From 0038e56a023408ac4abbb21c9f30d1d38a694923 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Mintz <mdmintz@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Oct 2025 15:47:32 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1/3] Prevent deprecation warnings on Python 3.14

---
 mkdocs_build/prepare.py                       |  3 +-
 seleniumbase/behave/behave_sb.py              |  5 +-
 seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_caseplans.py  |  5 +-
 seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkchart.py    |  3 +-
 seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkdir.py      | 43 +++++++++--------
 seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkfile.py     |  3 +-
 seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkpres.py     |  3 +-
 seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkrec.py      |  3 +-
 seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_objectify.py  |  5 +-
 seleniumbase/core/browser_launcher.py         |  4 +-
 seleniumbase/core/log_helper.py               |  7 ++-
 seleniumbase/core/report_helper.py            |  3 +-
 seleniumbase/core/sb_cdp.py                   |  3 +-
 seleniumbase/core/tour_helper.py              |  3 +-
 seleniumbase/fixtures/base_case.py            | 47 +++++++++----------
 seleniumbase/fixtures/page_actions.py         |  3 +-
 seleniumbase/fixtures/page_utils.py           |  5 +-
 seleniumbase/plugins/basic_test_info.py       |  5 +-
 seleniumbase/plugins/page_source.py           |  5 +-
 seleniumbase/plugins/pytest_plugin.py         |  5 +-
 seleniumbase/translate/translator.py          |  3 +-
 .../undetected/cdp_driver/connection.py       |  2 -
 .../utilities/selenium_grid/grid_hub.py       |  3 +-
 .../utilities/selenium_grid/grid_node.py      |  5 +-
 .../utilities/selenium_ide/convert_ide.py     |  3 +-
 25 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 103 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mkdocs_build/prepare.py b/mkdocs_build/prepare.py
index 2c796d634ba..e2a000fe5c6 100644
--- a/mkdocs_build/prepare.py
+++ b/mkdocs_build/prepare.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 """ For preparing the mkdocs-generated seleniumbase.io website. """
 
-import codecs
 import os
 import re
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -196,6 +195,6 @@ def main(*args, **kwargs):
                 )
             seleniumbase_lines.append(line)
         if changed:
-            out_file = codecs.open(readme_file, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+            out_file = open(readme_file, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
             out_file.writelines("\r\n".join(seleniumbase_lines))
             out_file.close()
diff --git a/seleniumbase/behave/behave_sb.py b/seleniumbase/behave/behave_sb.py
index 8d6a42d3f3a..cc447014fc2 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/behave/behave_sb.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/behave/behave_sb.py
@@ -1205,7 +1205,6 @@ def dashboard_pre_processing():
 
 
 def _create_dashboard_assets_():
-    import codecs
     from seleniumbase.js_code.live_js import live_js
     from seleniumbase.core.style_sheet import get_pytest_style
 
@@ -1222,7 +1221,7 @@ def _create_dashboard_assets_():
         if existing_pytest_style == get_pytest_style():
             add_pytest_style_css = False
     if add_pytest_style_css:
-        out_file = codecs.open(pytest_style_css, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+        out_file = open(pytest_style_css, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
         out_file.writelines(get_pytest_style())
         out_file.close()
     live_js_file = os.path.join(assets_folder, "live.js")
@@ -1234,7 +1233,7 @@ def _create_dashboard_assets_():
         if existing_live_js == live_js:
             add_live_js_file = False
     if add_live_js_file:
-        out_file = codecs.open(live_js_file, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+        out_file = open(live_js_file, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
         out_file.writelines(live_js)
         out_file.close()
 
diff --git a/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_caseplans.py b/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_caseplans.py
index f3b6229ab88..56d7ff3882d 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_caseplans.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_caseplans.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 Output:
       Launches the SeleniumBase Case Plans Generator.
 """
-import codecs
 import colorama
 import os
 import subprocess
@@ -135,7 +134,7 @@ def generate_case_plan_boilerplates(
         file_name = case_id
         file_path = os.path.join(full_folder_path, file_name)
         if not os.path.exists(file_path):
-            out_file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+            out_file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
             out_file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
             out_file.close()
             new_plans += 1
@@ -316,7 +315,7 @@ def view_summary_of_existing_case_plans(root, tests):
     full_plan = plan_head
 
     file_path = "case_summary.md"
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(full_plan))
     file.close()
 
diff --git a/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkchart.py b/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkchart.py
index d8af20f1b24..d6ab0e9bd67 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkchart.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkchart.py
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
     and use a "sky" theme with "slide" transition.
     The chart can be used as a basic boilerplate.
 """
-import codecs
 import colorama
 import os
 import sys
@@ -254,7 +253,7 @@ def main():
                 continue
             new_data.append(line)
     data = new_data
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
     if " " not in file_name:
diff --git a/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkdir.py b/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkdir.py
index 83fc045dc0f..10810ddd60e 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkdir.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkdir.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
     and Python boilerplates for setting up customized
     test frameworks.
 """
-import codecs
 import colorama
 import os
 import sys
@@ -114,7 +113,7 @@ def main():
     data.append(seleniumbase_req)
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name, "requirements.txt")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -152,7 +151,7 @@ def main():
     data.append("    production: custom marker")
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name, "pytest.ini")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -169,14 +168,14 @@ def main():
     data.append("show_skipped=false")
     data.append("show_timings=false")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name, "setup.cfg")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
     data = []
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name, "__init__.py")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -312,7 +311,7 @@ def main():
     data.append("temp_*/")
     data.append("node_modules")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name, ".gitignore")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -324,7 +323,7 @@ def main():
         data.append("  ├── requirements.txt")
         data.append("  └── setup.cfg")
         file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name, "outline.rst")
-        file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+        file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
         file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
         file.close()
         os.system("sbase print %s -n" % file_path)
@@ -368,7 +367,7 @@ def main():
     data.append('        self.assert_element("div#login_button_container")')
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name, "my_first_test.py")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -461,7 +460,7 @@ def main():
     data.append('        self.assert_text("SeleniumBase", "h2")')
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name, "test_demo_site.py")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -500,7 +499,7 @@ def main():
     data.append('        self.assert_title_contains(title_text)')
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name, "parameterized_test.py")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -510,7 +509,7 @@ def main():
     data = []
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name_2, "__init__.py")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -545,7 +544,7 @@ def main():
     data.append("        pass")
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name_2, "base_test_case.py")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -554,7 +553,7 @@ def main():
     data.append('    html = "html"')
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name_2, "page_objects.py")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -570,7 +569,7 @@ def main():
     data.append("        self.assert_element(Page.html)")
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name_2, "boilerplate_test.py")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -594,7 +593,7 @@ def main():
     data.append('        DataPage().add_input_text(self, "Goodbye!")')
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name_2, "classic_obj_test.py")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -614,7 +613,7 @@ def main():
     data.append('        DataPage().add_input_text(sb, "Goodbye!")')
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name_2, "sb_fixture_test.py")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -624,7 +623,7 @@ def main():
     data = []
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name_3, "__init__.py")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -652,7 +651,7 @@ def main():
     )
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name_3, "google_test.py")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -670,7 +669,7 @@ def main():
     data.append('    search_results = "div#center_col"')
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name_3, "google_objects.py")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -702,7 +701,7 @@ def main():
     data.append('        self.assert_element("div#login_button_container")')
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name_3, "swag_labs_test.py")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -729,7 +728,7 @@ def main():
     data.append('        sb.assert_element("div#login_button_container")')
     data.append("")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name_3, "sb_swag_test.py")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
@@ -756,7 +755,7 @@ def main():
     data.append("          ├── sb_swag_test.py")
     data.append("          └── swag_labs_test.py")
     file_path = "%s/%s" % (dir_name, "outline.rst")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
     if " " not in file_path:
diff --git a/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkfile.py b/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkfile.py
index c2e235fff96..370139f5f6c 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkfile.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkfile.py
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@
     BaseCase format supports Languages or Recorder Mode.
     UC Mode automatically uses English with SB() format.
 """
-import codecs
 import colorama
 import os
 import sys
@@ -413,7 +412,7 @@ def main():
                 continue
             new_data.append(line)
     data = new_data
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
     if " " not in file_name:
diff --git a/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkpres.py b/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkpres.py
index 235bbfb0c96..fc00b0f1080 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkpres.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkpres.py
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
     and use "serif" theme with "slide" transition.
     The slides can be used as a basic boilerplate.
 """
-import codecs
 import colorama
 import os
 import sys
@@ -273,7 +272,7 @@ def main():
                 continue
             new_data.append(line)
     data = new_data
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
     if " " not in file_name:
diff --git a/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkrec.py b/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkrec.py
index 7f72eb7fde7..ad29f4c378a 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkrec.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_mkrec.py
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
     Creates a new SeleniumBase test using the Recorder.
     If the filename already exists, an error is raised.
 """
-import codecs
 import colorama
 import shutil
 import os
@@ -240,7 +239,7 @@ def main():
         d2.append("")
         data = d2
 
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
     success = (
diff --git a/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_objectify.py b/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_objectify.py
index 0a3e880d7c9..0eb2be0e116 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_objectify.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/console_scripts/sb_objectify.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
     have been replaced with variable names defined in
     "page_objects.py", supporting the Page Object Pattern.
 """
-import codecs
 import os
 import re
 import sys
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ def create_objects_file(selector_list_dict=None):
         data.append('    html = "html"')
         data.append("")
     file_path = PAGE_OBJECTS_FILE
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
     if not selector_list_dict:
@@ -3189,7 +3188,7 @@ def main(shell_command):
     # Create SeleniumBase test file
     base_file_name = seleniumbase_file.split(".py")[0]
     converted_file_name = base_file_name + ".py"  # Change end to make a copy
-    out_file = codecs.open(converted_file_name, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+    out_file = open(converted_file_name, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
     out_file.writelines(seleniumbase_code)
     out_file.close()
     print('\n>>> ["%s"] was updated!\n' % converted_file_name)
diff --git a/seleniumbase/core/browser_launcher.py b/seleniumbase/core/browser_launcher.py
index 2d5db1b88db..d17438f5e51 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/core/browser_launcher.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/core/browser_launcher.py
@@ -2006,14 +2006,12 @@ def _repair_edgedriver(edge_version):
 
 
 def _mark_driver_repaired():
-    import codecs
-
     abs_path = os.path.abspath(".")
     driver_repaired_lock = constants.MultiBrowser.DRIVER_REPAIRED
     file_path = os.path.join(abs_path, driver_repaired_lock)
     if not os.path.exists(DOWNLOADS_FOLDER):
         os.makedirs(DOWNLOADS_FOLDER)
-    out_file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+    out_file = open(file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
     out_file.writelines("")
     out_file.close()
 
diff --git a/seleniumbase/core/log_helper.py b/seleniumbase/core/log_helper.py
index 2ba1c3d47ef..e03a47ee307 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/core/log_helper.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/core/log_helper.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import codecs
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
@@ -298,7 +297,7 @@ def log_test_failure_data(test, test_logpath, driver, browser, url=None):
         with suppress(Exception):
             os.makedirs(test_logpath)
     with suppress(Exception):
-        log_file = codecs.open(basic_file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+        log_file = open(basic_file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
         log_file.writelines("\r\n".join(data_to_save))
         log_file.close()
         shared_utils.make_writable(basic_file_path)
@@ -353,7 +352,7 @@ def log_skipped_test_data(test, test_logpath, driver, browser, reason):
     data_to_save.append("")
     file_path = os.path.join(test_logpath, "skip_reason.txt")
     with suppress(Exception):
-        log_file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+        log_file = open(file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
         log_file.writelines("\r\n".join(data_to_save))
         log_file.close()
         shared_utils.make_writable(file_path)
@@ -388,7 +387,7 @@ def log_page_source(test_logpath, driver, source=None):
             os.makedirs(test_logpath)
     html_file_path = os.path.join(test_logpath, html_file_name)
     with suppress(Exception):
-        html_file = codecs.open(html_file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+        html_file = open(html_file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
         html_file.write(page_source)
         html_file.close()
         shared_utils.make_writable(html_file_path)
diff --git a/seleniumbase/core/report_helper.py b/seleniumbase/core/report_helper.py
index 649f398a9c7..99bbeffda8d 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/core/report_helper.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/core/report_helper.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import codecs
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ def save_test_failure_data(test, name, folder=None):
         failure_data_file_path = os.path.join(file_path, name)
     else:
         failure_data_file_path = name
-    failure_data_file = codecs.open(failure_data_file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    failure_data_file = open(failure_data_file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     data_to_save = []
     if not hasattr(sb_config, "_report_test_id"):
         exc_message = "(Unknown Exception)"
diff --git a/seleniumbase/core/sb_cdp.py b/seleniumbase/core/sb_cdp.py
index 80755b5b5c8..2979060f906 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/core/sb_cdp.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/core/sb_cdp.py
@@ -2669,7 +2669,6 @@ def scroll_down(self, amount=25):
         self.loop.run_until_complete(self.page.wait())
 
     def save_page_source(self, name, folder=None):
-        import codecs
         from seleniumbase.core import log_helper
         if not name.endswith(".html"):
             name = name + ".html"
@@ -2695,7 +2694,7 @@ def save_page_source(self, name, folder=None):
                 rendered_source = "%s\n%s" % (base_href_html, page_source)
         else:
             rendered_source = page_source
-        html_file = codecs.open(html_file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+        html_file = open(html_file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
         html_file.write(rendered_source)
         html_file.close()
 
diff --git a/seleniumbase/core/tour_helper.py b/seleniumbase/core/tour_helper.py
index 54ca484705b..d4b96eaf352 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/core/tour_helper.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/core/tour_helper.py
@@ -1134,10 +1134,9 @@ def export_tour(tour_steps, name=None, filename="my_tour.js", url=None):
             os.makedirs(exported_tours_folder)
         except Exception:
             pass
-    import codecs
 
     file_path = exported_tours_folder + "/" + filename
-    out_file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+    out_file = open(file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
     out_file.writelines(instructions)
     out_file.close()
     print("\n>>> [%s] was saved!\n" % file_path)
diff --git a/seleniumbase/fixtures/base_case.py b/seleniumbase/fixtures/base_case.py
index a75ee6e0a01..fac0ff6cf4d 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/fixtures/base_case.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/fixtures/base_case.py
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ def test_anything(self):
 Page elements are given enough time to load before WebDriver acts on them.
 Code becomes greatly simplified and easier to maintain."""
 
-import codecs
 import colorama
 import fasteners
 import json
@@ -4683,7 +4682,7 @@ def save_cookies(self, name="cookies.txt"):
         if not os.path.exists(file_path):
             os.makedirs(file_path)
         cookies_file_path = os.path.join(file_path, name)
-        cookies_file = codecs.open(cookies_file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+        cookies_file = open(cookies_file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
         cookies_file.writelines(json_cookies)
         cookies_file.close()
 
@@ -5737,7 +5736,7 @@ def __process_recorded_actions(self):
         extra_file_name = "__init__.py"
         extra_file_path = os.path.join(recordings_folder, extra_file_name)
         if not os.path.exists(extra_file_path):
-            out_file = codecs.open(extra_file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+            out_file = open(extra_file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
             out_file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
             out_file.close()
             sys.stdout.write("\nCreated recordings%s__init__.py" % os.sep)
@@ -5785,7 +5784,7 @@ def __process_recorded_actions(self):
         extra_file_name = "pytest.ini"
         extra_file_path = os.path.join(recordings_folder, extra_file_name)
         if not os.path.exists(extra_file_path):
-            out_file = codecs.open(extra_file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+            out_file = open(extra_file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
             out_file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
             out_file.close()
             sys.stdout.write("\nCreated recordings%spytest.ini" % os.sep)
@@ -5806,7 +5805,7 @@ def __process_recorded_actions(self):
         extra_file_name = "setup.cfg"
         extra_file_path = os.path.join(recordings_folder, extra_file_name)
         if not os.path.exists(extra_file_path):
-            out_file = codecs.open(extra_file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+            out_file = open(extra_file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
             out_file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
             out_file.close()
             sys.stdout.write("\nCreated recordings%ssetup.cfg" % os.sep)
@@ -5824,7 +5823,7 @@ def __process_recorded_actions(self):
         elif context_filename:
             file_name = context_filename
         file_path = os.path.join(recordings_folder, file_name)
-        out_file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+        out_file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
         out_file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
         out_file.close()
         rec_message = ">>> RECORDING SAVED as: "
@@ -5926,7 +5925,7 @@ def __process_recorded_behave_actions(self, srt_actions, colorama):
             file_name = sb_config.behave_scenario.filename.replace(".", "_")
         file_name = file_name.split("/")[-1].split("\\")[-1] + "_rec.feature"
         file_path = os.path.join(features_folder, file_name)
-        out_file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+        out_file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
         out_file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
         out_file.close()
 
@@ -5964,7 +5963,7 @@ def __process_recorded_behave_actions(self, srt_actions, colorama):
         file_name = "__init__.py"
         file_path = os.path.join(features_folder, file_name)
         if not os.path.exists(file_path):
-            out_file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+            out_file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
             out_file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
             out_file.close()
             print("Created recordings/features/__init__.py")
@@ -5977,7 +5976,7 @@ def __process_recorded_behave_actions(self, srt_actions, colorama):
         file_name = "behave.ini"
         file_path = os.path.join(features_folder, file_name)
         if not os.path.exists(file_path):
-            out_file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+            out_file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
             out_file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
             out_file.close()
             print("Created recordings/features/behave.ini")
@@ -6016,7 +6015,7 @@ def __process_recorded_behave_actions(self, srt_actions, colorama):
         file_name = "environment.py"
         file_path = os.path.join(features_folder, file_name)
         if not os.path.exists(file_path):
-            out_file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+            out_file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
             out_file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
             out_file.close()
             print("Created recordings/features/environment.py")
@@ -6026,7 +6025,7 @@ def __process_recorded_behave_actions(self, srt_actions, colorama):
         file_name = "__init__.py"
         file_path = os.path.join(steps_folder, file_name)
         if not os.path.exists(file_path):
-            out_file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+            out_file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
             out_file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
             out_file.close()
             print("Created recordings/features/steps/__init__.py")
@@ -6037,7 +6036,7 @@ def __process_recorded_behave_actions(self, srt_actions, colorama):
         file_name = "imported.py"
         file_path = os.path.join(steps_folder, file_name)
         if not os.path.exists(file_path):
-            out_file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+            out_file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
             out_file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
             out_file.close()
             print("Created recordings/features/steps/imported.py")
@@ -11078,7 +11077,7 @@ def __process_visual_baseline_logs(self):
             return  # Skip the rest when deferred visual asserts are used
         the_html = visual_helper.get_sbs_html()
         file_path = os.path.join(test_logpath, constants.SideBySide.HTML_FILE)
-        out_file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+        out_file = open(file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
         out_file.writelines(the_html)
         out_file.close()
 
@@ -11238,16 +11237,16 @@ def check_window(
             self.save_screenshot(
                 baseline_png, visual_baseline_path, selector="body"
             )
-            out_file = codecs.open(page_url_file, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+            out_file = open(page_url_file, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
             out_file.writelines(page_url)
             out_file.close()
-            out_file = codecs.open(level_1_file, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+            out_file = open(level_1_file, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
             out_file.writelines(json.dumps(level_1))
             out_file.close()
-            out_file = codecs.open(level_2_file, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+            out_file = open(level_2_file, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
             out_file.writelines(json.dumps(level_2))
             out_file.close()
-            out_file = codecs.open(level_3_file, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+            out_file = open(level_3_file, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
             out_file.writelines(json.dumps(level_3))
             out_file.close()
 
@@ -11386,7 +11385,7 @@ def check_window(
             alpha_n_d_name = "".join([x if x.isalnum() else "_" for x in name])
             side_by_side_name = "side_by_side_%s.html" % alpha_n_d_name
             file_path = os.path.join(test_logpath, side_by_side_name)
-            out_file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+            out_file = open(file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
             out_file.writelines(the_html)
             out_file.close()
 
@@ -12071,7 +12070,7 @@ def save_presentation(
             with suppress(Exception):
                 os.makedirs(saved_presentations_folder)
         file_path = os.path.join(saved_presentations_folder, filename)
-        out_file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+        out_file = open(file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
         out_file.writelines(the_html)
         out_file.close()
         if self._output_file_saves:
@@ -12766,7 +12765,7 @@ def save_chart(self, chart_name=None, filename=None, folder=None):
             with suppress(Exception):
                 os.makedirs(saved_charts_folder)
         file_path = os.path.join(saved_charts_folder, filename)
-        out_file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+        out_file = open(file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
         out_file.writelines(the_html)
         out_file.close()
         if self._output_file_saves:
@@ -16048,7 +16047,7 @@ def __get_test_id(self):
         test_id = test_id.replace(".py::", ".").replace("::", ".")
         test_id = test_id.replace("/", ".").replace("\\", ".")
         test_id = test_id.replace(" ", "_")
-        # Linux filename length limit for `codecs.open(filename)` = 255
+        # Linux filename length limit for `open(filename)` = 255
         # 255 - len("latest_logs/") - len("/basic_test_info.txt") = 223
         if len(test_id) <= 223:
             return test_id
@@ -16326,7 +16325,7 @@ def __process_dashboard(self, has_exception, init=False):
                     dash_pie = json.dumps(sb_config._saved_dashboard_pie)
                     dash_pie_loc = constants.Dashboard.DASH_PIE
                     pie_path = os.path.join(abs_path, dash_pie_loc)
-                    pie_file = codecs.open(pie_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+                    pie_file = open(pie_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
                     pie_file.writelines(dash_pie)
                     pie_file.close()
         DASH_PIE_PNG_1 = constants.Dashboard.get_dash_pie_1()
@@ -16486,7 +16485,7 @@ def __process_dashboard(self, has_exception, init=False):
         )
         abs_path = os.path.abspath(".")
         file_path = os.path.join(abs_path, "dashboard.html")
-        out_file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+        out_file = open(file_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
         out_file.writelines(the_html)
         out_file.close()
         sb_config._dash_html = the_html
@@ -16499,7 +16498,7 @@ def __process_dashboard(self, has_exception, init=False):
             dash_json = json.dumps((_results, _display_id, _rt, _tlp, d_stats))
             dash_json_loc = constants.Dashboard.DASH_JSON
             dash_jsonpath = os.path.join(abs_path, dash_json_loc)
-            dash_json_file = codecs.open(dash_jsonpath, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+            dash_json_file = open(dash_jsonpath, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
             dash_json_file.writelines(dash_json)
             dash_json_file.close()
 
diff --git a/seleniumbase/fixtures/page_actions.py b/seleniumbase/fixtures/page_actions.py
index fd51e22ec68..373d5d6571b 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/fixtures/page_actions.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/fixtures/page_actions.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 By.TAG_NAME            # "tag name"
 By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT   # "partial link text"
 """
-import codecs
 import os
 import time
 from contextlib import suppress
@@ -1531,7 +1530,7 @@ def save_page_source(driver, name, folder=None):
     rendered_source = log_helper.get_html_source_with_base_href(
         driver, page_source
     )
-    html_file = codecs.open(html_file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    html_file = open(html_file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     html_file.write(rendered_source)
     html_file.close()
 
diff --git a/seleniumbase/fixtures/page_utils.py b/seleniumbase/fixtures/page_utils.py
index 04348bfc284..7d93aa277d1 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/fixtures/page_utils.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/fixtures/page_utils.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 """This module contains useful utility methods"""
-import codecs
 import fasteners
 import os
 import re
@@ -314,7 +313,7 @@ def _save_data_as(data, destination_folder, file_name):
         constants.MultiBrowser.FILE_IO_LOCK
     )
     with file_io_lock:
-        out_file = codecs.open(
+        out_file = open(
             os.path.join(destination_folder, file_name), "w+", encoding="utf-8"
         )
         out_file.writelines(data)
@@ -332,7 +331,7 @@ def _append_data_to_file(data, destination_folder, file_name):
                 existing_data = f.read()
             if not existing_data.split("\n")[-1] == "":
                 existing_data += "\n"
-        out_file = codecs.open(
+        out_file = open(
             os.path.join(destination_folder, file_name), "w+", encoding="utf-8"
         )
         out_file.writelines("%s%s" % (existing_data, data))
diff --git a/seleniumbase/plugins/basic_test_info.py b/seleniumbase/plugins/basic_test_info.py
index 851317eba1b..f5f5f6a9068 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/plugins/basic_test_info.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/plugins/basic_test_info.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 """Test Info Plugin for SeleniumBase tests that run with pynose / nosetests"""
 import os
-import codecs
 import time
 import traceback
 from nose.plugins import Plugin
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ def addError(self, test, err, capt=None):
         if not os.path.exists(test_logpath):
             os.makedirs(test_logpath)
         file_name = "%s/%s" % (test_logpath, self.logfile_name)
-        basic_info_file = codecs.open(file_name, "w+", "utf-8")
+        basic_info_file = open(file_name, "w+", "utf-8")
         self.__log_test_error_data(basic_info_file, test, err, "Error")
         basic_info_file.close()
 
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ def addFailure(self, test, err, capt=None, tbinfo=None):
         if not os.path.exists(test_logpath):
             os.makedirs(test_logpath)
         file_name = "%s/%s" % (test_logpath, self.logfile_name)
-        basic_info_file = codecs.open(file_name, "w+", "utf-8")
+        basic_info_file = open(file_name, "w+", "utf-8")
         self.__log_test_error_data(basic_info_file, test, err, "Error")
         basic_info_file.close()
 
diff --git a/seleniumbase/plugins/page_source.py b/seleniumbase/plugins/page_source.py
index 6e8b7d75122..e22af22cd60 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/plugins/page_source.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/plugins/page_source.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 """PageSource Plugin for SeleniumBase tests that run with pynose / nosetests"""
 import os
-import codecs
 from nose.plugins import Plugin
 from seleniumbase.config import settings
 from seleniumbase.core import log_helper
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ def addError(self, test, err, capt=None):
         if not os.path.exists(test_logpath):
             os.makedirs(test_logpath)
         html_file_name = os.path.join(test_logpath, self.logfile_name)
-        html_file = codecs.open(html_file_name, "w+", "utf-8")
+        html_file = open(html_file_name, "w+", "utf-8")
         rendered_source = log_helper.get_html_source_with_base_href(
             test.driver, page_source
         )
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ def addFailure(self, test, err, capt=None, tbinfo=None):
         if not os.path.exists(test_logpath):
             os.makedirs(test_logpath)
         html_file_name = os.path.join(test_logpath, self.logfile_name)
-        html_file = codecs.open(html_file_name, "w+", "utf-8")
+        html_file = open(html_file_name, "w+", "utf-8")
         rendered_source = log_helper.get_html_source_with_base_href(
             test.driver, page_source
         )
diff --git a/seleniumbase/plugins/pytest_plugin.py b/seleniumbase/plugins/pytest_plugin.py
index 708b7ac3efe..e905f88b2f1 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/plugins/pytest_plugin.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/plugins/pytest_plugin.py
@@ -1898,7 +1898,6 @@ def _get_test_ids_(the_item):
 
 
 def _create_dashboard_assets_():
-    import codecs
     from seleniumbase.js_code.live_js import live_js
     from seleniumbase.core.style_sheet import get_pytest_style
 
@@ -1916,7 +1915,7 @@ def _create_dashboard_assets_():
         if existing_pytest_style == get_pytest_style():
             add_pytest_style_css = False
     if add_pytest_style_css:
-        out_file = codecs.open(pytest_style_css, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+        out_file = open(pytest_style_css, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
         out_file.writelines(get_pytest_style())
         out_file.close()
     live_js_file = os.path.join(assets_folder, "live.js")
@@ -1928,7 +1927,7 @@ def _create_dashboard_assets_():
         if existing_live_js == live_js:
             add_live_js_file = False
     if add_live_js_file:
-        out_file = codecs.open(live_js_file, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+        out_file = open(live_js_file, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
         out_file.writelines(live_js)
         out_file.close()
 
diff --git a/seleniumbase/translate/translator.py b/seleniumbase/translate/translator.py
index 6ca497d56c0..26242a5922f 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/translate/translator.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/translate/translator.py
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
         (Example: Translating "test_1.py" into Japanese with
         "-c" will create a new file called "test_1_ja.py".)
 """
-import codecs
 import colorama
 import os
 import re
@@ -1043,7 +1042,7 @@ def main():
         pass  # Print-only run already done
 
     if new_file_name:
-        out_file = codecs.open(new_file_name, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+        out_file = open(new_file_name, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
         out_file.writelines("\r\n".join(seleniumbase_lines))
         out_file.close()
         results_saved = (
diff --git a/seleniumbase/undetected/cdp_driver/connection.py b/seleniumbase/undetected/cdp_driver/connection.py
index 392b337d19a..869c8bd768e 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/undetected/cdp_driver/connection.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/undetected/cdp_driver/connection.py
@@ -520,8 +520,6 @@ async def _register_handlers(self):
                     except BaseException:
                         logger.debug("NOT GOOD", exc_info=True)
                         continue
-                finally:
-                    continue
         for ed in enabled_domains:
             # Items still present at this point are unused and need removal.
             self.enabled_domains.remove(ed)
diff --git a/seleniumbase/utilities/selenium_grid/grid_hub.py b/seleniumbase/utilities/selenium_grid/grid_hub.py
index 27be503cec9..f8ee03dd4bd 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/utilities/selenium_grid/grid_hub.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/utilities/selenium_grid/grid_hub.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import codecs
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ def main():
     data = []
     data.append(verbose)
     file_path = os.path.join(dir_path, "verbose_hub_server.dat")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
diff --git a/seleniumbase/utilities/selenium_grid/grid_node.py b/seleniumbase/utilities/selenium_grid/grid_node.py
index a973b312d41..a3fc06e141c 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/utilities/selenium_grid/grid_node.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/utilities/selenium_grid/grid_node.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import codecs
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
@@ -88,14 +87,14 @@ def main():
     data = []
     data.append(server_ip)
     file_path = os.path.join(dir_path, "ip_of_grid_hub.dat")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
     data = []
     data.append(verbose)
     file_path = os.path.join(dir_path, "verbose_node_server.dat")
-    file = codecs.open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
+    file = open(file_path, "w+", "utf-8")
     file.writelines("\r\n".join(data))
     file.close()
 
diff --git a/seleniumbase/utilities/selenium_ide/convert_ide.py b/seleniumbase/utilities/selenium_ide/convert_ide.py
index 566585573c6..4241a39540e 100644
--- a/seleniumbase/utilities/selenium_ide/convert_ide.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/utilities/selenium_ide/convert_ide.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 Output:
         [NEW_FILE_SB].py  (adds "_SB" to the original file name)
                           (the original file is kept intact)"""
-import codecs
 import re
 import sys
 from seleniumbase.fixtures import js_utils
@@ -894,7 +893,7 @@ def main():
     # Create SeleniumBase test file
     base_file_name = webdriver_python_file.split(".py")[0]
     converted_file_name = base_file_name + "_SB.py"
-    out_file = codecs.open(converted_file_name, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
+    out_file = open(converted_file_name, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
     out_file.writelines(seleniumbase_code)
     out_file.close()
     print(

From 2972cc6df42e8b99c1043d8138b5c97b4c2f6dd6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Mintz <mdmintz@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Oct 2025 15:48:09 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] Refresh Python dependencies

---
 mkdocs_build/requirements.txt | 2 +-
 requirements.txt              | 3 ++-
 setup.py                      | 3 ++-
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/mkdocs_build/requirements.txt b/mkdocs_build/requirements.txt
index 327886dd1d0..03b41036faa 100644
--- a/mkdocs_build/requirements.txt
+++ b/mkdocs_build/requirements.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # mkdocs dependencies for generating the seleniumbase.io website
 # Minimum Python version: 3.10 (for generating docs only)
 
-regex>=2025.9.18
+regex>=2025.10.23
 pymdown-extensions>=10.16.1
 pipdeptree>=2.29.0
 python-dateutil>=2.8.2
diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index 80a446ecd49..a2c52fc2523 100755
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -57,7 +57,8 @@ cssselect==1.2.0;python_version<"3.9"
 cssselect==1.3.0;python_version>="3.9"
 sortedcontainers==2.4.0
 execnet==2.1.1
-iniconfig==2.1.0
+iniconfig==2.1.0;python_version<"3.10"
+iniconfig==2.3.0;python_version>="3.10"
 pluggy==1.5.0;python_version<"3.9"
 pluggy==1.6.0;python_version>="3.9"
 pytest==8.3.5;python_version<"3.9"
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 5bafac5dfdc..10361168738 100755
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -204,7 +204,8 @@
         'cssselect==1.3.0;python_version>="3.9"',
         "sortedcontainers==2.4.0",
         'execnet==2.1.1',
-        'iniconfig==2.1.0',
+        'iniconfig==2.1.0;python_version<"3.10"',
+        'iniconfig==2.3.0;python_version>="3.10"',
         'pluggy==1.5.0;python_version<"3.9"',
         'pluggy==1.6.0;python_version>="3.9"',
         'pytest==8.3.5;python_version<"3.9"',

From 36dee33754a69d338d131034d1865533fa2e9610 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Mintz <mdmintz@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Oct 2025 15:48:32 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] Version 4.43.1

---
 seleniumbase/__version__.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/seleniumbase/__version__.py b/seleniumbase/__version__.py
index ae8ed88c79c..5116ba8828f 100755
--- a/seleniumbase/__version__.py
+++ b/seleniumbase/__version__.py
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 # seleniumbase package
-__version__ = "4.43.0"
+__version__ = "4.43.1"