Fix salt-ssh support for sudo with a password

[nicholasmhughes]

What does this PR do?

This PR ports the work by @MovingEarth in #48435 to the master branch and introduces some tests around building the salt-ssh command required for the functionality.

What issues does this PR fix or reference?

Fixes: #8882
Fixes: #60403

Previous Behavior

salt-ssh could not be used without having root ssh or password-less sudo

New Behavior

The provided password for login to a system can now be used for sudo escalation

Merge requirements satisfied?

[NOTICE] Bug fixes or features added to Salt require tests.

• Docs
• Changelog - https://docs.saltproject.io/en/master/topics/development/changelog.html
• Tests written/updated

Commits signed with GPG?

Yes

Please review Salt's Contributing Guide for best practices.

See GitHub's page on GPG signing for more information about signing commits with GPG.

[nicholasmhughes]

re-run pr-photon-3-x86_64-py3-pytest

[ichilton]

@nicholasmhughes Very happy to see this finally added, this will finally make salt-ssh really useful - thank you!!

[nicholasmhughes]

@ichilton You're quite welcome!

[vrubim]

Hi, This should work on 3006.1 version?
Running this command:
salt-ssh -i "*" --user xxxx --askpass --sudo -A cmd.run ' ls' -l error
This error is returned:
sudo: a terminal is required to read the password; either use the -S option to read from standard input or configure an askpass helper sudo: a password is required

I try to pass "--passwd" instead of --askpass with same results.

(Running equivalent command with ansible "-k -K -m shell -a 'ls' --become" works fine)