diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 11be95f2..955b677c 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ dev = [
     "pyfakefs~=5.1",
     "pytest~=7.2",
     "pytest-mock~=3.8",
-    "ruff~=0.0.259",
+    "ruff~=0.0.270",
     "twine~=4.0",
 ]
 
@@ -99,10 +99,6 @@ src = ["src"]
 fix = true
 show-fixes = true
 
-[tool.ruff.pyupgrade]
-# Preserve types, even if a file imports `from __future__ import annotations`.
-keep-runtime-typing = true
-
 [tool.ruff.per-file-ignores]
 # test functions don't need return types
 "tests/*" = ["ANN201", "ANN202"]
diff --git a/src/aec/command/ami.py b/src/aec/command/ami.py
index a6755957..3d150199 100644
--- a/src/aec/command/ami.py
+++ b/src/aec/command/ami.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, NamedTuple, Sequence
 
 import boto3
 
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@
 
 
 class Image(TypedDict):
-    Name: Optional[str]
+    Name: str | None
     ImageId: str
     CreationDate: str
-    RootDeviceName: Optional[str]
-    Size: Optional[int]
+    RootDeviceName: str | None
+    Size: int | None
     SnapshotId: NotRequired[str]
 
 
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ def fetch(config: Config, ami: str) -> Image:
 
 def _describe_images(
     config: Config,
-    ident: Optional[str] = None,
-    owner: Optional[str] = None,
-    name_match: Optional[str] = None,
+    ident: str | None = None,
+    owner: str | None = None,
+    name_match: str | None = None,
 ) -> DescribeImagesResultTypeDef:
     ec2_client = boto3.client("ec2", region_name=config.get("region", None))
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def _describe_images(
         elif isinstance(describe_images_owners, str):
             owners_filter = [describe_images_owners]
         else:
-            owners_filter: List[str] = describe_images_owners
+            owners_filter: list[str] = describe_images_owners
 
     if name_match is None:
         name_match = config.get("describe_images_name_match", None)
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ def _describe_images(
         filters = [{"Name": "name", "Values": [f"{ident}"]}] if ident else []
         match_desc = f" named {ident}" if ident else ""
     else:
-        filters: List[FilterTypeDef] = [{"Name": "name", "Values": [f"*{name_match}*"]}]
+        filters: list[FilterTypeDef] = [{"Name": "name", "Values": [f"*{name_match}*"]}]
         match_desc = f" with name containing {name_match}"
 
     print(f"Describing images owned by {owners_filter}{match_desc}")
@@ -96,11 +96,11 @@ def _describe_images(
 
 def describe(
     config: Config,
-    ident: Optional[str] = None,
-    owner: Optional[str] = None,
-    name_match: Optional[str] = None,
+    ident: str | None = None,
+    owner: str | None = None,
+    name_match: str | None = None,
     show_snapshot_id: bool = False,
-) -> List[Image]:
+) -> list[Image]:
     """List AMIs."""
 
     response = _describe_images(config, ident, owner, name_match)
@@ -123,11 +123,11 @@ def describe(
 
 def describe_tags(
     config: Config,
-    ident: Optional[str] = None,
-    owner: Optional[str] = None,
-    name_match: Optional[str] = None,
+    ident: str | None = None,
+    owner: str | None = None,
+    name_match: str | None = None,
     keys: Sequence[str] = [],
-) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """List AMI images with their tags."""
 
     response = _describe_images(config, ident, owner, name_match)
diff --git a/src/aec/command/compute_optimizer.py b/src/aec/command/compute_optimizer.py
index ed81efc8..96ee5601 100644
--- a/src/aec/command/compute_optimizer.py
+++ b/src/aec/command/compute_optimizer.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import boto3
 import pytz
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 from aec.util.config import Config
 
 
-def over_provisioned(config: Config) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+def over_provisioned(config: Config) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """Show recommendations for over-provisioned EC2 instances."""
 
     def util(metric: UtilizationMetricTypeDef) -> str:
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def util(metric: UtilizationMetricTypeDef) -> str:
     return recs
 
 
-def describe_instances_uptime(config: Config) -> Dict[str, str]:
+def describe_instances_uptime(config: Config) -> dict[str, str]:
     """List EC2 instance uptimes in the region."""
 
     ec2_client = boto3.client("ec2", region_name=config.get("region", None))
diff --git a/src/aec/command/ec2.py b/src/aec/command/ec2.py
index 2fab7da4..427d1f21 100755
--- a/src/aec/command/ec2.py
+++ b/src/aec/command/ec2.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 import os.path
 from collections import defaultdict
 from time import sleep
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Sequence, cast
 
 import boto3
 from typing_extensions import TypedDict
@@ -38,25 +38,25 @@ def is_ebs_optimizable(instance_type: str) -> bool:
 class Instance(TypedDict, total=False):
     InstanceId: str
     State: str
-    Name: Optional[str]
+    Name: str | None
     Type: str
     DnsName: str
     SubnetId: str
-    Volumes: List[str]
+    Volumes: list[str]
 
 
 def launch(
     config: Config,
     name: str,
-    ami: Optional[str] = None,
-    template: Optional[str] = None,
-    volume_size: Optional[int] = None,
+    ami: str | None = None,
+    template: str | None = None,
+    volume_size: int | None = None,
     encrypted: bool = True,
-    instance_type: Optional[str] = None,
-    key_name: Optional[str] = None,
-    userdata: Optional[str] = None,
+    instance_type: str | None = None,
+    key_name: str | None = None,
+    userdata: str | None = None,
     wait_ssm: bool = False,
-) -> List[Instance]:
+) -> list[Instance]:
     """Launch a tagged EC2 instance with an EBS volume."""
 
     template = template or config.get("launch_template", None)
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ def launch(
         runargs["InstanceType"] = cast("InstanceTypeType", instance_type)
         runargs["EbsOptimized"] = is_ebs_optimizable(instance_type)
 
-    tags: List[TagTypeDef] = [{"Key": "Name", "Value": name}]
+    tags: list[TagTypeDef] = [{"Key": "Name", "Value": name}]
     additional_tags = config.get("additional_tags", {})
     if additional_tags:
         tags.extend([{"Key": k, "Value": v} for k, v in additional_tags.items()])
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ def launch(
     return describe(config=config, ident=instance_id)
 
 
-def _wait_ssm_agent_online(config: Config, instance_ids: List[str]) -> None:
+def _wait_ssm_agent_online(config: Config, instance_ids: list[str]) -> None:
     """
     Wait for ssm to come online.
 
@@ -208,13 +208,13 @@ def _wait_ssm_agent_online(config: Config, instance_ids: List[str]) -> None:
 
 def describe(
     config: Config,
-    ident: Optional[str] = None,
-    name_match: Optional[str] = None,
+    ident: str | None = None,
+    name_match: str | None = None,
     include_terminated: bool = False,
     show_running_only: bool = False,
     sort_by: str = "State,Name",
     columns: str = "InstanceId,State,Name,Type,DnsName,LaunchTime,ImageId",
-) -> List[Instance]:
+) -> list[Instance]:
     """List EC2 instances in the region."""
 
     ec2_client = boto3.client("ec2", region_name=config.get("region", None))
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ def describe(
     if show_running_only:
         filters.append({"Name": "instance-state-name", "Values": ["pending", "running"]})
 
-    kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = {"MaxResults": 1000, "Filters": filters}
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {"MaxResults": 1000, "Filters": filters}
 
     response_fut = executor.submit(ec2_client.describe_instances, **kwargs)
 
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ def describe(
     if "Volumes" in columns:
         # fetch volume info
         volumes_response: DescribeVolumesResultTypeDef = executor.submit(ec2_client.describe_volumes).result()
-        volumes: Dict[str, List[str]] = defaultdict(list)
+        volumes: dict[str, list[str]] = defaultdict(list)
         for v in volumes_response["Volumes"]:
             for a in v["Attachments"]:
                 volumes[a["InstanceId"]].append(f'Size={v["Size"]} GiB')
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ def describe(
 
     # import json; print(json.dumps(response))
 
-    instances: List[Instance] = []
+    instances: list[Instance] = []
     while True:
         for r in response["Reservations"]:
             for i in r["Instances"]:
@@ -284,11 +284,11 @@ def describe(
 
 def describe_tags(
     config: Config,
-    ident: Optional[str] = None,
-    name_match: Optional[str] = None,
+    ident: str | None = None,
+    name_match: str | None = None,
     keys: Sequence[str] = [],
     volumes: bool = False,
-) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """List EC2 instances or volumes with their tags."""
     if volumes:
         return volume_tags(config, ident, name_match, keys)
@@ -298,14 +298,14 @@ def describe_tags(
 
 def tag(
     config: Config,
-    ident: Optional[str] = None,
-    name_match: Optional[str] = None,
+    ident: str | None = None,
+    name_match: str | None = None,
     tags: Sequence[str] = [],
-) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """Tag EC2 instance(s)."""
     ec2_client = boto3.client("ec2", region_name=config.get("region", None))
 
-    tagdefs: List[TagTypeDef] = []
+    tagdefs: list[TagTypeDef] = []
 
     for t in tags:
         parts = t.split("=")
@@ -328,15 +328,15 @@ def tag(
 
 
 def instance_tags(
-    config: Config, ident: Optional[str] = None, name_match: Optional[str] = None, keys: Sequence[str] = []
-) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    config: Config, ident: str | None = None, name_match: str | None = None, keys: Sequence[str] = []
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """List EC2 instances with their tags."""
 
     ec2_client = boto3.client("ec2", region_name=config.get("region", None))
 
     response = ec2_client.describe_instances(Filters=to_filters(ident, name_match))
 
-    instances: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+    instances: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
     for r in response["Reservations"]:
         for i in r["Instances"]:
             if i["State"]["Name"] != "terminated":
@@ -353,15 +353,15 @@ def instance_tags(
 
 
 def volume_tags(
-    config: Config, ident: Optional[str] = None, name_match: Optional[str] = None, keys: Sequence[str] = []
-) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    config: Config, ident: str | None = None, name_match: str | None = None, keys: Sequence[str] = []
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """List EC2 volumes with their tags."""
 
     ec2_client = boto3.client("ec2", region_name=config.get("region", None))
 
     response = ec2_client.describe_volumes(Filters=to_filters(ident, name_match))
 
-    volumes: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+    volumes: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
     for v in response["Volumes"]:
         vol = {"VolumeId": v["VolumeId"], "Name": util_tags.get_value(v, "Name")}
         if not keys:
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ def start(
     config: Config,
     ident: str,
     wait_ssm: bool = False,
-) -> List[Instance]:
+) -> list[Instance]:
     """Start EC2 instance."""
 
     ec2_client = boto3.client("ec2", region_name=config.get("region", None))
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ def start(
     return describe(config, ident)
 
 
-def stop(config: Config, ident: str) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+def stop(config: Config, ident: str) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """Stop EC2 instance."""
 
     ec2_client = boto3.client("ec2", region_name=config.get("region", None))
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ def stop(config: Config, ident: str) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
     return [{"State": i["CurrentState"]["Name"], "InstanceId": i["InstanceId"]} for i in response["StoppingInstances"]]
 
 
-def terminate(config: Config, ident: str) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+def terminate(config: Config, ident: str) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """Terminate EC2 instance."""
 
     ec2_client = boto3.client("ec2", region_name=config.get("region", None))
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ def terminate(config: Config, ident: str) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
     ]
 
 
-def modify(config: Config, ident: str, type: str) -> List[Instance]:
+def modify(config: Config, ident: str, type: str) -> list[Instance]:
     """Change an instance's type."""
 
     ec2_client = boto3.client("ec2", region_name=config.get("region", None))
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ def logs(config: Config, ident: str) -> str:
     return response.get("Output", "No logs yet 😔")
 
 
-def templates(config: Config) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+def templates(config: Config) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """Describe launch templates."""
 
     ec2_client = boto3.client("ec2", region_name=config.get("region", None))
@@ -521,19 +521,19 @@ def templates(config: Config) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
 
 def status(
     config: Config,
-    ident: Optional[str] = None,
-    name_match: Optional[str] = None,
-) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    ident: str | None = None,
+    name_match: str | None = None,
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """Describe instances status checks."""
     ec2_client = boto3.client("ec2", region_name=config.get("region", None))
 
-    kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = {"MaxResults": 1000}
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {"MaxResults": 1000}
 
     response_fut = executor.submit(ec2_client.describe_instance_status, **kwargs)
     instances = executor.submit(describe_running_instances_names, config).result()
     response = response_fut.result()
 
-    def match(instance_id: str, instance_name: Optional[str]) -> bool:
+    def match(instance_id: str, instance_name: str | None) -> bool:
         # describe_instance_status doesn't support name filters in the request so match here
         if not ident and not name_match:
             return True
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ def status_text(summary: InstanceStatusSummaryTypeDef, key: str = "reachability"
     )
 
 
-def user_data(config: Config, ident: str) -> Optional[str]:
+def user_data(config: Config, ident: str) -> str | None:
     """Describe user data for an instance."""
     ec2_client = boto3.client("ec2", region_name=config.get("region", None))
 
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ def user_data(config: Config, ident: str) -> Optional[str]:
         return None
 
 
-def to_filters(ident: Optional[str] = None, name_match: Optional[str] = None) -> List[FilterTypeDef]:
+def to_filters(ident: str | None = None, name_match: str | None = None) -> list[FilterTypeDef]:
     if ident and ident.startswith("i-"):
         return [{"Name": "instance-id", "Values": [ident]}]
     elif ident:
diff --git a/src/aec/command/ssm.py b/src/aec/command/ssm.py
index 263388bb..eddeab21 100644
--- a/src/aec/command/ssm.py
+++ b/src/aec/command/ssm.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 import codecs
 import sys
 import uuid
-from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, Iterator, List, Optional, Sequence, TypeVar, Union, cast
+from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterator, Sequence, TypeVar, cast
 
 import boto3
 from botocore.exceptions import ClientError
@@ -18,16 +18,16 @@
 
 class Agent(TypedDict):
     ID: str
-    Name: Optional[str]
+    Name: str | None
     PingStatus: str
     Platform: str
-    AgentVersion: Optional[str]
+    AgentVersion: str | None
 
 
 def describe(
     config: Config,
-    ident: Optional[str] = None,
-    name_match: Optional[str] = None,
+    ident: str | None = None,
+    name_match: str | None = None,
 ) -> Iterator[Agent]:
     """List running instances with the SSM agent."""
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def describe(
     else:
         filters = []
 
-    kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = {"MaxResults": 50, "Filters": filters}
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {"MaxResults": 50, "Filters": filters}
     client = boto3.client("ssm", region_name=config.get("region", None))
     while True:
         response = client.describe_instance_information(**kwargs)
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ def describe(
             break
 
 
-def patch_summary(config: Config) -> Iterator[Dict[str, Any]]:
+def patch_summary(config: Config) -> Iterator[dict[str, Any]]:
     """Patch summary for all instances that have run the patch baseline."""
     instances_names = describe_instances_names(config)
     instance_ids = list(instances_names.keys())
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def patch_summary(config: Config) -> Iterator[Dict[str, Any]]:
             }
 
 
-def compliance_summary(config: Config) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+def compliance_summary(config: Config) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """Compliance summary for running instances that have run the patch baseline."""
     instances_names = describe_instances_names(config)
 
@@ -115,15 +115,15 @@ def compliance_summary(config: Config) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
 
 
 def patch(
-    config: Config, operation: Literal["scan", "install"], idents: List[str], no_reboot: bool
-) -> List[Dict[str, Optional[str]]]:
+    config: Config, operation: Literal["scan", "install"], idents: list[str], no_reboot: bool
+) -> list[dict[str, str | None]]:
     """Scan or install AWS patch baseline."""
 
     instance_ids = fetch_instance_ids(config, idents)
 
     client = boto3.client("ssm", region_name=config.get("region", None))
 
-    kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = {
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
         "DocumentName": "AWS-RunPatchBaseline",
         "InstanceIds": instance_ids,
     }
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ def patch(
     ]
 
 
-def run(config: Config, idents: List[str]) -> List[Dict[str, Optional[str]]]:
+def run(config: Config, idents: list[str]) -> list[dict[str, str | None]]:
     """
     Run a shell script on instance(s).
 
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ def run(config: Config, idents: List[str]) -> List[Dict[str, Optional[str]]]:
 
     script = sys.stdin.readlines()
 
-    kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = {
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
         "DocumentName": "AWS-RunShellScript",
         "InstanceIds": instance_ids,
         "Parameters": {"commands": script},
@@ -203,19 +203,19 @@ def run(config: Config, idents: List[str]) -> List[Dict[str, Optional[str]]]:
 E = TypeVar("E")
 
 
-def first(xs: Optional[Sequence[E]]) -> Optional[E]:
+def first(xs: Sequence[E] | None) -> E | None:
     if xs:
         return xs[0]
     else:
         return None
 
 
-def commands(config: Config, ident: Optional[str] = None) -> Iterator[Dict[str, Union[str, int, None]]]:
+def commands(config: Config, ident: str | None = None) -> Iterator[dict[str, str | int | None]]:
     """List commands by instance."""
 
     client = boto3.client("ssm", region_name=config.get("region", None))
 
-    kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = {"MaxResults": 50}
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {"MaxResults": 50}
 
     if ident:
         kwargs["InstanceId"] = fetch_instance_id(config, ident)
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ def commands(config: Config, ident: Optional[str] = None) -> Iterator[Dict[str,
             break
 
 
-def invocations(config: Config, command_id: str) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+def invocations(config: Config, command_id: str) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """List invocations of a command across instances."""
 
     client = boto3.client("ssm", region_name=config.get("region", None))
@@ -323,12 +323,12 @@ def fetch_instance_id(config: Config, ident: str) -> str:
         raise ValueError(f"No instance named {ident}") from None
 
 
-def fetch_instance_ids(config: Config, idents: List[str]) -> List[str]:
+def fetch_instance_ids(config: Config, idents: list[str]) -> list[str]:
     if idents == ["all"]:
         return [i["ID"] for i in describe(config)]
 
-    ids: List[str] = []
-    names: List[str] = []
+    ids: list[str] = []
+    names: list[str] = []
 
     for i in idents:
         if i.startswith("i-"):
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ def fetch_instance_ids(config: Config, idents: List[str]) -> List[str]:
     return ids
 
 
-def name_filters(idents: Optional[List[str]] = None) -> List[InstanceInformationStringFilterTypeDef]:
+def name_filters(idents: list[str] | None = None) -> list[InstanceInformationStringFilterTypeDef]:
     if idents and idents[0].startswith("i-"):
         return [{"Key": "InstanceIds", "Values": idents}]
     elif idents:
diff --git a/src/aec/util/display.py b/src/aec/util/display.py
index f9dc9de2..acd43296 100644
--- a/src/aec/util/display.py
+++ b/src/aec/util/display.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 import enum
 import json
 import sys
-from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, Iterator, List, Optional, Sequence, cast
+from typing import Any, Iterable, Iterator, List, Sequence, cast
 
 from rich import box
 from rich.console import Console
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class OutputFormat(enum.Enum):
     csv = "csv"
 
 
-def as_table(dicts: Sequence[Dict[str, Any]], keys: Optional[List[str]] = None) -> List[List[Optional[str]]]:
+def as_table(dicts: Sequence[dict[str, Any]], keys: list[str] | None = None) -> list[list[str | None]]:
     """
     Converts a list of dictionaries to a list of lists (table), ordered by specified keys.
 
@@ -33,12 +33,12 @@ def as_table(dicts: Sequence[Dict[str, Any]], keys: Optional[List[str]] = None)
     return [keys] + [[str(d.get(f, "")) if d.get(f, "") else None for f in keys] for d in dicts]  # type: ignore
 
 
-def as_strings(values: Iterable[Any]) -> List[str]:
+def as_strings(values: Iterable[Any]) -> list[str]:
     return [str(v) if v else "" for v in values]
 
 
 def pretty_print(
-    result: List[Dict[str, Any]] | Iterator[Dict[str, Any]] | Dict | str | None,
+    result: list[dict[str, Any]] | Iterator[dict[str, Any]] | dict | str | None,
     output_format: OutputFormat = OutputFormat.table,
 ) -> None:
     """print results as table/csv/json."""
diff --git a/src/aec/util/docgen.py b/src/aec/util/docgen.py
index 7e91ebc4..779c837b 100644
--- a/src/aec/util/docgen.py
+++ b/src/aec/util/docgen.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 import io
 from contextlib import redirect_stdout
-from typing import Any, Dict, Iterator, List
+from typing import Any, Iterator
 
 from moto import mock_ec2
 from moto.ec2 import ec2_backends
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 
 def docs(
     cmd_name: str,
-    result: List[Dict[str, Any]] | Iterator[Dict[str, Any]] | Dict | str | None,
+    result: list[dict[str, Any]] | Iterator[dict[str, Any]] | dict | str | None,
 ) -> str:
     capture = io.StringIO()
     with redirect_stdout(capture):
diff --git a/src/aec/util/ec2.py b/src/aec/util/ec2.py
index cfd98578..38a4ecd1 100644
--- a/src/aec/util/ec2.py
+++ b/src/aec/util/ec2.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Dict, Optional, Sequence
+from typing import Sequence
 
 import boto3
 
@@ -9,14 +9,12 @@
 from aec.util.ec2_types import DescribeArgs
 
 
-def describe_running_instances_names(config: Config) -> Dict[str, Optional[str]]:
+def describe_running_instances_names(config: Config) -> dict[str, str | None]:
     # 2x speed up (8 -> 4 secs) compared to listing all names
     return describe_instances_names(config, {"instance-state-name": ["running"]})
 
 
-def describe_instances_names(
-    config: Config, filters: Optional[Dict[str, Sequence[str]]] = None
-) -> Dict[str, Optional[str]]:
+def describe_instances_names(config: Config, filters: dict[str, Sequence[str]] | None = None) -> dict[str, str | None]:
     """Map of EC2 instance ids to names in the region."""
     ec2_client = boto3.client("ec2", region_name=config.get("region", None))
 
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@ def describe_instances_names(
     if filters:
         kwargs["Filters"] = [{"Name": k, "Values": v} for k, v in filters.items()]
 
-    instances: Dict[str, Optional[str]] = {}
+    instances: dict[str, str | None] = {}
 
     while True:
         response = ec2_client.describe_instances(**kwargs)
diff --git a/src/aec/util/ec2_types.py b/src/aec/util/ec2_types.py
index 04bf0145..f7bec026 100644
--- a/src/aec/util/ec2_types.py
+++ b/src/aec/util/ec2_types.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Sequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Sequence
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from mypy_boto3_ec2.literals import InstanceTypeType, ShutdownBehaviorType
@@ -35,18 +35,18 @@ class _RequiredRunArgs(TypedDict, total=True):
 
 
 class RunArgs(_RequiredRunArgs, total=False):
-    BlockDeviceMappings: List[BlockDeviceMappingTypeDef]
+    BlockDeviceMappings: list[BlockDeviceMappingTypeDef]
     ImageId: str
     InstanceType: InstanceTypeType
     Ipv6AddressCount: int
-    Ipv6Addresses: List[InstanceIpv6AddressTypeDef]
+    Ipv6Addresses: list[InstanceIpv6AddressTypeDef]
     KernelId: str
     KeyName: str
     Monitoring: RunInstancesMonitoringEnabledTypeDef
     Placement: PlacementTypeDef
     RamdiskId: str
-    SecurityGroupIds: List[str]
-    SecurityGroups: List[str]
+    SecurityGroupIds: list[str]
+    SecurityGroups: list[str]
     SubnetId: str
     UserData: str
     AdditionalInfo: str
@@ -56,18 +56,18 @@ class RunArgs(_RequiredRunArgs, total=False):
     EbsOptimized: bool
     IamInstanceProfile: IamInstanceProfileSpecificationTypeDef
     InstanceInitiatedShutdownBehavior: ShutdownBehaviorType
-    NetworkInterfaces: List[InstanceNetworkInterfaceSpecificationTypeDef]
+    NetworkInterfaces: list[InstanceNetworkInterfaceSpecificationTypeDef]
     PrivateIpAddress: str
-    ElasticGpuSpecification: List[ElasticGpuSpecificationTypeDef]
-    ElasticInferenceAccelerators: List[ElasticInferenceAcceleratorTypeDef]
-    TagSpecifications: List[TagSpecificationTypeDef]
+    ElasticGpuSpecification: list[ElasticGpuSpecificationTypeDef]
+    ElasticInferenceAccelerators: list[ElasticInferenceAcceleratorTypeDef]
+    TagSpecifications: list[TagSpecificationTypeDef]
     LaunchTemplate: LaunchTemplateSpecificationTypeDef
     InstanceMarketOptions: InstanceMarketOptionsRequestTypeDef
     CreditSpecification: CreditSpecificationRequestTypeDef
     CpuOptions: CpuOptionsRequestTypeDef
     CapacityReservationSpecification: CapacityReservationSpecificationTypeDef
     HibernationOptions: HibernationOptionsRequestTypeDef
-    LicenseSpecifications: List[LicenseConfigurationRequestTypeDef]
+    LicenseSpecifications: list[LicenseConfigurationRequestTypeDef]
     MetadataOptions: InstanceMetadataOptionsRequestTypeDef
     EnclaveOptions: EnclaveOptionsRequestTypeDef
 
diff --git a/src/aec/util/tags.py b/src/aec/util/tags.py
index a928cce9..426bdaa8 100644
--- a/src/aec/util/tags.py
+++ b/src/aec/util/tags.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from mypy_boto3_ec2.type_defs import ImageTypeDef, InstanceTypeDef, VolumeTypeDef
 
 
-def get_value(resource: ImageTypeDef | InstanceTypeDef | VolumeTypeDef, key: str) -> Optional[str]:
+def get_value(resource: ImageTypeDef | InstanceTypeDef | VolumeTypeDef, key: str) -> str | None:
     tag_value = [t["Value"] for t in resource.get("Tags", []) if t["Key"] == key]
     return tag_value[0] if tag_value else None