomial$p$(meaning$p = 0$). EXAMPLE:: sage: var('a,b') (a, b) sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qf.infinitely_many(a, a^2 + b > b^2 + a) (F a)[a^2 + b > b^2 + a] sage: qf.F(b, b^2 != a) (F b)[b^2 /= a] """ return self.quantifier('F', v, formula, allow_multi=False) F = infinitely_many def all_but_finitely_many(self, v, formula): r""" Given a variable and a formula, returns a new formula which is true iff the original formula was true for all but finitely many values of the variable. This method is available both as \method{all_but_finitely_many} and \method{G} (the QEPCAD name for this quantifier). The input formula may be a \class{qformula} as returned by the methods of \code{qepcad_formula}, a symbolic equality or inequality, or a polynomial$p$(meaning$p = 0$). EXAMPLE:: sage: var('a,b') (a, b) sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qf.all_but_finitely_many(a, a^2 + b > b^2 + a) (G a)[a^2 + b > b^2 + a] sage: qf.G(b, b^2 != a) (G b)[b^2 /= a] """ return self.quantifier('G', v, formula, allow_multi=False) G = all_but_finitely_many def connected_subset(self, v, formula, allow_multi=False): r""" Given a variable and a formula, returns a new formula which is true iff the set of values for the variable at which the original formula was true is connected (including cases where this set is empty or is a single point). This method is available both as \method{connected_subset} and \method{C} (the QEPCAD name for this quantifier). The input formula may be a \class{qformula} as returned by the methods of \code{qepcad_formula}, a symbolic equality or inequality, or a polynomial$p$(meaning$p = 0$). EXAMPLE:: sage: var('a,b') (a, b) sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qf.connected_subset(a, a^2 + b > b^2 + a) (C a)[a^2 + b > b^2 + a] sage: qf.C(b, b^2 != a) (C b)[b^2 /= a] """ return self.quantifier('C', v, formula) C = connected_subset def exactly_k(self, k, v, formula, allow_multi=False): r""" Given a nonnegative integer$k$, a variable, and a formula, returns a new formula which is true iff the original formula is true for exactly$k$values of the variable. This method is available both as \method{exactly_k} and \method{X} (the QEPCAD name for this quantifier). (Note that QEPCAD does not support$k=0$with this syntax, so if$k=0$is requested we implement it with \method{forall} and \method{not_}.) The input formula may be a \class{qformula} as returned by the methods of \code{qepcad_formula}, a symbolic equality or inequality, or a polynomial$p$(meaning$p = 0$). EXAMPLE:: sage: var('a,b') (a, b) sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qf.exactly_k(1, x, x^2 + a*x + b == 0) (X1 x)[a x + x^2 + b = 0] sage: qf.exactly_k(0, b, a*b == 1) (A b)[~a b = 1] """ from sage.all import ZZ k = ZZ(k) if k < 0: raise ValueError, "negative k in exactly_k quantifier" if k == 0: return self.forall(v, self.not_(formula)) return self.quantifier('X%s' % k, v, formula) X = exactly_k def quantifier(self, kind, v, formula, allow_multi=True): r""" A helper method for building quantified QEPCAD formulas; not expected to be called directly. Takes the quantifier kind (the string label of this quantifier), a variable or list of variables, and a formula, and returns the quantified formula. EXAMPLES:: sage: var('a,b') (a, b) sage: qf = qepcad_formula sage: qf.quantifier('NOT_A_REAL_QEPCAD_QUANTIFIER', a, a*b==0) (NOT_A_REAL_QEPCAD_QUANTIFIER a)[a b = 0] sage: qf.quantifier('FOO', (a, b), a*b) (FOO a)(FOO b)[a b = 0] """ formula = self.formula(formula) if allow_multi and isinstance(v, (list, tuple)): if len(v) == 0: return formula else: return self.quantifier(kind, v[0], self.quantifier(kind, v[1:], formula)) form_str = str(formula) if form_str[-1] != ']': form_str = '[' + form_str + ']' v = str(v) if not (v in formula.vars): raise ValueError, "Attempting to quantify variable which does not occur in formula" form_str = "(%s %s)%s" % (kind, v, form_str) return qformula(form_str, formula.vars - frozenset([v]), [v] + formula.qvars) qepcad_formula = qepcad_formula_factory() _qepcad_algebraic_re = \ re.compile(' ?the unique root of (.*) between (.*) and (.*)$') def _eval_qepcad_algebraic(text): r""" Given a string of the form: 'the unique root of 8 x^2 - 8 x - 29 between -47/32 and -1503/1024' (as produced by QEPCAD) this returns the corresponding \sage algebraic real number. Requires that the given rational bounds are exactly representable as arbitrary-precision floating-point numbers (that is, that the denominators are powers of two); this is true of the expressions given by QEPCAD. EXAMPLES:: sage: from sage.interfaces.qepcad import _eval_qepcad_algebraic sage: x = _eval_qepcad_algebraic('the unique root of 8 x^2 - 8 x - 29 between -47/32 and -1503/1024'); x -1.468501968502953? sage: 8*x^2 - 8*x - 29 == 0 True """ from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring import polygen from sage.rings.real_mpfi import RealIntervalField from sage.rings.qqbar import AA match = _qepcad_algebraic_re.match(text) p_text = match.group(1) lbound = QQ(match.group(2)) ubound = QQ(match.group(3)) p = sage_eval(implicit_mul(p_text), {'x': polygen(QQ)}) for prec_scale in range(15): fld = RealIntervalField(53 << prec_scale) intv = fld(lbound, ubound) if intv.lower().exact_rational() == lbound and intv.upper().exact_rational() == ubound: return AA.polynomial_root(p, intv) raise ValueError, "%s or %s not an exact floating-point number"%(lbound, ubound) class QepcadCell: r""" A wrapper for a QEPCAD cell. """ def __init__(self, parent, lines): r""" Constructs a \class{QepcadCell} wrapper for a QEPCAD cell, given a \class{Qepcad} object and a list of lines holding QEPCAD's cell output. This is typically called by the \method{make_cells} method of \class{Qepcad}. EXAMPLES:: sage: from sage.interfaces.qepcad import QepcadCell sage: var('a,b') (a, b) sage: qe = qepcad(a^2 + b^2 == 5, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Projection (b)' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: qe.d_cell(4, 3) # optional - qepcad ---------- Information about the cell (4,3) ---------- Level : 2 Dimension : 1 Number of children : 0 Truth value : F by trial evaluation. Degrees after substitution : Not known yet or No polynomial. Multiplicities : () Signs of Projection Factors Level 1 : (0) Level 2 : (+) ---------- Sample point ---------- The sample point is in a PRIMITIVE representation. alpha = the unique root of x^2 - 5 between 2289/1024 and 1145/512 = 2.2360679775- Coordinate 1 = alpha = 2.2360679775- Coordinate 2 = 1 = 1.0000000000 ---------------------------------------------------- sage: QepcadCell(qe, str(qe.d_cell(4, 3)).splitlines()) # optional - qepcad QEPCAD cell (4, 3) """ self._parent = parent self._lines = lines max_level = len(parent._varlist) all_signs = [] saw_signs = False saw_primitive = False saw_extended = False grab_extended = False all_coordinates = [] for line in lines: if 'Information about the cell' in line: tail = line.split('(')[1] index = tail.split(')')[0] if index == '': index = () else: index = sage_eval(index) if not isinstance(index, tuple): index = (index,) self._index = index self._dimension = sum([r&1 for r in index]) if 'Level ' in line: self._level = int(line.split(':')[1].strip()) if 'Number of children' in line: nkids = int(line.split(':')[1].strip()) if nkids > 0 or self._level == max_level: self._number_of_children = nkids else: self._number_of_children = None if 'Truth value' in line: pass # might change if 'Degrees after substitution' in line: if self._level == max_level or self._level == 0: self._degrees = None else: self._degrees = sage_eval(line.split(':')[1].strip()) if 'Multiplicities' in line: self._multiplicities = sage_eval(line.split(':')[1].strip()) if 'Signs of Projection Factors' in line: saw_signs = True if saw_signs and 'Level' in line: (lev, n, colon, signs) = line.split() assert(lev == 'Level' and colon == ':') assert(int(n) == len(all_signs) + 1) signs = signs.replace('+','1').replace('-','-1').replace(')',',)') all_signs.append(sage_eval(signs)) if 'PRIMITIVE' in line: saw_primitive = True if 'EXTENDED' in line: saw_extended = True if 'alpha = ' in line: alpha_text = line[8:] if 'Coordinate ' in line: (coord_n, val) = line.split('=') n = int(coord_n.split()[1]) assert(n == len(all_coordinates) + 1) if n == self._level and saw_extended: grab_extended = True else: all_coordinates.append(val) elif grab_extended: assert('=' in line) grab_extended = False all_coordinates.append(line.split('=')[1]) if saw_signs: self._signs = all_signs if saw_primitive or saw_extended: self._raw_sample_point = (saw_extended, alpha_text, all_coordinates) def __iter__(self): r""" Iterate through the stack over a QEPCAD cell. EXAMPLES:: sage: var('x,y') (x, y) sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 + y^2 == 1, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Projection (y)' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: [c.sample_point() for c in qe.cell(3)] # optional - qepcad [(0, -3), (0, -1), (0, -1/2), (0, 1), (0, 3)] """ for i in range(1, self._number_of_children + 1): yield self[i] def __getitem__(self, i): r""" Select an element from the stack over a QEPCAD cell. Note that cells are numbered starting with 1. EXAMPLES:: sage: var('x,y') (x, y) sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 + y^2 == 1, interact=True) # optional sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Projection (y)' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: qe.cell(2).__getitem__(3) # optional QEPCAD cell (2, 3) """ return self._parent.cell(self.index() + (i,)) def __len__(self): r""" Return the number of elements in the stack over a QEPCAD cell. (This is always an odd number, if the stack has been constructed.) EXAMPLES:: sage: var('x,y') (x, y) sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 + y^2 == 1, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Projection (y)' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: len(qe.cell()) # optional - qepcad 5 sage: [len(c) for c in qe.cell()] # optional - qepcad [1, 3, 5, 3, 1] """ return self._number_of_children def __repr__(self): r""" Return a string representation of a QEPCAD cell. Just gives the cell index. EXAMPLES:: sage: var('x,y') (x, y) sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 + y^2 == 1, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Projection (y)' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: qe.cell() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD cell () sage: qe.cell(1) # optional - qepcad QEPCAD cell (1) sage: qe.cell(2, 2) # optional - qepcad QEPCAD cell (2, 2) """ ind = self.index() if len(ind) == 1: ind = '(%s)' % ind[0] else: ind = str(ind) return ('QEPCAD cell %s' % ind) def index(self): r""" Gives the index of a QEPCAD cell. EXAMPLES:: sage: var('x,y') (x, y) sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 + y^2 == 1, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Projection (y)' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: qe.cell().index() # optional - qepcad () sage: qe.cell(1).index() # optional - qepcad (1,) sage: qe.cell(2, 2).index() # optional - qepcad (2, 2) """ return self._index def level(self): r""" Returns the level of a QEPCAD cell. EXAMPLES:: sage: var('x,y') (x, y) sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 + y^2 == 1, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Projection (y)' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: qe.cell().level() # optional - qepcad 0 sage: qe.cell(1).level() # optional - qepcad 1 sage: qe.cell(2, 2).level() # optional - qepcad 2 """ return self._level def signs(self): r""" Returns the sign vector of a QEPCAD cell. This is a list of lists. The outer list contains one element for each level of the cell; the inner list contains one element for each projection factor at that level. These elements are either -1, 0, or 1. EXAMPLES:: sage: var('x,y') (x, y) sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 + y^2 == 1, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Projection (y)' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: from sage.interfaces.qepcad import QepcadCell sage: all_cells = flatten(qe.cell(), ltypes=QepcadCell, max_level=1) # optional - qepcad sage: [(c, c.signs()[1][0]) for c in all_cells] # optional - qepcad [(QEPCAD cell (1, 1), 1), (QEPCAD cell (2, 1), 1), (QEPCAD cell (2, 2), 0), (QEPCAD cell (2, 3), 1), (QEPCAD cell (3, 1), 1), (QEPCAD cell (3, 2), 0), (QEPCAD cell (3, 3), -1), (QEPCAD cell (3, 4), 0), (QEPCAD cell (3, 5), 1), (QEPCAD cell (4, 1), 1), (QEPCAD cell (4, 2), 0), (QEPCAD cell (4, 3), 1), (QEPCAD cell (5, 1), 1)] """ return self._signs def number_of_children(self): r""" Return the number of elements in the stack over a QEPCAD cell. (This is always an odd number, if the stack has been constructed.) EXAMPLES:: sage: var('x,y') (x, y) sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 + y^2 == 1, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Projection (y)' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: qe.cell().number_of_children() # optional - qepcad 5 sage: [c.number_of_children() for c in qe.cell()] # optional - qepcad [1, 3, 5, 3, 1] """ return self._number_of_children def set_truth(self, v): r""" Sets the truth value of this cell, as used by QEPCAD for solution formula construction. The argument \var{v} should be either a boolean or \code{None} (which will set the truth value to `undetermined''). EXAMPLES:: sage: var('x,y') (x, y) sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 + y^2 == 1, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Projection (y)' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: qe.solution_extension('T') # optional - qepcad y^2 + x^2 - 1 = 0 sage: qe.cell(3, 3).set_truth(True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.solution_extension('T') # optional - qepcad y^2 + x^2 - 1 <= 0 """ if v is None: nv = 2 else: nv = 1 if v else 0 self._parent.set_truth_value(self, nv) def sample_point(self): r""" Returns the coordinates of a point in the cell, as a tuple of \sage algebraic reals. EXAMPLES:: sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 - x - 1 == 0, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'At the end of projection phase' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: v1 = qe.cell(2).sample_point()[0]; v1 # optional - qepcad -0.618033988749895? sage: v2 = qe.cell(4).sample_point()[0]; v2 # optional - qepcad 1.618033988749895? sage: v1 + v2 == 1 # optional - qepcad True """ try: return self._sample_point except AttributeError: (extended, alpha, coordinates) = self._raw_sample_point need_alpha = False for c in coordinates: if 'alpha' in c: need_alpha = True break if need_alpha: locals = {'alpha': _eval_qepcad_algebraic(alpha)} else: locals = {} points = [] for c in coordinates: if 'unique' in c: points.append(_eval_qepcad_algebraic(c)) else: points.append(sage_eval(implicit_mul(c), locals)) return tuple(points) def sample_point_dict(self): r""" Returns the coordinates of a point in the cell, as a dictionary mapping variable names (as strings) to \sage algebraic reals. EXAMPLES:: sage: qe = qepcad(x^2 - x - 1 == 0, interact=True) # optional - qepcad sage: qe.go(); qe.go(); qe.go() # optional - qepcad QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'At the end of projection phase' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Choice' QEPCAD object has moved to phase 'Before Solution' sage: qe.cell(4).sample_point_dict() # optional - qepcad {'x': 1.618033988749895?} """ points = self.sample_point() vars = self._parent._varlist return dict([(vars[i], points[i]) for i in range(len(points))])