diff --git a/.bandit.yml b/.bandit.yml
index 7fcde04..4f60a02 100644
--- a/.bandit.yml
+++ b/.bandit.yml
@@ -1,2 +1,6 @@
 skips:
 - B101
+- B311
+- B320
+- B410
+exclude_dirs: ['tests']
diff --git a/.flake8 b/.flake8
index 8b0608f..2417f2e 100644
--- a/.flake8
+++ b/.flake8
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ ignore =
     W503
     # too many leading '#' for block comment
     E266
+    E704
 exclude =
     .git
     .tox
diff --git a/.git-blame-ignore-revs b/.git-blame-ignore-revs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d2c8f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.git-blame-ignore-revs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# applying pre-commit hooks to the project
+e91101b37f82558db84a6b8ee9a6dba1fd2ae0bb
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.github/workflows/checks.yml b/.github/workflows/checks.yml
index 847d788..5b6cfbf 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/checks.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/checks.yml
@@ -7,18 +7,9 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         include:
-        - python-version: 3.12
-          env:
-            TOXENV: black
-        - python-version: 3.12
-          env:
-            TOXENV: flake8
         - python-version: 3.12
           env:
             TOXENV: pylint
-        - python-version: 3.12
-          env:
-            TOXENV: security
         - python-version: 3.12
           env:
             TOXENV: docs
@@ -40,3 +31,9 @@ jobs:
         pip install -U pip
         pip install -U tox
         tox
+  
+  pre-commit:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.0
diff --git a/.isort.cfg b/.isort.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6860bdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.isort.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[settings]
+profile = black
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a27d3db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+repos:
+- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/bandit
+  rev: 1.7.8
+  hooks:
+  - id: bandit
+    args: [-r, -c, .bandit.yml]
+- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8
+  rev: 7.0.0
+  hooks:
+  - id: flake8
+- repo: https://github.com/psf/black.git
+  rev: 24.3.0
+  hooks:
+  - id: black
+- repo: https://github.com/pycqa/isort
+  rev: 5.13.2
+  hooks:
+  - id: isort
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cssselect/__init__.py b/cssselect/__init__.py
index 77f028b..a59995c 100644
--- a/cssselect/__init__.py
+++ b/cssselect/__init__.py
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@
 """
 
 from cssselect.parser import (
-    parse,
-    Selector,
     FunctionalPseudoElement,
+    Selector,
     SelectorError,
     SelectorSyntaxError,
+    parse,
 )
-from cssselect.xpath import GenericTranslator, HTMLTranslator, ExpressionError
+from cssselect.xpath import ExpressionError, GenericTranslator, HTMLTranslator
 
 __all__ = (
     "ExpressionError",
diff --git a/cssselect/parser.py b/cssselect/parser.py
index 25a650c..354713d 100644
--- a/cssselect/parser.py
+++ b/cssselect/parser.py
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
 
 """
 
-import sys
-import re
 import operator
+import re
+import sys
 import typing
 from typing import Iterable, Iterator, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
 
@@ -67,9 +67,13 @@ class Selector:
 
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, tree: Tree, pseudo_element: Optional[PseudoElement] = None) -> None:
+    def __init__(
+        self, tree: Tree, pseudo_element: Optional[PseudoElement] = None
+    ) -> None:
         self.parsed_tree = tree
-        if pseudo_element is not None and not isinstance(pseudo_element, FunctionalPseudoElement):
+        if pseudo_element is not None and not isinstance(
+            pseudo_element, FunctionalPseudoElement
+        ):
             pseudo_element = ascii_lower(pseudo_element)
         #: A :class:`FunctionalPseudoElement`,
         #: or the identifier for the pseudo-element as a string,
@@ -247,7 +251,11 @@ def __init__(self, selector: Tree, subselector: Tree) -> None:
         self.subselector = subselector
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "%s[%r:not(%r)]" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.selector, self.subselector)
+        return "%s[%r:not(%r)]" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.selector,
+            self.subselector,
+        )
 
     def canonical(self) -> str:
         subsel = self.subselector.canonical()
@@ -317,7 +325,10 @@ def canonical(self) -> str:
         for s in self.selector_list:
             selarg = s.canonical()
             selector_arguments.append(selarg.lstrip("*"))
-        return "%s:is(%s)" % (self.selector.canonical(), ", ".join(map(str, selector_arguments)))
+        return "%s:is(%s)" % (
+            self.selector.canonical(),
+            ", ".join(map(str, selector_arguments)),
+        )
 
     def specificity(self) -> Tuple[int, int, int]:
         return max(x.specificity() for x in self.selector_list)
@@ -367,14 +378,17 @@ def __init__(
         attrib: str,
         operator: 'typing.Literal["exists"]',
         value: None,
-    ) -> None:
-        ...
+    ) -> None: ...
 
     @typing.overload
     def __init__(
-        self, selector: Tree, namespace: Optional[str], attrib: str, operator: str, value: "Token"
-    ) -> None:
-        ...
+        self,
+        selector: Tree,
+        namespace: Optional[str],
+        attrib: str,
+        operator: str,
+        value: "Token",
+    ) -> None: ...
 
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -415,7 +429,11 @@ def canonical(self) -> str:
         if self.operator == "exists":
             op = attrib
         else:
-            op = "%s%s%s" % (attrib, self.operator, typing.cast("Token", self.value).css())
+            op = "%s%s%s" % (
+                attrib,
+                self.operator,
+                typing.cast("Token", self.value).css(),
+            )
 
         return "%s[%s]" % (self.selector.canonical(), op)
 
@@ -433,7 +451,9 @@ class Element:
 
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, namespace: Optional[str] = None, element: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    def __init__(
+        self, namespace: Optional[str] = None, element: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> None:
         self.namespace = namespace
         self.element = element
 
@@ -486,7 +506,12 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
             comb = "<followed>"
         else:
             comb = self.combinator
-        return "%s[%r %s %r]" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.selector, comb, self.subselector)
+        return "%s[%r %s %r]" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.selector,
+            comb,
+            self.subselector,
+        )
 
     def canonical(self) -> str:
         subsel = self.subselector.canonical()
@@ -509,7 +534,9 @@ def specificity(self) -> Tuple[int, int, int]:
 _id_re = re.compile(r"^[ \t\r\n\f]*([a-zA-Z]*)#([a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)[ \t\r\n\f]*$")
 
 # foo.bar or .bar
-_class_re = re.compile(r"^[ \t\r\n\f]*([a-zA-Z]*)\.([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*)[ \t\r\n\f]*$")
+_class_re = re.compile(
+    r"^[ \t\r\n\f]*([a-zA-Z]*)\.([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*)[ \t\r\n\f]*$"
+)
 
 
 def parse(css: str) -> List[Selector]:
@@ -536,7 +563,9 @@ def parse(css: str) -> List[Selector]:
         return [Selector(Hash(Element(element=match.group(1) or None), match.group(2)))]
     match = _class_re.match(css)
     if match is not None:
-        return [Selector(Class(Element(element=match.group(1) or None), match.group(2)))]
+        return [
+            Selector(Class(Element(element=match.group(1) or None), match.group(2)))
+        ]
 
     stream = TokenStream(tokenize(css))
     stream.source = css
@@ -708,7 +737,10 @@ def parse_arguments(stream: "TokenStream") -> List["Token"]:
     while 1:
         stream.skip_whitespace()
         next = stream.next()
-        if next.type in ("IDENT", "STRING", "NUMBER") or next in [("DELIM", "+"), ("DELIM", "-")]:
+        if next.type in ("IDENT", "STRING", "NUMBER") or next in [
+            ("DELIM", "+"),
+            ("DELIM", "-"),
+        ]:
             arguments.append(next)
         elif next == ("DELIM", ")"):
             return arguments
@@ -729,7 +761,10 @@ def parse_relative_selector(stream: "TokenStream") -> Tuple["Token", Selector]:
         combinator = Token("DELIM", " ", pos=0)
 
     while 1:
-        if next.type in ("IDENT", "STRING", "NUMBER") or next in [("DELIM", "."), ("DELIM", "*")]:
+        if next.type in ("IDENT", "STRING", "NUMBER") or next in [
+            ("DELIM", "."),
+            ("DELIM", "*"),
+        ]:
             subselector += typing.cast(str, next.value)
         elif next == ("DELIM", ")"):
             result = parse(subselector)
@@ -787,7 +822,9 @@ def parse_attrib(selector: Tree, stream: "TokenStream") -> Attrib:
             return Attrib(selector, namespace, typing.cast(str, attrib), "exists", None)
         elif next == ("DELIM", "="):
             op = "="
-        elif next.is_delim("^", "$", "*", "~", "|", "!") and (stream.peek() == ("DELIM", "=")):
+        elif next.is_delim("^", "$", "*", "~", "|", "!") and (
+            stream.peek() == ("DELIM", "=")
+        ):
             op = typing.cast(str, next.value) + "="
             stream.next()
         else:
@@ -850,12 +887,12 @@ def __new__(
         type_: 'typing.Literal["IDENT", "HASH", "STRING", "S", "DELIM", "NUMBER"]',
         value: str,
         pos: int,
-    ) -> "Token":
-        ...
+    ) -> "Token": ...
 
     @typing.overload
-    def __new__(cls, type_: 'typing.Literal["EOF"]', value: None, pos: int) -> "Token":
-        ...
+    def __new__(
+        cls, type_: 'typing.Literal["EOF"]', value: None, pos: int
+    ) -> "Token": ...
 
     def __new__(cls, type_: str, value: Optional[str], pos: int) -> "Token":
         obj = tuple.__new__(cls, (type_, value))
@@ -910,8 +947,7 @@ class TokenMacros:
     class MatchFunc(typing.Protocol):
         def __call__(
             self, string: str, pos: int = ..., endpos: int = ...
-        ) -> Optional["re.Match[str]"]:
-            ...
+        ) -> Optional["re.Match[str]"]: ...
 
 
 def _compile(pattern: str) -> "MatchFunc":
@@ -970,7 +1006,8 @@ def tokenize(s: str) -> Iterator[Token]:
         match = _match_hash(s, pos=pos)
         if match:
             value = _sub_simple_escape(
-                _replace_simple, _sub_unicode_escape(_replace_unicode, match.group()[1:])
+                _replace_simple,
+                _sub_unicode_escape(_replace_unicode, match.group()[1:]),
             )
             yield Token("HASH", value, pos)
             pos = match.end()
@@ -987,7 +1024,9 @@ def tokenize(s: str) -> Iterator[Token]:
                 raise SelectorSyntaxError("Invalid string at %s" % pos)
             value = _sub_simple_escape(
                 _replace_simple,
-                _sub_unicode_escape(_replace_unicode, _sub_newline_escape("", match.group())),
+                _sub_unicode_escape(
+                    _replace_unicode, _sub_newline_escape("", match.group())
+                ),
             )
             yield Token("STRING", value, pos)
             pos = end_pos + 1
diff --git a/cssselect/xpath.py b/cssselect/xpath.py
index fd28c47..4255f66 100644
--- a/cssselect/xpath.py
+++ b/cssselect/xpath.py
@@ -18,23 +18,23 @@
 from typing import Optional
 
 from cssselect.parser import (
-    parse,
-    parse_series,
-    PseudoElement,
-    Selector,
-    SelectorError,
-    Tree,
-    Element,
-    Hash,
+    Attrib,
     Class,
+    CombinedSelector,
+    Element,
     Function,
-    Pseudo,
-    Attrib,
+    Hash,
+    Matching,
     Negation,
+    Pseudo,
+    PseudoElement,
     Relation,
-    Matching,
+    Selector,
+    SelectorError,
     SpecificityAdjustment,
-    CombinedSelector,
+    Tree,
+    parse,
+    parse_series,
 )
 
 
@@ -58,7 +58,11 @@ class ExpressionError(SelectorError, RuntimeError):
 
 class XPathExpr:
     def __init__(
-        self, path: str = "", element: str = "*", condition: str = "", star_prefix: bool = False
+        self,
+        path: str = "",
+        element: str = "*",
+        condition: str = "",
+        star_prefix: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         self.path = path
         self.element = element
@@ -84,7 +88,9 @@ def add_name_test(self) -> None:
         if self.element == "*":
             # We weren't doing a test anyway
             return
-        self.add_condition("name() = %s" % GenericTranslator.xpath_literal(self.element))
+        self.add_condition(
+            "name() = %s" % GenericTranslator.xpath_literal(self.element)
+        )
         self.element = "*"
 
     def add_star_prefix(self) -> None:
@@ -107,7 +113,9 @@ def join(
             path += other.path
         self.path = path
         if not has_inner_condition:
-            self.element = other.element + closing_combiner if closing_combiner else other.element
+            self.element = (
+                other.element + closing_combiner if closing_combiner else other.element
+            )
             self.condition = other.condition
         else:
             self.element = other.element
@@ -259,7 +267,9 @@ def selector_to_xpath(
             xpath = self.xpath_pseudo_element(xpath, selector.pseudo_element)
         return (prefix or "") + str(xpath)
 
-    def xpath_pseudo_element(self, xpath: XPathExpr, pseudo_element: PseudoElement) -> XPathExpr:
+    def xpath_pseudo_element(
+        self, xpath: XPathExpr, pseudo_element: PseudoElement
+    ) -> XPathExpr:
         """Translate a pseudo-element.
 
         Defaults to not supporting pseudo-elements at all,
@@ -300,7 +310,8 @@ def xpath_combinedselector(self, combined: CombinedSelector) -> XPathExpr:
         combinator = self.combinator_mapping[combined.combinator]
         method = getattr(self, "xpath_%s_combinator" % combinator)
         return typing.cast(
-            XPathExpr, method(self.xpath(combined.selector), self.xpath(combined.subselector))
+            XPathExpr,
+            method(self.xpath(combined.selector), self.xpath(combined.subselector)),
         )
 
     def xpath_negation(self, negation: Negation) -> XPathExpr:
@@ -381,7 +392,9 @@ def xpath_attrib(self, selector: Attrib) -> XPathExpr:
             value = typing.cast(str, selector.value.value).lower()
         else:
             value = selector.value.value
-        return typing.cast(XPathExpr, method(self.xpath(selector.selector), attrib, value))
+        return typing.cast(
+            XPathExpr, method(self.xpath(selector.selector), attrib, value)
+        )
 
     def xpath_class(self, class_selector: Class) -> XPathExpr:
         """Translate a class selector."""
@@ -416,7 +429,9 @@ def xpath_element(self, selector: Element) -> XPathExpr:
 
     # CombinedSelector: dispatch by combinator
 
-    def xpath_descendant_combinator(self, left: XPathExpr, right: XPathExpr) -> XPathExpr:
+    def xpath_descendant_combinator(
+        self, left: XPathExpr, right: XPathExpr
+    ) -> XPathExpr:
         """right is a child, grand-child or further descendant of left"""
         return left.join("/descendant-or-self::*/", right)
 
@@ -424,21 +439,31 @@ def xpath_child_combinator(self, left: XPathExpr, right: XPathExpr) -> XPathExpr
         """right is an immediate child of left"""
         return left.join("/", right)
 
-    def xpath_direct_adjacent_combinator(self, left: XPathExpr, right: XPathExpr) -> XPathExpr:
+    def xpath_direct_adjacent_combinator(
+        self, left: XPathExpr, right: XPathExpr
+    ) -> XPathExpr:
         """right is a sibling immediately after left"""
         xpath = left.join("/following-sibling::", right)
         xpath.add_name_test()
         return xpath.add_condition("position() = 1")
 
-    def xpath_indirect_adjacent_combinator(self, left: XPathExpr, right: XPathExpr) -> XPathExpr:
+    def xpath_indirect_adjacent_combinator(
+        self, left: XPathExpr, right: XPathExpr
+    ) -> XPathExpr:
         """right is a sibling after left, immediately or not"""
         return left.join("/following-sibling::", right)
 
-    def xpath_relation_descendant_combinator(self, left: XPathExpr, right: XPathExpr) -> XPathExpr:
+    def xpath_relation_descendant_combinator(
+        self, left: XPathExpr, right: XPathExpr
+    ) -> XPathExpr:
         """right is a child, grand-child or further descendant of left; select left"""
-        return left.join("[descendant::", right, closing_combiner="]", has_inner_condition=True)
+        return left.join(
+            "[descendant::", right, closing_combiner="]", has_inner_condition=True
+        )
 
-    def xpath_relation_child_combinator(self, left: XPathExpr, right: XPathExpr) -> XPathExpr:
+    def xpath_relation_child_combinator(
+        self, left: XPathExpr, right: XPathExpr
+    ) -> XPathExpr:
         """right is an immediate child of left; select left"""
         return left.join("[./", right, closing_combiner="]")
 
@@ -447,7 +472,9 @@ def xpath_relation_direct_adjacent_combinator(
     ) -> XPathExpr:
         """right is a sibling immediately after left; select left"""
         xpath = left.add_condition(
-            "following-sibling::*[(name() = '{}') and (position() = 1)]".format(right.element)
+            "following-sibling::*[(name() = '{}') and (position() = 1)]".format(
+                right.element
+            )
         )
         return xpath
 
@@ -460,7 +487,11 @@ def xpath_relation_indirect_adjacent_combinator(
     # Function: dispatch by function/pseudo-class name
 
     def xpath_nth_child_function(
-        self, xpath: XPathExpr, function: Function, last: bool = False, add_name_test: bool = True
+        self,
+        xpath: XPathExpr,
+        function: Function,
+        last: bool = False,
+        add_name_test: bool = True,
     ) -> XPathExpr:
         try:
             a, b = parse_series(function.arguments)
@@ -589,28 +620,41 @@ def xpath_nth_child_function(
             template = "(%s)"
         else:
             template = "%s"
-        xpath.add_condition(" and ".join(template % expression for expression in expressions))
+        xpath.add_condition(
+            " and ".join(template % expression for expression in expressions)
+        )
         return xpath
 
-    def xpath_nth_last_child_function(self, xpath: XPathExpr, function: Function) -> XPathExpr:
+    def xpath_nth_last_child_function(
+        self, xpath: XPathExpr, function: Function
+    ) -> XPathExpr:
         return self.xpath_nth_child_function(xpath, function, last=True)
 
-    def xpath_nth_of_type_function(self, xpath: XPathExpr, function: Function) -> XPathExpr:
+    def xpath_nth_of_type_function(
+        self, xpath: XPathExpr, function: Function
+    ) -> XPathExpr:
         if xpath.element == "*":
             raise ExpressionError("*:nth-of-type() is not implemented")
         return self.xpath_nth_child_function(xpath, function, add_name_test=False)
 
-    def xpath_nth_last_of_type_function(self, xpath: XPathExpr, function: Function) -> XPathExpr:
+    def xpath_nth_last_of_type_function(
+        self, xpath: XPathExpr, function: Function
+    ) -> XPathExpr:
         if xpath.element == "*":
             raise ExpressionError("*:nth-of-type() is not implemented")
-        return self.xpath_nth_child_function(xpath, function, last=True, add_name_test=False)
+        return self.xpath_nth_child_function(
+            xpath, function, last=True, add_name_test=False
+        )
 
-    def xpath_contains_function(self, xpath: XPathExpr, function: Function) -> XPathExpr:
+    def xpath_contains_function(
+        self, xpath: XPathExpr, function: Function
+    ) -> XPathExpr:
         # Defined there, removed in later drafts:
         # http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/CR-css3-selectors-20011113/#content-selectors
         if function.argument_types() not in (["STRING"], ["IDENT"]):
             raise ExpressionError(
-                "Expected a single string or ident for :contains(), got %r" % function.arguments
+                "Expected a single string or ident for :contains(), got %r"
+                % function.arguments
             )
         value = typing.cast(str, function.arguments[0].value)
         return xpath.add_condition("contains(., %s)" % self.xpath_literal(value))
@@ -618,7 +662,8 @@ def xpath_contains_function(self, xpath: XPathExpr, function: Function) -> XPath
     def xpath_lang_function(self, xpath: XPathExpr, function: Function) -> XPathExpr:
         if function.argument_types() not in (["STRING"], ["IDENT"]):
             raise ExpressionError(
-                "Expected a single string or ident for :lang(), got %r" % function.arguments
+                "Expected a single string or ident for :lang(), got %r"
+                % function.arguments
             )
         value = typing.cast(str, function.arguments[0].value)
         return xpath.add_condition("lang(%s)" % (self.xpath_literal(value)))
@@ -679,12 +724,16 @@ def pseudo_never_matches(self, xpath: XPathExpr) -> XPathExpr:
 
     # Attrib: dispatch by attribute operator
 
-    def xpath_attrib_exists(self, xpath: XPathExpr, name: str, value: Optional[str]) -> XPathExpr:
+    def xpath_attrib_exists(
+        self, xpath: XPathExpr, name: str, value: Optional[str]
+    ) -> XPathExpr:
         assert not value
         xpath.add_condition(name)
         return xpath
 
-    def xpath_attrib_equals(self, xpath: XPathExpr, name: str, value: Optional[str]) -> XPathExpr:
+    def xpath_attrib_equals(
+        self, xpath: XPathExpr, name: str, value: Optional[str]
+    ) -> XPathExpr:
         assert value is not None
         xpath.add_condition("%s = %s" % (name, self.xpath_literal(value)))
         return xpath
@@ -695,7 +744,9 @@ def xpath_attrib_different(
         assert value is not None
         # FIXME: this seems like a weird hack...
         if value:
-            xpath.add_condition("not(%s) or %s != %s" % (name, name, self.xpath_literal(value)))
+            xpath.add_condition(
+                "not(%s) or %s != %s" % (name, name, self.xpath_literal(value))
+            )
         else:
             xpath.add_condition("%s != %s" % (name, self.xpath_literal(value)))
         return xpath
@@ -719,7 +770,13 @@ def xpath_attrib_dashmatch(
         # Weird, but true...
         xpath.add_condition(
             "%s and (%s = %s or starts-with(%s, %s))"
-            % (name, name, self.xpath_literal(value), name, self.xpath_literal(value + "-"))
+            % (
+                name,
+                name,
+                self.xpath_literal(value),
+                name,
+                self.xpath_literal(value + "-"),
+            )
         )
         return xpath
 
@@ -798,7 +855,8 @@ def xpath_checked_pseudo(self, xpath: XPathExpr) -> XPathExpr:  # type: ignore
     def xpath_lang_function(self, xpath: XPathExpr, function: Function) -> XPathExpr:
         if function.argument_types() not in (["STRING"], ["IDENT"]):
             raise ExpressionError(
-                "Expected a single string or ident for :lang(), got %r" % function.arguments
+                "Expected a single string or ident for :lang(), got %r"
+                % function.arguments
             )
         value = function.arguments[0].value
         assert value
@@ -807,7 +865,8 @@ def xpath_lang_function(self, xpath: XPathExpr, function: Function) -> XPathExpr
             # XPath 1.0 has no lower-case function...
             "translate(@%s, 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ', "
             "'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'), "
-            "'-'), %s)]" % (self.lang_attribute, self.xpath_literal(value.lower() + "-"))
+            "'-'), %s)]"
+            % (self.lang_attribute, self.xpath_literal(value.lower() + "-"))
         )
 
     def xpath_link_pseudo(self, xpath: XPathExpr) -> XPathExpr:  # type: ignore
diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index 811de25..aa5ae22 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -12,83 +12,86 @@
 # All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
 # serve to show the default.
 
-import sys, os, re
+import os
+import re
+import sys
 
 # If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
 # add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
 # documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
-#sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
+# sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
 
 # -- General configuration -----------------------------------------------------
 
 # If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
-#needs_sphinx = '1.0'
+# needs_sphinx = '1.0'
 
 # Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
 # coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
-extensions = ['sphinx.ext.autodoc', 'sphinx.ext.intersphinx',
-              'sphinx.ext.doctest']
+extensions = ["sphinx.ext.autodoc", "sphinx.ext.intersphinx", "sphinx.ext.doctest"]
 
 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
-templates_path = ['_templates']
+templates_path = ["_templates"]
 
 # The suffix of source filenames.
-source_suffix = '.rst'
+source_suffix = ".rst"
 
 # The encoding of source files.
-#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
+# source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
 
 # The master toctree document.
-master_doc = 'index'
+master_doc = "index"
 
 # General information about the project.
-project = 'cssselect'
-copyright = '2012-2017, Simon Sapin, Scrapy developers'
+project = "cssselect"
+copyright = "2012-2017, Simon Sapin, Scrapy developers"
 
 # The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
 # |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
 # built documents.
 #
 # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
-with open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..', 'cssselect', '__init__.py')) as init_file:
+with open(
+    os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "cssselect", "__init__.py")
+) as init_file:
     init_py = init_file.read()
 release = re.search('VERSION = "([^"]+)"', init_py).group(1)
 # The short X.Y version.
-version = release.rstrip('dev')
+version = release.rstrip("dev")
 
 # The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
 # for a list of supported languages.
-#language = None
+# language = None
 
 # There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
 # non-false value, then it is used:
-#today = ''
+# today = ''
 # Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
-#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+# today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
 
 # List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
-exclude_patterns = ['_build']
+exclude_patterns = ["_build"]
 
 # The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all documents.
-#default_role = None
+# default_role = None
 
 # If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
-#add_function_parentheses = True
+# add_function_parentheses = True
 
 # If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
 # unit titles (such as .. function::).
-#add_module_names = True
+# add_module_names = True
 
 # If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
 # output. They are ignored by default.
-#show_authors = False
+# show_authors = False
 
 # The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
-pygments_style = 'sphinx'
+pygments_style = "sphinx"
 
 # A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
-#modindex_common_prefix = []
+# modindex_common_prefix = []
 
 
 # -- Options for HTML output ---------------------------------------------------
@@ -100,129 +103,123 @@
 # Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
 # further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
 # documentation.
-#html_theme_options = {}
+# html_theme_options = {}
 
 # Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
-#html_theme_path = []
+# html_theme_path = []
 
 # The name for this set of Sphinx documents.  If None, it defaults to
 # "<project> v<release> documentation".
-#html_title = None
+# html_title = None
 
 # A shorter title for the navigation bar.  Default is the same as html_title.
-#html_short_title = None
+# html_short_title = None
 
 # The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
 # of the sidebar.
-#html_logo = None
+# html_logo = None
 
 # The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
 # docs.  This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
 # pixels large.
-#html_favicon = None
+# html_favicon = None
 
 # Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
 # relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
 # so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
-#html_static_path = ['_static']
+# html_static_path = ['_static']
 
 # If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
 # using the given strftime format.
-#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+# html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
 
 # If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
 # typographically correct entities.
-#html_use_smartypants = True
+# html_use_smartypants = True
 
 # Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
-#html_sidebars = {}
+# html_sidebars = {}
 
 # Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
 # template names.
-#html_additional_pages = {}
+# html_additional_pages = {}
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#html_domain_indices = True
+# html_domain_indices = True
 
 # If false, no index is generated.
-#html_use_index = True
+# html_use_index = True
 
 # If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
-#html_split_index = False
+# html_split_index = False
 
 # If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
-#html_show_sourcelink = True
+# html_show_sourcelink = True
 
 # If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
-#html_show_sphinx = True
+# html_show_sphinx = True
 
 # If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
-#html_show_copyright = True
+# html_show_copyright = True
 
 # If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
 # contain a <link> tag referring to it.  The value of this option must be the
 # base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
-#html_use_opensearch = ''
+# html_use_opensearch = ''
 
 # This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
-#html_file_suffix = None
+# html_file_suffix = None
 
 # Output file base name for HTML help builder.
-htmlhelp_basename = 'cssselectdoc'
+htmlhelp_basename = "cssselectdoc"
 
 
 # -- Options for LaTeX output --------------------------------------------------
 
 latex_elements = {
-# The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
-#'papersize': 'letterpaper',
-
-# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
-#'pointsize': '10pt',
-
-# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
-#'preamble': '',
+    # The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
+    #'papersize': 'letterpaper',
+    # The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+    #'pointsize': '10pt',
+    # Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+    #'preamble': '',
 }
 
 # Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
 # (source start file, target name, title, author, documentclass [howto/manual]).
 latex_documents = [
-  ('index', 'cssselect.tex', 'cssselect Documentation',
-   'Simon Sapin', 'manual'),
+    ("index", "cssselect.tex", "cssselect Documentation", "Simon Sapin", "manual"),
 ]
 
 # The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
 # the title page.
-#latex_logo = None
+# latex_logo = None
 
 # For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
 # not chapters.
-#latex_use_parts = False
+# latex_use_parts = False
 
 # If true, show page references after internal links.
-#latex_show_pagerefs = False
+# latex_show_pagerefs = False
 
 # If true, show URL addresses after external links.
-#latex_show_urls = False
+# latex_show_urls = False
 
 # Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
-#latex_appendices = []
+# latex_appendices = []
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#latex_domain_indices = True
+# latex_domain_indices = True
 
 
 # -- Options for manual page output --------------------------------------------
 
 # One entry per manual page. List of tuples
 # (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
-man_pages = [
-    ('index', 'cssselect', 'cssselect Documentation',
-     ['Simon Sapin'], 1)
-]
+man_pages = [("index", "cssselect", "cssselect Documentation", ["Simon Sapin"], 1)]
 
 # If true, show URL addresses after external links.
-#man_show_urls = False
+# man_show_urls = False
 
 
 # -- Options for Texinfo output ------------------------------------------------
@@ -231,23 +228,29 @@
 # (source start file, target name, title, author,
 #  dir menu entry, description, category)
 texinfo_documents = [
-  ('index', 'cssselect', 'cssselect Documentation',
-   'Simon Sapin', 'cssselect', 'One line description of project.',
-   'Miscellaneous'),
+    (
+        "index",
+        "cssselect",
+        "cssselect Documentation",
+        "Simon Sapin",
+        "cssselect",
+        "One line description of project.",
+        "Miscellaneous",
+    ),
 ]
 
 # Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
-#texinfo_appendices = []
+# texinfo_appendices = []
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#texinfo_domain_indices = True
+# texinfo_domain_indices = True
 
 # How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
-#texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
+# texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
 
 
 # Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library.
-intersphinx_mapping = {'python': ('https://docs.python.org/3', None)}
+intersphinx_mapping = {"python": ("https://docs.python.org/3", None)}
 
 
 # --- Nitpicking options ------------------------------------------------------
@@ -255,5 +258,5 @@
 nitpicky = True
 nitpick_ignore = [
     # explicitly not a part of the public API
-    ('py:class', 'cssselect.parser.Token'),
+    ("py:class", "cssselect.parser.Token"),
 ]
diff --git a/docs/conftest.py b/docs/conftest.py
index 9d16bb7..a71d108 100644
--- a/docs/conftest.py
+++ b/docs/conftest.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from sybil import Sybil
 from sybil.parsers.doctest import DocTestParser
 from sybil.parsers.skip import skip
+
 try:
     # sybil 3.0.0+
     from sybil.parsers.codeblock import PythonCodeBlockParser
@@ -13,8 +14,8 @@
 pytest_collect_file = Sybil(
     parsers=[
         DocTestParser(optionflags=ELLIPSIS | NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE),
-        PythonCodeBlockParser(future_imports=['print_function']),
+        PythonCodeBlockParser(future_imports=["print_function"]),
         skip,
     ],
-    pattern='*.rst',
+    pattern="*.rst",
 ).pytest()
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 57a5583..261fe3e 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -1,2 +1,11 @@
+[tool.isort]
+profile = "black"
+multi_line_output = 3
+
+[tool.mypy]
+check_untyped_defs = true
+ignore_missing_imports = true
+no_warn_no_return = true
+
 [tool.black]
-line-length = 99
+target-version = ["py38", "py39", "py310", "py311", "py312"]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index f7b51eb..43eecc0 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
-import re
 import os.path
+import re
 
 from setuptools import setup
 
-
 ROOT = os.path.dirname(__file__)
 with open(os.path.join(ROOT, "README.rst")) as readme_file:
     README = readme_file.read()
diff --git a/tests/test_cssselect.py b/tests/test_cssselect.py
index 2c9e94c..32c1683 100644
--- a/tests/test_cssselect.py
+++ b/tests/test_cssselect.py
@@ -23,27 +23,31 @@
 from typing import List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple
 
 from lxml import etree, html
+
 from cssselect import (
-    parse,
+    ExpressionError,
     GenericTranslator,
     HTMLTranslator,
     SelectorSyntaxError,
-    ExpressionError,
+    parse,
 )
 from cssselect.parser import (
-    tokenize,
-    parse_series,
-    PseudoElement,
-    FunctionalPseudoElement,
     Function,
+    FunctionalPseudoElement,
+    PseudoElement,
     Token,
+    parse_series,
+    tokenize,
 )
 from cssselect.xpath import XPathExpr
 
 
 class TestCssselect(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_tokenizer(self) -> None:
-        tokens = [str(item) for item in tokenize(r'E\ é > f [a~="y\"x"]:nth(/* fu /]* */-3.7)')]
+        tokens = [
+            str(item)
+            for item in tokenize(r'E\ é > f [a~="y\"x"]:nth(/* fu /]* */-3.7)')
+        ]
         assert tokens == [
             "<IDENT 'E é' at 0>",
             "<S ' ' at 4>",
@@ -70,7 +74,10 @@ def repr_parse(css: str) -> List[str]:
             selectors = parse(css)
             for selector in selectors:
                 assert selector.pseudo_element is None
-            return [repr(selector.parsed_tree).replace("(u'", "('") for selector in selectors]
+            return [
+                repr(selector.parsed_tree).replace("(u'", "('")
+                for selector in selectors
+            ]
 
         def parse_many(first: str, *others: str) -> List[str]:
             result = repr_parse(first)
@@ -95,7 +102,9 @@ def parse_many(first: str, *others: str) -> List[str]:
             "div\r>\n\n\n.foo",
             "div\f>\f.foo",
         ) == ["CombinedSelector[Element[div] > Class[Element[*].foo]]"]
-        assert parse_many("td.foo,.bar", "td.foo, .bar", "td.foo\t\r\n\f ,\t\r\n\f .bar") == [
+        assert parse_many(
+            "td.foo,.bar", "td.foo, .bar", "td.foo\t\r\n\f ,\t\r\n\f .bar"
+        ) == [
             "Class[Element[td].foo]",
             "Class[Element[*].bar]",
         ]
@@ -123,11 +132,15 @@ def parse_many(first: str, *others: str) -> List[str]:
         assert parse_many("a[hreflang |= 'en']", "a[hreflang|=en]") == [
             "Attrib[Element[a][hreflang |= 'en']]"
         ]
-        assert parse_many("div:nth-child(10)") == ["Function[Element[div]:nth-child(['10'])]"]
+        assert parse_many("div:nth-child(10)") == [
+            "Function[Element[div]:nth-child(['10'])]"
+        ]
         assert parse_many(":nth-child(2n+2)") == [
             "Function[Element[*]:nth-child(['2', 'n', '+2'])]"
         ]
-        assert parse_many("div:nth-of-type(10)") == ["Function[Element[div]:nth-of-type(['10'])]"]
+        assert parse_many("div:nth-of-type(10)") == [
+            "Function[Element[div]:nth-of-type(['10'])]"
+        ]
         assert parse_many("div div:nth-of-type(10) .aclass") == [
             "CombinedSelector[CombinedSelector[Element[div] <followed> "
             "Function[Element[div]:nth-of-type(['10'])]] "
@@ -135,7 +148,9 @@ def parse_many(first: str, *others: str) -> List[str]:
         ]
         assert parse_many("label:only") == ["Pseudo[Element[label]:only]"]
         assert parse_many("a:lang(fr)") == ["Function[Element[a]:lang(['fr'])]"]
-        assert parse_many('div:contains("foo")') == ["Function[Element[div]:contains(['foo'])]"]
+        assert parse_many('div:contains("foo")') == [
+            "Function[Element[div]:contains(['foo'])]"
+        ]
         assert parse_many("div#foobar") == ["Hash[Element[div]#foobar]"]
         assert parse_many("div:not(div.foo)") == [
             "Negation[Element[div]:not(Class[Element[div].foo])]"
@@ -253,7 +268,10 @@ def test_pseudo_repr(css: str) -> str:
         assert selector.pseudo_element == "foo"
         assert tr.selector_to_xpath(selector, prefix="") == "e"
         self.assertRaises(
-            ExpressionError, tr.selector_to_xpath, selector, translate_pseudo_elements=True
+            ExpressionError,
+            tr.selector_to_xpath,
+            selector,
+            translate_pseudo_elements=True,
         )
 
         # Special test for the unicode symbols and ':scope' element if check
@@ -301,7 +319,11 @@ def specificity(css: str) -> Tuple[int, int, int]:
         assert specificity("foo::before") == (0, 0, 2)
         assert specificity("foo:empty::before") == (0, 1, 2)
 
-        assert specificity("#lorem + foo#ipsum:first-child > bar:first-line") == (2, 1, 3)
+        assert specificity("#lorem + foo#ipsum:first-child > bar:first-line") == (
+            2,
+            1,
+            3,
+        )
 
     def test_css_export(self) -> None:
         def css2css(css: str, res: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
@@ -354,7 +376,9 @@ def get_error(css: str) -> Optional[str]:
         assert get_error("attributes(href)/html/body/a") == (
             "Expected selector, got <DELIM '(' at 10>"
         )
-        assert get_error("attributes(href)") == ("Expected selector, got <DELIM '(' at 10>")
+        assert get_error("attributes(href)") == (
+            "Expected selector, got <DELIM '(' at 10>"
+        )
         assert get_error("html/body/a") == ("Expected selector, got <DELIM '/' at 4>")
         assert get_error(" ") == ("Expected selector, got <EOF at 1>")
         assert get_error("div, ") == ("Expected selector, got <EOF at 5>")
@@ -369,10 +393,14 @@ def get_error(css: str) -> Optional[str]:
         assert get_error("[*]") == ("Expected '|', got <DELIM ']' at 2>")
         assert get_error("[foo|]") == ("Expected ident, got <DELIM ']' at 5>")
         assert get_error("[#]") == ("Expected ident or '*', got <DELIM '#' at 1>")
-        assert get_error("[foo=#]") == ("Expected string or ident, got <DELIM '#' at 5>")
+        assert get_error("[foo=#]") == (
+            "Expected string or ident, got <DELIM '#' at 5>"
+        )
         assert get_error("[href]a") == ("Expected selector, got <IDENT 'a' at 6>")
         assert get_error("[rel=stylesheet]") is None
-        assert get_error("[rel:stylesheet]") == ("Operator expected, got <DELIM ':' at 4>")
+        assert get_error("[rel:stylesheet]") == (
+            "Operator expected, got <DELIM ':' at 4>"
+        )
         assert get_error("[rel=stylesheet") == ("Expected ']', got <EOF at 15>")
         assert get_error(":lang(fr)") is None
         assert get_error(":lang(fr") == ("Expected an argument, got <EOF at 8>")
@@ -386,12 +414,20 @@ def get_error(css: str) -> Optional[str]:
         assert get_error("li:before a") == (
             "Got pseudo-element ::before not at the end of a selector"
         )
-        assert get_error(":not(:before)") == ("Got pseudo-element ::before inside :not() at 12")
+        assert get_error(":not(:before)") == (
+            "Got pseudo-element ::before inside :not() at 12"
+        )
         assert get_error(":not(:not(a))") == ("Got nested :not()")
-        assert get_error(":is(:before)") == ("Got pseudo-element ::before inside function")
+        assert get_error(":is(:before)") == (
+            "Got pseudo-element ::before inside function"
+        )
         assert get_error(":is(a b)") == ("Expected an argument, got <IDENT 'b' at 6>")
-        assert get_error(":where(:before)") == ("Got pseudo-element ::before inside function")
-        assert get_error(":where(a b)") == ("Expected an argument, got <IDENT 'b' at 9>")
+        assert get_error(":where(:before)") == (
+            "Got pseudo-element ::before inside function"
+        )
+        assert get_error(":where(a b)") == (
+            "Expected an argument, got <IDENT 'b' at 9>"
+        )
         assert get_error(":scope > div :scope header") == (
             'Got immediate child pseudo-element ":scope" not at the start of a selector'
         )
@@ -446,19 +482,29 @@ def xpath(css: str) -> str:
             "e[(count(preceding-sibling::*) >= 1) and "
             "((count(preceding-sibling::*) +2) mod 3 = 0)]"
         )
-        assert xpath("e:nth-child(3n-2)") == ("e[count(preceding-sibling::*) mod 3 = 0]")
+        assert xpath("e:nth-child(3n-2)") == (
+            "e[count(preceding-sibling::*) mod 3 = 0]"
+        )
         assert xpath("e:nth-child(-n+6)") == ("e[count(preceding-sibling::*) <= 5]")
 
         assert xpath("e:nth-last-child(1)") == ("e[count(following-sibling::*) = 0]")
-        assert xpath("e:nth-last-child(2n)") == ("e[(count(following-sibling::*) +1) mod 2 = 0]")
-        assert xpath("e:nth-last-child(2n+1)") == ("e[count(following-sibling::*) mod 2 = 0]")
+        assert xpath("e:nth-last-child(2n)") == (
+            "e[(count(following-sibling::*) +1) mod 2 = 0]"
+        )
+        assert xpath("e:nth-last-child(2n+1)") == (
+            "e[count(following-sibling::*) mod 2 = 0]"
+        )
         assert xpath("e:nth-last-child(2n+2)") == (
             "e[(count(following-sibling::*) >= 1) and "
             "((count(following-sibling::*) +1) mod 2 = 0)]"
         )
-        assert xpath("e:nth-last-child(3n+1)") == ("e[count(following-sibling::*) mod 3 = 0]")
+        assert xpath("e:nth-last-child(3n+1)") == (
+            "e[count(following-sibling::*) mod 3 = 0]"
+        )
         # represents the two last e elements
-        assert xpath("e:nth-last-child(-n+2)") == ("e[count(following-sibling::*) <= 1]")
+        assert xpath("e:nth-last-child(-n+2)") == (
+            "e[count(following-sibling::*) <= 1]"
+        )
 
         assert xpath("e:nth-of-type(1)") == ("e[count(preceding-sibling::e) = 0]")
         assert xpath("e:nth-last-of-type(1)") == ("e[count(following-sibling::e) = 0]")
@@ -486,24 +532,32 @@ def xpath(css: str) -> str:
         assert xpath("e:has(f)") == "e[descendant::f]"
         assert xpath("e:has(~ f)") == "e[following-sibling::f]"
         assert (
-            xpath("e:has(+ f)") == "e[following-sibling::*[(name() = 'f') and (position() = 1)]]"
+            xpath("e:has(+ f)")
+            == "e[following-sibling::*[(name() = 'f') and (position() = 1)]]"
         )
         assert xpath('e:contains("foo")') == ("e[contains(., 'foo')]")
         assert xpath("e:ConTains(foo)") == ("e[contains(., 'foo')]")
         assert xpath("e.warning") == (
-            "e[@class and contains(" "concat(' ', normalize-space(@class), ' '), ' warning ')]"
+            "e[@class and contains("
+            "concat(' ', normalize-space(@class), ' '), ' warning ')]"
         )
         assert xpath("e#myid") == ("e[@id = 'myid']")
-        assert xpath("e:not(:nth-child(odd))") == ("e[not(count(preceding-sibling::*) mod 2 = 0)]")
+        assert xpath("e:not(:nth-child(odd))") == (
+            "e[not(count(preceding-sibling::*) mod 2 = 0)]"
+        )
         assert xpath("e:nOT(*)") == ("e[0]")  # never matches
         assert xpath("e f") == ("e/descendant-or-self::*/f")
         assert xpath("e > f") == ("e/f")
-        assert xpath("e + f") == ("e/following-sibling::*[(name() = 'f') and (position() = 1)]")
+        assert xpath("e + f") == (
+            "e/following-sibling::*[(name() = 'f') and (position() = 1)]"
+        )
         assert xpath("e ~ f") == ("e/following-sibling::f")
         assert xpath("e ~ f:nth-child(3)") == (
             "e/following-sibling::f[count(preceding-sibling::*) = 2]"
         )
-        assert xpath("div#container p") == ("div[@id = 'container']/descendant-or-self::*/p")
+        assert xpath("div#container p") == (
+            "div[@id = 'container']/descendant-or-self::*/p"
+        )
         assert xpath("e:where(foo)") == "e[name() = 'foo']"
         assert xpath("e:where(foo, bar)") == "e[(name() = 'foo') or (name() = 'bar')]"
 
@@ -539,10 +593,18 @@ def test_unicode(self) -> None:
 
     def test_quoting(self) -> None:
         css_to_xpath = GenericTranslator().css_to_xpath
-        assert css_to_xpath('*[aval="\'"]') == ("""descendant-or-self::*[@aval = "'"]""")
-        assert css_to_xpath("*[aval=\"'''\"]") == ("""descendant-or-self::*[@aval = "'''"]""")
-        assert css_to_xpath("*[aval='\"']") == ("""descendant-or-self::*[@aval = '"']""")
-        assert css_to_xpath('*[aval=\'"""\']') == ('''descendant-or-self::*[@aval = '"""']''')
+        assert css_to_xpath('*[aval="\'"]') == (
+            """descendant-or-self::*[@aval = "'"]"""
+        )
+        assert css_to_xpath("*[aval=\"'''\"]") == (
+            """descendant-or-self::*[@aval = "'''"]"""
+        )
+        assert css_to_xpath("*[aval='\"']") == (
+            """descendant-or-self::*[@aval = '"']"""
+        )
+        assert css_to_xpath('*[aval=\'"""\']') == (
+            '''descendant-or-self::*[@aval = '"""']'''
+        )
         assert css_to_xpath(':scope > div[dataimg="<testmessage>"]') == (
             "descendant-or-self::*[1]/div[@dataimg = '<testmessage>']"
         )
@@ -575,7 +637,8 @@ def xpath_pseudo_element(
                     method = getattr(self, method_name, None)
                     if not method:
                         raise ExpressionError(
-                            "The functional pseudo-element ::%s() is unknown" % pseudo_element.name
+                            "The functional pseudo-element ::%s() is unknown"
+                            % pseudo_element.name
                         )
                     xpath = method(xpath, pseudo_element.arguments)
                 else:
@@ -592,7 +655,9 @@ def xpath_pseudo_element(
 
             # functional pseudo-class:
             # elements that have a certain number of attributes
-            def xpath_nb_attr_function(self, xpath: XPathExpr, function: Function) -> XPathExpr:
+            def xpath_nb_attr_function(
+                self, xpath: XPathExpr, function: Function
+            ) -> XPathExpr:
                 assert function.arguments[0].value
                 nb_attributes = int(function.arguments[0].value)
                 return xpath.add_condition("count(@*)=%d" % nb_attributes)
@@ -616,7 +681,9 @@ def xpath_attr_functional_pseudo_element(
 
             # pseudo-element:
             # element's text() nodes
-            def xpath_text_node_simple_pseudo_element(self, xpath: XPathExpr) -> XPathExpr:
+            def xpath_text_node_simple_pseudo_element(
+                self, xpath: XPathExpr
+            ) -> XPathExpr:
                 other = XPathExpr(
                     "text()",
                     "",
@@ -625,7 +692,9 @@ def xpath_text_node_simple_pseudo_element(self, xpath: XPathExpr) -> XPathExpr:
 
             # pseudo-element:
             # element's href attribute
-            def xpath_attr_href_simple_pseudo_element(self, xpath: XPathExpr) -> XPathExpr:
+            def xpath_attr_href_simple_pseudo_element(
+                self, xpath: XPathExpr
+            ) -> XPathExpr:
                 other = XPathExpr(
                     "@href",
                     "",
@@ -656,7 +725,9 @@ def xpath(css: str) -> str:
         assert str(XPathExpr("", "", condition="@href")) == "[@href]"
 
         document = etree.fromstring(OPERATOR_PRECEDENCE_IDS)
-        sort_key = dict((el, count) for count, el in enumerate(document.iter())).__getitem__
+        sort_key = dict(
+            (el, count) for count, el in enumerate(document.iter())
+        ).__getitem__
 
         def operator_id(selector: str) -> List[str]:
             xpath = CustomTranslator().css_to_xpath(selector)
@@ -698,7 +769,9 @@ def series(css: str) -> Optional[Tuple[int, int]]:
 
     def test_lang(self) -> None:
         document = etree.fromstring(XMLLANG_IDS)
-        sort_key = dict((el, count) for count, el in enumerate(document.iter())).__getitem__
+        sort_key = dict(
+            (el, count) for count, el in enumerate(document.iter())
+        ).__getitem__
         css_to_xpath = GenericTranslator().css_to_xpath
 
         def langid(selector: str) -> List[str]:
@@ -714,7 +787,13 @@ def langid(selector: str) -> List[str]:
         assert langid(":lang(ru)") == ["sixth"]
         assert langid(":lang('ZH')") == ["eighth"]
         assert langid(":lang(de) :lang(zh)") == ["eighth"]
-        assert langid(":lang(en), :lang(zh)") == ["first", "second", "third", "fourth", "eighth"]
+        assert langid(":lang(en), :lang(zh)") == [
+            "first",
+            "second",
+            "third",
+            "fourth",
+            "eighth",
+        ]
         assert langid(":lang(es)") == []
 
     def test_argument_types(self) -> None:
@@ -747,7 +826,9 @@ def argument_types(css: str) -> List[str]:
 
     def test_select(self) -> None:
         document = etree.fromstring(HTML_IDS)
-        sort_key = dict((el, count) for count, el in enumerate(document.iter())).__getitem__
+        sort_key = dict(
+            (el, count) for count, el in enumerate(document.iter())
+        ).__getitem__
         css_to_xpath = GenericTranslator().css_to_xpath
         html_css_to_xpath = HTMLTranslator().css_to_xpath
 
@@ -769,7 +850,14 @@ def pcss(main: str, *selectors: str, **kwargs: bool) -> List[str]:
             return result
 
         all_ids = pcss("*")
-        assert all_ids[:6] == ["html", "nil", "link-href", "link-nohref", "nil", "outer-div"]
+        assert all_ids[:6] == [
+            "html",
+            "nil",
+            "link-href",
+            "link-nohref",
+            "nil",
+            "outer-div",
+        ]
         assert all_ids[-1:] == ["foobar-span"]
         assert pcss("div") == ["outer-div", "li-div", "foobar-div"]
         assert pcss("DIV", html_only=True) == [
@@ -780,7 +868,9 @@ def pcss(main: str, *selectors: str, **kwargs: bool) -> List[str]:
         assert pcss("div div") == ["li-div"]
         assert pcss("div, div div") == ["outer-div", "li-div", "foobar-div"]
         assert pcss("a[name]") == ["name-anchor"]
-        assert pcss("a[NAme]", html_only=True) == ["name-anchor"]  # case-insensitive in HTML:
+        assert pcss("a[NAme]", html_only=True) == [
+            "name-anchor"
+        ]  # case-insensitive in HTML:
         assert pcss("a[rel]") == ["tag-anchor", "nofollow-anchor"]
         assert pcss('a[rel="tag"]') == ["tag-anchor"]
         assert pcss('a[href*="localhost"]') == ["tag-anchor"]
@@ -798,7 +888,10 @@ def pcss(main: str, *selectors: str, **kwargs: bool) -> List[str]:
         assert pcss('*[lang|="en"]', '[lang|="en-US"]') == []
         assert pcss('*[lang|="e"]') == []
         # ... :lang() is not.
-        assert pcss(':lang("EN")', "*:lang(en-US)", html_only=True) == ["second-li", "li-div"]
+        assert pcss(':lang("EN")', "*:lang(en-US)", html_only=True) == [
+            "second-li",
+            "li-div",
+        ]
         assert pcss(':lang("e")', html_only=True) == []
         assert pcss(":scope > div") == []
         assert pcss(":scope body") == ["nil"]
@@ -852,7 +945,11 @@ def pcss(main: str, *selectors: str, **kwargs: bool) -> List[str]:
             "seventh-li",
         ]
         assert pcss("li:nth-last-child(2n+2)") == ["second-li", "fourth-li", "sixth-li"]
-        assert pcss("li:nth-last-child(3n+1)") == ["first-li", "fourth-li", "seventh-li"]
+        assert pcss("li:nth-last-child(3n+1)") == [
+            "first-li",
+            "fourth-li",
+            "seventh-li",
+        ]
         assert pcss("ol:first-of-type") == ["first-ol"]
         assert pcss("ol:nth-child(1)") == []
         assert pcss("ol:nth-of-type(2)") == ["second-ol"]
@@ -901,7 +998,10 @@ def pcss(main: str, *selectors: str, **kwargs: bool) -> List[str]:
         assert pcss('*:contains("E")') == []  # case-sensitive
         assert pcss(".a", ".b", "*.a", "ol.a") == ["first-ol"]
         assert pcss(".c", "*.c") == ["first-ol", "third-li", "fourth-li"]
-        assert pcss("ol *.c", "ol li.c", "li ~ li.c", "ol > li.c") == ["third-li", "fourth-li"]
+        assert pcss("ol *.c", "ol li.c", "li ~ li.c", "ol > li.c") == [
+            "third-li",
+            "fourth-li",
+        ]
         assert pcss("#first-li", "li#first-li", "*#first-li") == ["first-li"]
         assert pcss("li div", "li > div", "div div") == ["li-div"]
         assert pcss("div > div") == []
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
index 24dec48..6831d3f 100644
--- a/tox.ini
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [tox]
-envlist = black,flake8,pylint,security,py,docs
+envlist = pre-commit,pylint,py,docs,typing
 
 [testenv]
 deps =
@@ -13,18 +13,6 @@ commands =
         --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=html --cov-report=xml \
         --verbose {posargs: cssselect tests docs}
 
-[testenv:black]
-deps =
-    black==22.10.0
-commands =
-    black --check {posargs: cssselect setup.py tests}
-
-[testenv:flake8]
-deps =
-    flake8==6.1.0
-commands =
-    flake8 {posargs: cssselect setup.py tests docs/conf.py}
-
 [testenv:pylint]
 deps =
     {[testenv]deps}
@@ -32,12 +20,6 @@ deps =
 commands =
     pylint {posargs: cssselect setup.py tests docs}
 
-[testenv:security]
-deps =
-    bandit
-commands =
-    bandit -r -c .bandit.yml {posargs: cssselect}
-
 [testenv:docs]
 changedir = docs
 deps =
@@ -52,3 +34,8 @@ deps =
     mypy==0.982
 commands =
     mypy --strict {posargs: cssselect tests}
+
+[testenv:pre-commit]
+deps = pre-commit
+commands = pre-commit run --all-files --show-diff-on-failure
+skip_install = true
\ No newline at end of file